Market Insider Quarterly Bulletin

MEDICINAL PLANTS & NATURAL INGREDIENTS

MARKET INSIDER

March 2016

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Market Insider for Medicinal Plants is prepared by: Josef A. Brinckmann ITC Consultant [email protected]

Cover Picture: Chinese jujube dates (Ziziphus jujuba). Photo by Josef A. Brinckmann, 2015.

Contents About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients ...... 3 Some Useful Terminology ...... 3 1. Industry News and Trends ...... 5 1.1. German market for herbal medicinal products reached 1.6 billion Euros in 2015 ...... 5 1.2. USP expert committee proposes more rational approach to regulating pesticide residue limits on medicinal plants ...... 5 1.3. 2-year college course for medicinal plant production professionals ...... 6 1.4. Biodiversity Conservation Guidance for Certified Organic Wild Medicinal Plant Production ...... 7 1.5. New UNESCO publication on role of botanists for sustainable economies ...... 8 1.6. USP proposes requiring compendial quality standards for herbal dietary supplements ...... 8 1.7. St. John’s Wort product recall due to pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination ...... 9 1.8. U.S. Customs proposes controversial tariff change for bilberry extract ...... 10 1.9. Session on sustainable wild collection of medicinal plants at BioFach 2016 ...... 12 2. Markets for African Medicinal Plants and Extracts ...... 13 2.1. UNIDO project to improve competiveness of wild rosemary value chain of Moroccan Oriental region begins 13 2.2. BTC offering marketing support to producers of sustainable and fairly traded MAPs ...... 14 3. Markets for Asian Medicinal Plants and Extracts ...... 14 3.1. Schisandra market prices continue to soar following major warehouse fire ...... 14 3.2. Government of India and WHO to collaborate towards international acceptance of Indian herbal medicines ...... 15 4. Currency Rates of Exchange ...... 17 5. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients ...... 17 6. Selected Events ...... 26 7. Herb Profile: Chebulic myrobalan fruit ...... 34 8. Company Profile: Nature Connect India Pvt. Ltd...... 38 9. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations ...... 39

About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients

The Market Insider for medicinal plants & natural ingredients provides market intelligence on the production and international trade of selected botanical raw materials and value-added forms such as extracts and oils.

Market insights are presented for key developments on medicinal plants and botanical nutritional ingredients including analysis of international trade data, market trends, indicative market prices for selected botanical ingredients, trade specifications, market size and growth, target markets, business opportunities, legislation affecting the sector, technology, trade events, producer and product profiles.

New sources of information, news that subscribers and readers might have on their specific products or areas are welcome. See more at: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market- insider/medicinal-plants/

Some Useful Terminology

AYUSH: Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy CBD: Convention on Biodiversity CCC: Standard Classification of Commodities of Taiwan CCCCS: Commodity Classification for China Customs Statistics cfu/g: Colony-forming units per gram C&F: Cost & Freight; means the price includes cost and freight charges CFR: Seller has the same responsibilities as when shipping FOB, but shipping costs are prepaid by the seller CIF: Cost Insurance Freight; means the price includes cost, freight and insurance CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora & Fauna CL: Container load C/S: Cut and sifted COMTRADE: Commodity Trade Statistics Database EDQM: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines EMA: European Medicines Agency Essential Oils: Odorous product, usually of complex composition, obtained from a botanically defined plant raw material by steam distillation, dry distillation, or a suitable mechanical process without heating Extracts: Preparations of liquid (liquid extracts and tinctures), semi-solid (soft extracts and oleoresins) or solid (dry extracts) consistency obtained from Herbal Drugs or animal matter prepared by suitable methods using ethanol or other suitable solvents EXW: Ex works - Buyer arranges for pick-up of goods at the seller's location. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, and preparing goods for shipment on a specified date or time frame Farm Gate Price: Refers to the dollar value of agricultural products that you receive from direct farm sales or the value of primary products used for processing FAS: Free alongside ship - Buyer arranges for ocean transport. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, preparing goods for shipment and delivering the goods to the dock FAS Value: Value of exports at the seaport, airport, or border port of exportation, based on the transaction price including inland freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier at the port of export

FCA: Free carrier: seller is responsible for costs until the buyer's named freight carrier takes charge FCL: Full container load FLO: Fairtrade International FOB: Free On Board - means that the price only includes the cost of the item. Seller arranges for transport of the goods, preparing goods for shipment, and loading the goods onto the vessel FOR & FOT: Free On Rail or Free on Truck; both refer to goods being carried by rail and should only be used when the goods are carried by rail. The risk of loss or damage is transferred when the goods are loaded onto the rail FTA: Free Trade Agreement GACP: Good Agricultural and Collection Practice GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice ha: Hectare Herbal Drug Preparations: Obtained by subjecting Herbal Drugs to treatments such as: extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation. These include comminuted or powdered herbal drugs, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates Herbal Drugs: Whole, fragmented, or cut plants, parts of plants, algae, fungi or lichen, in an unprocessed state, usually in dried form but sometimes fresh. Certain exudates that have not been subjected to a specific treatment are also considered to be herbal drugs Herbal Teas: Consist exclusive of one or more Herbal Drugs intended for oral aqueous preparations by means of decoction, infusion or maceration; usually supplied in bulk form or in sachets HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPTLC: High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography HS Code: Harmonized System Tariff Code ITC (HS) Indian Trade Classification Harmonized System ITC International Trade Centre / UNCTAD / WTO MAP: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants NLT: Not less than NESOI: Not Elsewhere Specified or Included NMT: Not more than NOP: National Organic Program (USDA) NTFP: Non Timber Forest Products OTC: Over the Counter medicines: Medicines sold without a prescription PE: Powdered Extract PhEur: European Pharmacopoeia PPRC: Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China SE: Soft Extract TBC: Tea bag cut TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine THMP: Traditional Herbal Medicinal Product TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography UPI: Unani Pharmacopoeia of India USD: United States Dollar USP: United States Pharmacopeia VAT: Value Added Tax

1. Industry News and Trends

1.1. German market for herbal medicinal products reached 1.6 billion Euros in 2015 by Market Insider Wednesday, 23 Mar. 2016

Retail sales of herbal medicinal products in Germany reached 1.6 billion Euros in 2015, up 5.9% from 2014, according to a new report written by Dr. Maria Verheesen of the German Medicines Manufacturers‘ Association (BAH).

Germany’s non-prescription medicine market has always been diverse and in 2015 nearly one-third of all medicines sold in pharmacies were either herbal medicines (traditional and well-established), anthroposophical medicines or homoeopathic medicines. The report shows that most herbal products in Germany are sold in the pharmacy channel, 86% of which are herbal medicinal products (both non-prescription and prescription) and 5% herbal health products (not registered medicines). Another 9% of products are sold outside of the pharmacy channel, for example in drug stores (in Germany drug stores are different from pharmacies), grocery stores and supermarkets.

The top three therapeutic categories of herbal medicinal products, accounting for over half of all sales in Germany, are herbal cough remedies, herbal products for respiratory tract diseases, and herbal medicines for cold and flu.

Sources: 1. Verheesen M. Pflanzliche Arzneimittel in Deutschland aktuelle Marktzahlen. Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie. 2016;37:16-18.

1.2. USP expert committee proposes more rational approach to regulating pesticide residue limits on medicinal plants by Market Insider Tuesday, 15 Mar. 2016

In recent years, more and more producers and exporters of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) all around the world have become aware of - and increasingly concerned with - the U.S. regulatory framework for pesticide residue limits. There is considerable uncertainty whether containers will be detained or refused entry, even if the containers contain pharmacopeial quality MAPs that would have no problem entering ports of the European Union (EU) and other destination markets.

In the U.S., pesticide residues detected on dried MAP materials are regulated in very different ways depending on the type of product the MAP substance will be used in. The very same herb will be subject to limits established for food crops [by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] if it is used in an herbal dietary supplement product but it may be subject to very different limits established for medicinal herbs [by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP)] if it is used as an active ingredient of an herbal medicinal product [e.g., over-the-counter (OTC) medicine and/or prescription drug].

The main problem with this disparity is that the EPA, charged with the establishing of pesticide tolerances for food crops, has never established specific tolerances for most of the thousands of MAP species in U.S. commerce. Most MAP species are wild-collected and are not cultivated crops so there would also be no reason for EPA to establish pesticide residue limits for them. In the absence of an EPA-established tolerance, zero-tolerance is the law.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for enforcing EPA pesticide tolerances and, for example, tests imported MAPs at ports of entry for compliance. At the same time, trace (yet detectable) levels of pesticide residues of unknown origin (nonpoint source) are increasingly a global environmental contamination problem. For example, residues of “legacy pesticides” (e.g., DDT) and also “current use pesticides” are being detected in Arctic ice caps, which is evidence of long range atmospheric transport. Similarly, pesticides are being detected in wild flowers due to long range transportation by pollinators. Unfortunately, pesticide residues can now be detected everywhere, in ice, snow, soil and water, as well as on crops from certified organic land where no pesticide chemicals have been applied and even on MAPs that are wild-collected in remote forests.

In view of the widespread environmental contamination caused by the use of pesticide chemicals throughout the world and their persistence in the environment, increasingly leading to detection of trace amounts of pesticide residues of unknown origin, the ‘Botanical Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Expert Committee’ (BDSHM-EC) and staff of the USP are recommending that FDA regulations be amended in order to accept rational pesticide residue limits that are established by the USP for articles of botanical origin that are used in herbal dietary supplement products. The USP limits presently only apply to articles of botanical origin that are used in OTC or prescription drug products.

The recommendations were made in a ‘Stimuli article’ that was published 01 March 2016 for public comment in Pharmacopeial Forum (PF). PF is a bimonthly online journal in which USP publishes proposed revisions to USP–NF for public review and comment. The intent of this Stimuli article is to provide background about the need for rational limits for pesticides, to ensure the quality of articles of botanical origin, engage stakeholders to strengthen USP standards with regard to contaminants, and solicit public comments.

Incorporating the USP limits into law would cover all herbs of commerce uniformly whether they are used in dietary supplement products or in drug products. The current approach leaves most MAP species used in dietary supplements subject to zero tolerance which is increasingly unattainable due to factors outside of the control of farmers and traders.

Furthermore, the Stimuli article argues that: ‘Different standards with regard to pesticide residues between the U.S. and their main trading partners, such as Canada and the EU, for ostensibly the same herbal products (albeit regulated differently), is also problematic in that it puts U.S. companies at a competitive disadvantage in the global market. For example, Canadian herbal product companies may import and use articles of botanical origin that test in compliance with either the Ph. Eur. or USP limits, whereas U.S. companies may experience FDA detentions and import refusals for articles of the same pharmacopeial quality due to the zero tolerance requirement for the vast majority of botanical articles with no EPA-established tolerances.’

Sources: 1. USP Botanical Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Expert Committee (Brinckmann JA, Dentali S, Fletcher E, Gafner S, Marles RJ) and USP Staff (Okunji C, Sarma N, Giancaspro GI), ‘Stimuli to the Revision Process: Need for Clear Regulation of Pesticide Residue Limits for Articles of Botanical Origin’, Pharmacopeial Forum; 2016;42(2), 17 pages. Available at: http://www.usp.org/usp-nf/pharmacopeial-forum

1.3. 2-year college course for medicinal plant production professionals by Market Insider Monday, 07 Mar. 2016

A 2-year (4 semester) college course on wild herbs and medicinal plants, targeted at professionals already working in the harvesting, production and/or processing of medicinal plants, whether wild-collected or cultivated, begins 20 May 2016 through the ‘Hochschule für Agrar- und Umweltpädagogik’ (University College for Agrarian and Environmental Pedagogy), Vienna, Republic of Austria.

Graduates qualify as ‘Academic Expert on Wild Herbs and Medicinal Plants’ and earn 60 ECTS (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System) in four semesters.

The curriculum includes applied botany (including ecology of plants, conservation biology, pharmacognosy, and taxonomy), phytochemistry, use of medicinal plants in contemporary phytotherapy, ethnomedicine and folk medicine as well as use of wild plants as foods, herbal teas and spices. Part of the curriculum involves identification of wild medicinal plants, understanding their habitat and role in the ecosystem, as well as instruction on both wild collection practices and agricultural practices for medicinal plants, etc…

Sources: 1. Pichler T. Hochschullehrgang Wildkräuter und Arzneipflanzen. Ländliche Fortbildungsinstitut (LFI). 24 Februar 2016. Available at: http://www.lfi.at/ 2. Hochschule für Agrar- und Umweltpädagogik. Hochschullehrgang Wildkräuter und Arzneipflanzen. Available at: http://www.agrarumweltpaedagogik.ac.at/fort-und- weiterbildung/hochschullehrgaenge/wildkraeuter-und-arzneipflanzen/index.html

1.4. Biodiversity Conservation Guidance for Certified Organic Wild Medicinal Plant Production by Market Insider Thursday, 03 Mar. 2016

In January 2016, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Organic Program (NOP) published a guidance document titled ‘Natural Resources and Biodiversity Conservation Guidance’. The guidance aims to clarify certain parts of the organic regulations for Accredited Certifying Agents and Certified Operations (including organic farms and organic wild collection operations).

Concerning wild collection of medicinal plants under organic rules, USDA wrote, in an annex of responses to comments received, that wild harvest operations may voluntarily elect to follow the FairWild Standard (FWS) in order to meet the NOP requirements for biodiversity conservation; however FairWild certification is voluntary and not expressly included in the USDA guidance.

As part of the ‘Understanding Organic Agriculture Series’, on Thursday 17 March 2016, the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) presents a webinar titled ‘Natural Resources and Biodiversity Conservation in Organic Production’. Continuing Education Units (CEUs) are offered for Certified Crop Advisors and Conservation Planners who attend the webinar.

Pre-registration is not required to attend the webinar. More information available at: http://www.conservationwebinars.net/webinars/natural-resource-and-biodiversity- conservation-in-organic-production/

Sources:

1. USDA Science & Technology Training Library (2016) Natural Resources and Biodiversity Conservation in Organic Production: http://www.conservationwebinars.net/webinars/natural- resource-and-biodiversity-conservation-in-organic-production/ 2. USDA NOP (2016) Natural Resources and Biodiversity Conservation Guidance: http://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/NOP%205020%20Biodiversity%20Guidance% 20Rev01%20%28Final%29.pdf 3. USDA NOP (2016) Response to Comments - Natural Resources and Biodiversity Conservation: http://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/NOP%205020- 1%20Response%20to%20Comments_Final.pdf 4. USDA NOP (2016) National Organic Program Handbook: Guidance and Instructions for Accredited Certifying Agents and Certified Operations: http://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Program%20Handbk_TOC.pdf 5. FairWild Foundation (FWF). 2010. FairWild Standard: Version 2.0. FairWild Foundation, Weinfelden, Switzerland. Available at: http://www.fairwild.org/documents/

1.5. New UNESCO publication on role of botanists for sustainable economies by Market Insider Friday, 26 Feb. 2016

The 286 page ‘Botanists of the twenty-first century: roles, challenges and opportunities’, based on the proceedings of a UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) international conference by the same title, which took place in Paris in September 2014, was published online in February 2016 by UNESCO and is freely available to download at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002437/243791m.pdf

The book provides presentations relevant to the sustainable production and trade of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) including:

“Progressing plant conservation through policy, practice and participation” keynote presented by Sara Oldfield, Botanic Gardens Conservation International; “Threats to rainforests in the Peruvian Amazon” keynote presented by Julio Ruiz Murrieta; “Plant conservation for the benefit of local communities: The MGU – Useful Plants Project” presented by Tiziana Ulian, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK; “La connaissance des espèces : une quête du Graal pour la gestion durable des forêts tropicales” presented by Charles Doumenge, Centre de Coopération Internationale en recherché Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France.

Sources: 1. Rakotoarisoa NR, Blackmore S, Riera B (eds.). Botanists of the twenty-first century: roles, challenges and opportunities. Paris, France: UNESCO. 2016. Available at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002437/243791m.pdf

1.6. USP proposes requiring compendial quality standards for herbal dietary supplements by Market Insider Wednesday, 17 Feb. 2016

For nearly 200 years, since 1820, the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) has been developing standards for defining and testing the composition, identity, purity, quality and strength of articles of botanical origin.

In the United States of America (USA), if the article is an active ingredient of a medicinal product, whether an over-the-counter (OTC) medicine or prescription medicine, compliance with an official USP monograph is mandatory for the drug manufacturer. However, in 1994 a new regulatory framework was established as an act of congress, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA).

Whereas most herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations fall under medicines regulations in European countries and in neighboring Canada and United Mexican States, in the USA most (oral use) herbal products transitioned to the dietary supplement framework during the 1990’s. Because herbal dietary supplement products are regulated under a subset of food regulations (not as a subset of drug regulations), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) could not require them to be composed of pharmacopoeial quality ingredients (required for medicines only). Thus, individual companies could develop their own specifications and tests.

In the 22 years since the passage of DSHEA, one of the most frequent violations cited by FDA during GMP inspections is that the private specifications set by herbal dietary supplement manufacturers themselves are often insufficient to ensure adequate quality of dietary ingredients and/or of herbal dietary supplement finished products.

In an opinion piece article published online on 09 February 2016 in the journal ‘Drug Testing and Analysis’, USP’s Dietary Supplements Director Nandakumara Sarma, Ph.D. and colleagues proposed a solution to the persisting problem. USP believes that the universal adoption of USP quality standards would serve the FDA, manufacturers and consumers by improving the consistency and quality of herbal dietary supplement products marketed in the USA. They further suggest that FDA’s GMPs could be strengthened by requiring conformance with standards established by USP or by other comparable compendia.

Sources: 1. Daniells S. Make compendial standards compulsory to improve consistency & quality of supplements, says USP paper. NUTRAingredients-usa.com. 15 February 2016. Available at: http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Regulation/Make-compendial-standards-compulsory-to- improve-consistency-quality-of-supplements-says-USP-paper 2. Sarma, N., Giancaspro, G., and Venema, J. (2016) Dietary supplements quality analysis tools from the United States Pharmacopeia. Drug Test. Analysis, Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1940/epdf

1.7. St. John’s Wort product recall due to pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination by Market Insider Friday, 12 Feb. 2016

St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a native plant of European, northern African and western Asian biodiversity. The flowering tops are harvested (from both wild-collection and controlled cultivation) during the flowering period for use in European herbal medicinal products but are also exported for use in medicinal products worldwide.

On 08 February 2016 the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in London took a precautionary step of recalling six specific batches of registered traditional herbal medicinal products (THMPs) containing dry extract of St John’s Wort aerial parts due to contamination by pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) above the threshold recommended by the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA).

For names of the affected products and batch numbers see MHRA press release at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/precautionary-recall-six-batches-of-st-johns-wort- tablets

St. John’s wort does not naturally contain PAs. The detection of PAs in St. John’s wort products is likely accidental due to other PA-containing wild plants getting mixed in during harvesting. A 2015 report by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) found that St. John’s wort products are frequently contaminated with PAs and appear to be most often contaminated with traces of plant material from species of the Boraginaceae family or the Eupatorium genus.

In Europe, the commercial supply of St. John’s wort (flowering aerial parts) is for the most part obtained from producers and suppliers in the Republic of Albania, Republic of Austria, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Republic of Bulgaria, Republic of Croatia, Federal Republic of Germany, Hungary, Republic of Italy, Kosovo, Republic of Poland, Romania, Republic of Serbia, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

In the European Union, certain preparations containing dry extract of St. John’s wort for oral administration can be granted marketing authorization and labelled for relief of temporary mental exhaustion.

Sources: 1. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Six batches of St John’s Wort Tablets containing 91,800 packs are being recalled today as a precaution because of product contamination. London, MHRA. 8 February 2016: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/precautionary-recall-six-batches-of-st-johns-wort-tablets 2. Mulder PPJ, López Sánchez P, These A, Preiss-Weigert A and Castellari M, 2015. Occurrence of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in food. EFSA supporting publication 2015:EN-859, 114 pp: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/859e.pdf 3. European Medicines Agency (EMA) Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Final Community Herbal Monograph on Hypericum perforatum L., Herba (Traditional Use). London, UK: EMA. 12 November 2009: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_- _Community_herbal_monograph/2010/01/WC500059149.pdf

1.8. U.S. Customs proposes controversial tariff change for bilberry extract by Market Insider Thursday, 04 Feb. 2016

Vaccinium myrtillus is a medicinal plant of European biodiversity, known as bilberry or European blueberry. The ripe fruits of bilberry are wild-collected by local people for household income in several countries including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Republic of Bulgaria, Republic of Croatia, Republic of Finland, Republic of Poland, Republic of Serbia, Romania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Ukraine, among other European origins.

Standardized bilberry extracts rank among the highest-value medicinal herbal ingredients processed by most the major European extraction houses for the global market.

In the EU, extract of fresh bilberry fruit is regulated as an active ingredient of traditional herbal medicinal products (THMPs) requiring registration and pre-marketing authorization. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) approves the following therapeutic indications (a) ‘THMP to relieve symptoms of discomfort and heaviness of legs related to minor venous circulatory disturbances’; and (b) ‘THMP to relieve symptoms of cutaneous capillary fragility’.

In the United States of America, the same extract of fresh bilberry is regulated however as a component of dietary supplement products, a subset of food and not medicine.

Because there is no product-specific tariff code assigned for bilberry extract in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS), the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has, in the past, made rulings on various incoming shipments of bilberry extracts.

Historically, the customs rulings have been correct and consistent in that most all articles of botanical origin in extract form are covered under HS 1302 [“Vegetable saps and extracts; pectic substances, pectinates and pectates; agar-agar and other mucilages and thickeners, whether or not modified, derived from vegetable products”].

For example, in 1996, CPB ruled that a standardized dry extract of bilberry fruit manufactured in Italy should be classified under HS 1302.19.4040 [“Vegetable saps and extracts: Other: Other”].

Then in 2012, CPB ruled that bilberry extract powder should be classified under HS 1302.19.9140 ["Vegetable saps and extracts: Other: Other: Other]. However, in December 2015, CPB proposed to revoke and/or modify past customs rulings for imported standardized bilberry fruit dry extract, now proposing to move it to HS 3824.90.9290 [“Prepared binders for foundry molds or cores; chemical products and preparations of the chemical or allied industries (including those consisting of mixtures of natural products), not elsewhere specified or included: Other: Other: Other”].

In January 2016, the American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) submitted a well- reasoned 29-page argument to the U.S. CPB in opposition to their proposed revocation of bilberry extract in HS 1302 and switch to HS 3824; AHPA’s comments available at: http://www.ahpa.org/Portals/0/PDFs/Advocacy/16_0122_AHPA_Comments_Bilberry- Blueberry.pdf?ver=2016-01-25-114435-013

The following quote is excerpted from the AHPA press release announcing their opposition to the U.S. Customs proposal:

“AHPA views CBP’s proposal as directly problematic for importers and marketers of bilberry and blueberry extracts and as presenting potential economic burdens on companies that trade in other herbal extracts,” said AHPA President Michael McGuffin. “If this particular CBP proposal becomes the norm we could see inappropriate tariffs applied to many other ingredients derived from botanical sources.”

Sources: 1. American Herbal Products Association (AHPA). AHPA opposes U.S. Customs proposal to reclassify certain bilberry and blueberry extracts. 27 January 2016: http://www.ahpa.org/News/LatestNews/TabId/96/ArtMID/1179/ArticleID/613/AHPA-opposes-US- Customs-proposal-to-reclassify-certain-bilberry-and-blueberry-extracts.aspx 2. American Herbal Products Association (AHPA). Comments of the American Herbal Products Association on the Proposed Revocation of Three Ruling Letters, Modification of Two Ruling Letters and Revocation of Treatment Relating to the Tariff Classification of Bilberry and Blueberry Extract Powder. 22 January 2016: http://www.ahpa.org/Portals/0/PDFs/Advocacy/16_0122_AHPA_Comments_Bilberry- Blueberry.pdf?ver=2016-01-25-114435-013 3. Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) European Medicines Agency (EMA). European Union herbal monograph on Vaccinium myrtillus L., fructus recens. London, UK: EMA. 29 September 2015: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_- _Herbal_monograph/2015/12/WC500198374.pdf

4. Engels G. Herb Profile: Bilberry. HerbalGram. 2009; 81:1-2. 5. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM). Fresh Bilberry Fruit Dry Extract, Refined and Standardised. In: European Pharmacopoeia (PhEur 8.6). Strasbourg, France: EDQM. 2015. 6. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Proposed Revocation of Three Ruling Letters, Modification of Two Ruling Letters and Revocation of Treatment Relating to the Tariff Classification of Bilberry and Blueberry Extract Powders. CUSTOMS BULLETIN AND DECISIONS, VOL. 49, NO. 51, DECEMBER 23, 2015: https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Vol_49_No_51_Title.pdf

1.9. Session on sustainable wild collection of medicinal plants at BioFach 2016 by Market Insider Wednesday, 03 Feb. 2016

An educational session titled ‘FairWild Standard and certification scheme for sustainable wild collection: from audit to market’ occurs 10 February at the BioFach 2016 in Nürnberg, Federal Republic of Germany.

BioFach is the largest international trade show for certified organic products including natural foods and organic wild medicinal and aromatic plants.

Suppliers of FairWild® certified ingredients exhibiting at BioFach include Runo Spólka z.o.o. (http://www.runo.pl/) in stand 5-162 and Schmidt und CO. Kft. (http://www.schmidtundco.hu/en/en_01.htm) at stand 5-171. The FairWild Foundation (http://www.fairwild.org/) exhibits at stand 1-555.

This session aims to bring out key recommendations and practical ideas on implementing the ‘FairWild Standard’ and certification scheme: From audit to market. In break-out sessions different aspects of sustainable sourcing will be explored, from auditing of wild-collection practices; to effective resource assessment, management and monitoring; and finally to marketing wild products. A Q&A session with the FairWild Foundation Secretariat to learn more about FairWild follows.

Sources: 1. FairWild Foundation. Join FairWild Foundation at BioFach 2016: http://www.fairwild.org/news 2. BioFach. FairWild Standard and certification scheme for sustainable wild collection: from audit to market: https://www.biofach.de/en/events/vortrag/fairwild-standard-and-certification-scheme-for- sustainable-wild-collection-from-audit-to-market/12935#top

2. Markets for African Medicinal Plants and Extracts

2.1. UNIDO project to improve competiveness of wild rosemary value chain of Moroccan Oriental region begins by Market Insider Thursday, 31 Mar. 2016

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a plant of western Mediterranean biodiversity growing wild in northern Africa (Kingdom of Morocco, Republic of Tunisia, People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria) and southern Europe (Portuguese Republic, Kingdom of Spain, French Republic, Republic of Italy, Republic of Albania, Republic of Malta, Hellenic Republic), It is also cultivated to some extent in the same region and elsewhere around the world. Rosemary leaf, as well as essential oil and extracts made from it, is used in traditional European herbal medicine but more widely used as a component of cosmetic, dietary supplement and food products.

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in close cooperation with the High Commission on Water, Forest and Combating Desertification. (HCEFLCD), Kingdom of Morocco, has developed a project aiming to improve competitiveness of the wild rosemary value chain in the Oriental Region of Morocco. The 30 month project, funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC, runs January 2016 through June 2018.

Rosemary grows wild in the woodlands of the Rif (mountainous region of northern Morocco), the Middle and High Atlas and in the Eastern Highlands of the Oriental Region. Wild collection of rosemary provides valuable income in semi-arid areas where cash crops are scarce and sustainable management of the wild rosemary populations helps to prevent desertification. About 60% of Moroccan rosemary production occurs in the Oriental Region, of which more than 90% is wild collected and less than 10% is cultivated.

The ultimate goal of the project is to strengthen value chain links, especially for the members of rural cooperatives who gather wild rosemary for household income, improve quality and increase value addition of rosemary to enable better market prices, and implement a sustainable rosemary management plan to protect the resource for the future.

In December 2012, Morocco published Geographical Indication (GI) standards for ‘Feuilles Séchées du Romarin de l’Oriental’ [dried leaves of rosemary of the Oriental Region] and ‘Huile essentielle du Romarin de l’Oriental’ [essential oil of rosemary of the Oriental Region], which specify the unique characteristics of geo-authentic wild Oriental rosemary.

Sources: 1. Crédit Agricole du Maroc. Un nouveau projet pour la valorisation du romarin sauvage de l’Oriental. Fellahtrade. 12 January 2016: http://www.fellah-trade.com/fr/info-filiere/actualites- maroc/article?id=11121 2. UNIDO. AZIR-O : Appui à l’amélioration de la compétitivité de la chaîne de valeur du romarin dans l’Oriental. 2015. 3. Agence pour le Développement Agricole. Commercialisation des produits du terroir Produits labélisés: Oriental: http://www.ada.gov.ma/pdf/produits/Oriental.pdf 4. DREFLCD de l’Oriental. ’Cahier des charges relatif à la demande de reconnaissance de l’Indication Géographique « Feuilles Séchées du Romarin de l’Oriental ». December 2012. 5. DREFLCD de l’Oriental. ’Cahier des charges relatif à la demande de reconnaissance de l’Indication Géographique « Huile essentielle romarin de l’Oriental». December 2012.

2.2. BTC offering marketing support to producers of sustainable and fairly traded MAPs by Market Insider Monday, 07 Mar. 2016

The Trade for Development Centre (TDC), a program of the Belgian Development Agency (BTC), is offering marketing support services to ‘small producer organizations’ and ‘micro, small and medium sized enterprises’ engaged in fair and sustainable trade of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in selected (mainly African) countries. TDC has launched a call for applications for its marketing coaching program with an application deadline of 14 October 2016.

The current call is targeted to MAP enterprises or organizations, in business for at least 2 years, that are ‘small producers’ organizations’ or ‘collector organizations’ (= producer cooperatives or producer associations) or ‘micro, small and medium enterprises’, being owned in majority by one or more small producers’ organizations, located in any one of the following:

Africa: Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kingdom of Morocco, People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, Republic of Benin, Republic of Burundi, Republic of Guinea, Republic of Mali, Republic of Mozambique, Republic of the Niger, Republic of Rwanda, Republic of Senegal, Republic of South Africa, Republic of Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania; Asia: State of Palestine, Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Organizations that have already benefited from TDC’s marketing support program launched in 2014 and 2015 are not eligible.

Application rules and forms are available to download in English, Dutch, and French languages at: http://www.befair.be/en/content/marketing-support

Sources: 1. BTC Trade for Development. We launched a new call for applications! Available at: http://www.befair.be/en/content/marketing-support

3. Markets for Asian Medicinal Plants and Extracts

3.1. Schisandra market prices continue to soar following major warehouse fire by Market Insider Thursday, 31 Mar. 2016

Northern schisandra (Schisandra chinensis) is a product of East Asian biodiversity growing wild in the northeastern Chinese provinces of Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, and Shanxi and also occurring in parts of northern Japan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and Russian Far East. Northern schisandra is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, traditional Korean medicine, and in contemporary Russian medicine.

Depending on the weather, harvesting takes place during September and October, and most of the commercial supply is harvested in Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang Provinces, People’s Republic of China.

Since end of February 2016, market prices have been skyrocketing. On 17 February 2016 a major medicinal plant storage warehouse in Jingyu County (southern Jilin Province) burned down destroying significant stocks of northern schisandra fruit and Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) root from the 2015 harvests.

The below chart, provided by the Chengdu Hehuachi Chinese Herbal Medicine Market, shows that average market price for dried northern schisandra fruit had been stable in 2016 at 51.50 Chinese Yuan Renminbi (CNY) per kg (= about US$ 7.91 / kg) up until last week of February. Throughout March, the average market price has been climbing and presently sits at 82.50 CNY / kg (= about US$ 12.67 / kg). Because the next possible harvest is not possible until autumn 2016, market prices are predicted to continue rising as available stocks diminish.

Image source: http://www.ysindex.com/Portals/0/chart/L061140111.PNG

Sources: 1. Chengdu Tiandiwang Information Technology Co., Ltd, 存放五味子仓库大火能否助推新一轮行情产生？20 February 2016: http://www.zyctd.com/article-230069-1.html 2. Chengdu Hehuachi Chinese Herbal Medicine Market: 北五味子(一等）(元/千克): http://www.ysindex.com/Portals/0/chart/L061140111.PNG

3.2. Government of India and WHO to collaborate towards international acceptance of Indian herbal medicines by Market Insider Wednesday, 23 Mar. 2016

In response to a question in the ‘Rajya Sabha’ (the ‘Council of States’, upper house of the Parliament of Republic of India), the Minister of State, Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy), Shri Shripad Yesso Nalk stated that on 17 February 2016, the Union Cabinet approved the signing of an agreement with the World Health Organization (WHO), as a first step of a long term collaboration to further develop certain WHO Technical publications that can be utilized for a goal of reaching better international acceptability of the Indian Systems of Medicine.

Efforts to broaden the acceptance of the Indian systems of medicine such as traditional Ayurvedic medicine and traditional Unani medicine could include promotion of the medicinal plants and herbal formulations used in these systems.

Existing WHO documents specifically mentioned include:

 Benchmarks for training in traditional /complementary and alternative medicine: benchmarks for training in Ayurveda; and

 Benchmarks for training in traditional /complementary and alternative medicine: Benchmarks for training in Unani medicine.

Sources: 1. Press Information Bureau (PIB), Government of India. Collaboration with WHO for promoting Traditional medical system. 15 March 2016. Available at: http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137969 2. World Health Organization (WHO). Benchmarks for training in traditional /complementary and alternative medicine: benchmarks for training in Ayurveda. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 2010. Available at: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/BenchmarksforTraininginAyurveda.pdf?ua=1 3. World Health Organization (WHO. Benchmarks for training in traditional /complementary and alternative medicine: Benchmarks for training in Unani medicine. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 2010. Available at: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/BenchmarksforTraininginUnaniMedicine.pdf?ua=1

4. Currency Rates of Exchange

Rates of Exchange: 20 March 2016 CURRENCY CODE UNITS 1 / USD UNITS 1 / EUR Chinese Yuan Renminbi CNY 6.47087 7.29587 EURO EUR 0.887039 1.0000 Indian Rupee INR 66.4500 74.9231 Nepalese Rupee NPR 106.476 120.053 Russian Ruble RUB 67.7223 76.3658 United States Dollar USD 1.0000 1.12779 Source: XE Currency Converter: http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/

5. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients

Note: Prices should be considered indicative only and reflect the price of a product of a specific grade or quality from the specified origin. Great care should be taken when comparing prices of medicinal herbs of different origins, grades, qualities and quantities.

AJOWAN FRUIT Botanical name: Trachyspermum ammi Hindi: Ajwain / Sanskrit: Yavani Pharmacopoeial name: Trachyspermi Ammi Fructus Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) flatulence with a gurgling sound; b) distension of abdomen due to obstruction to passage of urine and stools; Medicinal c) diseases of abdomen; d) abdominal lump; e) intestinal parasites; f) uses: sharp piercing pain. Traditional Unani Medicine: a) flatulence in the stomach; b) gastric pain; c) anorexia; d) colic; e) pertussis; f) diarrhoea; g) hysteria; h) cholera. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 16500~19100 INR / quintal $2.48556~$2.87722 / kg Vikarabad, (= 100 kg); Modal price: (Modal price: $2.68139 / 19.03.2016 Telangana 17800 INR / quintal kg) FOB Mumbai US$ 3660 / MT $3.66 / kg 26.02.2016 Port, MH (Qty: 13.5 MT / 20’ FCL) AMLA FRUIT Botanical name: Phyllanthus emblica Chinese: Yuganzi (餘甘子); Hindi: Amla; Nepalese: Amala; Sanskrit: Amalaki Pharmacopoeial name: Phyllanthi Fructus Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) bleeding disorders; b) hyperacidity; c) increased frequency and turbidity or urine; d) burning sensation. Medicinal Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) to remove heat in the blood and blood uses: stasis; b) maldigestion; c) dyspepsia, abdominal pain; e) cough; sore throat, and dryness of the mouth. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Nepalgunj, 55.00 NPR / kg $0.516548 / kg 13.03.2016 Nepal (wild-collected, Nepal) 12.00 CNY / kg Bohzou, (Qty.: > 500 kg seedless; $1.85721 / kg 20.03.2016 Anhui wild-collected, Yunnan) BARBARY WOLFBERRY FRUIT Botanical name: Lycium barbarum

Chinese: gou qi zi (枸杞子) Pharmacopoeial name: Lycii Fructus Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) general debility with deficiency of vital Medicinal essence manifested by aching of the loins and knees, dizziness and uses: tinnitus; b) diabetes caused by internal heat; c) anaemia; d) impaired vision. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 61.00 CNY / kg (280 $9.43103 / kg 20.03.2016 Sichuan Grade, Ningxia origin) Chengdu, 58.00 CNY / kg (280 $8.96721 / kg 20.03.2016 Sichuan Grade, Xinjiang origin) BETLENUT (SEED) Botanical name: Areca catechu Chinese: Binglang (檳榔)/ Sanskrit: Puga, Kramuka, Ghona Pharmacopoeial name: Arecae Catechu Semen Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) tastelessness; b) contortion of the mouth; c) loss of vaginal muscle tone; d) leucorrhea (white to yellow viscid discharge from the vagina or uterine cavity) Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) taeniasis (parasitic infection caused by Medicinal the tapeworm); b) ascariasia (disease caused by the parasitic uses: roundworm); c) fasciolopsiasis (diseases caused by the intestinal fluke); d) abdominal pain due to intestinal parasitosis; e) diarrhea due to accumulation of undigested food; f) oedema and weakness of the legs; g) malaria. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 26000~27739 INR / Thirthahalli, quintal (Modal price: $3.91664~$4.17860 / kg 20.03.2016 Kerala 27689 INR / quintal; (Modal price: $4.17107 /kg) cultivated) CALAMUS RHIZOME Botanical name: Acorus calamus Chinese: zang chang pu (藏菖蒲) / Nepalese: Bojho / Sanskrit: Vaca Pharmacopoeial name: Acori Calami Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) colic pain; b) epilepsy; c) asthma; d) Medicinal constipation; e) mania; f) flatulence; g) otorrhoea; and h) weak memory uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) tonify stomach yang; b) treat maldigestion and food stagnation; c) diphtheria. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Nepalgunj, 90 NPR / kg $0.845261 / kg 13.03.2016 Nepal CHAMOMILE FLOWER (GERMAN) Botanical name: Matricaria recutita Czech: heřmánkový květ / German: Kamillenblüten / Hungarian: Kamillavirágzat Pharmacopoeial name: Matricariae flos Traditional European Medicine: a) or the symptomatic treatment of minor gastro-intestinal complaints such as bloating and minor spasms; b) Medicinal for the treatment of minor ulcers and inflammations of the mouth and uses: throat; c) for adjuvant therapy of irritations of skin and mucosae in the anal and genital region, after serious conditions have been excluded by a medical doctor; d) for the treatment of minor inflammation of the skin

(sunburn) and superficial wounds and small boils (furuncles). CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg FOB US$ 5800 / MT (Grade $5.80 / kg 16.03.2016 Fayoum Egypt 1, Certified Organic) FOB US$ 5000 / MT (Grade $5.00 / kg 16.03.2016 Fayoum Egypt 2, Certified Organic) CHEBULIC MYROBALAN FRUIT Botanical names: Terminalia chebula or T. chebula var. tomentella Arabic: Halelaj / Chinese: he zi (訶子) / Nepali: Harro / Sanskrit: haritaki / Tamil: kaddukai Pharmacopoeial name: Chebulae Fructus Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) Sotha (inflammation); b) Arsa (piles); c) Aruci (tastelessness); d) Hrdroga (heart disease); e) Kasa (cough); f) Pandu (anemia); g) Prameha (increased frequency and turbidity of urine); h) Udavarta (upward movement of gases); i) Vibandha (constipation); j) Jirnajvara (chronic fever); k) Visama jvara (intermittent fever); l) Siroroga (disease of head); m) Tamaka svasa (bronchial asthma); n) Gulma (abdominal lump); o) Udararoga (diseases of abdomen). Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) protracted diarrhoea with Medicinal hematochezia (passage of bright red, bloody stools) and prolapse of the uses: rectum; b) chronic cough with sore throat and hoarseness of voice Traditional Siddha Medicine: a) Kamalai (jaundice); b) Kan noykal (eye diseases); c) Kuruti alal (bleeding disorders); d) Malamilakki (constipation); e) Peru vayiru (ascites; abnormal accumulation fluid in the peritoneal cavity); f) Vitam (poison). Traditional Unani Medicine: a) Zof-e-Basarat (asthenopia; eye strain); b) Zof-e-Dimagh (weakness of the brain); c) Zof-e-Meda (weakness of the stomach); d) Zof-e-Ama (weakness of the intestines). CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Kathmandu, 70 NPR / kg $0.657425 / kg 13.03.2016 Nepal (dried; without seed) CHIRATA HERB Botanical name: Swertia chirayita Nepalese: Chiraito (चिराइतो, तततो) / Sanskrit: Kiratatikta Pharmacopoeial name: Swertiae Herba Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) fever; b) thirst; c) burning sensation; Medicinal d) inflammation; e) skin diseases; f) ulcer; g) intestinal worms; h) itching; uses: and i) excessive flow of urine. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Kathmandu, 425 NPR / kg $3.99151 / kg 13.03.2016 Nepal CRANBERRY FRUIT Botanical name: Vaccinium macrocarpon French: canneberge / Spanish: arándano agrio Pharmacopoeial name: Macrocarponii Fructus Medicinal Traditional Western Herbal Medicine: a) to help prevent recurrent uses: urinary tract infections CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Ex-whse New US$ 1.95 / lb $4.29897 / kg 11.03.2016 Jersey, USA (Min. qty: 1,000 lbs) (Min. qty: 454 kg)

FENNEL FRUIT Botanical name: Foeniculum vulgare Chinese: xiao hui xiang (小茴香) / Hindi: Saunf / Sanskrit: Misreya ;شمر :Arabic Pharmacopoeial name: Foeniculi Fructus Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) colic pain; c) cough; d) vitiated blood; e) dysentery; and f) piles. Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) treatment of scrotal hernia with pain and cold extremities; b) dysmenorrhoea with lower abdominal pain and Medicinal cold sensation; and c) distending pain in the epigastrium with anorexia. uses: Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating, and flatulence; b) symptomatic treatment of minor spasm associated with menstrual periods; and c) as an expectorant in cough associated with cold. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 10000~20000 INR / Mumbai, quintal (= 100 kg); $1.50392~$3.00777 / kg 19.03.2016 Maharashtra Modal price: 15000 INR (Modal price: $2.25582 /kg) / quintal Anguo, 11.00 CNY / kg $1.70208 / kg 20.03.2016 Hebei (Northwest origin) FENUGREEK SEED Botanical name: Trigonella foenum-graecum Chinese: hu lu ba (胡蘆巴) / Sanskrit: Methi ;حلبة حصي :Arabic Pharmacopoeial name: Trigonellae Foenugraeci Semen Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) malabsorption syndrome; b) fever; c) increased frequency and turbidity of urine; and d) loss of taste sensation. Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) cold syndrome of the kidney due to Medicinal yang deficiency marked by pain and coldness in the lower abdomen; b) uses: hernia; and c) weakness and oedema of the legs caused by cold-damp. Traditional European Medicine: a) (oral) temporary loss of appetite; b) (cutaneous) symptomatic treatment of minor inflammations of the skin. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 4100~4200 INR / $0.617623~$0.632687 / kg Palanpur, quintal (= 100 kg); (Modal price: $0.625155 / 19.03.2016 Gujarat Modal price: 4150 INR kg) / quintal FOB Mumbai US$ 795 / MT Port, (Grade: FAQ; Qty: 21 $0.795 / kg 15.03.2016 Maharashtra MT / 20’ FCL) GINGER RHIZOME Botanical name: Zingiber officinale Chinese: gan jiang (干姜) / Nepalese: Sutho / Sanskrit: Sunthi Pharmacopoeial name: Zingiberis Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) flatulence; c) anaemia; d) asthma; e) abdominal diseases; and f) rheumatism. Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) epigastric pain with cold feeling, Medicinal vomiting and diarrhoea accompanied with cold extremities and faint pulse; uses: and b) dyspnoea and cough with copious expectoration. Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic relief of motion sickness; and b) symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating and flatulence. MARKET PRICE CONVERTED DATE OF PRICE

TO US$ / kg Anguo, 13.50 CNY / kg $2.08726 / kg 20.03.2016 Hebei (Yunnan origin) 17000~18000 INR / $2.55888~$2.70940 / kg Perumbavoor, quintal (= 100 kg); (Modal price: $2.63414 / 19.03.2016 Kerala Modal price: 17500 kg) INR / quintal US$ 2490 / MT FOB Mumbai (Grade: Good; Qty 12.5 $2.49 / kg 15.03.2016 Port, MH MT / 20’ FCL) Nepalgunj, 200 NPR / kg $1.87836 / kg 13.03.2016 Nepal GOTU KOLA HERB Botanical name: Centella asiatica Chinese: ji xue cao (积雪草) / Sanskrit: Mandukaparni Pharmacopoeial name: Centellae Asiaticae Herba Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) inflammation; b) tastelessness; c) fever; d) cough; e) itching; f) skin diseases; g) excessive bleeding disorder; h) excessive flow of urine; i) asthma; j) anaemia; k) blood Medicinal disorders. uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) jaundice caused by damp-heat; b) heat stroke with diarrhoea; c) urolithiasis and haematuria; d) carbuncles and boils; e) traumatic injuries. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 20.00 CNY / kg $3.09194 / kg 20.03.2016 Sichuan ISPAGHULA SEED Botanical name: Plantago ovata Pharmacopoeial name: Plantaginis Ovatae Semen Well-established uses: a) for the treatment of habitual constipation; and Medicinal b) for conditions in which easy defecation with soft stool is desirable, e.g. uses: in cases of painful defecation after rectal or anal surgery, anal fissures and haemorrhoids. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 8975~9575 INR / $1.35008~$1.44068 / kg Dhanera, quintal (= 100 kg); (Modal price: $1.39554 / 19.03.2016 Gujarat Modal price: 9275 kg) INR / quintal JATAMANSI ROOT AND RHIZOME Botanical name: Nardostachys jatamansi Chinese: gan song (甘松) / Nepalese: Jatamansi / Sanskrit: Jatamansi Pharmacopoeial name: Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) diseases of skin; b) erysipelas (bacterial skin infection); c) burning sensation; d) mental disorders; e) Medicinal insomnia. uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) (oral) epigastric and abdominal distension with anorexia and vomiting; b) (external) for toothache and swelling of the foot. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 32.50 CNY / kg (wild- $5.02431 / kg 20.03.2016 Sichuan collected, Sichuan)

Nepalgunj, 675.00 NPR / kg $6.33946 / kg 13.03.2016 Nepal (wild-collected, Nepal) LIQUORICE ROOT Botanical name(s): Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. inflata, or G. glabra Chinese: gan cao (甘草) / Sanskrit: Yasti Pharmacopoeial name: Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) cough; b) hoarseness of voice; c) phthisis (any wasting or atrophic disease, weakness, diseases due to vata dosha); d) ulcer; and e) gout. Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) weakness of the spleen and the stomach marked by lassitude and weakness; b) cardiac palpitation and Medicinal shortness of breath; c) cough with much phlegm; d) spasmodic pain in the uses: epigastrium, abdomen and limbs; e) carbuncles and sores; and f) often added to formulas to reduce drastic or toxic effects of other drugs. Traditional European Medicine: a) for the relief of digestive symptoms including burning sensation and dyspepsia; and b) used as an expectorant in cough associated with cold. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 13.00 CNY / kg Chengdu, (Xinjiang origin; wild- $2.00972 / kg 20.03.2016 Sichuan collected) Yulin, Guangxi 10.00 CNY / kg Zhuang (Inner Mongolia origin; $1.54610 / kg 20.03.2016 Autonomous wild-collected) Region MACA ROOT Botanical name: Lepidium meyenii Quechua: Ayakwillku / Spanish: Maca Pharmacopoeial name: Lepidium meyenii Tuber Medicinal Peruvian herbal medicine: a) Helps to support healthy mood balance uses: during menopause; b) Helps to support emotional aspects of sexual health CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg US$ 11.00 / kg FOB (Origin: Perú, $11.00 / kg 08.03.2016 California Whse powdered; certified organic) US$ 8.16 / kg FOB (Origin: Perú, $8.16 / kg 10.03.2016 Buenos Aires powdered; certified organic) MAHUA FLOWER Botanical name: Madhuca indica (Syn.: M. latifolia) Hindi: Mahuwa / Sanskrit: Gudapushpa Pharmacopoeial name: Madhucae Flos Medicinal Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) asthma; b) burning sensation; c) uses: wound; d) phthisis (wasting disease); e) thirst; f) fatigue, lethargy CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 3000~4000 INR/ quintal $0.451186~$0.601572 / kg Karanjia, (Modal price: 3500 INR (Modal price: $0.526375 / 19.03.2016 Orissa / quintal; wild-collected) kg) NIGELLA SEED

Botanical name: Nigella sativa Hindi: Kalaunji (कल㄂जी) / Sanskrit: Upakuncika Pharmacopoeial name: Nigellae Semen Medicinal Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) abdominal lump; b) flatulence; c) uses: diarrhoea; d) worm infestation. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg FOB Mumbai US$ 3960 / MT Port, (Grade: FAQ; Qty: 16 $3.96 / kg 10.03.2016 Maharashtra MT / 20’ FCL) RHUBARB ROOT, CHINESE Botanical name(s): Rheum palmatum, R. tanguticum, or R. officinale Chinese: Da huang (大黄) / Tibetan: lCum-rtsa (ལྕུམ་让) Pharmacopoeial name: Rhei Radix et Rhizoma Traditional Chinese Medicine: accumulation, stagnation and constipation caused by excess heat, hematemesis (vomiting blood) caused by blood heat, red eyes and swollen throat, swelling abscess, deep-rooted boil and sore, abdominal pain caused by intestinal abscess, Medicinal blood-stasis amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), postpartum stasis uses: and obstruction, injuries from falls and fights, dampness-heat dysentery, jaundice and red urine, stranguria (slow, painful urination), edema. Well-established use in European Medicine: for short-term use in cases of occasional constipation. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 18.50 CNY / kg (wild- $2.86004 / kg 20.03.2016 Sichuan collected, Sichuan) RHUBARB ROOT, HIMALAYAN Botanical name: Rheum australe (syn.: R. emodi) Indian trade name: Revandchini / Nepali: Padamchaal (पदमिाल) Pharmacopoeial name: Rhei Rhizoma Traditional Nepali Medicine: used as a laxative (for constipation), Medicinal anthelmintic (to expel parasitic worms), and to treat infection, sore throat, uses: skin disease, gastritis, liver disease, gout, pregnancy-induced hypertension. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Kathmandu, 100 NPR / kg $0.939179 / kg 13.03.2016 Nepal (wild-collected, Nepal) SCHISANDRA FRUIT - NORTHERN Botanical name: Schisandra chinensis Chinese: Beiwuweizi (北五味子) Pharmacopoeial name: Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) chronic cough and dyspnoea of deficiency type; b) dream emission and spermatorrhoea; c) enuresis and Medicinal frequent urination; d) chronic diarrhoea; e) spontaneous sweating and uses: night sweating; f) thirst caused by fluid consumption; g) interior heat- wasting thirst; h) palpitation and insomnia CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 80.00~82.50 CNY / kg $12.3677~$12.7542 / kg 20.03.2016 Sichuan (Liaoning origin) SCHISANDRA FRUIT - SOUTHERN

Botanical name: Schisandra sphenanthera Chinese name: Nanwuweizi (南五味子) Pharmacopoeial name: Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) chronic cough and dyspnoea of deficiency type; b) dream emission and spermatorrhoea; c) enuresis and Medicinal frequent urination; d) chronic diarrhoea; e) spontaneous sweating and uses: night sweating; f) thirst caused by fluid consumption; g) interior heat- wasting thirst; h) palpitation and insomnia CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 24.00~25.00 CNY / kg $3.71057~$3.86532 / kg 20.03.2016 Sichuan (wild-collected Sichuan) SENNA LEAF - TINNEVELLY Botanical name: Cassia angustifolia Chinese name: fan xie yi (番瀉葉 or 番泻叶) / Sanskrit name: svarnapatri Pharmacopoeial name: Sennae Angustifoliae Folium Medicinal Well-established uses: a) for short-term use in cases of occasional uses: constipation CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg US$ 415 / MT FOB Mumbai (Indian origin; Prime 3; $0.415 / kg 15.03.2016 Port, MH Qty: 26 MT / 40’ FCL) Chengdu, 8.00 CNY / kg $1.23704 / kg 20.03.2016 Sichuan (imported) SENNA POD - TINNEVELLY Botanical name: Cassia angustifolia Pharmacopoeial name: Sennae Angustifoliae Fructus Medicinal Well-established uses: a) for short-term use in cases of occasional uses: constipation. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg FOB Mumbai US$ 965 / MT $0.965 / kg 15.03.2016 Port, MH (Qty: 26 MT / 40’ FCL) SHATAVARI ROOT Botanical name: Asparagus racemosus Nepalese name: Satawari (Kurilo) / Sanskrit name: Satavari Pharmacopoeial name: Asparagi Racemosus Radix Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) hyperacidity; b) piles; c) diarrhoea; d) abdominal lump; e) phthisis (any wasting or atrophic disease); f) diarrhoea with blood; g) bleeding disorder; h) disorders of blood i) gout; j) erysipelas (bacterial skin infection); k) inflammation; l) duodenal ulcer; m) Medicinal urinary disorders; n) hoarseness of voice; o) night blindness; p) puerperal uses: disease; q) vitiation of breast milk; r) insufficient lactation Traditional Unani Medicine: a) diarrhoea; b) spermatorrhoea; c) excessive nocturnal emission; d) leucorrhoea; e) premature ejaculation; f) dysentery CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Kathmandu, 225 NPR / kg $2.11315 / kg 13.03.2016 Nepal (wild-collected, Nepal) ZEDOARY RHIZOME Botanical name(s): Curcuma zedoaria; C. phaeocaulis, C. kwangsiensis, C. wenyujin

Chinese name: e zhu (莪术) / Sanskrit name: karcura Pharmacopoeial name: Curcumae rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) piles; b) hiccup; c) fever; d) cough; e) helminthiasis / worm infestation; f) skin diseases; g) asthma; h) Medicinal abdominal lump; i) splenic disease; j) goiter. uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) mass in the abdomen; b) amenorrhea due to blood stasis; c) distension and pain due to stagnation of undigested food; d) carcinoma of cervix at early stage. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 12.00~15.50 CNY / kg $1.85559~$2.39680 / kg 20.03.2016 Sichuan (Guangxi origin)

Price Sources China: Alibaba: http://www.1688.com/ Chengdu Traditional Chinese Medicine Price Index: http://www.ysindex.com Chinese Medicinal Herb E-Commerce Office: http://www.zyctd.com/ and http://www.zyccst.com/ Egypt: Private companies India: Agmarknet, Directorate of Marketing & Inspection (DMI), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India: http://agmarknet.nic.in/arrivals1.htm Madhya Pradesh State Agricultural Marketing Board (Mandi Board): http://mpmandiboard.gov.in/ National Multi-Commodity Exchange of India Ltd. (NMCE): http://www.nmce.com/marketdata/SpotPriceInfo.aspx Private companies Nepal: Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources: http://www.ansab.org/ USA: Private companies

6. Selected Events

April 6-8, 2016 Health Ingredients South East Asia co-located with CPhI South East Asia

Exhibitor profile: Suppliers of natural ingredients for health products, functional foods and beverages, and dietary supplements.

Jakarta International Expo, Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia http://www.figlobal.com/hisoutheastasia/

April 6-9, 2016 Third International IUPAC Conference on Agrochemicals protecting Crop, Health and Natural Environment – New Chemistries for Phytomedicines and Crop Protection Chemicals (APCHNE 2016)

Conference themes include: Biodiversity, conservation and cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), Quality control of MAPs, development of drugs, nutraceuticals and bio-prospecting, IPR, ITKs and Policy issues.

New Delhi, Republic of India http://www.apchne3.com/

April 11-14, 2016 16th Annual Oxford International Conference on the Science of Botanicals and 5th Interim American Society of Pharmacognosy Meeting

Topics include: Cultivation, Collection and Post-Harvest Practices to Assure Production of Quality Raw Botanical Materials; Authentication, Identification and Purity Assessments of Botanical Raw Materials, Ingredients and Products; General and Specific Approaches toward establishing Safety, Efficacy, and Quality of botanicals with modern technologies.

Oxford, Mississippi, United States of America http://oxfordicsb.org/

April 15-17, 2016 Medicinal Herb Growing & Marketing Conference

Exhibitor profile includes herb farms, buyers, stores, wholesalers, herbal product manufacturers, nurseries, seed companies, herb organizations and herb schools.

Fort Worden, Washington, United States of America http://friendsofthetrees.net/medicinal-herb-growing-marketing-conference-2016

April 25-29, 2016 V Latin American Congress on Natural Products

The central theme is "Biodiversity: Roads and Horizons" and aims to bring together researchers interested in studying the biodiversity of Latin America.

Bogotá, Republic of Colombia http://vcipnat2016.com/

April 27-29, 2016 Ingredient Marketplace

Exhibitor profile includes suppliers of botanical and natural ingredients for the dietary supplement, natural food, personal care, sports nutrition, and pharmaceutical industries.

Orlando World Center Marriott, Florida, United States of America http://marketplace.supplysideshow.com/

May 24-26, 2016 6th International Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Topics include: Biodiversity, management and conservation of MAPs; Biotechnology, cultivation and industrial processing of MAPs, Causes and consequences of over exploitation of MAPs in natural habitats; Economics and marketing.

Riga, Republic of Latvia http://gosmap2016.com/

May 26, 2016 The Beauty of Sourcing with Respect 2016

The conference topic is Ethical Sourcing of Biodiversity including Market trends, Creating brand value, and Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS)

Paris, French Republic http://ethicalbiotrade.org/

May 26-29, 2016 9th Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries (9th CMAPSEEC)

Conference topics include: Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) diversity, MAP cultivation, breeding and biotechnology, pharmacology and biological effects of MAPs

Plovdiv, Republic of Bulgaria http://cmapseec2016.cim.bg/

May 29 - June 1, 2016 6th International Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIPAM 2016)

Key topics include biodiversity, breeding and cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology, quality control of MAPs, extracts, essential oils.

Coimbra, Portuguese Republic http://www.sefit.es/6th-international-congress-on-medicinal-and-aromatic-plants-cipam-2016/

June 4-8, 2016 Phytonatural Expo co-located with 4th International Phytocosmetics and Phytotherapy Congress

Exhibitor profile includes producers, suppliers, consultants or service providers related to the Phytocosmetic, Phytotherapy and Phytopharmaceutical Industries.

Antigua, Republic of Guatemala http://phytoessence.org/IPPC2016

June 9-10, 2016 18th International Conference on Medicinal Plants & Natural Products (ICMPNP 2016)

Conference topics will include: Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, Essential Oil: production and use, Medicinal Plants: identification, cultivation, genetics, taxonomy, biodiversity, Sustainable Practices in Research, Resource Management and Production.

San Francisco, California, United States of America http://www.waset.org/conference/2016/06/san-francisco/ICMPNP

June 17-18, 2016 Polish Herbal Committee Conference

Presentation include: New trends in cultivation of medicinal plants, contamination of botanical raw materials and finished herbal medicinal products, the Polish market for herbal products, and quality and safety of herbal ingredients for food supplements.

Stęszewie, Poznan County, Republic of Poland http://pkz.pl/aktualnosci/

June 19-23, 2016 6th International Symposium Breeding Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (BREEDMAP 6)

Quedlinburg, Federal Republic of Germany http://breedmap6.jki.bund.de/

June 29 – July 1, 2016 7th Annual Conference American Council for Medicinally Active Plants (ACMAP)

Conference topics include Identification of bioactive compounds from Amazonian and Andean plants, Micropropagation, conservation and sustainable production of medicinal plants, From traditional knowledge to nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products, Strategies to increase the levels of bioactives in plants and plant products, Intellectual property and commercialization of plant products for human health.

Centro de Convenciones del Colegio Medico Daniel Alcides Carrion, Lima, Republic of Peru http://www.acmap.org/2016-conference

August 17-19, 2016 Cuarto Congreso Latinoamericano de Plantas Medicinales y su Potencial para el Desarrollo Tecnológico - Agroindustrial de la Región

Universidad del Norte en Barranquilla, Republic of Colombia Contacto: Amner Muñoz ([email protected])

October 4-5, 2016 Supply Side West

One of largest trade shows with 1,700 of the world's top health ingredient suppliers and equipment companies, as well as lab-testing firms, logistics and packaging experts.

Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America http://west.supplysideshow.com/

October 5-6, 2016 BÉNÉFIQ - International Rendezvous on Health Ingredients Conference and Exhibition

Bénéfiq 2016 will include an exhibition with suppliers of natural ingredients used in natural health products, functional foods, medical foods and cosmeceuticals.

Québec City Convention Centre, Québec, Canada http://www.benefiq.ca/eng/

October 5-8, 2016 HERBAL ASIA 2016: The 10th International Trade Show & Conference for Herbal, Green & Natural Trade Show and Market Place Co-located with the 7th Herbal Asia International Conference

Exhibitors will include growers and suppliers of botanical raw materials, traders, finished herbal product manufacturers, herbal product retailers, industry associations and relevant governmental agencies.

MATRADE Exhibition & Convention Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia http://www.herbalasia.biz/

November 29 – December 1, 2016 Health ingredients Europe (HiE) & Natural ingredients (Ni)

HiE & Ni is one of leading global events for ingredients used in dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, functional foods & healthy beverages.

Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany http://www.figlobal.com/hieurope/home

March 29-30, 2017 MAP EXPO – The Global Marketplace for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

Exhibitor profile: Suppliers of medicinal and aromatic plants, essential oils, fatty oil, gums, resins, botanical active ingredients, plant-based drugs, teas and tinctures.

Beusegebouw Eindhoven, Kingdom of the Netherlands. http://www.nbi-international.com/exhibitions/

April 13-18, 2017 3rd Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MESMAP-3)

Conference themes include: Agricultural Practices of MAPs, Biodiversity, Botany & Ethnobotany & Ethnopharmacology, Conservation, Management and Sustainable Uses of MAPs & NWFPs. Herbal & Traditional Medicines, Industrial Processing Technologies of MAPs, Legislations on MAPs & NWFPs, Marketing of MAPs and Products, Non- Governmental & Non-Profit Organizations (NGO & NPO) on MAPs, Standardization and Quality of MAP Products.

Girne (Kyrenia), Republic of Cyprus http://www.mesmap.org/

7. Herb Profile: Chebulic myrobalan fruit

Chebulic myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) fruit, a.k.a. haritaki is a native medicinal plant of South Asian biodiversity, wild collected from moderate sized to large trees found throughout India, chiefly in deciduous forests and areas of light rainfall, but occasionally also in slightly moist forests, at an altitude of up to 1500 m. Its flowers appear from April to August and fruits ripen from October to January.1 The fruit is collected in autumn and winter when ripe, foreign matter removed, then dried under the sun to obtain Chebulae Fructus.2

Nomenclature:

Pharmacopoeial name: Chebulae Fructus Botanical name(s): Terminalia chebula Retzius or Terminalia chebula Retz. var. tomentella Kurt. (Combretaceae) Common names: Bhutanese: (a-ru, aaru) Chinese: 訶子 (he zi) English: chebulic myrobalan fruit Gujarati: હરડી (hardi), હરડે (harde) Hindi: हरीतक (haritak, harra), हराा (harra) Indian trade names: (harda, himaj) Marathi: हहरडा (hirda) Nepali: हरो (harro) Sanskrit: हरीतकी (haritaki) Tamil: க翁埍கா뿍 (katu-k-kay, kadukkaai, kadukkai) Thai: สมอไทย (samo thai)

Origin, Natural Distribution:

Terminalia chebula is native to Republic of India where it is widely used in the Indian systems of medicine (Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani) as well as in “Sowa-Rigpa”,3 the Amchi system of medicine practiced in some parts of the Himalayan regions of India as well as in the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Tibet Autonomous Region. Outside of India, it also native in parts of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, Kingdom of Bhutan, Kingdom of Cambodia, Kingdom of Thailand, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, People’s Republic of Bangladesh, People’s Republic of China (only in western Yunnan province), Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, and Socialist Republic of Vietnam.4

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) Sotha (inflammation); b) Arsa (piles); c) Aruci (tastelessness); d) Hrdroga (heart disease); e) Kasa (cough); f) Pandu (anemia); g) Prameha (increased frequency and turbidity of urine); h) Udavarta (upward movement of

1 Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia Committee. HARITAKI. In: The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I. New Delhi: Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 1989. 2 Chinese Medicine Division, Department of Health. Chebulae Fructus. In: Hong Kong Chinese Materia Medica Standards, Vol. 6. Hong Kong: Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the People’s Republic of China. 2013. Available at: http://www.cmd.gov.hk/hkcmms/vol6/eng/17-Chebulae%20Fructus.pdf 3 Ved DK, Goraya GS. Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India. Bishen Singh, Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun & FRLHT, Bangalore, India. 2008. 4 Chen Jie (陈介 Chen Cheih); Nicholas J. Turland. Terminalia. In: Flora of China, 2007, Vol. 13, pp. 310–314: http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF13/Terminalia.pdf

gases); i) Vibandha (constipation); j) Jirnajvara (chronic fever); k) Visama jvara (intermittent fever); l) Siroroga (disease of head); m) Tamaka svasa (bronchial asthma); n) Gulma (abdominal lump); o) Udararoga (diseases of abdomen).

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) protracted diarrhoea with hematochezia (passage of bright red, bloody stools) and prolapse of the rectum; b) chronic cough with sore throat and hoarseness of voice.

Traditional Siddha Medicine: a) Kamalai (jaundice); b) Kan noykal (eye diseases); c) Kuruti alal (bleeding disorders); d) Malamilakki (constipation); e) Peru vayiru (ascites; abnormal accumulation fluid in the peritoneal cavity); f) Vitam (poison).

Traditional Unani Medicine: a) Zof-e-Basarat (asthenopia; eye strain); b) Zof-e-Dimagh (weakness of the brain); c) Zof-e-Meda (weakness of the stomach); d) Zof-e-Ama (weakness of the intestines).

Production and Trade:

One of the most widely used medicinal plants in the Indian systems of medicine the fruits mature October to January in Indian forests at altitudes up to 1500 m.5 The National Medicinal Plants Board states that the collection season is from February to April.6 The commercial supply in India is obtained entirely from wild collection mainly in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala,7 but also from Maharashtra and other states. In Bhutan, the fruit ripens between November to January between altitudes of 300 to 1980 m in Punakha, Wangdi Phodrang, Sarpang, Samtse, Dagana, Gelephu, Sarndrup Jongkhar, and Trongsa. Post-harvest the fruits are dried which enables breaking the outer fruit cover, after which the seed is removed, and the fleshy part of the fruit is then sun-dried.8 In China, although wild in western Yunnan province, Terminalia chebula is cultivated on village commons between 500 to 1800 m. in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi (Nanning) provinces, as well as in Chinese Taipei (Nantou).9

Annual domestic consumption in Bhutan is estimated at only about 1.3 MT10 and about 16.6 MT in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal,11 whereas annual demand in Bangladesh is reportedly 1,500 MT,12 and consumption by the herbal medicine industry in India is estimated at 8,158 MT.13 Because Terminalia chebula is also used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, there is significant consumption in China although quantitative data was not found.

Although there are no species-specific tariff codes (HS Codes) assigned, Table 1 shows the general HS Codes that are used for chebulic myrobalan fruit in various forms.

5 Siddha Pharmacopoeia Committee. Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I, Volume I, First Edition. New Delhi, India: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 2008. 6 National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB). Good Field Collection Practices Standard for Medicinal Plants – Requirements. DOC: NMPB-GFCPMP-01(FD). New Delhi, NMPB. 2009. 7 Ved DK, Goraya GS. Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India. 2008. 8 Krug I, Milliken W. Guidelines for Identification & Collection of Medicinal Plants in Bhutan, Thimphu: Ministry of Agriculture. 2008. 9 Chen Jie (陈介 Chen Cheih); Nicholas J. Turland. Terminalia. In: Flora of China, 2007, Vol. 13, pp. 310–314: http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF13/Terminalia.pdf 10 Krug I, Milliken W. Guidelines for Identification & Collection of Medicinal Plants in Bhutan, Thimphu: Ministry of Agriculture. 2008. 11 Tiwari NN, Poudel RC, Uprety Y. Study on Domestic Market of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in Kathmandu Valley. Prepared for Winrock International BDS/MaPS Bukhundole, Lalitpur. November 2004. 12 Day, TK. Endangered Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh. In: CITES Asia Regional Workshop on Medicinal Plants Ensuring Legal, Sustainable and Traceable Trade. PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON 24-26 MAY 2012, THIMPHU, BHUTAN: https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/16/inf/E-CoP16i-49.pdf 13 Ved DK, Goraya GS. Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India. 2008.

Table 1: Indian Trade Classification (ITC) HS Codes used for Chebulic myrobalan fruit HS Code ITC Description 12119029 Other leaves, powder, flowers and pods, fresh or dried, whether or not cut, crushed or powdered 12119099 Other plants and parts of plants used in perfumery or pharmacy, or for insecticidal / fungicidal purposes, fresh or dried 13021919 Other extracts 13021990 Other extracts; Others, derived from vegetable products 14049090 Other vegetable materials, not elsewhere specified 30039011 Medicants of Ayurvedic System, not put up for retail sale 30039012 Medicants of Unani System, not put up for retail sale 30039013 Medicants of Siddha System, not put up for retail sale 30039091 Medicants of Ayurvedic System 30049011 Medicaments of Ayurvedic System, put up for retail sale 30049012 Medicaments of Unani System, put up for retail sale 30049013 Medicaments of Siddha System, put up for retail sale 33029020 Special export items allowed under the ‘Vishesh Krishi Upaj Yojana’ (Special Agricultural Produce Scheme) such as alcoholic extract solutions prepared from minor forest products

Using the zauba.com trade database, Table 2 shows that in the first three months of 2016 (Jan-Mar), India exported 465,809 kg of chebulic myrobalan fruit reported under various different (some incorrect) tariff codes.

Table 2. India exports of chebulic myrobalan fruit ingredients; Values in Indian Rupees (INR); Quantity in kgs; Three month period: Jan-Mar 2016 Value HS Code Description(s) Main Destination(s) Unit Quantity (INR) Haritaki powder, Terminalia 12119019 Bangladesh, Vietnam, UK KG 21,500 486,695 chebula Haritaki powder, Yellow 12119029 Bangladesh, US, New Zealand KG 5,921 368,975 harda, Terminalia chebula, Kadukkai, Terminalia 12119049 Sri Lanka KG 2,500 145,394 chebula Arallu, Harada, Harda, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Pakistan, 12119099 Haritaki, Himej, Kadukkai, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Chinese KG 415,762 16,921,991 Terminalia chebula Taipei, South Korea, Bangladesh 13019099 Terminalia chebula extract France KG 10 13,390 Vietnam, US, UK, Netherlands, 13021919 Terminalia chebula extract KG 19,401 2,673,404 Canada, Australia 13021990 Haritaki powder Romania KG 15 6,938 14049090 Harda, Terminalia chebula Saudi Arabia, Chile KG 700 121,373 JAN-MAR 2016 TOTAL: KG 465,809 20,738,160 Source: Zauba Technologies & Data Services Pvt. Ltd.: https://www.zauba.com/export-terminalia+chebula/p-4- hs-code.html

Quality Standards:

For quality control testing there are different applicable standards depending on the market where the chebulic myrobalan fruit will be processed and used as a component of medicinal or nutritional products.

For the Indian systems of medicines there are monographs available in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol I 1989), Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol I 2008), and Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol I 2007). For the Chinese system of medicine there are quality standards monographs for chebulic myrobalan fruit available in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (English edition 2010), the Hong Kong Chinese Materia Medica Standards (English edition Volume 6 2013), and in the Taiwan Herbal Pharmacopoeia (Chinese version 2013).

Table 3 compares the quality standards established for chebulic myrobalan fruit in the Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India (SPI Vol I 2008) and the Hong Kong Chinese Materia Medica Standards (HKCMM Vol 6 2013).

Table 3. Comparison of quality standards for Chebulic Myrobalan Fruit: SPI 2008 and HKCMM 2013 KADUKKAY (Fruit) Chebulae Fructus Standard SPI I 2008 HKCMM VI 2013 Odor: slight Characters Taste: astringent Taste: sour, astringent, and followed by sweet NLT 1.2% of gallic acid (C7H6O5), Content Tannins: 30-32% calculated with reference to the dried substance. Alcohol-soluble extractives NLT 40 per cent NLT 46.0 per cent Water-soluble extractives NLT 60 percent NLT 44.0 per cent Microscopic examination; Macroscopic evaluation; Thin layer chromatography; and Identification tests Microscopic examination; High-Performance Liquid Thin layer chromatography. Chromatographic Fingerprinting Foreign matter NMT 1 per cent NMT 1.0 per cent Water content No specification NMT 13.0 per cent Total ash NMT 5 per cent NMT 5.0 per cent Acid-insoluble ash NMT 0.5 per cent NMT 1.5 per cent Arsenic: NMT 2.0 mg/kg Cadmium: NMT 1.0 mg/kg Heavy metals No specification Lead: NMT 5.0 mg/kg Mercury: NMT 0.2 mg/kg Aflatoxin B1: NMT 5 µg/kg Mycotoxins No specification Aflatoxins (sum of B1, B2, G1 and G2): NMT 10 µg/kg

8. Company Profile: Nature Connect India Pvt. Ltd.

Organization name: Nature Connect India Pvt. Ltd. Applied Environmental Research Foundation (AERF): http://www.aerfindia.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6 Related organizations: 1&Itemid=54 Pukka Herbs: http://www.conflictedseeds.com/wp- content/uploads/2016/03/Darwin-Newsletter-March2015.pdf Siddhi Building, S. NO. 123/A/12 Bhaktiyog Society, Paud Road, Kothrud Addresses: Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, Republic of India Directors: Jayant Prabhakar Sarnaik, Archana Jagdish Godbole, and Contacts: Virendra Sitaram Upadhye Email: Jayant Prabhakar Sarnaik: [email protected] Website: None Nature Connect India Private Limited is a Private Company incorporated on Profile: 30 July 2012. Selected Organic & FairWild® MAPs exported by Nature Connect India Pvt. Ltd.

Bibhitaki fruit, dried and without kernel (Terminalia bellirica), a.k.a. Belleric Myrobalan Fruit Haritaki fruit, dried and without kernel (Terminalia chebula), a.k.a. Chebulic Myrobalan Fruit

CERTIFICATIONS

FairWild® and Organic Wild certified:

FOR MORE INFORMATION Bride I, Sarnaik J, Heron B. Empowering communities, promoting fair trade and ensuring conservation: FairWild certification in India. TRAFFIC Bulletin. 2015;27(1):8-10: http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/157301/26652691/1446732043687/traffic_pub_bulletin_27_1 _FairWild_certification_in_India.pdf?token=tvygclo22xEviROzDsu9m6UnXGs%3D

Applied Environmental Research Foundation. Darwin Initiative Project: Reviving socio-ecological landscapes for biodiversity conservation and climate change adaptation in the Northern Western Ghats of India: http://aerfindia.org/darwin-initiative-project.html

FairWild Foundation. FairWild-certified ingredients under production (last updated 9th February 2016): http://www.fairwild.org/publication-downloads/other- documents/FairWild_species_products.pdf

Sarnaik JP, Applied Environmental Research Foundation (AERF) “FAIRWILD certification- an enabling framework for building capacity of local communities, implementation of ABS and truly sustainable livelihoods”, The Sixth IPSI Global Conference (IPSI-6) in Siem Reap, Cambodia,12- 14 January 2016: https://satoyama-initiative.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/3-5_IPSI-6- AERFpresentation.compressed.pdf

9. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations

Name of Organization Website Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African http://www.asnapp.org.za/ Plant Products (ASNAPP) Agricultural Export Council (AEC) Egypt, http://www.aecegypt.com/ Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Committee Albanian Essence Producers and Cultivators [email protected] Association (EPCA) American Botanical Council (ABC) http://abc.herbalgram.org/ American Council for Medicinally Active Plants http://www.acmap.org/ (ACMAP) American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) http://www.ahpa.org Arab Federation of Medicinal and Aromatic http://fapam.um5s.ac.ma/ Plants (FAPAM) Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and http://www.ansab.org/ Bioresources (ANSAB) Association for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants http://www.amapseec.org/ of Southeast European Countries (AMAPSEEC) Association for Promotion of Medicinal and http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/APMAC_website.htm Aromatic Crops (APMAC) Association of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants http://eng.eaffe.org/ of Greece (ΑMΑPs of Greece) Association Française des professionnels de la http://www.cueillettes-pro.org/ Cueillette de plantes sauvages (AFC) Association pour les Plantes Médicinales et Aromatiques de Guadeloupe (APLAMEDOM- http://aplamedarom.fr/ Guadeloupe) Association pour les Plantes Aromatiques et Medicinales de la Réunion (APLAMEDOM- http://www.aplamedom.org/ Réunion) Association Tunisienne des Plantes http://atpm.wifeo.com/ Aromatiques et Médicinales (ATPM) Associazione Italiana fra Coltivatori, Raccoglitori, Trasformatori, Importatori, Esportatori, Grossisti e Rappresentanti di Case http://www.assoerbe.eu/ Estere di Piante Medicinali, Aromatiche, Spezie, Estratti Vegetali, Oli Essenziali e loro derivati (ASSOERBE) British Herb Trade Association (BHTA) http://www.bhta.org.uk/ Canadian Herb, Spice and Natural Health http://www.saskherbspice.org/CHSNC/ Products Coalition (CHSNC) Central Herbal Agro Marketing Federation of http://www.chamf.org/ India (CHAMF) Egyptian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants http://www.emap-eg.org/ (EMAP) European Herb Growers Association http://www.europam.net/ (EUROPAM) European Herbal Infusions Association (EHIA) http://www.ehia-online.org/ Federation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants http://www.fedmaps.org/ Stakeholders (FEDMAPS) Federazione Italiana dei Produttori di Piante http://www.fippo.org/ Officinali (FIPPO) Instituto Peruano de Productos Naturales http://www.ippn.org.pe/ (IPPN) International Council for Medicinal and http://www.icmap.org/ Aromatic Plants (ICMAP) International Trade Union of Genuine Regional www.tugrmm.com/en/

Name of Organization Website Materia Medica (TUGRMM) Jadi Buti Association of Nepal (JABAN) http://www.jaban.com.np/ Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Association of http://www.dmapr.org.in/MAPAI/ India (MAPAI) National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) http://nmpb.nic.in/ Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products Association http://www.nepalherb.org/ (NEHHPA) Nigeria Natural Medicine Development Agency http://www.nnmda.gov.ng/ (NNMDA) PELERO CZ o.s. (Association of the Producers http://www.pelero.cz/ and Processors of Medicinals and Aromatic Plant and Spices) Phytotrade Africa http://phytotrade.com/ Polski Komitet Zielarski (Polish Herbal http://www.pkz.pl/ Committee) Regional Network for Medicinal and Aromatic plants in the Near East and North Africa http://www.aarinena.org/MHPWeb/ (AARENINA) Singapore Chinese Medicines and Health http://www.tcm.org.sg/ Products Merchant Association Société Marocaine des Plantes Aromatiques et http://somapam.voila.net/ Médicinales (SOMAPAM) Verein für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen http://www.saluplanta.de/ (SALUPLANTA e.V.)