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India's Ayurvedic Veterinary Medicine- Ancient Medicine to Modern Boom

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India's Ayurvedic Veterinary Medicine- Ancient Medicine to Modern Boom India’s Ayurvedic veterinary medicine- ancient medicine to modern boom Catherine Schuetze The University of Sydney Camperdown NSW 2006 Introduction The Ayurvedic veterinary medical tradition of India has existed in the literary record for at least 4000 years and the oral lineage is older than that.1 The first veterinary hospital was recorded in 1463 BC and in 300 BCE King Ashoka created a national state network of veterinary hospitals and dispensaries to serve the general public.1 He ordered medicinal trees and plants be planted in public spaces, along highways and villages, and developed protocols for the use of medicinal plants. This veterinary tradition has continued and currently boasts a multimillion-dollar veterinary ayurvedic pharmaceutical industry. The Indian Ayurvedic market is worth AUD 1.2 billion annually and is growing at 15-20% per year. Of the 450 registered animal health companies, 200 market veterinary nutraceuticals and herbs and are worth AUD 260 million per annuum. 2 Indian traditional healers use over 8000 species of plants including many common household edibles like pepper, ginger, turmeric, coriander, cumin, tamarind, fenugreek, tulsi, and other culinary spices and herbs. However, the classic medical systems of India only use 2000 species, in various combinations and formulas.2 Ayurveda is a prescribed medical system with an extant literary record, and an active network of state sponsored and private teaching universities, hospitals and treatment facilities. Historically, Ayurvedic veterinary practitioners treated both humans and animals, and the records show specialised animal physicians appear in the Mahābhārata, one of Indian most famous compositions. Two of the most well-known veterinary texts are the Asvayurvedasiddĥ antâ (Complete Ayurvedic system for horses) and the Shalihotra Samhita written by Shalihotra (2350 BCE to 3 BCE depending on the source) who is credited as being the father of veterinary medicine as he was the first to author a dedicated series of texts on the subject. Hastyâyurveda (Ayurveda of Elephants), written by Pâlakâpya (300 to 1000 BCE depending on the source) shows the importance of elephants and horses to the Indian state in times of war where veterinarians were deputed to the battlefield to treat injured animals. Classically trained Ayurvedic veterinary practitioners were possibly reserved for the military, elite and nobility, but at the village level local healers, herders and farmers used treatments and remedies learned through oral lineages that might be considered distinct from the institutionalised system of Ayurveda. India is a large continent with hundreds of geosocial regions, each with a unique environment, flora and fauna. This local medicine is an important resource and contemporary subsistence farmers, many unable to afford imported or branded pharmaceuticals, continue to use traditional methods of animal healing and maintain community medical gardens to supply ingredients. Currently the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, The Indian Veterinary Research Institute, the National Botanical Research Institute, and the Veterinary Council of India all participate in, and support research on veterinary Ayurveda and ethnoveterinary medicines. Researchers have published hundreds of ethnoveterinary surveys across India in peer reviewed journals and book publications. 3,4,5,6,7,8 Efficacy studies in animals are emerging and constitute an important research focus moving forward. Proceedings of VetFest 2020 Schuetze, C – India’s Ayurvedic veterinary medicine- ancient medicine to modern boom 416 Veterinary Ayurveda Today India has the world’s largest livestock herd and is the largest producer of milk globally. The majority of Indians (75%) still live in rural areas and practice subsistence livelihoods. More than 70 million rural households produce milk4 and rely on a network of state veterinary clinics, dispensaries, veterinarians and paravetsi for their animal care needs. Primarily focused on livestock for food and fibre production, these veterinary services supply medications, including Ayurvedic veterinary products, from state government veterinary dispensaries. In addition, the rapidly expanding commercial nutraceutical and ayurvedic veterinary market sells direct to the farmer via company representatives and veterinary pharmacies. The authors first experience of these pharmacies was baffling, with dozens of products available for conditions such as bloat, mastitis, retention of placenta, infections, and liver and digestive tonics containing unrecognisable ingredients. Both the commercial herbal products, and those made locally in the village, are important sources of medicine for livestock, are locally available, affordable and culturally acceptable. Proprietary livestock feed formulas often include herbs and nutraceuticals, particularly following the national Indian ban on antibiotic growth promoters in animal feeds. Ingredients used in poultry feed include: sage (Salvia officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), moringa (Moringa oleifera), neem (Azadirachta indica), turmeric (Curcuma longa), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), garlic (Allium sativum), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), pepper (Piper nigrum), Amla (Phyllanthus emblica), Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), and Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). 9,10,11 The Government of India (GOI) are investing considerable resources into tackling the country’s anti-microbial resistance problem and promoting organic agriculture through the use of Ayurvedic medicine. The commercial market is rapidly expanding to accommodate the increased demand. The use of traditional medicines and traditional knowledge is normative in Indian culture, including veterinary and medical culture, and not treated with suspicion as in some other countries. Continued investment in research is revealing a significant evidence base for the benefit of herbal medicines in livestock and this research could be applied to their use in companion animals similarly. The Himalayan state of Sikkim is transitioning to become 100% organic, including animal agriculture. Ayurvedic veterinary medications constitute 30% of the government budget of veterinary medications and additionally, private pharmacies sell these herbal products and feeds containing herbs directly to the farmer. The veterinarians believe the products are as effective as chemical pharmaceuticals, are cheaper and have less side effects. They are introduced to some of the products during veterinary school, and learn more from their peers in the workplace, and through government sponsored continuing education. Traditional medicine specialists from universities and research institutes run seminars to upskill their knowledge and practice of Ayurvedic veterinary medicine. Sikkimese local village healer’s use of traditional medicines is extensive12 and combined with the use of commercial Ayurvedic formulas, Sikkim is making progress towards organic animal agriculture using these herbal medicines. Ayurveda Theory and Practice It is beyond the scope of this paper to review all of Ayurvedic veterinary medicine and the medicinal pharmacopeia. A very good overview and clinical guide to the topic is available10 for the more interested reader, however a brief outline of Ayurveda and a few common remedies easily available in Australia will be discussed in this paper. Ayurveda principles are recognisable in ancient Greek medicine (a precursor to modern European medicine), Traditional Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine, and other medical traditions of the middle i Formally trained community-based animal health care workers who are usually the ones administering treatments in the field not always under the supervision of veterinarians. Proceedings of VetFest 2020 Schuetze, C – India’s Ayurvedic veterinary medicine- ancient medicine to modern boom 417 east and central Asia. This is unsurprising as the trade routes and military campaigns across Euro-Asia led to an exchange of knowledge along with spices, silk, medical ingredient, and peoples throughout these regions, thus spreading ideas, materials and beliefs about medicine between regions and cultures. Ayurveda is based on the principles of balance or homeostasis which is similar to these neighbouring medical traditions. Seeking balance of both the elements that make up all of existence (earth, water, fire, air and space), and the three doṣas (sometimes translated as humours or bodily elements) vāta (wind), pitta (bile) and kapha (phlegm) maintains health and wellbeing while imbalance leads to illness. The aim of therapy is to bring the body back to homeostasis using physical therapies, medicines, surgery, dietary therapy, yoga and meditation. Interestingly, surgical techniques recorded in ancient texts include rhinoplasty, cataract removal, suturing, foreign body removal, and kidney stone removal (Charaka Samhita; 600 BCE to 1 CE depending on source). Up to 80% of the Indian, Nepali and Sri Lankan population use Ayurveda today and it forms an important part of the state health systems. The early Ayurvedic veterinary texts focused on elephant, horse, and cattle medicine and surgery, the animals most valued in ancient society. The classification of disease in human Ayurvedic theory applied to animals and was caused byimbalance in the three doṣas and five elements. Prevention
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