Foundations of Veterinary Parasitology in the Bureau of Animal Industry

American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists Boston, MA

Sidney A. Ewing Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Oklahoma State University Maurice C. Hall (1881-1938)

President, AVMA, 1930-1931 President ASP, 1932 Inspection stamp

1907-1916 1919-1936 U.S. Army Veterinary Corps 1918-1919 Index Catalogue of Medical & Veterinary Zoology Charles Wardell Albert Hassall Stiles (1867-1941) (1862-1942) Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolph Leuckart (1822-1898)

Father of Parasitology Thomas Spencer Cobbold (1828-1886 or 1891) 1922, Parasitology 14:417-418 “… [I] have extended my observations to the genesis of those entozoan that prove destructive to horses, to beasts of burden generally, and to other creatures which, like cats and dogs, are in various ways subservient to man’s wants.”

“I should like to see a small army of helminthologists rise up and lay siege to the fortresses at present securely held by thousands of death-dealing parasites.”

1879, T. Spencer Cobbold (1828-1886) In introduction to his book Cooper Curtice (1856-1939) Cooper Curtice, kneeling by carcass of cow with ticks F. C. Kilbourne & M. C. Hall M.C. Hall with Parents and Sister M. C. Hall

Colorado College B.S. 1905 Sc.D. 1925 Thomas Moran 1880 M. C. Hall & Friends M. C. Hall on Stage

Colorado College ca. 1903 Lola Davis

Colorado College B.A. 1905 Maurice, Lola Margaret, Lois, Marion 6006 33rd Street Washington, D.C. Bookplate … designed by Hall’s daughter, Marion Diagnosis & Treatment of Internal Parasites 3rd Edition 1924 Worm Parasites of Domesticated Animals 1924 Control of Animal Parasites 1936

Selected publications by Hall “Veterinary parasitology is a borderline field in which zoology and veterinary medicine meet.”

Maurice C. Hall December 30, 1927 American Society of Parasitologists meeting

1928, North American Veterinarian 9(4): 50-56 “… it is regrettable that the work in parasitology in the Bureau of Animal Industry was not put in the Pathological Division of that Bureau at the start and kept there.”

Theobald Smith

oral comment, date unknown Theobald Smith as a Parasitologist Maurice C. Hall

1935, Journal of Parasitology 21(4): 231-243 “To his [Theobald Smith’s] mind, parasitology was just a subdivision of pathology.”

Maurice C. Hall, 1935

1935 , Journal of Parasitology 21(4): 231-243 “Clinical parasitology is one of the branches of clinical pathology.”

Edward A. Benbrook & Margaret W. Sloss

1948, In introduction to Veterinary Clinical Parasitology E. A. Benbrook (1892-1967)

Oklahoma A & M, 1915-1918 Margaret Wragg Sloss (1901-1979)

1st woman to earn DVM from Iowa State, 1938 M. C. Hall, B. H. Ransom & Friends in the Rockies Presidential Address by Maurice C. Hall

American Society of Parasitologists 1932

Is Parasitology a Science?

1933, Journal of Parasitology 19(3): 182-191 “In the immense field of science, parasitology has its place. It has certain tasks which other sciences do not undertake.”

Maurice C. Hall, 1932 (published, 1933)

1933, Journal of Parasitology 19(3): 182-191 The College Course in Veterinary Parasitology Maurice C. Hall

1922, Veterinary Medicine 17(2): 83-85 “Since the establishment of the comparatively new science of bacteriology, the engaging study of bacteria and of diseases caused by them has dominated the attention of the veterinarians more or less to the exclusion of the study of animal parasites.”

Maurice C. Hall, 1922

1922, Veterinary Medicine 17(2): 83-85 “It will probably be conceded by most American veterinarians that there is no topic in veterinary medicine concerning which the veterinarian is less informed than the subject of parasitology.”

Maurice C. Hall, 1922

1922, Veterinary Medicine 17(2): 83-85 “The animal parasites are not so spectacular. They take their largest toll among young animals, and the loss is readily explained by the stockman to his own satisfaction on other grounds.”

Maurice C. Hall, 1922

1922, Veterinary Medicine 17(2): 83-85 “When [an animal] finally succumbs to the long siege by the parasites … no explanation of the death appears necessary. The animal ‘never did well’ and the loss is discounted …”

Maurice C. Hall, 1922

1922, Veterinary Medicine 17(2): 83-85 “We are beginning to understand the situation better and to realize what animal parasites do … what parasitism costs in terms of diminished meat and milk production, poorer quality of meat, decreased horse power, increased susceptibility to bacterial and constitutional diseases, and premature deaths.”

Maurice C. Hall, 1922

1922, Veterinary Medicine 17(2): 83-85 Teaching Veterinary Parasitology Maurice C. Hall

1928, North American Veterinarian 9(3): 41-44 “Another reason for the neglect of veterinary parasitology and of its teaching is the rise of the science of bacteriology about half a century ago, and the subsequent eclipse of parasitology.”

Maurice C. Hall, 1927 (published, 1928)

1928, North American Veterinarian 9(3): 41-44 “… [another reason for] neglect…that is so annoying to the veterinary parasitologist [is] that the parasitic diseases are so insidious and devoid of spectacular characters as a rule.”

Maurice C. Hall, 1927 (published, 1928)

1928, North American Veterinarian 9(3): 41-44 “… veterinary parasitology has been so neglected in the schools … [that] the teaching of parasitology has fallen for the most part to someone who was anything except a parasitologist.”

Maurice C. Hall, 1927 (published, 1928)

1928, North American Veterinarian 9(3): 41-44 “If we are to raise up parasitologists among our veterinary students, we must have the inspiration of teachers of parasitology who are enthusiastic parasitologists.”

Maurice C. Hall, 1922

1922, Veterinary Medicine 17(2): 83-85 “… [teaching parasitology] usually devolved to a pathologist but might fall to almost anyone with an uncrowded teaching schedule.”

Maurice C. Hall, 1927 (published, 1928)

1928, North American Veterinarian 9(3): 41-44 “There is a lack of [veterinary parasitology] text books in English which are accurate, up to date, and reasonably complete …”

Maurice C. Hall, 1927

1928, North American Veterinarian 9(3): 41-44 “… there is a lack of an adequate laboratory manual in veterinary parasitology.”

Maurice C. Hall, 1927 (published, 1928)

1928, Veterinary Medicine 9(3): 41-44 “The life history of a few representative forms … should be experimentally demonstrated.”

Maurice C. Hall, 1927 (published, 1928)

1928, North American Veterinarian 9(3): 41-44 “… before long the veterinary colleges should be able to supply the federal and state services and the colleges of veterinary medicine with well trained and competent veterinary parasitologists.”

Maurice C. Hall, 1927 (published, 1928)

1928, North American Veterinarian 9(3): 41-44 The Economic Importance of Veterinary Parasitology Maurice C. Hall

1928, North American Veterinarian 9(4): 50-56 “To conclude: Veterinary Parasitology is a subject of growing importance …”

Maurice C. Hall December 30, 1927 (published, 1928)

1928, North American Veterinarian 9(4): 50-56 Benjamin Franklin Kaupp (1874-1954)

1908, Early textbook from Kansas City Veterinary College

Dr. Maurice C. Hall of the Department of Agriculture “…whose discovery of the use of carbon tetrachloride as a cure for hookworm in animals promises to relieve thousands of the human ... from the same health-destroying parasite.”

Carbon Tetrachloride News Story In the Caribbean Rockefeller Trip Nicaragua Reports – Group Conferences Held During the AVMA Convention

San Antonio, Texas 1956

1956, JAVMA 129 (12): 550-551 Wendell H. Krull (1897-1971)

BAI 1931-1942; Oklahoma State University, 1948-1964 Many personal photographs of M. C. Hall and his family were provided by Hall’s granddaughter, Karen Skilling, of Pawling, New York

Acknowledgement 1881-1938