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1987 Programme Progress Report Environmental Protection Environment and Quality of Life 1987 Programme Progress Report Environmental Protection ..... .... ..... '...... )( >< Commission of the European Communities Directorate-General for Science Research and Development ·~ Joint Research Centre, lspra Establishment I'..... ~ 'J EUR 11696 EN 1988 Environment and Quality of Life 1987 Programme Progress Report Environmental Protection Commission of the European Communities Directorate-General for Science Research and Development Joint Research Centre, lspra Establishment EUR 11696 EN 1988 Published by the COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Directorate-General Telecommunications, Information Industries and Innovation Batiment Jean Monnet LUXEMBOURG LEGAL NOTICE Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1988 © ECSC- EEC- EAEC, Brussels-Luxembourg, 1988 Printed in Italy CONTENTS Introduction . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. ........ .. 3 Summary of Main Results .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Research Areas: 1. Environmental Chemicals: 1.1 ECDIN ..................................................................................... 7 1.2 Indoor Pollution . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 0 1.3 Trace Metal Exposure and Health Effects . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 1.4 Environmental Pathways . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 2. Atmospheric Pollution: 2.1 Air Quality ............................................................................... 39 2.2 Central Laboratory for Air Pollution (CLAP) . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45 2.3 EMEP Monitoring Station ........................................................ 55 2.4 Mass Balance and Transport of Pollutants ............................. 58 2.5 lspra Mark 13A Process for Flue Gas Desulphurisation . .. 63 3. Water Quality: 3.1 Flow Cytometry ....................................................................... 71 3.2 Pathways of Trace Metals in a Freshwater Ecosystem - Concepts and Methods . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 84 4. Chemical Waste ............................................................................. 105 Glossary ........................................................................................................ 109 List of Authors ............................................................................................... 111 INTRODUCTION Since 1973 Environmental Protection is one of the major tasks The table displays an overview of the major links of the Action of the European Communities. Programme managed by DG XI (Directorate-General for the En­ More recently, the Single European- Act, adopted in February vironment, Consumer Protection and Nuclear Safety) at Brussels 1986 by the Conference of the Representatives of the Govern­ with the programmes of the Research Action Programme (RAP) ments of the EC Member States, stresses the action by the Com­ Environment. munity relating to the Environment with the following objectives: For the definition of the programme content besides available - to preserve, protect and improve the quality of the environ- skills and competences the following JRC specific tasks were ment; considered: - to contribute towards protecting human health; to act as a co-ordinator for certain environmental issues likely - to ensure a prudent and rational utilization of natural to have short term impact for the regulation work of the Com­ resources. mission (e.g., «acid deposition»); The execution of the EC environmental policy is relying on - to pursue medium and long term studies in order to inform legislative and regulatory actions and on scientific information the Commission and Member States on environmental trends from· its environmental research programmes executed as and to maintain the role of JRC within the European en­ shared-cost/concerted actions as weel as (direct research) in vironmental research; the Commission's own Joint Research Centre (JRC). The principal scope of the JRC "Environmental Protection" pro­ - to provide scientific support to other Commission services gramme is to provide, together with the JRC programmes «Ap­ in implementing Council Directives (e.g., EINECS, Central plication of Remote Sensing Techniques» and «Industrial Risk» Laboratory for Air Pollution). and the related Indirect and Concerted Action Programmes, scientific support to the Community's Programme of Action on This report, which is the sixth and last progress report of the Environment (1987-1992). four years 1984-87 programme, essen~ially covers the main results of the year ·1987, with more emphasis on activities which ·already have come to a-certain conclusion. For the reader in hurry a summary of results of the year 1987 is given at the begin­ ning of this report. 4th ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACTION PROGRAMME RESEARCH PROGRAMMES (REGULA TORY ACTION) (SHARED COST & CONC. ACTION) (DIRECT ACTION) DG XI (1987.-1992) DG XII/E (1986-1990) DG XII/JRC (1984-1987) (1987 revision) ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION HEALTH EFFECTS OF POLL .. ENV. CHEMICALS FRESH & SEA WATER ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF POLL. ECDIN Indoor Air Pollution CHEMICALS ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAtS Trace Metal & Health Effects E11vir. Impact Assessment Biotechnology AIR QUALITY Noise ATMOSPH. POLL. (acid deposition) WATER QUALITY Soil Protection Air Quality Soil Quality Central Lab. Air Pollut1on WASTE MANAGEMENT Poll. Mass Balance & Transport No1se Research lspra MARK 13A Ecosystem Research WATER QUALITY WASTE RESEARCH Trace Metals Pathways & Ecolog. Eff. Reductl.on of Pollution CHEtviiCAL WASTE Scientific Bases for Env. Legislat. & Management 3 SUMMARY OF MAIN RESULTS 1. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS 2. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION (ACID DEPOSITION) The operation of the ECDIN (Environmental Chemical Data In­ The role of naturally emitted substances, like terpenes and formation Network) data bank has been continued although only pinenes in chemical and photochemical transformation pro­ limited funds were available for extending data coverage and cesses of air poll~tants to acidic compounds was further in­ data updating. The number of users was still slightly increasing vestigated. The reaction of ,B-pinene with 0 3 in presence of S02 due to an increasing interest from USA, Japan and Australia. leads to sulphur containing particulate matter, from which at least The B.I.G. data base (Belgian Fire Brigade Information Centre 75% are sulphate. This finding is similar for dark and sunlight on Dangerous Substances) has been incorporated to ECDIN irradiated conditions. In similar experiments with natural terpene to make available detailed information on first measures in case mixtures a rapid oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphate was of road accidents involving chemical substances. found. The support to other Commission services by supplying infor­ To contribute to the understanding of the role that N03 radicals mation, consultancy and technical assistance within the ECDIN play in the night-time chemistry of atmospheric pollutants, reac­ project has continued. Examples of supporting activities are the tions between N03 radicals and unsaturated organic hydrocar­ improvement of the hazardous substances list for DG Ill, bons of biological origine have been studied using FT-IR and biological monitoring and professional exposure for DG V, en­ GC-MS techniques. Under laboratory conditions main products vironmental impact and disposal of toxic substances and the are nitrate, pernitrate and carbonyl functional groups. implementation of the on-line display programme for EINECS Normal air quality levels and severe pollution episodes were (European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances) for DG monitored around the city of Varese during the winter period XI and finally the translation of chemical names of the Customs with out mobile laboratory for remote sensing of air pollutants. list for DG XX I. As main pollution sources sulphur containing fuel for domestic The cost concerted action «Indoor Air Quality and its Impact heating and dense traffic were identified. on Man», led by JRC has established its initial working pro­ On request of the Greek Ministry for the Environment, in gramme: preparation of guidelines for formaldehyde emissions, September the same mobile unit performed extended air pollu­ investigation of problem buildings and measurements of indoor tion measurements in Greece (Athens and Thessaloniki). pollutant levels. The experimental activities of JRC were Especially high values of S02 were observed. Data evaluation presented at three international fairs and at these occasions the will continue as soon as meteorological parameters will be carbonyl compound content in active and passive cigarette available. smoke was demonstrated. A new dual-trap tracer analyser with a detection limit of 0.01 A number of mutagenic species have been detected in the ppt for perfluorcarbons was purchased and tested. The mobile smoke of more than 40 different cigarette brands and it has been laboratory for «in-field» release, sampling and analysis of at­ demonstrated that more than 90% of the total pollutant mass mospheric tracer is now assembled and ready for field cam­ is contained in passive smoke. paigns.· On request of the European Parliament, indoor air quality has A 3D-Doppler
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