WHO Guidelines on Drawing Blood Best Practices in Phlebotomy (Eng)
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WHO guidelines on drawing blood: best practices in phlebotomy WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data WHO guidelines on drawing blood: best practices in phlebotomy. 1.Bloodletting – standards. 2.Phlebotomy – standards. 3.Needlestick injuries – prevention and control. 4.Guidelines. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 159922 1 (NLM classification: WB 381) © World Health Organization 2010 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). 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Printed by the WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland Contents Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................................vii Acronyms .........................................................................................................................................xi Executive summary ........................................................................................................................xiii PART I BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Issues in phlebotomy ....................................................................................................... 3 1.1.2 The need for guidelines ................................................................................................... 4 1.1.3 Definitions ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Purpose and scope ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Target audience ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Indications for blood sampling and blood collection ...................................................................5 1.6 Structure of document ................................................................................................................ 6 PART II ASPECTS OF PHLEBOTOMY .................................................................................................. 7 2 Best practices in phlebotomy ...................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Background information on best practices in phlebotomy .........................................................9 2.1.1 Planning ahead ................................................................................................................ 9 2.1.2 Using an appropriate location .......................................................................................... 9 2.1.3 Quality control ................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.4 Quality care for patients and health workers ................................................................. 10 2.1.5 Quality of laboratory sampling ...................................................................................... 11 2.2 Practical guidance on best practices in phlebotomy .................................................................12 2.2.1 Provision of an appropriate location .............................................................................. 12 2.2.2 Provision of clear instructions ........................................................................................ 12 2.2.3 Procedure for drawing blood ......................................................................................... 12 2.3 Illustrations for best practices in phlebotomy ...........................................................................18 3 Blood-sampling systems ............................................................................................................21 3.1 Background information on blood-sampling systems ...............................................................21 3.1.1 Closed systems ............................................................................................................... 21 3.1.2 Open systems ................................................................................................................. 22 3.2 Practical guidance on blood-sampling systems .........................................................................22 3.2.1 Needle and syringe ........................................................................................................ 22 3.2.2 Choice of gauge ............................................................................................................. 22 3.3 Illustrations for blood-sampling systems ...................................................................................23 4 Venepuncture for blood donation .............................................................................................25 4.1 Background information on venepuncture for blood donation ................................................ 25 4.1.1 Minimum requirements for venepuncture for blood donation ....................................25 4.1.2 Before a blood donation ................................................................................................ 26 4.2 Practical guidance on venepuncture for blood donation ..........................................................27 4.2.1 Collecting blood ............................................................................................................. 27 4.2.2 After a blood donation ................................................................................................... 28 4.2.3 Adverse events in blood donation ................................................................................. 29 5 Arterial blood sampling .............................................................................................................31 5.1 Background information on arterial blood sampling ................................................................31 5.1.1 Choice of site.................................................................................................................. 31 5.1.2 Complications related to arterial blood sampling .......................................................... 31 5.1.3 Sampling errors .............................................................................................................. 32 5.2 Practical guidance on arterial blood sampling ...........................................................................32 5.2.1 Equipment and supplies ................................................................................................. 32 5.2.2 Procedure for arterial blood sampling using radial artery ............................................32 5.3 Illustrations for arterial blood sampling ....................................................................................33 iii 6 Paediatric and neonatal blood sampling .....................................................................................35 6.1 Background information on paediatric and neonatal blood sampling ......................................35 6.1.1 Choice of procedure and site ........................................................................................ 35 6.2 Practical guidance on paediatric and neonatal blood sampling ................................................35 6.2.1 Patient identification ....................................................................................................