ISSN 1226-9999 (print) ISSN 2287-7851 (online)

Korean J. Environ. Biol. 35(3) : 305~318 (2017) https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2017.35.3.305

New Recorded of Several Taxa in Freshwater Algae from South Korea

Yong Jae Kim*

Department of Life Science, Daejin University, Pocheon 11159, Republic of Korea

Abstract - Freshwater algae (green algae, blue-green algae and flagellated algae) were collected at 103 freshwater sites (including lakes, ponds, swamps, streams, and rivers) throughout South Korea March 2015-October 2016, and were identified using light microscopy. A total of 345 taxa in 2015 and 329 taxa in 2016 were identified and among them, 6 taxa in 2015 and 8 taxa in 2016 were new recorded species in Korea; The new recorded species were Characiopsis malleolus in Xanthophyceae, Phacus mammillatus in Euglenophyceae, Epipyxis utriculus and Lagynion ampullaceum in Chrysophyceae, Bicosoeca planctonica in Bicosoecophyceae and Salpingoeca frequentissima in Choanoflagellatea in 2015, and were Ankistrodesmus bernardii and Quadrigula korsikovii in , Didymocystis planctonica in Treubouxiophyceae, Spirulina nodosa, Raphidiopsis curvata and Geitlerinema claricentrosum in Cyanophyceae and Lagynion macrotrachelum in Chrysophyceae, Bicosoeca oculata in Bicosoecophyceae and Salpingeoca rosetta in Choanoflagellatea in 2016.

Key words : ‌Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chrysophyuceae, new recorded species

Introduction (Prescott 1962; Wehr and Sheath (eds.) 2003) and Asia (Phi- lipose 1967, 1984; Hirose and Yamagishi (eds.) 1977; Yam- Algae are divided into freshwater, seawater and soil al- agishi and Akiyama 1994, 1995, 1997; Hu and Wei 2006). gae, depending on habitat. There are currently 148,936 spe- Numerous other studies also have been conducted. Fresh- cies reported (Guiry and Guiry 2017). Many of these algae water algae research has been conducted domestically by taxonomies have changed considerably until recently. Espe- many researchers since Kawamura (1918), that will contin- cially in earlier studies, alpha classification by simple opti- ue during studies currently in progress (Chang 1986, 1987; cal microscope was conducted, but various research meth- Wui and Kim 1987; Chang and An 1989; An and Chang ods such as beta classification according to development of 1990; Chung and Kim 1994; Kim et al. 1994, 2012; Kim the electron microscope and recent molecular classification 2013a, 2014a-d; Shin et al. 2013; Song and Lee 2014). of gamma classification and phylogeny classification were In recent years, studies on freshwater algae in Korea have introduced. Therefore, we have discovered several features focused on securing biodiversity through exploration of na- that have not been found previously and set up a classifi- tive species, although there are many ecological areas. This cation system based on them. Although it is described in is also vital for ensuring sovereignty of biological resources Algaebase, it is continuously changing. in Korea. In particular, through discovery of these species, Studies on freshwater algae have been actively conducted we will establish a foundation to secure future resources and globally, including Europe (Lemmermann 1908; Chodat become a center of R & D in Northeast Asia. 1913; Hindak 1977, 1988; Hegewald and Schnepf 1979; In this study, freshwater algae (green algae, blue-green al- Komárek and Fott 1983; John et al. 2002), North America gae and flagellated algae) were collected at 103 freshwater sites (including lakes, ponds, swamps, streams, and rivers) * ‌Corresponding author: Yong Jae Kim, Tel. 031-539-1851, Fax. 031-539-1850, E-mail. [email protected] throughout South Korea March 2015-October 2016. A total

ⓒ2017. Korean Society of Environmental Biology. 306 Yong Jae Kim

345 taxa in 2015 and 329 taxa in 2016 were identified and among them, 6 taxa in 2015 and 8 taxa in 2016 were new re- corded species in Korea.

Materials and Methods

Freshwater algae were obtained from samples collected using 10 μm or 20 μm mesh-sized plankton nets towed vertically and/or horizontally through water, and benthic or soil algae were collected from samples collected using a pincette or brush. Samples are immediately fixed using Lugol’s iodine solution (0.5%), that immobilized cells for microscopic examination. To examine fine structure and cellular shapes, and to identify and classify freshwater algal species, temporary microscope slides of algae were made by mixing freshwater algal samples with glycerin in micro tubes, transferring drops of mixture to glass slides, and covering with cover slips. Permanent slides were made by mixing freshwater algal samples with liquid glycerol gel- atin, transferring drops of mixture to histochemical slides Fig. 1. ‌Location of sampling sites of new recorded taxa in South Ko- rea. 1. Seogangdaegyo, Han River (37°32ʹ03ʺ, 126°55ʹ18"), (Sigma), covering with cover slips, and sealing margins of 2. Geomdan waterway (37°35ʹ53ʺ, 126°36ʹ12ʺ), 3. Gonchon the cover slips with nail polish (Thecashop). Temporary and stream (37°ʹ32'25ʺ, 126°36ʹ35ʺ), 4. Chukdong reservoir and fishery (36°06ʹ34ʺ, 126°47ʹ57ʺ), 5. Geomgurimot (36°06ʹ06ʺ, × - permanent slides were observed at 200 1000 magnifica- 126°43ʹ02ʺ), 6. Estuary of Mangeong river (35°52ʹ22ʺ, tion using light microscopy (Axioskop 20 and Axio Imager 126°42ʹ45ʺ), 7. Dombaemul (36° 09ʹ14ʺ, 126°48ʹ37ʺ). A2; Zeiss, Germany); an attached digital camera (Zeiss Ax- iocam HRc, Germany) was used to capture images. Scale leolus in Xanthophyceae, Phacus mammillatus in Eugleno- bars in illustrations represent 10 μm. phyceae, Epipyxis utriculus and Lagynion ampullaceum in

At each site water temperature (WT: ℃), electrical con- Chrysophyceae, Bicosoeca planctonica in Bicosoecophyce- -1 ductivity (EC: μS cm ), and pH were measured (Table 1) ae and Salpingoeca frequentissima in Choanoflagellatea in during the sampling period using a U-50 multiparameter 2015, and were Ankistrodesmus bernardii and Quadrigula water quality meter (Horiba, Japan). korsikovii in Chlorophyceae, Didymocystis planctonica in Treubouxiophyceae, Spirulina nodosa, Raphidiopsis curva- ta and Geitlerinema claricentrosum in Cyanophyceae and Results and Discussion Lagynion macrotrachelum, Stokesiella lepteca in Chryso- phyceae and Salpingeoca rosetta in Choanoflagellatea in

Freshwater algae (green algae, blue-green algae and flag- 2016. ellated algae) were collected at 103 freshwater sites (includ- ing lakes, ponds, swamps, streams, and rivers) throughout Class Chlorophyceae South Korea March 2015-October 2016, and were identi- Order fied using light microscopy. A total 345 taxa in 2015 and Family 329 taxa in 2016 were identified and among them, 6 taxa Genus Ankistrodesmus Corda 1838 in 2015 and 8 taxa in 2016 were new recorded species in Korea; The new recorded species were Characiopsis mal- Ankistrodesmus bernardii Komárek (Fig. 2a, b) New Record of Several Taxa in Freshwater Algae from Korea 307

a b

c d e

Fig. 2. a, b. Ankistrodesmus bernardii, c, d. Quadrigula korsikovii. e. Didymocystis planctonica. Scale bar is 10 μm.

References: Komárek 1983. p. 138, 176, pl. 26, fig. 65; Distribution and Ecology: Brazil, Indonesia, Cuba, Ma- Komárek and Fott 1983. p. 687, pl. 193, fig. 3. laysia and Singapore (Komárek and Fott 1983), Taiwan Synonym: Raphidium polymorphum var. fasciculatum Küt­ (Yamagishi and Akiyama 1998), China (Hu and Wei 2006). zing sensu Bernard. Specimen: KTSN 120000072459 (Nakdonggang NIBR, Occurrence site: Chukdong reservoir (WT 30.2℃, pH 8.9, 2016); DAEJINCD-201500709-1. - EC 233 μs cm 1). Remark: Members included this species inhabited ex- Description: This species occurs as colonies of 4, 8, 16 clusively freshwater. Thallus composed of single cell or or 32 cells. Cells are narrow and long fusiform shape, and coenobium and is uninucleate and non-motile. The group gradually sharpening into both ends, with slightly S-shaped consisted of morphological and ecological characteristics is curved. Cells were joined and helicoidally twisted together traditionally classified by the order Chlorococcales (March- with other cells at the middle of the colony. The cell has a and 1895). Fritsch (1935) divided Chlorococcales into eight long, parietal and laminated chloroplast without a pyrenoid. families. Among them, the family composed Cells are 30-70 μm in length and 1-3 μm in the width. of non-motile and single cell or colonial thallus. This spe- 308 Yong Jae Kim cies consisting of this morphological type is traditionally Hindak 1988). And he reported Q. korsikovii as a new spe- classified into family Chlorellaceae by Komárek and Fott cies. These taxa are included into Q. korsikovii by Komárek (1983), Hu and Wei (2006). However, Chlorococcales and and Fott (1983), Hindak (1988) and John and Tsarenko (2002) Sphaeropleales were apart by the ultrastructures of CW but Guiry and Guiry (2017) report that the synonym is not orientation of basal apparatus (Krienitz and Bock 2012). currently included in AlgaeBase. The taxa belong to the family Selenastraceae are not zoo- spore with DO-orientation of flagella apparatus, non-motile Class and solitary or colonial type. Therefore, the needle-shaped Order and colonial typed this species is transferred into family Family Selenastraceae by Krienitz and Bock (2012), and Guiry and Genus Didymocystis Korshikov 1953 Guiry (2017). This species is like A. densus that is charac- terized by denser shrub-like colonies, slightly curved and Didymocystis planctonica Korshikov (Fig. 2e) sigmoid cells. Therefore, it is confusing to identify taxa. References: Korshikov 1953. 396, fig. 399; Komárek and Hindak (1988) referred that this species is differed by short- Fott 1983, p. 808, pl. 223, fig. 9. er and thinner cells than A. densus. Synonym: Scenedesmus planctonicus (Korshikov) Fott Occurrence site: Chukdong reservoir (WT 30.2℃, pH 8.9, - Genus Quadrigula Printz 1916 EC 233 μs cm 1). Description: This species is coenobium which composed Quadrigula korsikovii Komárek (Fig. 2c, d) of two cells, closely contacted each other by straight inner References: Komárek 1979. 258, fig. 5c; Komárek and Fott sides. Cells are nearly semicircular or broad ellipsoid, with 1983, p. 679, pl. 191, fig. 1. rounded ends and swelled outer lateral sides when mature. Synonym: Ankistrodesmus closterioides (Printz) Korshikov Cell wall is smooth and has a parietal chloroplast with a sensu Korshikov; Quadrigula pfitzeri (Schröder) Printz sen- pyrenoid. Cells are 6-12 μm in length and 3-7 μm in diam- su Skuja eter. Occurrence site: Chukdong reservoir (WT 30.2℃, pH 8.9, Distribution and Ecology: This species is plankton in eu- - EC 233 μs cm 1). trophic waters. Germany, Czech, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Description: This species is colonies composed of 4-16 Hungary (Komárek and Fott 1983), British and Cosmopolitan cells enclosed with gelatinous envelope. Colonies are oval (John and Tsarenko 2002). or broad ellipsoid. Cells are arranged parallel, and elongated Specimen: KTSN 120000203824 (Nakdonggang NIBR, fusiform, straight or slightly curved, with sharply narrow, 2016); DAEJINCD-20150603-1. stubby at both end parts. Cells have an elongated parietal Remark: This species is reported as the new species and chloroplast, without a pyrenoid. Cells are 20-30 μm in length included in the family Coelastraceae, order Protococcales, and 2-4 μm in width. class Prorococcineae by Korshikov (1953). Fott (1973) and Distribution and Ecology: This species is benthos or plank- Hegewald (1978) is included in Scenedesmus that is char- ton in marshes, swamps and mesotrophic lake in Sweden, acterized by production of two celled coenobia and has a Russia (Komárek and Fott 1983), plankton in oligotrophic to pyrenoid (Hegewald and Deason 1989). However, Komárek eutrophic waters in Slovakia (Hindak 1988) and Europe (John (1973), Komárek and Fott (1983) kept the genus and belong and Tsarenko 2002). to the family , order Chlorococcales and Specimen: KTSN 120000207888 (Nakdonggang NIBR, class Chlorophyceae. Hegewald (1988) investigated the cell 2016); DAEJINCD-20150603-2. wall of Didymocystis by electron microscopy and he did not Remark: Ankistrodesmus closterioides (Printz) Korshikov find the sporopollenic cell wall from the Scenedesmaceae. sensu Korshikov and Quadrigula pfitzeri (Schröder) Printz Therefore, this genus excluded from Scenedesmaceae and sensu Skuja are two independent species based on overall included in Oocystaceae with cellulosic fibers (Hegewald cells, morphology and both end parts of cells (Komárek 1979; 1988). Komárek and Fott (1983) merged S. plnactonicus New Record of Several Taxa in Freshwater Algae from Korea 309 into D. planctonica. Yamagish and Akiyama (1997) includ- for the nomenclatural classification in Bergey’s Manual of ed S. planctonica and Pseudodidymocystis palnactonia into Systematic Bacteriology (Komárek et al. 2014). Komárek et a synonym of D. planctonica. However, this study divided al. (2014) suggested the new taxonomic and classification Didymocystis planctonica and Pseudodidymocystis planc- system (8 orders) by the basis of the phylogenetic methods. tonica according to Hegewald (1988). Didymocystis planc- They transferred this genus into the family Spirulinaceae tonica resembles Pseudodidymocystis planctonica and it is and order Spirulinales. This study classifies this genus in difficult to identify and classify two taxa based on sporo- the study according to Komárek et al. (2014)’s classification pollenic cell wall by light microscopy. Therefore, this study system. excluded the character of cell wall type and this species is identified by the character with or without a pyrenoid in Order Nostocales cells. Family Nostocaceae Genus Raphidiopsis F.E. Fritsch and M.F. Rich 1929 Class Cyanophyceae Order Spirulinales Raphidiopsis curvata F.E. Fritsch and M.F. Rich  Family Spirulinaceae (Fig. 3c, d) Genus Spirulina Turpin ex Gomont 1892 References: Komárek 2013. p. 660, fig. 811. Occurrence site: Gongchon stream (WT 27.0℃, pH 10.6, - Spirulina nodosa Schiller (Fig. 3a, b) EC 2,580 μs cm 1). References: Komárek and Anagnostodis 2005. p. 140, fig. Description: This species is planktonic and solitary, fila- 163. mentous trichome that cells arranged uniseriate. Trichomes Occurrence site: Geomgurimot (in National Institute of are regularly sigmoidally coiled but rarely almost straight - Ecology) (WT 28.3°C, pH 8.3. EC 213 μs cm 1). and usually slightly tapering at the ends. Cells are pale blue- Description: This species is regularly or irregularly helix or green and cylindrical or barrel shape. Terminal cells are screw-like coiled trichomes solitary or entangled filaments. elongated and pointed. Akinetes are developed 1-2 aside Cells are small cylindrical form and cellular cross walls subapically or rarely in the middle of a trichomes. Cells are are indistinctly visible by light microscopy. Cells are 1.2- 4-6 μm in length and 2-4 μm in width, and 40-50 μm in 1.6 μm in length, 1.2-1.4 μm in width and 5-9 μm in helix helix width. width. Distribution and Ecology: This species is plankton of fresh- Distribution and Ecology: This species is plankton in me- water, stagnant waters. Africa, Israel and China (Komárek sotrophic swamp and reservoir. Los Aves Islands (Komárek 2013). and Anagnostodis 2005), Pacific Coast of Nicaragua (Cano Specimen: KTSN 120000207890 (Nakdonggang NIBR, et al. 2004). 2016); DAEJINGC-20160924-01. Specimen: KTSN 120000207889 (Nakdonggang NIBR, Remark: It is reported that this species has or not akinetes 2016); DAEJINGGM-20160711-4. at the subapical or middle of a trichome (Komárek 2013). Remark: This genus is included in the family Oscillatori- However, it does not find the akinetes at the trichomes in aceae, order Nostocales in the early the taxonomic system this study. This species occurred at the stagnant system of (Gomont 1892; Geitler 1925). After first classification the estuary of Gongchon stream where it was in eutrophic system, this genus transferred into the family Oscillatoria- state and high water temperatures in summer in 2016. ceae, order Hormogonales (Huber-Pestalozzi 1938; Prescott 1962). Desikacharry (1959) suggested the new classification Genus Geitlerinema (Anagnostidis and Komárek) Anag- system from Chadefaud (1951)’s system and it is transferred nostidis 1989 this genus into order Nostocales (Desikachary 1959; Hirose and Yamagishi (eds.) 1977). Rippka et al. (1979) resug- Geitlerinema claricentrosum (N.L. Gardner)  gested five section (order), that became the primary basis Anagnostidis (Fig. 3e, f) 310 Yong Jae Kim

a b

c d e f

Fig. 3. a, b. Spirulina nodosa, c, d. Raphidiopsis curvata, e, f. Geitlerinema claricentrosum. Scale bar is 10 μm.

References: Anagnostidis 1989. p. 39, figs. 1-4; Komárek Phormidium claricentrosum (Gardner) Anagnostidis et Ko­ and Anagnostodis 2005, p. 134, fig. 145. márek. Synonym: Oscillatoria claricentrosum Gardner Occurrence site: Gongchon stream (WT 27.0℃, pH 10.63, New Record of Several Taxa in Freshwater Algae from Korea 311

a b e

c d f

Fig. 4. a, b. Phacus mammillatus, c, d. Characiopsis malleolus, e, f. Epipyxis utriculus. Scale bar is 10 μm.

- EC 2,580 μs cm 1). μm), intense gliding motility with oscillation and rotation, Description: This species is plankton or benthos and sol- and lack of gelatinous sheath (Strunecky et al. 2017). It is itary, filamentous trichomes that is arranged uniseriate of classified to this genus and species from these characters in cells. Trichomes are straight and slightly constricted cell this study. walls, gradually attenuated at the ends. Cells are cylindrical or barrel-shaped, with two granules of sides and terminal Class Euglenophyceae cells are elongated and pointed. Cells are 7-10 μm in length Order Euglenales and 5-6 μm in width. Family Phacaceae Specimen: KTSN 120000207891 (Nakdonggang NIBR, Genus Phacus Dujardin 1841 2016); DAEJINGC-20160924-1. Remark: The several taxa of the genus Geitlerinema were Phacus mammillatus Philipose (Fig. 4a, b) classified in the past into the genus Oscillatoria that was the References: Philipose 1984. p. 526, fig. 24a-c; Yamagishi absence of heterocysts and lack of sheath (Gomont 1892). and Akiyama 1998. 20: 54. Anagnostidis (1989) separated the genus Geitlerinema Occurrence site: Dombaemul (WT 28.7℃, pH 6.2, EC 417 - and genus Oscillatoria. Important characters of the genus μs cm 1). Geitlerinema are differed from the genus Oscillatoria (simi- Description: Cells are twisted and asymmetric triangular, lar simple filamentous) were thin, cylindrical trichomes (<6 with broadly rounded corners in the face view. Cell bodies 312 Yong Jae Kim divided into two distinct, dissimilar halves by the longitu- Family Dinobryaceae dinal furrows extending on the dorsal and ventral face. A Genus Epipyxis Ehrenberg 1838 half-cell is slightly larger and the other half cell is slightly smaller, and slightly twisted each other. Anterior ends are Epipyxis utriculus (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg (Fig. 4e, f) asymmetrically narrowed, rounded and bilobed. Periplasts References: Ehrenberg 1838. p.123, pl. 8, fig. 7; Huber- are longitudinally and striates are obliquely distribution. Pestalozzi 1941. P. 231, fig. 309. Paramylons are 2-3 and perforated at the center or like cir- Basionym: Cocconema utriculus Ehrenberg cular plate, and distributed on each corner of cells. Cells are Synonym: Dinobryon utriculus (Ehrenberg) Klebs 30-40 μm in length and 20-25 μm in width. Occurrence site: Si-nang reservoir (WT 26.6°C, pH 8.8, - Distribution: India (Philipose 1984; Gupta 2012), Japan EC 88 μs cm 1). (Yamagishi and Akiyama (eds.) 1998). Description: This species is solitary and epiphytic on the Specimen: DAEJINDB-20140531-1; NIBR (2015). filamentous algae. Cells are covered by lorica that is hya- Remark: This genus is distributed in cosmopolitan and line, fushiform, or spindle-shaped with apically slightly nar- most commonly in non-flowing waters in ponds, swamps, rowed and posteriorly attenuated base. Lateral margins of peat bogs and rivers, common in moderately polluted wa- lorica are smooth. Lorica are 25-30 μm in length and 6-10 ters (Wolowski 2002). But this species has limitative report μm in diameter. from Philipose (1984), Yamagishi and Akiyama (1998), Distribution and Ecology: This species is widely distribut- Gupta (2012) in Guiry and Guiry (2017). ed in Europe and North America where solitary or clustered on filamentous algae (Cladophora, Oedogonium, Tribo- Class Xanthophyceae nema, Diatoms), and widespread in ponds and swamps in Order Mischococcales British (Huber-Pestalozzi 1941; Kristiansen 2002), Alaska Family Characidaceae (Yamagishi and Akiyama 1985). Genus Characiopsis Borzì 1895 Specimen: DAEJINSN-20150603-3; NIBR (2015). Remark: This species is first described as Cocconema Characiopsis malleolus Pascher et Klug (Fig. 4c, d) ? Vtriculus by Ehrenberg (1832). But Ehrenberg (1838) References: Pascher and Klug in Pascher 1938. 729, fig. merged Cocconema ? Vtriculus into Epiphyxis utriculus as 578; Yamagishi and Akiyama 1997: 19:9 a synonym. The genus Epipyxis includes characters of the Occurrence site: Seogangdaegyo, Hangang River (WT family of vertebrate animals, with no eye (and are attached) - 30°C, EC 376 μs cm 1). (Ehrenberg 1838). This genus included characters with no Description: This species is solitary, epiphytic on the other moving organ, revealing only a fine-grained ovarian of yel- algae. Cells are globose or broad ovoid and slightly project- lowish or brownish color, and a funnel-formed expanding ed toward the base of cell, with a stipe. Stipes are thin with and opening the anterior body, and attenuation. This genus a small basal disk. Cells have 2-4 parietal chloroplasts, has remained the most obvious animal characters, but it is without pyrenoid. Cells are 4-9 μm in diameters, stipes are found sometimes a bright cyst in the posterior part of ev- 4-6 μm in length. ery animal, that is likely to regard as seminal vesicles. The Distribution: Malaysia (Yamagishi and Akiyama (eds.) soft body of this genus is attached in a not much harder, 1997), Germany (Pascher 1938), Romania (Caraus 2017 in membranes by stalks, and form pedestal or stand: denomi- Guiry and Guiry 2017), Spain (Alvarez Cobelas 1984 in nated the genus Epipyxis by Ehrenberg 1838. After several Guiry and Guiry 2017). decades, Klebs (1892) merged C.?Vtriculus into Dinobryon Specimen: DAEJINHG-20150709-1; NIBRCL0000000061 utriculus as a synonym and Huber-Pestalozii (1941) classi- (NIBR 2015). fied to D. utriculus. Recently this species is regarded as a synonym of Epipyxis utriculus (Guiry and Guiry 2017). Class Chrysophyceae Order Chromulinales Genus Stokesiella Lemmermann 1908 New Record of Several Taxa in Freshwater Algae from Korea 313

Stokesiella lepteca (Stokes) Lemmermann (Fig. 5a, b) and with extending narrow and long cylindrical neck at the References: Lemmermann 1908. p. 374; Yamagishi and opening anterior. Cells are 5-6 μm in diameter, 10-12 μm Akiyama 1995. 15:83. in length with the neck. Basionym: Bicosoeca lepteca Stokes Distribution and Ecology: This species is epiphytic on the Occurrence site: Seogangdaegyo, Han River (WT 30℃, filamentous green algae, diatoms or non-filamentous dia- - EC 376 μs cm 1), Noha reservoir (27.9℃, pH 6.7, EC 146 toms (e.g. Asterionella). It is cosmopolitan in Europe (Kris- - μs cm 1), Chukdong reservoir (30.2℃, pH 8.9, EC 233 μs tiansen 2002), Japan (Hirose and Yamagishi 1977; Yamagi- - cm 1). shi and Akiyama 1985), Poland (Burchardt and Marshall Description: This species is solitary and epiphytic on other 2003), North America (Michigan Lake) (Prescott 1962). algae. Cells are covered by lorica, that is cup-shaped with Specimen: DAEJINHG-20150709-1; NIBRCL0000000062 round bottom and slightly narrowed at the anterior. It has a (NIBR 2015). thin and short stipe at the base of lorica. Loricae are 10-15 Remark: This species was first described as Chrysopyxis μm in length and 5-6 μm in width. ampullacea by Stokes (1886). Lemmermann (unknown) re- Distribution and Ecology: This species is epiphytic algae ported Derepyxis ampullacea as a new species, based on C. on other algal body. North America (Lemmermann 1908), ampullacea Stokes. The genus Derepyxis and Chrysopyxis Taiwan (Yamagishi and Akiyama 1995), Brazil (Bicudo et are like several other genera of Stylococcaceae, because al. 2003). they have similar flagellar apparatus systems. Pascher (1912) Specimen: KTSN 120000207892 (Nakdonggang NIBR merged C. ampullacea into Lagynion ampullaceum as a 2016); DAEJINCD-201500709-1. synonym. Recently, these taxa are regarded as a synonym Remark: This species was first described Bicosoeca lepte- by Guiry and Guiry (2017). ca as a new species by Stokes (1885). Lemmermann (1908) has changed from the genus Bicosoeca to the genus Stokesi- Lagynion macrotrachelum (Stokes) Pascher (Fig. 5e, f) ella and merged B. lepteca into S. lepteca as a synonym. References: Kristiansen 2002. p. 239, pl. 62O; Yamagishi However, some authors have classified them into Bicosoeca and Akiyama 1987. 6: 43. or Bicoeca (Huber-Pestalozzi 1941). Guiry and Guiry (2017) Basionym: Chrysopyxis macrotrachela Stokes. accepted taxonomically this species described by Lemmer- Occurrence site: Geomdan waterway (WT 24.6℃, pH 9.5, - mann (1908). In this study, this species is identified and EC 1,150 μs cm 1). classified according to Yamagishi and Akiyama (1995) and Description: This species is solitary and epiphytic on the Lemmermann (1908). filamentous green algae and diatoms or non-filamentous diatoms (central diatoms). Cell is covered with lorica, that Order Hibberdiales is globular flask-shaped with slightly depressed ellipsoid Family Stylococaceae and a flattened base, and with an extending long cylindrical Genus Lagynion Pascher 1912 narrow neck at the opening and slightly widening anterior. Lorica are 10-12 μm in length with the neck, 5-8 μm in a Lagynion ampullaceum (Stokes) Pascher (Fig. 5c, d) diameter. References: Kristiansen 2002. p. 239, pl. 62N; Yamagishi Distribution and Ecology: This species is epiphytic on the and Akiyama 1985. 3:53. filamentous green algae (Oedogonium) in a pool (Kristiansen Basionym: Chrysopyxis ampullacea Stokes 2002), Japan (Hokkaido) (Hirose and Yamagishi 1977; Ya- Synonym: Derepyxis ampullacea (Stokes) Lemmermann magishi and Akiyama 1987) and North America (Michigan Occurrence site: Seogangdaegyo, Hangang River (WT Lake) (Prescott 1962). - 30°C, EC 376 μs cm 1) Specimen: KTSN 12000013228 (Nakdonggang NIBR Description: This species is solitary and epiphytic on the 2016); DAEJINGD-20160924-1. filamentous or other algal body or diatoms. Cellular cover Remark: This species was first described Chrysopyxis is lorica that is globular flask-shaped with rounded base, macrotrachela as a new species by Stokes (1886). Pascher 314 Yong Jae Kim

a b e

c d f

g i k

h

j l

Fig. 5. ‌a, b. Stokesiella lepteca, c, d. Lagynion ampullaceum, e, f. Lagynion macrotrachelum, g, h. Bicosoeca planctonica, i, j. Salpingoeca frequentissima, k, l. Salpingeoca rosetta. Scale bar is 10 μm. New Record of Several Taxa in Freshwater Algae from Korea 315

(1912) merged C. macrotrachela into L. macrotrachelum Class Choanoflagellatea as a synonym. Recently, these taxa are regarded to as a Order Craspedida synonym by Guiry and Guiry (2017). This species is like Family Salpingoecaceae several taxa such as L. scherfellii, L. reductum and L. infun- Genus Salpingeoca J.H. Clark 1868 dibulliforme and it is difficult to identify and classify them. It is like the upper depressed state, the angle of side face Salpingoeca frequentissima (Zacharias) Lemmermann and flattened or not at the base of the lorica. Therefore, it (Fig. 5i, j) is difficult to identify them accurately from raw materials References: Huber-Pestalozzi 1941. p. 294, fig. 375. by light microscopy. In this study, it was identified and Bisinonym: Diplosiga frequentissima Zacharias. classified as L. macrotrachelum because there was slight- Synonym: Diplosigopsis frequentissima (Zacharias) Lem- ly depressed globular flask shaped on the upper of lorica, mermann. rounded side face and flattened base against to substrate. Occurrence site: Seogangdaegyo, Han River (WT 30°C, - EC 376 μs cm 1). Class Bicosoecophyceae Description: This species is solitary and epiphyton. Cell Order Bicosoecales is covered with lorica, which is soft, hyaline, short vase- Family Bicosoecaceae shaped with elongated at the base into hallow, and attached Genus Bicosoeca H.J. Clark 1866 on other algae. Anterior of lorica is widely opened collar with flagella, which is 2-3 times as long as the body. Lori- Bicosoeca planctonica Kisselev (Fig. 5g, h) cae are 10-11 μm, 3-5 μm in diameter and stalks are 2.5-3 References: Huber-Pestalozzi 1941. p. 283, fig. 349. μm. Occurrence site: Estuary of Mangyeong River (WT 30℃, Distribution and Ecology: This species is epiphyton on fil- - EC 376 μs cm 1). amentous algae or other algae, which is Asterionella, Tabel- Description: This species is solitary and planktonic algae. laria, Coelosphaerium, Dictyosphaerium etc., and aquatic Cell is covered with lorica that is conical or bell-shaped with plants in standing waters. yellowish or brownish-yellow color. The cells are narrowed Specimen: DAEJINHG-20150709-1; NIBR (2015). to go to the base and pointed at the end, and it is widely open Remark: This genus has been first described Salpingoeca at the anterior. It is composed of 10-15 parallel superim- gracilis as the new species by Clark (1868). It is classified posed rings. Loricae are 10-15 μm in length and 10-15 μm as epiplankton forms of colorless flagellates (Class Farblose in width. Flagellaten), Order Protomastiginae and family Craspe- Distribution and Ecology: This species is planktonic algae domonadaceae by Huber-Pestalozzi (1941). Guiry (2016) in ponds. Russia (Huber-Pestalozzi 1941). wanted to present another genus because it forms atten- Specimen: DAEJINMG-20150507; NIBR (2015). dant relations with Codosiga in the interrelationship of the Remark: This species is like Pseudokephyrion conicum sponges with the Monadina. This genus has called Salpin- in morphology and number of flagella. Also, the color of goeca. It is an individual of Codosiga which does not have lorica is the same as the typical crysomonade. However, a stalk, but is attached in a calyx, from which it projects, or since the color may vary depending on surrounding envi- into which it constricts, at will (Guiry and Guiry 2017: in ronment, relationship between the two species is irrelevant. nomenclatural notes). However, they were classified as pro- The difference between these two species is in the number tozoans: Class Choanoflagellatea, Order Craspedida, and of flagella. The genus Bicosoeca has one flagella, while Family Salpingoecaceae (Guiry and Guiry 2017). In this the genus Pseudokephyrion two flagella (Huber-Pestalozzi study, this species was identified based on Huber-Pestalozzi 1941). If it could not investigate the number of flagella in (1941) and was classified according to Guiry and Guiry raw material, it is difficult to identify and classify two spe- (2017). cies. In this study, however, flagella were not found in some cells that were identified as this species. Salpingeoca rosetta Dayel et al. (Fig. 5k, l) 316 Yong Jae Kim

References: Dayel et al. 2011. p. 73-82, fig. 1. tes do Ipiranga”, Sao Paulo, SP. Algae 17: Chrysophyceae. Occurrence site: Geomdan waterway (WT 24.6℃, pH 9.5. Hoehnea 30:127-153. - EC 1,150 μs cm 1). Borzí A. 1895. Studi algologici: saggio di richerche sulla bio- logia delle alghe. Fasc. II. 378pp. Description: This species is solitary or colony and epiphy- Burchardt L and H Marshall, 2003. The community of epi- ton on several algae. Cells are lorica, which is soft, hyaline, phytes in mesotrophic lake phytoplankton. Fragmenta Flo- short vase-shaped with elongated at the base into hallow, ristica et Geobotanica Polonica 10:267-272. and attached on other algae by a short stipe. Anterior of Cano R, S Ráudez and E Hooker. 2004. The Natural Diet of lorica is opened collar with flagella, which is 2-3 times as Apocyclops panamensis at a Shrimp Farm on the Pacific long as the body. Loricae are 7-10 μm in length, 5-6 μm in Coast of Nicaragua. Zool. Stud. 43:344-349. diameter and stalks are 2.5-3 μm. Caraus I. 2017. Algae of Romania. A distributional checklist of Specimen: KTSN 120000207894 (Nakdonggang NIBR actual algae. Version 2.4. Studii si Cercetari Biologie 7:1- 2016); DAEJINGD-20150603-1. 1002. Chadefaud M. 1951 L̓evolution morphologique et la system- Remark: This species was described as a new species by atique des Cyanophycees 70e Cong, de VA.F.A.S. 4, 3-8. Dayel et al. (2011). They found that the species is solitary Chang YK. 1986. Additions to the fresh-water algae in Korea or form rosette-shaped colonies through studies such as (III). Korean J. Lim. 19:89-96. cellular life history, cell differentiation and morphogenesis, Chang YK. 1987. Additions to the fresh-water algae in Korea and phylogenetic analyzes. Based on these data, they also (IV). Korean J. Lim. 2:93-96. reported differences between other several taxa (Choanoeca Chang YK and SS An. 1989. A Taxonomic study of the genus perplexa, Codosiga botrytis and Desmarella Kent). The Scenedesmus in Korea. Korean J. Phycol. 4:79-85. species identified in this study did not form a colony and Chodat R. 1913. Monographies d’algues en culture pure. Matéri- were living alone. aux pour la Flore Cryptogamique Suisse. Vol. VI, Fasc. 2. Berne. XII+266pp. Chung J and HS Kim. 1994. Fresh-water algae new to Korea (VI). Korean J. Phycol. 9:115-124. Acknowledgement Clark HJ. 1868. On the Spongiae Ciliatae as Infusoria Flagel- lata; or, observations on the structure, animality, and rela- This study was supported by a grant from the National tionship of Leucosolenia botryoides, Bowerbank. Memoirs Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) and Nakdonggang of the Boston Natural History Society. 1:305-340. National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR) funded Dayel MJ, RA Alegado, SR Fairclough, TC Levin, SA Nichols, by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of K McDonald and N King. 2011. Cell differentiation and morphogenesis in the colony-forming choanoflagellate Sal- Korea (NIBR201701201 and NNIBR201701201). pingoeca rosetta. Dev. Biol. 357:73-82. Desikachary TV. 1959. Cyanophyta. In: ICAR Monograph on Algae, New Delhi. 686pp. References Ehrenberg CG. 1832. Über die Entwickelung und Lebensdauer der Infusionsthiere; nebst ferneren Beiträgen zu einer Ver- An SS and YK Chang. 1990. A Taxonomic study on the genus gleichung ihrer organischen Systeme. Abhandlungen der Scenedesmus in Korea (I). Korean J. Phycol. 5:123-129. Königlichen Akademie Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Physika- Anagnostidis K. 1989. Geitlerinema, a new genus of oscillato- lische Klasse 1831:1-154. rialean cyanophytes. Plant Syst. Evol. 164:33-46. Ehrenberg CG. 1838. Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Alvárez Cobelas M. 1984. Catálogo de las algas continentales Organismen: Ein Blick in das tiefere organische Leben der españolas. II. Craspedophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Chryso- Natur., Leipzig: Verlag von Leopold Voss. 547pp. phyceae, Dinophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Haptophyceae, Fott B. 1973. Die Gattungen Dicellula Swir., Didymocystis Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, Xanthophyceae. Acta Bot. Korsch. und ihre Beziehungen zur Gattung Scenedesmus Malacitana 9:27-40. Meyen. Preslia (Prague) 45:1-10. Bicudo CVEM, DC Bicudo, C Ferragut, MRM Lopes and PR Fritsch FE. 1935. The structure and reproduction of algae, vol. I. Pires. 2003. Cryptogams of the “Parque Estadual das Fon- Cambridge University Press, London. 791pp. New Record of Several Taxa in Freshwater Algae from Korea 317

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