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University of Manièoba in Partial Fulfillment IVAN TURGENEV AND MARIA MARKOVICH A STTIDY OF THEIR PERSONAL RELATIONS A Thesís Presented Ëo the FaculEy of Graduate Studies and Research University of ManiÈoba In Partial Fulfillment of Lhe RequiremenËs for the Degree Master of Arts þy Robert Michael Karpi January L967 ASSTRACT The relationship betr¿een rvan sergeevich Turgenev (1gls-18s3) and Maria Aleksandrovna Markovich (Marko vovchok) (j.s33-1907) pro- vides a remarkabLe example of EasËern Slavl-c literary relaËions in Ëhe nineteenth cenËury. The t¡vo writers became closei-y assocfated in St. Petersburg tn L859 and Ëheir relaËionship continued abroad and fn Paris, where Ëhey lfved from l_860. The names of r" s. Turgenev and M. vovchok became publl-cly assocíated as a result of rurgenevrs Russian Ëranslation of Marko vovchokfs ukraínian NarodqÍ opovidannja. Turgenev noË on1_y enLered ínto a literary parËnershlp with Maria Markovfch, but also played a major role in her LiËerary progress and inËel_lectual developmenË. rn France, Turgenev acquai-nËed Marko vovchok wiËh nany foreign cul- ËuraL l-eaders and personal.l-y cared for her welfare in the earLy years. Maria lviarkovich, in Ëurn, inËroduced rvan Turgenev to members rrliterary of Ukrainers arisËocracytt and was insËrumenÈal in the esËa- bl-lshmenË of friendLy reJ-ations beËween Russian and ukrainLan writers ín SL" Petersburg. The recenf (L964) pubLicaËion of ímporËanË epi-stol-ary documents ln the form of M. MarkovLcht s corïespondence to rvan Turgenev has furnished a source of information thereto unexpl_ored by blographers and Literary hisËorians. The whole correspondence between r. s. Turgenev and M. A. Markovich appears as an inLegral part of thÍs thesÍs. 1i SYSTEM OF TR.ANSLITERATION The sysÉem used ín this study serves Ëhe dual purpose of trans_ 1iÈerating Ëhe Russian and the Ukrainian alphabets, In cases of dis_ similariÉy beËween Ëhe Ëwo, the llkrainian character v¡il_l_ be preceded by Ëhe abbreviaLion (U). The modern posË-RevoLutionary orthography will be used throughout the study. Aa a 0o Eõ b iln p BB' V Pp r Ir õo (u) lr h It A,q d Vy u Ee c Þqr f (u) 6e je XX kh x¿,v zh Uq ts 3a z qtr ch 14ø L Iiln sh (u) LIU v qtq shch (U) Ti T TrÉ It (u) 1r ji bI bl_ v Mir j bs t -r!¡1 k 3¡ c JI¡ 1 ûo ju fttr,r m fl.q ja .TLH n '": t].L TA3LE OF CONTENTS CI{APTM. PAGE I. INTRODUCTION coaac 1 The probLem and lts deLineation 3 Method of lnvestigation . - . a.aca. 5 StatemenË on research and sources aaaa0j 6 Organl-zaËion of the Ëhesis. aaaa 8 II. LIFE AND I,IORK OF I" S. TURGM{EV A}ID M. A. I4ARKOVICH BEFORE Lg5g. 9 Ivan Turgenev Before 1859 9 Maria Markovich Before 1859, ô , caat.ao.ce L4 III. TI]RGENEV AND MARKO VOVCHOK IN ST. PETERSBI]RG AND A3ROAD . oa l_9 AssoeiaËions in Ëhe Capital 19 The Ukrafnian colony. 20 Ivan Turgenev and t'Narodni opovldannja'r 20 Turgenev and the Ukrainian colony . " . 22 trlnstitutkart. 25 Marko Vovchok in transition - 2B Departure Ëo Europe " . 30 AcquainËance with Herzen. 32 DialogueinCorrespondence.. .... 35 Meetings abroad 36 Turgenevr s inËell-ectual advice" 39 Ivan Turgenev - crltlc of Marko Vovchok 4L rrSocieËy for Expansion of LiËeracyt' . oc.aa iv CHAPTM. PAGE IV. IVAN TI]RGmI{EV AND MARIA MARKOVICH IN IRAT{CE 46 Ivan Turgenev fn Parfs . 47 Marko Vovchok fn fLnanciaL distress. ø 4B journal-s Negoatiations wlËh the SË" Petersburg " 49 Acquaintances in Paris , . 52 The PoLlsh problem . .4.o.0 54 TheRupture, G. c ? .. .. 56 V. SUM}4ARY AND CONCLUSIONS . , 57 Summary..).cc. 57 Conclusions.o.c. 58 APPENDIX 62 BIBT,IOGRAPIIY. 163 CHAPTM. I INTRODUCTION the complex problem of Eastern Slavic literary relaËionships offers a virtually inexhausËib1e source of research for Ëhe conËem- porary slavist. rn the past, however, Lhis parËicular field of study has not enjoyed a successful rate of progress due Lo reasons predomi- nant,ly political in nat,ure, which tended Ëo inhibit Ëhe objectiviËy and unsenËimenLal rationality so essential Ëo ensure universal accep- tability. IË is only recently that advances of convincing merit have been made in the direcËion of a more compleËe understanding of these rela- Ëionships, bot,h in the u.s.s.R. and in Ëhe I¡Iestern r,rorld. This, for Ëhe major part, is due to a more líberal aËtitude assumed by Ëhe former, and to rapidly growing inËeresË in the slavic world displayed by the latËer. Nevertheless, many of the contributions made Ëo Ëhis field of sËudy have revealed Ëhe Ëendency towards a general and, con- sequently, a superficial- approach Ëo Ëhis complicaËed quest,ion. rt. is inevitable thaË such an approach results mosËly in generalizat,ions and in unclear concepts of Ëhe roles played by individuals of one nation in the literary developmenË of Ëheir contemporaries or succês- sors of the other. consequenËly, modern soviet and non-soviet 'scholars are in agreement that Ëhe focal poinË musË be the individual, raËher than the liËerary period or Ëhe cent.ury. One of the firsË noteworËhy atËempËs made by l,trestern scholars in prompting fuËure study of individual relaËionships beËween Russian and ukrainian writ.ers \¡ras made by André r{.azon of the rnstitut des éËudes slaves who proposed: 11 y aurait sans doute une dt,ude intdressante à ácrire sur les relations drlvan Tourguánev avec les dcrívains ukrainiens de son ápoque, ChevËchenko, Koulich, Marko Vovtchok, et ltint6rêË nten serait pas moindre pour lrhisËoire dg 1a littérature russe que pour celle de 1a littárature ukraini.nne, I The response of Soviet scholars Ë,o Ëhe quesËion of Russian- Ukrainian 1iËerary relationships was not heard until several decades after M. Mazonrs proposiËion. The earliest, at.Ëempt, r^rhich is indeed recent, made by SovieË scholars in order Ëo define certain preliminary asPects of Russian-Ukrainian lit,erary hisËory laid the foundation for future research and progress in Ëhis field, The preface to Ëhe first volume of collected arËicles on the subjects, entitled: Russko-Ukrainskie literajlurnl¡e sviazL (Russian-Ukrainian Literary Ties), admits Ëo it,s orrn inadequacy, but serves nonetheless as the point of departure for succêê- díng contributions. The following ext,ract gives a clear picture of the sËaËe of research less than fifteen years ago3 The present collection appears as Ëhe firsË attempt at elucída- ting several problems of Ëhe hisËory of relationships between Ëhe fraternal literaËures. The maËerial of Ëhe arËicles published herein make no pretenËion tor^rards an all-encompassing study of Ëhe problem present,ed. lulonographs and studies by Russian and 14. M""ort.r t'Marko Vovtchok en Italie d,après ses letËres à Ivan Tourguénev", Juvilejnyj zbírnyk na poshanu M. Hrushevstlioho (Anniver- sary Collection in llonour of M. Ilrushevs't yj), (Kiev: Ukrajinstka akademija nauk, L92B), Vol. II, p, 826. AII Ëranslations from Russian and Ukrainian are my own unless oËherwise indicated. Ukrainian scholars, devoLed to Ëhe creaËive cooperaËion of the Ërøo fraternal cultures, are to follow the present còllectLon.2 PresenË bibliographical reviews on Ëhe subjecL of Eastern Slavic literary relationships indicate an accelerated raËe of research wiËh the resulting publication of monographs, biographies, theses, documenËs, and articles in t,he Russian, ukrainian, and oËher languages. Nevertheless, these conËributions have covered onry a sma11 area of this vast fieLd of study, bequeathing the endless task to the inquisi- Ëive minds of future Slavists. The Problem and its Delineation The proposal of anaLyzing the relaËionship between t.he master of the Russian novel, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, and Maria Aleksandrovna Markovich3 (l,tarko vovchok4) , widely recognized for her Ilkrainian and Russian works, \¡ras made as early as 1928 by André Mazon. The warm friendship which developed between the two wríters between 1859 and 1864, particularly duríng Lhe years of Ëheir resÍdence in Paris, aroused the curiosity of M. Mazon sufficienËIy for him Ëo propose it as a subject worthy of invesËigation: 2U. X. Gudzij (ed.), Russko-ukrainskie 1iËeraturnye svjazi (Russian-Ukrainian LíËerary Ties) , (Moscow¡ GosudarsËvennoe iãate] r stvo khudozhestvennoj literaËury, I951), pp, 3-4, 3Th" ,r"*., Markovich, is ËhaL of Maria Aleksandrovnat s husband, Afanaslj (ukr. opanas) Markovich. This surname, Ëransliterated from ukrainian, should acËually be Markovych, However, because the Russian form, Markovich, is found in almost all documents, Ëhis laËËer ortho- graphy will be used for Ëhe sake of consisËency. 4"Marko Vovchokrr is the pseudonym of M. A. Markovich in her literary works. Both names will be used j-nËerchangeably in thís sËudy. On sait qutlvan Tourguánev a été un admirateur des réciËs ukrainiens (Narodni opovidannja) de Marko Vovtchok (Maria Markovitchéva) et qutil les traduiËs en russe dès 1859, deux ans après leur apparition: Ukrainskie narodnye rezskazy Marka Vovchka; perevod I, S. Turgeneva, Spb., 1859, Í,zd. D. E. Kozhanchikova. On sait aussi que ltauteur des Rácits dtun chasseur a connu de près Maria Markovitchéva, qutil lra rencontráe souvent, á Llátranger en parËiculier, eË qurentre le maltre un peu plus que quadragdnaire et la jolie femme de viagt-cinq ans à peine, débutanË dans les lettres, un roman dtamitié srest'eþauchá qui áveille à juste tiËre La curiositá des hisËoriens. 5 UnforËunately, the lack of data and documents arrested Ëhe further pursuiË of Ëhe problem. Nevertheless, a very significant sËep was taken by M, Mazon in his publication, ín the same article, of several 1eËters thereLo unlcnown to biographers and literary hisËorians. These leËters \^7ere supplemenËed by the full correspondence of Maria Markovich to Turgenev in Literaturnoe nasledsËvo (The LiËerary Legacy) ;6 more than thirty-six years afËer M, Mazonrs initial publication. Thus, Ëhe diffícul-ty presenËed by the lack',of Ëhese and oËher documenËs has been sufficienËly alLeviated t.o permit the presentatÍon of Ëhis study.
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