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VOLUME 3 JUNE 2019 Fungal Systematics and Evolution PAGES 135–156 doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2019.03.07 Taxonomic revision and multi-locus phylogeny of the North American clade of Ceratocystis L.A. Holland1, D.P. Lawrence1, M.T. Nouri2, R. Travadon1, T.C. Harrington3, F.P. Trouillas2* 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA 2Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Parlier, CA 93648, USA 3Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA *Corresponding author: [email protected] Key words: Abstract: The North American clade (NAC) of Ceratocystis includes pathogenic species that infect a wide range almond of woody hosts. Previous phylogenetic analyses have suggested that this clade includes cryptic species and a Ceratocystidaceae paraphyletic C. variospora. In this study, we used morphological data and phylogenetic analyses to characterize Ceratocystis canker NAC taxa, including Ceratocystis isolates causing a serious disease of almond trees in California. Phylogenetic new species analyses based on six gene regions supported two new species of Ceratocystis. Ceratocystis destructans is taxonomy introduced as the species causing severe damage to almond trees in California, and it has also been isolated from wounds on Populus and Quercus in Iowa. It is morphologically similar to C. tiliae, a pathogen on Tilia and the most recently characterized species in the NAC. Ceratocystis betulina collected from Betula platyphylla in Japan is also newly described and is the sister taxon to C. variospora. Our six-locus phylogenetic analyses and morphological characterization resolved several cryptic species in the NAC. -
Characterization of the Ergosterol Biosynthesis Pathway in Ceratocystidaceae
Journal of Fungi Article Characterization of the Ergosterol Biosynthesis Pathway in Ceratocystidaceae Mohammad Sayari 1,2,*, Magrieta A. van der Nest 1,3, Emma T. Steenkamp 1, Saleh Rahimlou 4 , Almuth Hammerbacher 1 and Brenda D. Wingfield 1 1 Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; [email protected] (M.A.v.d.N.); [email protected] (E.T.S.); [email protected] (A.H.); brenda.wingfi[email protected] (B.D.W.) 2 Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada 3 Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Onderstepoort Campus, Pretoria 0110, South Africa 4 Department of Mycology and Microbiology, University of Tartu, 14A Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Fax: +1-204-474-7528 Abstract: Terpenes represent the biggest group of natural compounds on earth. This large class of organic hydrocarbons is distributed among all cellular organisms, including fungi. The different classes of terpenes produced by fungi are mono, sesqui, di- and triterpenes, although triterpene ergosterol is the main sterol identified in cell membranes of these organisms. The availability of genomic data from members in the Ceratocystidaceae enabled the detection and characterization of the genes encoding the enzymes in the mevalonate and ergosterol biosynthetic pathways. Using Citation: Sayari, M.; van der Nest, a bioinformatics approach, fungal orthologs of sterol biosynthesis genes in nine different species M.A.; Steenkamp, E.T.; Rahimlou, S.; of the Ceratocystidaceae were identified. -
Geranium Ivy Reach Out™
Reach Out™ Pink Geranium Ivy Reach Out™ Culture Guide Botanical name: Pelargonium peltatum Fertilizer: 75–125 ppm N Product form: Seed Moisture level: Media should be allowed to dry between Containers: Pints, Quarts, Gallons, Hanging Baskets irrigations. Alternate between moisture level 3 and 4. Habit: Semi-Trailing 3 - MOIST: Soil is brown in color, strongly squeezing the soil will extract a few drops of water, and trays are light with no Garden Specifications visible bend. Garden Height: 6–8” (15–20 cm) tall 4 - WET: Soil is dark brown but not shiny, no free water is Garden Width: 10–14” (25–35 cm) wide seen at the surface of the soil, when pressed or squeezed Exposure: Full sun water drips easily, and trays are heavy with a visible bend in USDA zone: 11 the middle. AHS zone: 12–1 Pinching: No Product use: Containers, Hanging Baskets, Patio Pots, Plant growth regulators (PGRs): Reach Out ivy Combos geraniums are naturally compact and self-branching, thus require lower rates of PGRs than zonal geraniums. Spray one Germination time with Cycocel® at 300 ppm when 3–5 leaves are present Stages 1 & 2 (around 3 weeks after sowing). Do not apply more than 750 Germination time: 4 days ppm Cycocel® or leaf edge yellowing may occur. Using a spray Media temp: 64–68 °F (18–20 °C) adjuvant such as CapSil® will reduce the chance of leaf edge Chamber: Optional yellowing. Light: Not required for germination Plug grow time: 5–6 weeks in a 288-cell tray Seed cover: Yes Comments: Germination temperatures above 72 °F Moisture level: 5 - SATURATED: Soil is dark brown (22 °C) can lead to thermodormancy, which will reduce and/ and shiny, free water is present at the surface of the soil, water or slow germination. -
Phylogenetic Assignment of the Fungicolous Hypoxylon Invadens (Ascomycota, Xylariales) and Investigation of Its Secondary Metabolites
microorganisms Article Phylogenetic Assignment of the Fungicolous Hypoxylon invadens (Ascomycota, Xylariales) and Investigation of its Secondary Metabolites Kevin Becker 1,2 , Christopher Lambert 1,2,3 , Jörg Wieschhaus 1 and Marc Stadler 1,2,* 1 Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; [email protected] (K.B.); [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (J.W.) 2 German Centre for Infection Research Association (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany 3 Department for Molecular Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH (HZI) Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-531-6181-4240; Fax: +49-531-6181-9499 Received: 23 July 2020; Accepted: 8 September 2020; Published: 11 September 2020 Abstract: The ascomycete Hypoxylon invadens was described in 2014 as a fungicolous species growing on a member of its own genus, H. fragiforme, which is considered a rare lifestyle in the Hypoxylaceae. This renders H. invadens an interesting target in our efforts to find new bioactive secondary metabolites from members of the Xylariales. So far, only volatile organic compounds have been reported from H. invadens, but no investigation of non-volatile compounds had been conducted. Furthermore, a phylogenetic assignment following recent trends in fungal taxonomy via a multiple sequence alignment seemed practical. A culture of H. invadens was thus subjected to submerged cultivation to investigate the produced secondary metabolites, followed by isolation via preparative chromatography and subsequent structure elucidation by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). -
Phylogenetics, Character Evolution and a Subgeneric Revision of the Genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)
Phytotaxa 159 (2): 031–076 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ Article PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.159.2.1 Phylogenetics, character evolution and a subgeneric revision of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) JOACHIM RÖSCHENBLECK1, FOCKE ALBERS1, KAI MÜLLER1, STEFAN WEINL2 & JÖRG KUDLA2 1 Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants & Botanical Garden, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossgarten 3, 48149 Münster, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology of Plants, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 4, 48149 Münster, Germany. Correspondence to: Joachim Röschenbleck Abstract Previous molecular phylogenetic studies of Pelargonium have remained inconclusive with respect to branching patterns of major infrageneric lineages, with the exception of a basalmost generic split that reflects chromosome length differences. Because of this and the lack of clearly distinguishing morphological characters, no subgeneric classification has been undertaken so far. Here, we present increased phylogenetic signal using chloroplast atpB-rbcL spacer and trnL- F sequences including additional taxa (110 taxa in total) and character sampling. All analyses confirmed the previously recognised first split into two clades characterised by chromosome size, and also converged on four major clades (two within each chromosome size group). The four major clades are further supported by synapomorphic length mutations from both intergenic spacers. The evolution of characters from flower morphology and phenolic constituents was examined for usefulness for clade delimitation. Although character state distributions did not generally reveal clear synapomorphies for the respective lineages, differences in state distributions of floral characters and leaf phenols support the circumscription of these major clades. -
Co-Adaptations Between Ceratocystidaceae Ambrosia Fungi and the Mycangia of Their Associated Ambrosia Beetles
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2018 Co-adaptations between Ceratocystidaceae ambrosia fungi and the mycangia of their associated ambrosia beetles Chase Gabriel Mayers Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Biology Commons, Developmental Biology Commons, and the Evolution Commons Recommended Citation Mayers, Chase Gabriel, "Co-adaptations between Ceratocystidaceae ambrosia fungi and the mycangia of their associated ambrosia beetles" (2018). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 16731. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/16731 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Co-adaptations between Ceratocystidaceae ambrosia fungi and the mycangia of their associated ambrosia beetles by Chase Gabriel Mayers A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Microbiology Program of Study Committee: Thomas C. Harrington, Major Professor Mark L. Gleason Larry J. Halverson Dennis V. Lavrov John D. Nason The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2018 Copyright © Chase Gabriel Mayers, 2018. -
Geraniums Each Year the National Garden Bureau Selects One fl Ower and One Vegetable to Be Showcased
A Horticulture Information article from the Wisconsin Master Gardener website, posted 17 Feb 2012 NGB’s Annual of the Year 2012: Geraniums Each year the National Garden Bureau selects one fl ower and one vegetable to be showcased. These crops are chosen because they are popular, easy-to-grow, widely adaptable, genetically diverse, and versatile. For 2012 they chose garden geraniums (Pelargonium spp.) Introduction and Nomenclature The bedding plants gardeners plant out in late spring and bring inside in autumn are commonly known as geraniums; but geraniums they are not. They are pelargoniums. True geraniums are the cranesbills, hardy North American and European herbaceous perennials; while pelargoniums are semi-tender or tender plants, mostly from South Africa, that have graced our gardens with their large fl owers for Geraniums are popluar bedding decades. plants. We have to remember that botany wasn’t an exact science in the 17th century when the fi rst geraniums and pelargoniums were introduced. So, based on the shape of their fruit, plant collectors generally lumped both together as “geranium.” To tackle the complex history of geranium or pelargonium, one has to confront the use of common names versus scientifi c ones. Scientifi c names give individuals a common language by which they could communicate with other people, no matter the country they are from or what their mother tongue might be. In 1753 the famous and infl uential Swedish botanist, Linnaeus, published his two-volume book called Species Pelargonium quercifolium fl ower (L) and leaf (R). Plantarum, in which he attempted to pull together the names and descriptions of all known plants. -
Novel Species of Huntiella from Naturally-Occurring Forest Trees in Greece and South Africa
A peer-reviewed open-access journal MycoKeys 69: 33–52 (2020) Huntiella species in Greece and South Africa 33 doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.69.53205 RESEARCH ARTICLE MycoKeys http://mycokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Novel species of Huntiella from naturally-occurring forest trees in Greece and South Africa FeiFei Liu1,2, Seonju Marincowitz1, ShuaiFei Chen1,2, Michael Mbenoun1, Panaghiotis Tsopelas3, Nikoleta Soulioti3, Michael J. Wingfield1 1 Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology In- stitute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa 2 China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang, 524022, GuangDong Province, China 3 Institute of Mediter- ranean Forest Ecosystems, Terma Alkmanos, 11528 Athens, Greece Corresponding author: ShuaiFei Chen ([email protected]) Academic editor: R. Phookamsak | Received 13 April 2020 | Accepted 4 June 2020 | Published 10 July 2020 Citation: Liu FF, Marincowitz S, Chen SF, Mbenoun M, Tsopelas P, Soulioti N, Wingfield MJ (2020) Novel species of Huntiella from naturally-occurring forest trees in Greece and South Africa. MycoKeys 69: 33–52. https://doi. org/10.3897/mycokeys.69.53205 Abstract Huntiella species are wood-infecting, filamentous ascomycetes that occur in fresh wounds on a wide va- riety of tree species. These fungi are mainly known as saprobes although some have been associated with disease symptoms. Six fungal isolates with typical culture characteristics of Huntiella spp. were collected from wounds on native forest trees in Greece and South Africa. The aim of this study was to identify these isolates, using morphological characters and multigene phylogenies of the rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, portions of the β-tubulin (BT1) and translation elongation factor 1α (TEF-1α) genes. -
Geranium Care for the Consumer
Geranium Care for the Consumer History Geraniums are originally from the mostly dry and hot regions of South Africa. Pelargonium peltatum, today’s commercial ivy types, were first introduced into Holland in 1700. Pelargonium x hortorum, today’s commercial upright zonal types, were first cultivated in England by the Duchess of Beaufort in 1710. Most of the early breeding was done in England and later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, in Germany. Most of the current commercial varieties are the result of breeding work done in Germany. Fischer GmbH & Co., Hillscheid, Germany, the world’s largest producer and breeder of geraniums, has over 110 geranium varieties on the worldwide market and is adding new varieties every year. Fischer USA, Inc. is the marketing and distribution arm for Fischer Germany in North America. These new modern varieties, all with better colors, bigger flowers, and improved growth habit, can be traced to around 20 natural species of Pelargonium. Why Geraniums? With 500 million geraniums produced in Europe and 200 million produced in North America, geraniums represent one of the most exciting commercial flower crops in the world. No other flowering plant has shown a greater rate of increase in dollar value to commercial floriculture and better performance to the purchasers during the last twenty years. Gardeners around the world love the overall beauty, toughness, and versatility of geraniums. Compared to many other plant species, geraniums can tolerate cold and hot conditions, can handle complete dryness, and are very resistant against pests. Their beautiful and long lasting flowers bloom continuously, from the last frost in the spring to the first frost in the fall. -
Desirable Plant List
Carpinteria-Summerland Fire Protection District High Fire Hazard Area Desirable Plant List Desirable Qualities for Landscape Plants within Carpinteria/Summerland High Fire Hazard areas • Ability to store water in leaves or • Ability to withstand drought. stems. • Prostrate or prone in form. • Produces limited dead and fine • Ability to withstand severe pruning. material. • Low levels of volatile oils or resins. • Extensive root systems for controlling erosion. • Ability to resprout after a fire. • High levels of salt or other compounds within its issues that can contribute to fire resistance. PLANT LIST LEGEND Geographical Area ......... ............. Water Needs..... ............. Evergreen/Deciduous C-Coastal ............. ............. H-High . ............. ............. E-Evergreen IV-Interior Valley ............. ............. M-Moderate....... ............. D-Deciduous D-Deserts ............. ............. L-Low... ............. ............. E/D-Partly or ............. ............. VL -Very Low .... ............. Summer Deciduous Comment Code 1 Not for use in coastal areas......... ............ 13 ........ Tends to be short lived. 2 Should not be used on steep slopes........ 14 ........ High fire resistance. 3 May be damaged by frost. .......... ............ 15 ........ Dead fronds or leaves need to be 4 Should be thinned bi-annually to ............ ............. removed to maintain fire safety. remove dead or unwanted growth. .......... 16 ........ Tolerant of heavy pruning. 5 Good for erosion control. ............. ........... -
Teelthandleiding Voor De Teelt Van De Pelargonium Zonale En Peltatum
Teelthandleiding Pelargonium Teelthandleiding voor de teelt van de Pelargonium Zonale en Peltatum Hanko Blok Pim Heerdink Lein de Visser CAH Dronten Teelthandleiding Pelargonium Teelthandleiding voor de teelt van de Pelargonium Zonale en Peltatum Auteurs: Hanko Blok Pim Heerdink Lein de Visser Opdrachtgevers: Dhr. Vermeer Dhr. Oosterhof Begeleidende docent: Dhr. Westerdijk Datum: December 2008 Plaats: CAH te Dronten 1 Voorwoord Voor u ligt het rapport dat geschreven is naar aanleiding van de module Plantaardige productie , een vakmodule van de opleiding Tuin en Akkerbouw aan de Christelijke Agrarische Hogeschool te Dronten. Een onderdeel van deze module is een beschrijvend onderzoeknaar de teelt van de Pelargonium. Ook wel bekend in de volksmond als Geranium. Door middel van de opdracht wordt een geactualiseerde en originele teelthandleiding opgesteld. Dit verslag dient tevens als naslagwerk voor telers van het gewas en voor onszelf. Tijdens het uitvoeren van het beschrijvend onderzoek en het tot stand komen van deze handleiding is er informatie verkregen van meerdere personen. Hiervoor willen we de volgende mensen bedanken. - Dhr. Westerdijk: Voor de begeleiding bij de voortgang van de opdracht. - Silze Jungflanzen: Voor het vrijgeven van de Informatie die men in dit rapport gebruikt heeft. - Syngenta Flowers: Voor het vrijgeven van de Informatie die men in dit rapport gebruikt heeft. - Kwekerij Aarninkhof: Voor een beknopte en algemene handleiding voor de teelt van geraniums. 2 Inhoudopgave Inleiding................................................................................................................................ -
Evaluation of the Impact of Pathogenic Fungi on the Growth of Pisum Sativum L.- a Review Article
International Journal of Agricultural Technology 2021Vol. 17(2):443-464 Available online http://www.ijat-aatsea.com ISSN 2630-0192 (Online) Evaluation of the impact of pathogenic fungi on the growth of Pisum sativum L.- A review article Chaudhary, N.*, Singh, C., Pathak, P., Rathi, A. and Vyas, D. Lab of Microbial Technology and Plant Pathology, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (470003) M.P. India. Chaudhary, N., Singh, C., Pathak, P., Rathi, A. and Vyas, D. (2021). Evaluation of the impact of pathogenic fungi on the growth of Pisum sativum L.- A review article. International Journal of Agricultural Technology 17(2):443-464. Abstract In India pea is the second greatest protein source followed by chickpea for the people of the country, over the years due to pathogen attack and climate change, the yield of pea has reduced categorically which generated great concern among scientists, policymakers, and common people thus resulting into the development of strategies to assess the impact and severity of the disease spread around the country various measures were taken into the account to find out the best method to control the disease. It has been found that pea is most susceptible to fungal pathogens. After reviewing the literature it is deduced that there are enormous species of fungi reported showing beneficial as well as harmful relationships with the pea and other crop plants worldwide. Disease in the pea plant is mainly caused by microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, and some nematodes, but much of the losses are occurred due to fungal pathogens (generally soil-borne).