The Simple Economics of Open Source
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Green Destiny: a 240-Node Compute Cluster in One Cubic Meter
Green Destiny: A 240-Node Compute Cluster in One Cubic Meter Wu-chun (Wu) Feng Research & Development in Advanced Network Technology (RADIANT) Computer & Computational Sciences Division Los Alamos National Laboratory LA-UR 02-6127 Outline Where is Supercomputing? Architectures from the Top 500. Evaluating Supercomputers Metrics: Performance & Price/Performance An Alternative Flavor of Supercomputing Supercomputing in Small Spaces Æ Bladed Beowulf Architecture of a Bladed Beowulf Performance Metrics Benchmark Results Discussion & Status Conclusion Acknowledgements & Media Coverage Wu-chun Feng http://www.lanl.gov/radiant [email protected] http://sss.lanl.gov Flavors of Supercomputing (Picture Source: Thomas Sterling, Caltech & NASA JPL) Wu-chun Feng http://www.lanl.gov/radiant [email protected] http://sss.lanl.gov 500 400 SIMD Architectures from the 300 Top 500 Supercomputer List 200 100 0 ProcessorSingle Wu-chun Feng [email protected] Jun-93 Nov-93 Jun-94 MPP Nov-94 Jun-95 Nov-95 Jun-96 Constellation SMP Nov-96 Cluster Jun-97 http://www.lanl.gov/radiant Nov-97 http://sss.lanl.gov Jun-98 Nov-98 Jun-99 Nov-99 Jun-00 Nov-00 Jun-01 Nov-01 Jun-02 Metrics for Evaluating Supercomputers Performance Metric: Floating-Operations Per Second (FLOPS) Example: Japanese Earth Simulator Price/Performance Æ Cost Efficiency Metric: Cost / FLOPS Examples: SuperMike, GRAPE-5, Avalon. Wu-chun Feng http://www.lanl.gov/radiant [email protected] http://sss.lanl.gov Performance (At Any Cost) Japanese Earth Simulator ($400M) Performance Price/Perf Peak 40.00 Tflop $10.00/Mflop Linpack 35.86 Tflop $11.15/Mflop n-Body 29.50 Tflop $13.56/Mflop Climate 26.58 Tflop $15.05/Mflop Turbulence 16.40 Tflop $24.39/Mflop Fusion 14.90 Tflop $26.85/Mflop Wu-chun Feng http://www.lanl.gov/radiant [email protected] http://sss.lanl.gov Price/Performance Cost Efficiency LSU’s SuperMike Performance Price/Perf (2002: $2.8M) Linpack 2210 Gflops $1.27/Mflop U. -
Producing Open Source Software How to Run a Successful Free Software Project
Producing Open Source Software How to Run a Successful Free Software Project Karl Fogel Producing Open Source Software: How to Run a Successful Free Software Project by Karl Fogel Copyright © 2005-2018 Karl Fogel, under the CreativeCommons Attribution-ShareAlike (4.0) license. Version: 2.3098 Home site: http://producingoss.com/ Dedication This book is dedicated to two dear friends without whom it would not have been possible: Karen Under- hill and Jim Blandy. i Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................. vi Why Write This Book? ............................................................................................... vi Who Should Read This Book? .................................................................................... vii Sources ................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... viii For the first edition (2005) ................................................................................ viii For the second edition (2017) ............................................................................... x Disclaimer .............................................................................................................. xiii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... -
Linux at 25 PETERHISTORY H
Linux at 25 PETERHISTORY H. SALUS Peter H. Salus is the author of A n June 1991, at the USENIX conference in Nashville, BSD NET-2 was Quarter Century of UNIX (1994), announced. Two months later, on August 25, Linus Torvalds announced Casting the Net (1995), and The his new operating system on comp.os.minix. Today, Android, Google’s Daemon, the Gnu and the Penguin I (2008). [email protected] version of Linux, is used on over two billion smartphones and other appli- ances. In this article, I provide some history about the early years of Linux. Linus was born into the Swedish minority of Finland (about 5% of the five million Finns). He was a “math guy” throughout his schooling. Early on, he “inherited” a Commodore VIC- 20 (released in June 1980) from his grandfather; in 1987 he spent his savings on a Sinclair QL (released in January 1984, the “Quantum Leap,” with a Motorola 68008 running at 7.5 MHz and 128 kB of RAM, was intended for small businesses and the serious hobbyist). It ran Q-DOS, and it was what got Linus involved: One of the things I hated about the QL was that it had a read-only operating system. You couldn’t change things ... I bought a new assembler ... and an editor.... Both ... worked fine, but they were on the microdrives and couldn’t be put on the EEPROM. So I wrote my own editor and assembler and used them for all my programming. Both were written in assembly language, which is incredibly stupid by today’s standards. -
THE FUTURE of IDEAS This Work Is Licensed Under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License (US/V3.0)
less_0375505784_4p_fm_r1.qxd 9/21/01 13:49 Page i THE FUTURE OF IDEAS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License (US/v3.0). Noncommercial uses are thus permitted without any further permission from the copyright owner. Permissions beyond the scope of this license are administered by Random House. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.randomhouse.com/about/ permissions.html The book maybe downloaded in electronic form (freely) at: http://the-future-of-ideas.com For more permission about Creative Commons licenses, go to: http://creativecommons.org less_0375505784_4p_fm_r1.qxd 9/21/01 13:49 Page iii the future of ideas THE FATE OF THE COMMONS IN A CONNECTED WORLD /// Lawrence Lessig f RANDOM HOUSE New York less_0375505784_4p_fm_r1.qxd 9/21/01 13:49 Page iv Copyright © 2001 Lawrence Lessig All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Random House and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Lessig, Lawrence. The future of ideas : the fate of the commons in a connected world / Lawrence Lessig. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-375-50578-4 1. Intellectual property. 2. Copyright and electronic data processing. 3. Internet—Law and legislation. 4. Information society. I. Title. K1401 .L47 2001 346.04'8'0285—dc21 2001031968 Random House website address: www.atrandom.com Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 24689753 First Edition Book design by Jo Anne Metsch less_0375505784_4p_fm_r1.qxd 9/21/01 13:49 Page v To Bettina, my teacher of the most important lesson. -
Service Manual
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Memorandum in Opposition to Hewlett-Packard Company's Motion to Quash Intel's Subpoena Duces Tecum
ORIGINAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BEFORE THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ) In the Matter of ) ) DOCKET NO. 9341 INTEL. CORPORATION, ) a corporation ) PUBLIC ) .' ) MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO HEWLETT -PACKARD COMPANY'S MOTION TO QUASH INTEL'S SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM Intel Corporation ("Intel") submits this memorandum in opposition to Hewlett-Packard Company's ("HP") motion to quash Intel's subpoena duces tecum issued on March 11,2010 ("Subpoena"). HP's motion should be denied, and it should be ordered to comply with Intel's Subpoena, as narrowed by Intel's April 19,2010 letter. Intel's Subpoena seeks documents necessary to defend against Complaint Counsel's broad allegations and claimed relief. The Complaint alleges that Intel engaged in unfair business practices that maintained its monopoly over central processing units ("CPUs") and threatened to give it a monopoly over graphics processing units ("GPUs"). See CompI. iiii 2-28. Complaint Counsel's Interrogatory Answers state that it views HP, the world's largest manufacturer of personal computers, as a centerpiece of its case. See, e.g., Complaint Counsel's Resp. and Obj. to Respondent's First Set ofInterrogatories Nos. 7-8 (attached as Exhibit A). Complaint Counsel intends to call eight HP witnesses at trial on topics crossing virtually all of HP' s business lines, including its purchases ofCPUs for its commercial desktop, commercial notebook, and server businesses. See Complaint Counsel's May 5, 2010 Revised Preliminary Witness List (attached as Exhibit B). Complaint Counsel may also call HP witnesses on other topics, including its PUBLIC FTC Docket No. 9341 Memorandum in Opposition to Hewlett-Packard Company's Motion to Quash Intel's Subpoena Duces Tecum USIDOCS 7544743\'1 assessment and purchases of GPUs and chipsets and evaluation of compilers, benchmarks, interface standards, and standard-setting bodies. -
The Technology Behind Crusoe™ Processors
The Technology Behind Crusoe™ Processors Low-power x86-Compatible Processors Implemented with Code Morphing™ Software Alexander Klaiber Transmeta Corporation January 2000 The Technology Behind Crusoe™ Processors Property of: Transmeta Corporation 3940 Freedom Circle Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA (408) 919-3000 http://www.transmeta.com The information contained in this document is provided solely for use in connection with Transmeta products, and Transmeta reserves all rights in and to such information and the products discussed herein. This document should not be construed as transferring or granting a license to any intellectual property rights, whether express, implied, arising through estoppel or otherwise. Except as may be agreed in writing by Transmeta, all Transmeta products are provided “as is” and without a warranty of any kind, and Transmeta hereby disclaims all warranties, express or implied, relating to Transmeta’s products, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement of third party intellectual property. Transmeta products may contain design defects or errors which may cause the products to deviate from published specifications, and Transmeta documents may contain inaccurate information. Transmeta makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this document, and Transmeta reserves the right to change product descriptions and product specifications at any time, without notice. Transmeta products have not been designed, tested, or manufactured for use in any application where failure, malfunction, or inaccuracy carries a risk of death, bodily injury, or damage to tangible property, including, but not limited to, use in factory control systems, medical devices or facilities, nuclear facilities, aircraft, watercraft or automobile navigation or communication, emergency systems, or other applications with a similar degree of potential hazard. -
The Internet Is a Semicommons
GRIMMELMANN_10_04_29_APPROVED_PAGINATED 4/29/2010 11:26 PM THE INTERNET IS A SEMICOMMONS James Grimmelmann* I. INTRODUCTION As my contribution to this Symposium on David Post’s In Search of Jefferson’s Moose1 and Jonathan Zittrain’s The Future of the Internet,2 I’d like to take up a question with which both books are obsessed: what makes the Internet work? Post’s answer is that the Internet is uniquely Jeffersonian; it embodies a civic ideal of bottom-up democracy3 and an intellectual ideal of generous curiosity.4 Zittrain’s answer is that the Internet is uniquely generative; it enables its users to experiment with new uses and then share their innovations with each other.5 Both books tell a story about how the combination of individual freedom and a cooperative ethos have driven the Internet’s astonishing growth. In that spirit, I’d like to suggest a third reason that the Internet works: it gets the property boundaries right. Specifically, I see the Internet as a particularly striking example of what property theorist Henry Smith has named a semicommons.6 It mixes private property in individual computers and network links with a commons in the communications that flow * Associate Professor, New York Law School. My thanks for their comments to Jack Balkin, Shyam Balganesh, Aislinn Black, Anne Chen, Matt Haughey, Amy Kapczynski, David Krinsky, Jonathon Penney, Chris Riley, Henry Smith, Jessamyn West, and Steven Wu. I presented earlier versions of this essay at the Commons Theory Workshop for Young Scholars (Max Planck Institute for the Study of Collective Goods), the 2007 IP Scholars conference, the 2007 Telecommunications Policy Research Conference, and the December 2009 Symposium at Fordham Law School on David Post’s and Jonathan Zittrain’s books. -
USCOURTS-Ca9-09-35307-1.Pdf
Case: 09-35307 01/18/2011 ID: 7614842 DktEntry: 67 Page: 1 of 67 FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT VANESSA SIMMONDS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CREDIT SUISSE SECURITIES (USA) LLC; JPMORGAN CHASE & CO., a Delaware corporation, successor in interest to Hambrecht & Quist and Chase Securities Inc.; BANK OF No. 09-35262 AMERICA CORPORATION, a Delaware D.C. No. 2:07-cv- corporation, successor in interest 01549-JLR to Fleetboston Robertson Stephens, Inc.; ONVIA INC., a Delaware corporation formerly known as Onvia.com Inc.; ROBERTSON STEPHENS, INC.; J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES INC., Defendants-Appellees. In Re: SECTION 16(b) LITIGATION 821 Case: 09-35307 01/18/2011 ID: 7614842 DktEntry: 67 Page: 2 of 67 822 SIMMONDS v. CREDIT SUISSE SECURITIES VANESSA SIMMONDS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DEUTSCHE BANK SECURITIES INC.; FOUNDRY NETWORKS INC., Nominal No. 09-35280 Defendant, a Delaware D.C. Nos. corporation; MERRILL LYNCH 2:07-cv-01566-JLR PIERCE FENNER & SMITH 2:07-cv-01549-JLR INCORPORATED; J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES INC., Defendants-Appellees. In Re: SECTION 16(b) LITIGATION VANESSA SIMMONDS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MERRILL LYNCH & CO. INC., Defendant, and No. 09-35282 D.C. Nos. FINISAR CORPORATION, Nominal Defendant, a Delaware 2:07-cv-01567-JLR 2:07-cv-01549-JLR corporation; MERRILL LYNCH PIERCE FENNER & SMITH INCORPORATED; J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES INC., Defendants-Appellees. In Re: SECTION 16(b) LITIGATION Case: 09-35307 01/18/2011 ID: 7614842 DktEntry: 67 Page: 3 of 67 SIMMONDS v. CREDIT SUISSE SECURITIES 823 VANESSA SIMMONDS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MORGAN STANLEY & CO., No. 09-35285 INCORPORATED; LEHMAN BROTHERS, D.C. -
TRANSMETA BREAKS X86 LOW-POWER BARRIER VLIW Chips Use Hardware-Assisted X86 Emulation by Tom R
MICROPROCESSOR www.MPRonline.com THE REPORTINSIDER’S GUIDE TO MICROPROCESSOR HARDWARE TRANSMETA BREAKS X86 LOW-POWER BARRIER VLIW Chips Use Hardware-Assisted x86 Emulation By Tom R. Halfhill {2/14/00-01} Like moths drawn to a flame, semiconductor startups seem to find the bright but dangerous glow of the x86 market irresistible. Never mind that companies as resourceful as AMD, Cen- taur, Cyrix, IBM, National Semiconductor, and Rise have all charred their wings in the fires of competition with Intel. More than 120 million x86 chips were with a software envelope that translates x86 binaries into sold in the profitable PC market last year, casting off a warmth native code at run time. that lures newly hatched companies from the darkness. While some companies have used the term “emula- The latest newcomer to emerge from its cocoon is tion” to describe the binary-translation process, Transmeta Transmeta. After nearly five years of unprecedented secrecy, founder Dave Ditzel shuns that term, preferring to describe the Santa Clara–based startup finally unveiled its pair of his company’s method of converting x86 instructions into x86-compatible Crusoe processors at a widely covered VLIW instructions as “code morphing” or simply “transla- media event near Silicon Valley last month. The event tion.” Sometimes this process is called dynamic binary received the same sort of overhyped coverage the U.S. Air recompilation. Transmeta’s code-morphing software cer- Force might attract by flinging open the gates to Area 51. A tainly is more advanced than old-fashioned emulators, large crowd of mainstream and business journalists were which slowly convert one type of binary executable into dazzled by marketing claims about “revolutionary” micro- another by translating one instruction at a time. -
GNU/Linux Operating System
A Bibliography of Publications about the GNU/Linux Operating System Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 07 April 2021 Version 2.135 Title word cross-reference [Tho05]. 0-13-167984-8 [Sta07b]. 0-596-00482-6 [Sch04]. 0-7821-4428-4 [Koh06]. '03 [ACM03b]. 046 [Sav11]. '05 [ACM05b, MS05]. + [Ste01e]. $100 [CS95]. $39.95 [Sch04]. $44.99 [Sta07b]. $49.95 [Jen05]. $49.99 1 [FOP06, Jen05, She03]. 1-59327-036-4 [Hid04, Tho05]. $59.99 [Koh06]. $99 [Jen05]. 1-GHz [Ano03b]. 1.0 [Coc01]. 1.2 [Kro00]. = [Ste01e]. × [Hun99]. [Gar98]. 1.x [KGG00]. 10 [DWV06]. 10-Gigabit [cFJH+03]. 10th [USE96a]. * [TYKZ07]. */ [TYKZ07]. *BSD [Den99a]. 12-step [Mil01]. 12th [MS05]. 1394 *icomment [TYKZ07]. [Ale00, HKP09]. 14-16 [ACM06]. 18th [KD96]. 1999 [Den99b, Tim99]. 19th -dienste [WF03]. [ACM03b, SS05b]. 1Z0 [Sav11]. 1Z0-046 [Sav11]. /*icomment [TYKZ07]. /GNOME [Wri00, Pen99]. 2 [Ano94c, Com00, Com03, Gab07, MK04]. 2.0 [B¨ol01, Car98, McN99, PF97, Swe01]. 0 [Hid04, Koh06, Sch04, Sta07b, Tho05]. 2.0.1 [ISO05]. 2.1 [BR95, CV00]. 2.2 0-13-101415-3 [Hid04]. 0-13-144853-6 1 2 [Ano00b, BB99b, Bra04]. 2.4 [Cal00]. 2.6 [Mon00b, GR09]. Action [NR03]. ActiveX [BS05, PTS+14, TCM07]. 2000 [Kro99]. activity [MB08]. Acumen [Kro99]. [Bru02, Kro00, MYH00, War01]. 2003 Ada [SB99]. Ada95 [Gar09]. -
Free As in Freedom (2.0): Richard Stallman and the Free Software Revolution
Free as in Freedom (2.0): Richard Stallman and the Free Software Revolution Sam Williams Second edition revisions by Richard M. Stallman i This is Free as in Freedom 2.0: Richard Stallman and the Free Soft- ware Revolution, a revision of Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. Copyright c 2002, 2010 Sam Williams Copyright c 2010 Richard M. Stallman Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License." Published by the Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin St., Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1335 USA ISBN: 9780983159216 The cover photograph of Richard Stallman is by Peter Hinely. The PDP-10 photograph in Chapter 7 is by Rodney Brooks. The photo- graph of St. IGNUcius in Chapter 8 is by Stian Eikeland. Contents Foreword by Richard M. Stallmanv Preface by Sam Williams vii 1 For Want of a Printer1 2 2001: A Hacker's Odyssey 13 3 A Portrait of the Hacker as a Young Man 25 4 Impeach God 37 5 Puddle of Freedom 59 6 The Emacs Commune 77 7 A Stark Moral Choice 89 8 St. Ignucius 109 9 The GNU General Public License 123 10 GNU/Linux 145 iii iv CONTENTS 11 Open Source 159 12 A Brief Journey through Hacker Hell 175 13 Continuing the Fight 181 Epilogue from Sam Williams: Crushing Loneliness 193 Appendix A { Hack, Hackers, and Hacking 209 Appendix B { GNU Free Documentation License 217 Foreword by Richard M.