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Building Future Health and Well-Being of Thriving Toddlers and Young Children Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series

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Building Future Health and Well-Being of Thriving Toddlers and Young Children Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series Building Future Health and Well-Being of Thriving Toddlers and Young Children Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series Vol. 95 Building Future Health and Well-Being of Thriving Toddlers and Young Children Editors Maureen M. Black Baltimore, MD Atul Singhal London Charles H. Hillman Boston, MA © 2020 Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland CH–1814 La Tour-de-Peilz S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Nestlé Nutrition Workshop (95th : 2020 : Online), author. | Black, Maureen M., editor. | Singhal, Atul, editor. | Hillman, Charles H., Dr., editor. | Nestlé Nutrition Institute, issuing body. Title: Building future health and well-being of thriving toddlers and young children / editors, Maureen M. Black, Atul Singhal, Charles H. Hillman. Other titles: Nestlé Nutrition Institute workshop series ; v. 95. 1664-2147 Description: Basel ; Hartford : Karger ; Switzerland : Nestlé Nutrition Institute, [2020] | Series: Nestlé nutrition institute workshop series, 1664-2147 ; vol. 95 | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This book covers the content of the 95th Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop (held virtually in September, 2020), which explored the current scientific research, challenges, and opportunities of cementing a healthy foundation for life in toddlers and young children. The key issues presented offer valuable insights for health care providers, policy makers, and researchers on how appropriate nutrition, nurturing caregiving, and environment can influence the development and health of children up to five years of age”-- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2020047731 (print) | LCCN 2020047732 (ebook) | ISBN 9783318068658 (hardcover ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9783318068665 (ebook) Subjects: MESH: Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena | Feeding Behavior | Child Development | Child Health | Infant Health | Congress Classification: LCC RJ216 (print) | LCC RJ216 (ebook) | NLM W1 NE228D v.95 2021 | DDC 613.2083/2--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020047731 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020047732 The material contained in this volume was submitted as previously unpublished material, except in the instances in which credit has been given to the source from which some of the illustrative material was derived. Great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of the information contained in the volume. However, neither Nestlé Nutrition Institute nor S. Karger AG can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising from the use of the information contained herein. © 2020 Nestlé Nutrition Institute (Switzerland) and S. Karger AG, Basel (Switzerland). All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. Printed on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) ISBN 978–3–318–06865–8 e-ISBN 978–3–318–06866–5 ISSN 1664–2147 e-ISSN 1664–2155 Basel · Freiburg · Hartford · Oxford · Bangkok · Dubai · Kuala Lumpur · Melbourne · Mexico City · Moscow · New Delhi · Paris · Shanghai · Tokyo Contents VII Preface X Foreword XII Contributors Challenges in Nutrition in Toddlers and Young Children 1 Toddler Development and Autonomy: Baby-Led Weaning, Neophobia and Responsive Parenting Black, M.M. (Baltimore, MD) 12 Global Landscape of Nutrient Inadequacies in Toddlers and Young Children Eldridge, A.L.; Offord, E.A. (Lausanne) 23 Nutrition-Related Practices in Brazilian Preschoolers: Identifying Challenges and Addressing Barriers Fisberg, M.; Duarte Batista, L. (São Paulo) 33 Growth Faltering: Underweight and Stunting Prentice, A.M. (Banjul) 41 Obesity in Toddlers and Young Children: Causes and Consequences Singhal, A. (London) 52 Summary on Optimising Nutrition in Toddlers and Young Children Singhal, A. (London) Advancing from Infancy to Toddlerhood through Food 54 Transition from Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding to Toddler Nutrition in Childcare Settings Ritchie, L.D.; Lee, D.L. (Berkley, CA); Vitale, E.H. (Los Angeles, CA); Au, L.E. (Berkley, CA) 67 Selected Micronutrient Needs of Children 1 to 3 Years of Age Abrams, S.A. (Austin, TX) V 78 You Are What Your Parents Eat: Parental Influences on Early Flavor Preference Development Forestell, C.A. (Williamsburg, VA) 88 Introducing Hard-to-Like Foods to Infants and Toddlers: Mothers’ Perspectives and Children’s Experiences about Learning to Accept Novel Foods Johnson, S.L. (Aurora, CO); Moding, K.J. (Lafayette, IN) 100 Dietary Sugars: Not As Sour As They Are Made Out To Be Bier, D.M. (Houston, TX) 112 Summary on Advancing from Infancy to Toddlerhood through Food Black, M.M. (Baltimore, MD) Health Behaviors and the Developing Brain 116 A Review of the Effects of Physical Activity on Cognition and Brain Health across Children and Adolescence Hillman, C.H.; McDonald, K.M.; Logan, N.E. (Boston, MA) 127 Nutrition Effects on Childhood Executive Control Willis, N.; Khan, N.A. (Urbana, IL) 136 The Importance of Motor Skills for Development Adolph, K.E.; Hoch, J.E. (New York, NY) 145 The Importance of Providing Opportunities for Health Behaviors during the School Day Castelli, D.M. (Austin, TX); Barcelona, J.M. (Detroit, MI); Crim, B. (Austin, TX); Burson, S.L. (Detroit, MI) 156 Summary on Health Behaviors and the Developing Brain Hillman, C.H. (Boston, MA) 160 Subject Index For more information on related publications, please consult the NNI website: www.nestlenutrition-institute.org VI Contents Published online: December 3, 2020 Black MM, Singhal A, Hillman CH (eds): Building Future Health and Well-Being of Thriving Toddlers and Young Children. Nestlé Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. Basel, Karger, 2020, vol 95, pp VII–IX (DOI: 10.1159/000511525) Preface The health and well-being of young children are not only central to their fami- lies, but also central to the United Nations Sustainable Developmental Goals and to the health and well-being of future generations. Thriving children are depen- dent on nutrition and physical activity: beginning with the health of parents prior to conception and continuing through the prenatal period into infancy, toddlerhood, early childhood, and across adolescence. Nutrition, which in- cludes not only food but also eating patterns, influences the rapid physical and brain development that occurs throughout this period, establishing the founda- tional processes that influence health throughout life, including the origins of chronic illnesses. Likewise, physical activity early in life contributes to children’s health and cognitive functions, and leads to healthy patterns of physical activity throughout life. Children’s nutrition and physical activity habits are formed at home, with influences from the broader society, including neighborhoods, child care cen- ters, and schools. Influences also extend beyond the local setting to include the geopolitical environment, climate, and, most recently, the COVID-19 pandem- ic. The importance of thriving children and building healthy habits is the topic of the 95th Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop entitled Building Future Health and Well-Being of Thriving Toddlers and Young Children, which was held virtu- ally (due to COVID-19) in September 2020. The first section of this book comprises 5 chapters that cover broad aspects of nutrition in toddlers and young children. The first chapter sets the scene and describes how behaviors such as increasing autonomy and impulsivity can make toddler mealtimes uniquely challenging. These behaviors also render the assess- ment of toddler diets particularly difficult, but despite limited research in this age group, it is clear that many toddlers and young children throughout the world are at risk for both under- and overnutrition: the so-called double burden of malnutrition. Using Brazil as an example, the section considers how changes in lifestyle and eating habits have led to problems of malnutrition in young chil- dren worldwide. Malnutrition during a critical developmental period, in turn, has major consequences on health throughout life, as described in the chapters reviewing the impact of poor nutrition in young children from low-, middle-, and high-income countries. In particular, the section highlights the complex causes and health consequences of obesity in preschool children, a major global public health issue. Collectively, this section emphasizes the common nutrition- al problems seen in young children worldwide, their consequences on short- and long-term health, and why solutions to these complex problems must involve families, schools, governments, and the food industry. The second section of the volume includes 5 chapters that address the food and eating transition that occurs from infancy to toddlerhood and early child- hood. As child care enrollment increases among infants and toddlers, child care settings are increasingly important in the development of healthy nutritional habits for young children. The section includes an illustration of the develop- ment of nutrition recommendations for children in licensed child care settings, ranging from breastfeeding infants to facilitating healthy eating patterns among toddlers. The development of taste begins with prenatal flavor experiences through the maternal diet and the emergence of the olfactory and gustatory sys- tems, which are linked to children’s subsequent
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