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Historica Olomucensia 42-2012 HISTORICA OLOMUCENSIA 42–2012 SBORNÍK PRACÍ HISTORICKÝCH XXX HISTORICA OLOMUCENSIA 42–2012 Sborník prací historických XXX Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Olomouc 2012 Zpracování a vydání publikace bylo umožněno díky fi nanční podpoře udělené roku 2012 Ministerstvem školství, mládeže a tělovýchovy ČR v rámci Institucionálního rozvojové- ho plánu, programu V. Excelence, Filozofi cké fakultě Univerzity Palackého v Olomouci: Zlepšení publikačních možností akademických pedagogů ve fi lologických a humanitních oborech FF UP. Návaznost, periodicita a anotace: Časopis Historica Olomucensia, Sborník prací historických, je od roku 2010 zařazen do Seznamu recenzovaných neimpaktovaných periodik vydávaných v České republice. Navazuje na předchozí ediční řadu Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis – Histo- rica, Sborník prací historických, která začala vycházet v roce 1960. Od roku 2009 vychází dvakrát ročně, s uzávěrkou na konci ledna a na konci července. Oddíl Články a studie ob- sahuje odborné příspěvky věnované různým problémům českých a světových dějin. Oddíl Zprávy zahrnuje informace o činnosti Katedry historie FF UP v Olomouci a jejích praco- višť či dalších historických pracovišť v Olomouci a případně také životopisy a bibliografi e členů katedry. Třetím oddílem časopisu jsou Recenze. Výkonný redaktor a adresa redakce: PhDr. Ivana Koucká, Katedra historie Filozofi cké fakulty Univerzity Palackého v Olomouci, Na Hradě 5, 771 80 Olomouc. Redakční rada: Prof. PhDr. Jana Burešová, CSc. – předseda (Katedra historie FF UP v Olomouci), Mgr. Veronika Čapská, Ph.D., Mgr. Martin Čapský, Ph.D. (oba Ústav historických věd Filozofi cko-přírodovědecké fakulty SU v Opavě), prof. PhDr. Jiří Kocian, CSc. (Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR v Praze), PhDr. Ivana Koucká (Katedra historie FF UP v Olomouci), prof. PhDr. Jaroslav Vaculík, CSc. (Katedra historie PdF MU v Brně), PhDr. Michael Viktořík, Ph.D. (Katedra historie FF UP v Olomouci). Internetové stránky časopisu s informacemi pro autory a s obsahem aktuálních čísel: www. historie.upol. cz/ho.php Th e authors are responsible for the content and the linguistic correctnes of the papers. Die Authoren sind für den Inhalt und die sprachliche Richtigkeit der Arbeiten verantwortlich. Za obsah a jazykovou správnost prací odpovídají autoři. Editorky © Ivana Koucká, Jarmila Kašpárková, 2012 ISSN 1803-9561 Historica Olomucensia 42–2012 5 Obsah Články a studie Jan Stejskal „Nejsem snad váš král i kněz?“ Tzv. caesaropapismus a ravennští arcibiskupové .......................................................................................................11 Lucie Toman Dvojí podoba jednoty – vývoj úřadu bratrského soudce v českých zemích a Rzeczpospolité Obojga Narodów ....................................................................23 Veronika Chmelařová Epizody jezuitského působení v katolicko-protestantském soužití města Těšína ........................................................................................................39 Martin Javor Muž – slobodomurár. Hra alebo presvedčenie? .....................................................................................63 Pavel Marek Příspěvek k životopisu Msgre. Jana Šrámka .....................................................81 Marek Šmíd Kardinál Pietro Gasparri – přední muž vatikánské diplomacie ...................101 Ondřej Kolář Problematika četnictva v interpelacích Národního shromáždění 1918–1925 ..........................................................................................................115 Jana Burešová Bohumil Laušman ve svých knižních exilových publikacích .........................125 Milan Vyhlídal Z činnosti leteckých instruktorů generálmajora Jana Reindla v Egyptě během Suezské krize ..........................................................................135 6 Historica Olomucensia 42–2012 Alena Kokešová Druhý sjezd Svazu československých výtvarných umělců v roce 1964 a jeho vliv na liberalizaci výtvarné tvorby .................................................................155 Petr Orság „Jak dál?“ – Diferenciace československých exilových médií po srpnu 1968 jako výraz proměny exilové veřejné sféry ..............................175 Zprávy Martin Elbel Zpráva o činnosti Katedry historie Filozofi cké fakulty Univerzity Palackého v Olomouci v akademickém roce 2010/2011 .............195 Jitka Mašátová Inovace studia Historických věd na Univerzitě Palackého ............................201 Radmila Pavlíčková Konstrukce mužské identity v ego-dokumentech od 16. do poloviny 20. století ............................................................................205 Recenze Viera Vallová Historia Ecclesiastica, I., 2010, č. 1.–2. Prešovská univerzita v Prešove, Prešov 2010. .....................................................................................................211 Viera Vallová Historia Ecclesiastica, II., 2011, č. 1. Prešovská univerzita v Prešove, Prešov 2011. .....................................................................................................217 Magdaléna Jánošíková Anthony Bale: Feeling Persecuted: Christian, Jews and Images of Violence in the Middle Ages. London 2010. ....................................................................................................221 Obsah 7 Jana Burešová Vladimír Velešík – Vladimír Velešík ml.: Banín. 720 let malé obce na česko-moravském pomezí. Banín 2011. .......................................................................................................229 Jana Burešová Jana Geršlová: Co se skrývá za značkou? Historická encyklopedie podnikatelů. Ostrava 2011. ....................................................................................................233 The Authors and Summaries Th e Authors and Summaries...........................................................................239 Články a studie Historica Olomucensia 42–2012 (11–22) 11 „Nejsem snad váš král i kněz?“ Tzv. caesaropapismus a ravennští arcibiskupové Jan Stejskal Ravenna a oblast celého tzv. Ravennského exarchátu ovlivnila evropskou politiku a kulturu na mnoho stovek let – i po formálním zániku exarchátu a dobytí jeho sídla langobardským králem Aistulfem v roce 751. Byla místem střetávání se východních byzantských (řeckých) vlivů se Západem a jakousi laboratoří mnohých pokusů o vzájemná „spojení“. Vznikaly tak například nové a zajímavé formy řeholního života, přebírající mnoho prvků východní spirituality, i jiné, na latinském Západě poněkud neobvyklé, instituce a formy církevní i světské správy. Ve svých projevech tyto formy reprezentovaly ono prolínání Východu a Západu i světského a církevního. Tento text si nekla- de za cíl podat vyčerpávající zprávu o tzv. caesaropapismu, ba ani o dějinách ravennského arcibiskupství. Je jen pokusem opatrně revidovat stále obecně tradovaný přístup k pojmu caesaropapismus na příkladu vývoje ravennského arcibiskupství, které se nacházelo v oblasti vlivu byzantských císařů.1 Nejdříve je však vhodné shrnout dosavadní pojmy, které, často bez hlubší úvahy, užíváme, a zamyslet se nad jejich významovou stabilitou v čase i v pro- storu a tím i nad obecností jejich platnosti. Na zřeteli je pak třeba mít staré osvědčené pravidlo – nejdůvěryhodnější defi nice je ta, která jasně vymezuje, za jakých okolností již neplatí – tedy kde jsou její meze. Každá všeobjímající a všeplatná defi nice je a priori podezřelá. Caesaropapismus byl (a často stále je) v zásadě vnímán jako „politický systém, kde hlava státu je současně hlavou církve a nejvyšším soudcem v ná- boženských záležitostech. Tento systém bývá nejčastěji spojován s Byzant- skou říší.2 Nicméně nutno dodat, že takový (v učebnicích dějepisu a skriptech sice stále přetrvávající) pohled rozhodně nelze aplikovat na celé tisícileté tr- vání Byzance a v moderní historiografi i byl výrazně limitován pouze na ně- která její období.3 1 Bližší informace k oblastem a dějinám Ravennského exarchátu: Stejskal, Jan: Řecké dědictví na západě: Monasticismus, misie a Střední Evropa ve středověku. České Budějovice 2011. 2 Encyclopædia Britannica Online, heslo „caesaropapism“ [01. 02. 2012], http://www.britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/88250/caesaropapism. 3 Vavřínek, Vladimír: Encyklopedie Byzance. Praha 2011, s. 11; Geanakoplos, Deno J.: Church and State in the Byz. Empire. A Reconsideration of the Problem of Caesaropapisms. Church His- 12 Jan Stejskal Ravennský exarchát (někdy šířeji tzv. Italský exarchát) zpravidla označuje státní útvar na území Apeninského poloostrova, jehož počátky (pomineme-li roli, kterou Ravenna sehrála v pozdní Západořímské říši a v říši Ostrogótů) sahají k invazi vojsk císaře Justiniána I. Ravennský exarchát je jedním z po- zůstatků byzantské moci v Itálii, která byla postupně oslabována příchodem a stálým tlakem Langobardů a muslimských „agarénů“. Ravennský exarchát tak byl stále se zmenšujícím státem, přesněji okrajovou správní a adminis- trativní jednotkou Byzance, se sídlem v Ravenně, v jejímž čele stál zpravidla byzantským císařem jmenovaný správce ‒ exarcha ‒ ἔξαρχος.4 Termín „exar- cha“ má ovšem nejen světský obsah – používá se i pro označení církevních hodnostářů, na následujících řádcích však budeme pracovat pouze s pojmem ve světském slova smyslu. Ravennské (arci)biskupství vzniklo již v prvním století. Apolinář, jeden z patronů města Ravenny ‒ svatých Apolináře a Vitala (Vitalis), byl dle tra- dice prvním ravennským biskupem. Oba světci byli poprvé registrováni mezi svatými východní církve5 a ravennským biskupům se dostalo od by- zantských císařů mnohých privilegií. V šestém století
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