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Heft 4-14.Indd Transfers, Netzwerke und produktive Missverständnisse: Plastic People, Velvet Underground und das Verhältnis zwischen westlicher und östlicher Dissidenz 1965–1978 Michael Esch ABSTRACT Transfers, Networks, and Productive Misunderstandings: Plastic People, Velvet Underground, and the Relations Between Western and Eastern Dissidence 1965–1978 The history of pop and rock music and related youth subcultures in the ČSSR and especially the Prague underground have traditionally been depicted as a story of a somewhat repressed transfer, where youngsters inspired by western pop cultural promises of freedom tried to rebel against the sinister authorities of their homeland. Following, in a transnational perspective, the history of one particularly important underground band, the Plastic People of the Universe, the article nevertheless argues that the Prague underground defined itself as part of a cultural revolutionary movement rejecting the consumerist aspects of both eastern and western societ- ies. The study also shows that an assessment of the Prague underground as merely receptive, imitative of western role (and musical) models is erroneous. The relationship between the new popular and underground music and their respective subcultures in the West and in Prague is more adequately described in terms of appropriation and invention triggered by what young rebels encountered through official and unofficial media. Czech actors used elements of west- ern underground culture for purposes of self-expression because they perceived these as reac- tions to phenomena and problems comparable to what they experienced in their own lives. Nonetheless, when two Plastic People musicians were convicted in 1977, the political and reli- gious opposition organised around Charta 77 regarded and represented them as anticommu- nist dissidents. This alliance between organised dissidence and the hippie underground did not last very long, yet it impacted both on the band’s (musical) practices and their image within the western musical underground as critiques of the socialist system. Comparativ | Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung 24 (2014) Heft 4, S. 39–57. 40 | Michael Esch Als 1978 die LP-Beilage The Merry Ghetto / Le ghetto joyeux den tschechischen Under- ground einer breiteren westlichen Öffentlichkeit vorstellt, zieht Paul Wilson, Kanadier und während eines mehrjährigen Aufenthalts in Prag eine zeitlang Sänger der tsche- chischen Plastic People of the Universe, in seiner Einleitung eine ebenso überraschende wie einsichtsvolle Parallele: Er erinnert sich, dass ein us-amerikanischer Zeitungsartikel der 1950er Jahre den aufkommenden Rock’n’Roll als Ergebnis einer kommunistischen Verschwörung entlarvte: In einem polnischen Schloss entwickelt, sei er durch einge- schmuggelte Unruhestifter in die Vereinigten Staaten gebracht worden, um die Moral zu zersetzen und den Sturz der westlichen Zivilisation herbeizuführen. Ganz so absurd sei dieser Gedanke laut Wilson nicht: Mitte der 1970er Jahre hätten die Plastic People of the Universe in einem tschechischen Schloss Rockmusik aufgenommen; die Bänder seien in den Westen geschmuggelt und dort veröffentlicht worden. Allerdings diffamierten nun die kommunistischen Staatsorgane die Urheber dieser Musik als Erzschurken, deren Ziel es sei, die Moral der Jugend zu untergraben und den Sturz des Sozialismus herbeizufüh- ren.1 Diese quasi avant la lettre transnationale Auffassung von Rockmusik jenseits des „Ei- sernen Vorhangs“ ist seither weitgehend aufgegeben und auch in der Forschung nicht wieder aufgenommen worden: Die grenzüberschreitende Kontextualisierung der Ge- schichte der Plastic People of the Universe und des tschechischen Underground wie auch musikvermittelter Revolten und Subkulturen in Ostmitteleuropa allgemein bleibt in aller Regel bei der Benennung der meist amerikanischen und britischen Vorbilder ste- hen, die Geschichte der tschechischen Bands erscheint als letztlich weitgehend isolierte Geschichte des Widerstands kreativer, freiheitlich-demokratischer Individualisten gegen die kollektivistische Dumpfheit kommunistischer Machthaber.2 Letztlich drängt sich der Eindruck auf, es solle gezeigt werden, die Auffassung der tschechoslowakischen Kultur- bürokratie, unbotmäßige Rockmusiker seien Agenten des kapitalistischen Westens, sei so falsch nicht gewesen. Die folgenden Seiten versuchen zu zeigen, wie solche und einige andere Simplifizierun- gen auf zweierlei Wegen zu vermeiden sind: Einerseits durch eine konsequente Transna- tionalisierung des historiographischen Zugriffs auf scheinbar national spezifische sub- kulturelle Praktiken von Musik, andererseits durch eine Einbeziehung des musikalischen Materials, seiner Signifikanz und seiner – auch gesellschaftlichen – Produktions- und Rezeptionsbedingungen. Diese Erweiterung wird am Beispiel der tschechischen Band Plastic People of the Universe in mehreren Stufen skizziert: Nach einer Rekapitulation der wichtigsten Fakten soll die Durchlässigkeit des „Eisernen Vorhangs“ für subkulturelle P. Wilson, What is to be heard here / A travers cette mosaïque d‘images, reflets…, in: The Merry Ghetto / Le ghetto joyeux, Beilage zur Schallplatte Plastic People of the Univers, Egon Bondy‘s Happy Hearts Club Banned, Paris / London 978. 2 So etwa T. W. Ryback, Rock Around the Bloc. A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, 954–988, Oxford 1990 und trotz insgesamt sehr differenzierter Darstellung das Standardwerk von M. Vaněk, Byl to jenom Rock’n’Roll? Hudební alternativa v komunistickém Československu 1956–989, Praha 200, S. 159f.; 404f. Transfers, Netzwerke und produktive Missverständnisse | 41 Motive auf mehreren Ebenen angedeutet werden. Danach wird die Verarbeitung äußerer Einflüsse und die Konstituierung eines letztlich transnationalen rebellischen Musiker- und Künstlermilieus umrissen und die These ausgeführt, dass der Erfolg im Westen ent- stehender musikalischer, soziokultureller und künstlerischer Motive in Ostmitteleuropa womöglich nicht aus einer Orientierung der unterdrückten östlichen Jugend am freien Westen, sondern aus ähnlichen sozioökonomischen Problemlagen und einer ähnlich motivierten Gegnerschaft zum jeweils herrschenden System resultierte. Schließlich wird untersucht, welche Aussagen über Eigenlogik und Bedeutung des tschechischen Under- ground sich aus dem von den Plastic People produzierten musikalischen Material ableiten lassen. 1. Erste Ebene: Genealogien In ihrer kürzesten Form ließe sich die Geschichte also so erzählen: Im September 1968, im Kontext einer seit etwa 1965 immer lebendiger werdenden tschechoslowakischen Rockmusikszene, des Bigbít, gründet der seit vier Jahren aktive 17jährige Bassist Milan Hlavsa mit Freunden die Band The Plastic People of the Universe. Hlavsa und seine Mit- streiter orientieren sich an den radikalsten Bands der amerikanischen Gegenkultur und spielen deren Stücke nach: The Fugs, Mothers of Invention, Velvet Underground. Die Band nimmt mit beachtlichem Erfolg an einem Bandwettbewerb teil und gewinnt mit dem Kunsthistoriker Ivan Martin Jirous einen »künstlerischen Leiter« und Mentor, der die Orientierung am Underground verstärkt; Jirous wird gleichsam der Andy Warhol der Plastic People. In der Phase der „Normalisierung“ ab 1970, einer Phase der Rücknahme aller Reformen, sollten alle Beat- und Rockbands ihr Programm genehmigen und sich als Profimusiker anerkennen lassen. Die PPU verweigern sich, was zum Verlust der bis dahin von den Behörden bereitgestellten Instrumente, Verstärker und Probemöglichkeiten führt. Jirous schickt sie zur Arbeit aufs Land, um mit dem Erlös eine eigene Ausrüstung zu erwerben. Die Band spielt in den folgenden Jahren zunehmend eigenes Material, teils in Projekt- konzerten mit weiteren Musikern und mit szenischen Elementen, in selbstorganisier- ten Konzerten in Kulturzentren und Gaststätten in der Umgebung von Prag. Ab 1973 häufen sich – meist initiiert von sich gestört fühlenden, zufällig anwesenden Bürgern bzw. Polizisten3 – polizeiliche Übergriffe, die zunächst 1974 in einer großen Razzia mit Schlagstockeinsatz gipfeln. In dieser Zeit verfasst Jirous einen „Bericht über die ‚dritte Wiedergeburt’ der tschechischen Musik“, die Wesen und Inhalte des Underground als aktives, von den herrschenden Verhältnissen und ihren Trägern abgewandtes künstleri- sches Milieu beschreibt, deren Hauptprotagonisten die PPU und einige weitere Bands 3 So I. M. Jirous, Bericht über die „Dritte Wiedergeburt“ der tschechischen Musik, in: A. Libansky / B. Zeidler, Ivan Martin Jirous. Leben / Werk / Zeit, Wien 203, S. 3-50, hier S. 3. Siehe auch J. Bolton, Worlds of Dissent. Charter 77, The Plastic People of the Universe, and Czech Culture under Communism, Cambridge/Mass. u. a. 202, S. 22. 42 | Michael Esch sind. 1975 und 1976 sind sie zentrale Akteure zweier „Festivals der zweiten Kultur“, halbklandestin organisierter Musikfestivals. 1976 finden zwei Prozesse gegen Angehöri- ge des Underground statt, darunter Jirous und Vratislav Brabenec, den Saxophonisten und ab 1977 auch Textautor der PPU. Die Verurteilung zu mehrmonatigen Haftstrafen wird in der westlichen Presse skandalisiert und führt in der ČSSR zur Formierung einer Protestbewegung um Václav Havel, die in der Verabschiedung der Charta 77 gipfelt. Die PPU spielen nun meist vor geladenen Gästen in privaten Wohnungen, insbesondere im Haus Havels. Aufnahmen aus den Jahren 1974/75 mit Vertonungen der Gedichte des ehemaligen Surrealisten Egon Bondy werden 1978 in Frankreich veröffentlicht. Um Mitte der
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