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Plant Sci. Arc. 2(4), 1-7, 2019 Publication date: August 30, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.33680/plsa.2019.025 ISSN 2518-6965 (Online)

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Leaf Rusts Diseas (Hemileia vastatrix B. et Br.) Existence in

Organic and Inorganic Cultivation Land

Mario Pani*, Lukman, Marlina

Department of Agroecotechnology Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh,

*Corresponding Author: Mario Pani. E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Hemileia vastatrix B. et Br.which is known for causing Rusts Diseases in Coffee is one of the important disease in Arabica Coffee cultivation. The growth and development of the pathogen of H. vastatrix is very close to the environment and the cultivation way of the farmer. The aim of this research is to investigate the existence of Leaf Rusts Diseas in Coffee both in organic and inorganic cultivated land. This research was conducted in Arabica Coffee Land in Silih Nara, Celala, and Bies Sub-District, Aceh Tengah Regency, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The result of the research shown that the disease incident was not significantly different between the organic and inorganic cultivated land. Meanwhile, on the first observation shown that the disease intesity in organic cultivated land is higher than inorganic cultivated land. The disease intensity for each land is 12,48% and 9,36%. Meanwhile, at the second and third observation there was no difference in disease intensity for each cultivated land. Generally, the disease incident categorized as Moderate, approximately 50% in organic cultivated land and 45,47% in inorganic cultivated land. For the disease intensity, remain categorized as Low, approximately 10,74% in organic cultivated land and 9,91% in inorganic cultivated land. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to anticipate the climate change globally. As it possibly increase the H. vastatrix infection in the Coffee cultivation in Aceh Tengah Regency.

Keywords: Hemileia vastatrix, , Inorganic Coffee.

This is an OPEN ACCESS article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Introduction Hemileia Genus, and H. vastatrix B. et Br. Aceh Tengah Regency is one of the biggest species (Kushalapa, 1989; Semangun, centre in Aceh Province. In 2000). this area, coffee has become a prominent commodity for farmers, coffee bussines runner Moris (1880) mentioned that H. Vastatrix in its and people as the main source of income. The dicovering history, it infected the Coffee demand of coffee each year is higher, whether cultivation in Ceylon (Currently known as Sri locally, nationally, and even internationally. Lanka) and inflicting high loss impact. Therefore, because of its high demand, it is Nowadays, this disease has been endemic required that coffee should have the supply worldwide such as in Africa, America, and Asia. availabled and the quality upgraded. Besides, McCook (2006) added, in America, this the consument awarenes of the importance of infection could harm the Coffee farmers up to 2 health, promoting the demand of coffee global billion USD each year. trade on the product that is produced by organic cultivation system. According to Mahfud et al. (2012) the development of the disease is affected by three Related to those background, it will affect the factors namely the pathogen, host plant, and organic coffee price which is evenly higher than environment. Specifically, H. vastatrix has the inorganic coffee price. Therefore, today’s coffee ability to survive and reproduce. Kushalappa farmer has transformed their way of cultivationg (1989) also mentioned that this pathogen is able from inorganic to organic. According to the to survive in the form of which known as Agriculture and Plantation Service Departement Uredospores. Uredium is known for the spores of Aceh (2017), the coffee stock in Aceh is producer and miselium, the colony of hyphae. decreasing. The decreasement has started since the beginning of 2010 until 2015. Based on the host plant of H. vastatrix, this disease infecting more to the Arabica Coffee One of the influencing factor for the decreasing rather than othe type of Coffee. Hulufi (1998) coffee production is the incident of Pest and claimed that this Coffee Leaf Rusts Disease Disease infection. Hemileia vastatrix B. et Br. is more commonly found in Arabica Coffee rather known as the cause of Coffee Leaf Rusts than Robusta Coffee. The purposes of this Disease which is one of the important disease in research is to investigate the existence of the Arabica Coffee cultivation. T Coffee Leaf Rusts either in organic cultivated land and inorganic cultivated land. his disease was firstly explained by the mycologist scientist M.J Berkeley on 1869 Materials and method (Carvalho et al., 2011). H. vastatrix is Research Place and Time considered as obligate fungus, namely the This research was conducted in the Arabica microorganism that only live inside the living Coffee cultivated land in Silih Nara, Celala, and creature tissue. This fungus classified in the Bies Sub-Distric, Central Aceh Regency, Aceh Class, Pucciniaceae Family, Province, Indonesia.

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Research field determination In each sample plant was taken 25 sheets of The determination of land in this research was leaf from each direction point (East, North, conducted using Purposive Sampling by West, South, and the centre part of Coffee choosing two Coffee Cultivation Land overlay Plant). The taken were originated from which is managed organically and inorganically. the 7-12 years old Coffee Plant. The minimum land area for each organic and inorganic land is 2 hectares. Result and discussion Leaf rusts disease incident in organic and Sample selection inorganic coffee cultivation 20 plants were randomly choosen for samples. The result shows that the disease incident The spacing between each plant was ± 10 precentage is not significantly different between meters. the Coffee which cultivated organically and inorganically. The height of place The approximate altitude of the land in this In organic coffee plant, the plant incident is research is 1.100-1.300 m above sea level. below 60 %, meanwhile in inorganic coffee reach 49,4%. The disease incident has been The number of leaf samples categorized as Moderate (Fig 1).

Fig. 1. The Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Coffee Cultivation towards the disease incident of Leaf Rusts. The “ns” notation showed the result is not significantly different based on the level of 0,05% t test.

Eventhough the disease incident has not been disease will increase as the earth surfeace so crucial, yet that condition may keep temperature increase. This is one way with the increasing potentially. Because, the disease result of temperature trend in Indonesia where incident is very close to the climate condition. the data obtained from 1981-2018 observation Groenen (2018) stated that generally pest and which generally both of minimum, maximum , 3 Pani et al. Plant Sci. Arc. 2(4), 2019

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and average temperature experiencing pesticide, applicated herbicide to inhibit the increasement as much as 0,03 oC each year weeds, and using chemical synthetic fertilizer as (BMKG, 2019). much as it able to push the production of the coffee. Rivillas et al. (2011) stated the the optimal germination for H. vastatrix pathogen occured So that, the disease incident on inorganic approximately between 21-25 oC. This is going Coffee Cultivation is able to be pressed to to be a threat for Aceh Tengah Coffee become smaller than organic way of cultivation. Cultivation land in the future. The disease Avelino et al., (2015) stated that the proper use incident is also very close to the cultivation of synthetic material such as fertilized and practice. Doras (2008) stated that environment fungicide is able to decrease the disease and cultivation practice are able to influnce the incident of Coffee Leaf Rusts in Nikaragua. resistance of plants toward the pathogen infection and otherwise. Leaf rusts disease intensity in organic and inorganic coffee In the Organic Cultivated Land, the farmers The disease intensity at the first observation applied the friendly environment way, it means shows that in organic land has higher disease that the farmers do not use any chemical for the intensity compared to inorganic land. The plant at all. The weed controll and the pruning is disease intensity for organic land is 12,48% also be done by using traditional equipment. For meanwhile the inorganic land is 9,36%. For the adding nutrion supply, farmers applied the second and third observation there is no manure fertilizer and the leftovers plants. difference between disease intensity both in Meanwhile, the disease control was done by not organic and inorganic land Generally, the spraying any chemical pesticed instead of disease intensity condition is not significantly relying on the pruning method. diferent from the disease incident.

The organic material application is becoming The highers disease intencity below 13% is still one alternative for controlling the microorganism considered low (Fig 2). According to the altitude balance in soil and impact directly to suppress of place, Aceh Tengah Regency area is the existence of soil borne diseases. Vessey dominantly located in 1.000 – 1.750 m asl, (2003) dan Lucy et al., (2004) mentioned that approximately 62% from the entire total areal the biological agent such as soil microorganism (BPS of Aceh Tengah Regency, 2012). will keep the soil nutrion and also protecting the Therefore, generally the location has the Mild rhizosphere from soil borne diseases. Hence, it Climate. This is also suspected as one of the can possible increase the growth of the plant.It limiting factor to hamper the population is difference to the inorganic land condition, increasemt of H.vastatrix, so that the infection intensity remains low. the farmers applicated the synthetic chemical in coffee cultivation. Suppressing the pest and Nevertheless, if the disease incident keep disease existence by the application of increasing as the cause of climate change, it

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does not close the possibility that the disease reproducal rate of H. vastatri. Rainfall is also intensity will also increasing as well. According influencing the humidity and the deployment of to the Garret et al., (2009), climate is one of the the pathogen. Besides rainfall, wind is also main factor to control the development of having role to spread the uredospores in the disease, because the climate change is very coffee cultivation area. The hampering matters sensitive to affect the interaction between the for pathogen development is the existence of pathogen and the host plant. The influencing direct sunlight, besides it, the stomata environment factor for Coffee Leaf Rusts are evaporation is also able to hamper the temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind, and germination of uredospore of H. vastatrix fungus sunlight (McCartney, 1994; Brown et al., 1995). (McCartney, 1994; Rivillas et al., 2011). Rainfall has taken important role in the

Fig. 2. Comparison between organic and inorganic cultivated land to the Leaf Rusts Coffee Disease. The “ns” notation showed the result is not significantly different and “a,b” showed the result is significantly different based on the level of 0,05% t test.

According to the dominant pathogen late pruning and also existence of weeds spreadness which occured by the watersplash, without any managenment may affect both to the density of cultivation space creates the H. the increasement of disease incident and vastatrix fungus development is easier. disease intensity.

The condition of overlap leaf canopy will also Brown et al. (1995) mentioned that the close change the micro climate under the plant leaf position and touching one and another leaf canopy. The high humidity will spur the infection condition may ease the disease development and the development of H. vastatrix pathogen and also escalate the humidity, which affect the (Brown et al., 1995). The good sanitation which high infection of H. vastatrix on Coffee Leaf. managed both organically and inorganically Lush leaves occur due to irregular pruning, should become the main concern. Because, the resulting in overlapping leaves. Patridge (1997)

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in Mahfud (2012) stated that if the leaves are helped with the research in the field. As well as too tight, the uredospores from the pathogen H. all parties involved have participated in the vastatrix which fall from the leaves do not completion of research and writing. immediately fall to the ground but fall on the other leaves. With these conditions, many References sources of disease are available in the Agnihothrudu V. 1992. Leaf of Coffee. In plantation area. Plant Disease of International Importance. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Agnihotrudu (1992) added that disease intensity Jersey, USA. p 190-201. is also influenced by the presence of Avelino J, Cristancho M, Georgiou S, Imbach uredospores from H. vastatrix. If the uredospora P, Aguilar L, Bornemann G. 2015. The falls off, then germination within 10-20 days will coffee rust crises in Colombia and produce new uredospores by uradium. More Central America (2008–2013): impacts, than 70,000 uredospores are produced by each plausible causes and proposed uradium for 3-5 months. Sugiarti (2017) added solutions. Food Security 7, 303–321. that the high intensity of the disease was also BMKG. 2019. Tren Suhu. influenced by the source of the inoculum that https://www.bmkg.go.id/iklim/?p=tren- had survived in the plantation area for a long suhu. Diakses 10 April 2019. time, moreover, the condition of the coffee plant BPS. 2012. Aceh Tengah Dalam Angka 2012. which continued to produce leaves throughout Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Aceh the year, so that the cycle was never Tengah, Aceh Tengah. interrupted. The source of the inoculum can Brown JS, Whan JH, Kenny MK, Merriman survive on the coffee leaf and also on the type PR. 1995. The Effect of Coffee Leaf of broadleaf weeds that grow around the coffee Rust on Foliation and Yield of Coffee in plant. Papua New Guinea. Crop Protection 14 (7), 589-592. From the results of Yussa's research (2015) on Carvalho CR, Fernandes RC, Carvalho GMA, Arabica coffee plantation land in the Bancah Barreto RW, Evans HC. 2011. area, West Sumatra, the dominant weed Cryptosexuality and the Genetic species that grow in the of coffee plants area Diversity Paradox in Coffee Rust, are 13 species group of broadleaf weeds, 3 Hemileia vastatrix. PLoS ONE 6(11). species of sedges weeds, 6 species of grass Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan. 2017. weeds, and 3 species of ferns. Statistik Perkebunan Kopi Indonesia 2015–2017. Sekretariat Jenderal Acknowledgements Perkebunan. Jakarta. Thank you very much, we say to Mr. Dr. Ir. Dordas C. 2008. Role of nutrients in controlling Husni, M. Agric. Sc. who have spent a lot of plant diseases in sustainable time directing and guiding and motivating as agriculture. A review. Agron. Sustain. long as the author completes this writing. To Dev. 28 33–46. Syukur Hamdi who always accompanied and Garrett KA, Nita M, De Wolf ED, Gomez L,

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