A Religious Tradition of Makassarese Communities in South Sulawesi Abd

Home , Angel, Day of Resurrection, Iman (Islam), Israfil, Jahannam, Jannah

Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 6, Issue 5, 2019

READING THE TULKIYAMAH: A RELIGIOUS TRADITION OF MAKASSARESE COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH SULAWESI ABD. KADIR M. Office of Religious Research and Development Ministry of Religious Affairs, Makassar Jl. A.P. Pettarani No. 72 Makassar, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Received: 03.09.2019 Revised: 06.10.2019 Accepted: 15.10.2019

ABSTRACT The research is a text study of Tulkiyamah manuscript that aims to find out its form and content, to reveal religious advices of Islam, to know the form of socialization of Islamic teachings through the manuscript, and to describe communities’ perception toward the manuscript. This research was conducted at three regencies in South Sulawesi: Jeneponto Regency, Takalar Regency, and Gowa Regency. The data were collected by three instruments: literature review, interview, and observation. The selected manuscript was analyzed based on philology works: manuscript description, transliteration and translation, and manuscript content analysis. The research findings indicate that there are many manuscripts that are kept by communities, and one of them is Tulkiyamah that is still read in special occasion. The manuscript contains teachings of Islam: belief, worship, and morality. For instance, it is related to death, doomsday, threat of hellfire torture, the promise of heaven pleasure that trigger people to do kindness in their life. This manuscript is still being read by the community and still relevant to be socialized in community life. Socialization of the manuscript is done in the forms of translating, reading, and providing material for speech in community. This manuscript is necessary to be kept as a cultural heritage. Keywords: Tulkiyamah, manuscript, religion.

INTRODUCTION One of cultural heritages of Indonesia that has a very high content of manuscripts consist of religious messages that value is written relics that are jotted down in some become hints to change behavior and attitude of community manuscripts. (Ikram and Pudjiastuti, 1997:1). The to be better. One of manuscripts that are read in special manuscripts contain the expression of past life that play a key occasion is called by the readers as Tulkiyamah. It contains role as a means of culture and communication among about the process of birth and death of human being and generations from past time, nowadays, until future period. mysterious things related to judgement day. This manuscript Related to the content, the manuscripts reflect various points is read by Makassarese for death ceremony. of view, knowledge, beliefs, traditions, and communities’ Based on the background of problems that are previously behavior in the past. explained, the main problem of this research is how great Tradition of writing some documents and information in the Tulkiyamah that is always read by community becomes form of handwriting manuscript has been greatly carried out media to socialize religious teachings. The main problems of in the past. It is particularly seen from the large numbers of the research are formulated into several research questions: manuscripts that can be found right now which are written 1) How many numbers of manuscripts, especially either in foreign languages like Arabic, Dutch, or written in Tulkiyamah, have been collected, and are still kept by local language like Javanese, Sundanese, Aceh, Bali, Bugis, community? 2) How are the forms and contents of those Makassar, and so on. (Fathurahman, 2003:1). It seems manuscripts? 3). What are the religious values in the understandable if it is correlated to the existence of printing manuscripts, so that it becomes media to socialize religion in tools that have not been well known until the 19 century, community? 4) How is the form of socialization of religious particularly in Malay-Nusantara region. Therefore, it is not a values through Tulkiyamah?, and 5). How is community’s surprising thing if nowadays the treasure of Nusantara perception toward the socialization of the manuscripts?. manuscripts can greatly be found in line with literature, The definition of manuscripts that are used in this research is philosophy, tradition, and religion. a handwriting manuscript that is in Malay language and local Related to Islamic religious manuscripts, the numbers of language by using letters of Javanese, Latin, and other manuscripts are apparently more dominant because it is alphabets. (Djamaris, 2002:3). The material consists of bark closely correlated to Islamization process in Indonesia which woods, bamboos, palm leaves, and papers. (Tjandrasasmita, involved many productive Muslim leaders of its era. The data 2006:11). generally state that religious manuscripts are written by Media are any things as an instrument to express the content Muslim leaders especially in the context of transmission of feeling or consciousness (Arifin, 1984:23). Socialization is Islamic knowledge both transmission between Muslim defined as a term that shows a process of transferring culture leaders of Malay-Nusantara and Muslim leaders of Middle from one generation to next generation. It is a part of all East, even among Muslim leaders in Indonesia with their process of cultivation, communication, teaching where students in some places. (Bafadhal and Saefullah, 2005:4). organism grows and unite, and participate in social life and In relation to the context of Islamic religious manuscripts this process continues for all this time to reform behavior and above, two patterns of knowledge transmission in Indonesia attitude of human beings. finally form two group patterns of language manuscripts. Tulkiyamah is a manuscript that is written in Makassar First, the manuscripts that are written in Arabic language, and language that contains religious topics. The manuscript is a those are written in local language. (Tjandrasasmita, translation from Malay language written by Syekh Nurudin al- 2009:184). In its progress, the number of manuscripts greatly Raniri entitled Akhbar al-Akhirah fi Ahwal al-Qiyamah (The increase because tradition of translating manuscripts is done stories of the hereafter regarding the events of the day of time by time both by students for learning purpose and by resurrection). translators for commercial reason. Theories used in this research are philology theory, literature Furthermore, some certain manuscripts are read by theory, and history theory. They are expected to support each community for generations in special occasion as media to other so that the final report of research can be academically socialize religious teaching in Muslim community because the defended. In terms of the research, philology theory is defined

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as a study about literature text or culture that is closely correlated to cultural background that are supported by RESEARCH METHOD certain manuscripts (Lubis, 1993:4). Literature theory deals This research was conducted in three regencies: Gowa with manuscripts reading that successfully collected. regency, Takalar regency, and Jeneponto regency (South Riffaterre (1978:5) states that semiotic poetry reading Sulawesi). Tulkiyamah reading is still being conducted at (including manuscripts) extends from heuristic to those three regencies as media to socialize religious teachings hermeneutic reading. Heuristic reading is a step of reading in community. that needs linguistics competence of the reader. In this step, To get the data, the researcher applied library study, the reader is expected to give meaning toward the form of interview, and observation. Library study was done by linguistics that seems ungrammatically. Hermeneutic reading tracing and collecting information about the manuscripts in is a higher and complex order thinking skill. It involves many various books, catalogues either inside or outside of research things out of the language code. In other words, reading at this location. Interview was conducted with informants, level is an act to gain whole meaning. In other words, it does community figures, manuscripts keepers, manuscripts not like reading as the first level that run linearly from the writers, and people who know well about the manuscripts. beginning to the end, but it combines some codes integrated Meanwhile, observation was carried out to know directly and moves back and forth from any parts of the text to where the place to keep the manuscripts, and the attitude of another. community to treat the manuscripts. Meanwhile, history theory, in terms of the research, is used to Manuscripts analysis were done toward selected manuscripts collect evidences that support all the things which related to based on philology work, that is, description of manuscript, the manuscripts, and the evidences are chosen selectively to transliteration and translation of manuscript, and content differentiate between valid data and invalid data. The data analysis of manuscript. Description was carried out to that have been selected, then, reconstructed, correlated one physical illustration and content of the manuscripts. another to come to a description that closely correlated to the Transliteration was used to transfer Serang alphabet into truth. (Kartodirjo, 1982:102). Latin. Those three above theories were combined and applied to analyze the manuscripts that have been selected successfully. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The process of analyzing data focused on the manuscripts in relation to language (linguistics and literature), background General Description of Manuscripts of culture, and history of place which produces the One of special things that is owned by Makassarese is they manuscripts. have their own local alphabet. By having that, they are able to Socialization is in progress all of the time. The process of write the result of their high value cultures and write it in an socialization runs gradually according to age development, manuscripts that is called Lontara. The results of the written ability, status, and human role. Socialization is carried out culture have been started since the 16 century before the into two forms: (1) direct socialization (face to face) and (2) inhabitants have religion (Mattulada, 1985:8) and its content indirect socialization (through third person). Direct is closely correlated to life problems that is tied in socialization covers (1) individual to individual socialization, pangngadakang. for instance it is like father and mother to their children, Pangngadakang is some regulations of life of Makassarese grandfather and grandmother to their grandchildren, brother that become guidelines for inhabitants to act and to organize to his sister, and from friend to other friends, and so on. It their life together. By the arrival of Islam in the early the 17 exceptional for socialization among friends because it is done century, Islam law comes into elements of Pangngadakang so vertically and one way only. (2) Socialization from individual that the numbers of Pangngadakang elements change from to group in which individual is as a presenter and group is as four to five elements. They are ade (custom/tradition), bicara a receiver in socialization process. The form of socialization is (the procedure of law proceedings and judgment), rapang usually formal and massive, and it is done through speech, (samples, analogy, or metaphors of past events to be used as teaching or recitation of the Quran. reflection of life), wari (ethic of classification on objects and Third person, mediator, is not only directly in the form of social matters), and sara’ (social organization and Islamic group, voice, or combination between movement and voice rules). Therefore, it can be said that the influence of Islam can like in religious ceremony but also in the form of good also be found in manuscripts. example. Media or things are like electronic media and The influence of Islam that can be clearly sighted in the printed media are including as third person, and they are the manuscripts is the use of Arabic alphabet where it is well same direction. known as Serang alphabet. Based on the assumption, the Concerning to the media, there are three big components, for word “Serang” comes from the word Seram. It is known that example: (1) media of language, (2) media of show, and (3) Bugisese-Makassarese early get in touch more with Seram media of habit. Media of language are spoken and written people who are firstly received Islamic teachings. In Seram, forms. Spoken language can be in the form of advice, teaching, Arabic alphabet is definitely used to spread Islamic teachings. recitation of Quran, religious speech or story and fairy tale, Lontara manuscripts that are written by Serang alphabets do even songs that contain certain morality messages. Through not only use Makkassar language but also Arabic. spoken language, it can be in the form of symbols like carved Lontara manuscripts that are found in three regencies have objects, calligraphy or writing in the books, magazines, spread sufficiently in community, but the exact number is newspapers and so forth. However, it also can be through unpredictable. The manuscripts that have been possessed visual aids for example shows, good attitudes, dances, drama privately by community are inheritance for generations from films, and religious ceremonies. their ancestors and most of the owners of the manuscripts are Technically, this research aims at answering or explaining generation of noble family, Muslim leaders, and syara’ those research problem as stated previously: to trace how employees. Since the manuscripts always move from one great is the number of manuscripts that have been collected, generation to next generation, the condition of the specially Tulkiyamah that is still saved by community, to manuscripts are very apprehensive. They are in the process detect the forms and contents of the script, to reveal religious extinction because the owners generally do not have values in the manuscripts, to know the form of socialization knowledge how to preserve and care the manuscripts. The of religious value through Tulkiyamah, and to find out efforts to preserve and to care that are done by government community’s perception toward socialization the manuscript. always get some obstacles because the owners of The significance of research is that the results are expected to manuscripts do not want to show and lend the manuscripts be useful feedback to the government in order to formulate to others because they take the manuscripts into account as and decide the policy in line with the development of holy things and become a symbol of status. community religion activity, to enrich national culture, and to To preserve and care those manuscripts from extinction, give a great scientific contribution for academic, history, and there have been many efforts conducted by certain people, literature purpose. related institutes, and government, for instance to write the

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manuscripts as the original one or translate them in order to Tulkiyamah is translated from manuscript entitled Akhbar al- be able to read them easily. Therefore, many manuscripts Akhirah fi Ahwal al-Qiyamah (The stories of the hereafter found are copying manuscripts. regarding the events of the day of resurrection). This In addition, other efforts were done by some institutions, for manuscript is written by Nuruddin ar-Raniri. His complete instance, Lontara Registration Project of South Sulawesi in name is Nuruddin Muhammad ibnu Ali Hamid ar-Raniri. He 1974 conducted manuscripts inventory in order to find out was born in Ranir (now Render) which located near Surat, the form and the content of the manuscripts. In 1980, 1981, Gujarat, India. He came to Aceh 6 Muharram 1047 H ( May 31, and 1982, local government of South Sulawesi province in 1637) and lived in Aceh during Sultan Iskandar Tsani association with office area of Education and Culture government. In the last of his life, he went back to Ranir and Department published Lontara manuscripts in the form of died there on 22 Zulhijjah 1069 H (September 21, 1658) photocopy. The last effort that carried out in 1992 until 1995 (Daudy, 1983:14). through microfilm manuscripts was done by manuscripts This manuscript used Malay language and written in Arabic- project of Hasanuddin University. The number of microfilms Malay alphabet (Bugis:Serang). There are three manuscripts that have been microfilmed in South Sulawesi and Central that can be found in National Museum, they are: 1. MI. 803 Sulawesi are 4.049 manuscripts. There 312 manuscripts in (v.d. W. 48) 260 pages, 2. MI. 805 (v.d. W. 21), 106 pages, dan Takalar regency, 257 manuscripts are in Gowa regency, and 6 3. MI. 804 (Br. 275), 238 pages. Besides that, there are three manuscripts are in Jeneponto regency. (Paeni et al., 2003:xix). manuscripts are kept in Leiden: 1. Cod. 1960 (2), 292 pages, Even though the owner of the manuscripts always keeps 2. Cod. 3201 (1), 169 pages, dan 3. Cod. Or. 7351 (5622), 138 preserving and caring them well, there are many Lontara pages. manuscripts that cannot be found anymore. It is caused by Tulkiyamah that has been investigated in Jeneponto is owned two things. First of all, the papers of the script are already by H. Baso Lala at Bontoramba sub-district. This manuscript broken because the age is very old, and it is not preserved is a photocopy from the late Abd. Rajab Dg. Beta (employee of well. The broken paper also caused by the ink used that Infokom Office, Kendari) in 1975. The photocopy of this contains iron substance. According to the information, the ink manuscript is owned by many of community members, that used to write Lontara manuscripts was made from the especially syara’ employees because the writing of this script script writer itself. It was made by a liquid of cashew fruit and is very good and almost similar to the Quran while the original a bar of iron. The bar of iron firstly burned on the fire with manuscript is kept by the writer’s wife in Kolaka, Southeast high temperature, and then dipped it into the cashew liquid Sulawesi. until the liquid of cashew turned into brownish and it became The manuscript is physically in good condition, complete, and ink that ready to be used. Second of all, those manuscripts the black ink of writing still can be read. Unfortunately, it is were lost because they were left by the owners or they were dirty in some pages because it is always read in the death burn along with their houses when rebellion of Dar al-Islam ceremony. The manuscript is banded and covered by plastic occurred where the owner of the manuscripts fled from the carton. Paper used to write this manuscript is HVS folio (21.5 village to the city so that the manuscripts cannot be saved. cm x 33 cm.) that consist of 80 pages, and each sheet consists In Takalar regency, there are three sub-districts which are of two pages. The number of pages are 159 pages, and the considered have lontara manuscripts: Mappakasunggu sub- number of lines per page is 15 lines, length and width of district, Mangarabombang sub-district, and North Galesong manuscript page are 21x17 cm, length and width text are sub-district. The manuscripts can be seen in Sanrobone and 18x15 cm, text numbering is located at above, number of page Cilalang village of Mappakasunggu sub-district, and many is written in order from right to left using Arabic numbers. manuscripts can also be found in Tope Jawa and Cikoang in Tulkiyamah that was investigated in Gowa regency is a Mangarabombang subdistrict. Meanwhile, in North Galesong manuscript that was found by researcher in Sero village, sub-district, many of them can be discovered in Tamasaju and Sombaopu sub-district. This manuscript is estimated as a true Parasangang Beru. Because the manuscripts are kept by the copy from other manuscripts based on the paper used in its owners who frequently move from one place to another, writing. Papers used are relatively thick and striped except Lontara manuscripts are not only found in certain places but the last six pages that the size of paper only 20 cm x 22 cm also spread to all regencies even outside of South Sulawesi and it is relatively thin. The paper turns to brownish because province. The manuscripts are always brought by the owners of the age. to their domiciles. Since the manuscripts of research location The size of the manuscript is 26 cm x 22 cm with widen format are inheritance for generations, they just storage at the so that the number of lines per page is approximately 12 lines. owners’ house, and none of them are saved in government Writing is applied on both sides of paper. This manuscript offices or related institute agencies. consists of 143 pages. As usual as other manuscripts, it is The kinds of manuscripts that is found in research location banded with strong rope by sewing in the center of consist of several types based on its form, starting from the manuscript. It is because people who banded the manuscript smallest one like notebook until the biggest one, folio. is the owner itself. The outer leather of the manuscript is used Meanwhile, in line with its content, it can be categorized into thick carton paper without any writing. For safety reason, the three types: attoriolong manuscript, pitika manuscript, manuscript is wrapped with another paper that consist of religious manuscript. three layers. Attoriolong manuscript is a collections of notes about family This manuscript uses two colors of ink: black and red. Black tree of kings, noble family, and certain family. It is also about dominates the writing while red one is used as variation for documentation of past incidents that experienced by the specific word, for example name of Allah. This manuscript formers, for instance Attoriolong Sanrobone tells about utilizes Arabic alphabets which is not too beautiful but easy Sanrobone kings. to be read. As copying manuscript, the age is very old. Pitika manuscript is a collections of notes about good time According to the information, this script was accomplished on and bad time to begin an activity. This lontara gives a Saturday, January 23, 1960 coincide with seventh month of direction of good time to start an activity at the field, to build Arabic calendar (Rajab). a house, to move to a new house, to hold a marriage event and Tulkiyamah that investigated in Takalar regency is a so on. manuscript that is owned by Daeng Sayu in Malewang. The Religious manuscript is a script that discusses about paper of the manuscript has already turned into yellowish problems related to Islam as religion. It is classified into and seems brittle as it gets older. Its page is still complete with several parts based on the aspect of discussion: 338 pages, paper size is 16 x 20 cm, font size is 12 x 15.5 cm, interpretation, story of Prophet Muhammad birth, prayers, paper used is pain paper. Ink used in writing this manuscript history, divinity, Islamic laws, Islamic mysticism, and is black liquid ink. Page number is placed on the right side at religious speech. the top of page. At the end of the manuscript, it is known that this is written by Bajeng Daeng Mari in Sulung Manongko. It Description of Tulkiyamah is written on Monday, 30 Augustus 1982 or 1402 H.

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Based on discussion order, those three manuscripts have soul will come back to the body so that he will feel happiness something in common. However, it is always found mistakes and pain. in line with the writing of verse or Hadith, or missing words. Article number 9 concerns on a story of death angel that comes in to the grave early than Munkar and Nakir angels. Content of Tulkiyamah Human being is instructed to write good deeds during his life Tulkiyamah is written both in Arabic and Makassar language by finger as a pen, saliva as the ink, and shroud as the paper. with Arabic alphabets. In introduction part, it is started with Human being feels shy to write their sins, but they are forced bismillah and praise to Allah in Arabic language, and then by death angel. After death angel does his duty, then Munkar explain it into seven chapters, and there are several articles and Nakir angel ask the death body in the grave. Article among chapters. number 10 states that the voice of angel is like thunder, and First chapter is about Nur Muhammad (the Light of the eyes are like flash of lightning. Muhammad) occurrence. Allah firstly created Nur In article number 11, it is told that Katibin angel writes bad Muhammad, and then the universe was created because of deeds, and Kiraman angel writes good deeds. Each person is Nur Muhammad, as peacock, Nur Muhammad was placed at protected by five angels. Article number 12 as the last article sajarah al-yaqin tree for 70.000 years to kneel to Allah and tells about the return of soul to the body in the grave. First, said the rosary. When Allah saw Nur Muhammad was shy and after three days in the grave the soul sees that liquid turns out knelt for 5 times. Therefore, the obligation of salat becomes 5 from the body, nose and mouth. Second, after five days, the times in all day along. soul sees again the body. At that time the body has already Nur Muhammad sweated when he was seen by Allah. His been suppurated and bleed. Third, after seven days, the body sweats became the angels, the throne of God, the sun, the has been worm-eaten. Soul cries seeing the body. Fourth, moon, etc. All souls were instructed by Allah to see Nur after a month the soul goes around the grave. Finally, the fifth, Muhammad. If the souls saw the head of Nur Muhammad they after a year, the soul goes to gathering place until the became kings or caliph; if they saw the eyebrow, they became judgement day. writers. Thus such was the case, various degrees of people Chapter IV discusses about the signs of judgement day. This depend on what was seen from Nur Muhammad. chapter consists of seven articles. In introduction part, it is Chapter II describes about Prophet Adam. God created human stated that if the time of judgement day comes, all land will be beings from soil. Izrail angel was instructed by God to take all destroyed. Mecca will be destroyed by Allah with Habsyah kinds of soil from sunrise to sunset, then, those kinds of soil ethnic, Madinah with unbeliever ethnic, Armenia is smashed were mixed with four kinds of paradise water. Prophet Adam with lightning, and so on. There are two signs of judgement comes from the land of Bait al-Maqdis, his face is from soil of day, spiritual and physical signs. Spiritual sign means that heaven, his eyes are from Kalkausar soil in Kaf hill, his chest there is a good mosque but people who do prayer in the comes from land of Kaaba, his tongue is from soil in Thaif, his mosque is only a few. Many people like to abuse any one, bone comes from land of Iraq, and his feet are from soil in many women ride a horse, many men tend to passionate the India. On his forehead, it is seen the light of Nur Muhammad. man, women tend to like to women, and so forth. Spiritual All angels knelt down to Prophet Adam. After that, Prophet sign for example, smog comes out and fulfill the world, the Adam was leaned sideways by the angel. Hawa is created appearance of Imam Mahdi, Dajjal, the sun rises in the west, from Prophet Adam’s rib. Prophet Isa comes to the world, the appearance of Ya’juj dan Prophet Adam was taken out from heaven because he did not Ma’juj. obey God as command to avoid consuming khuldi fruits. Article number 1 tells about Imam Mahdi that turns out to Prophet Adam was separated with Hawa, Prophet Adam was defeat Constantinian territory while article number 2 in Selong island dan Hawa was in Jeddah. Prophet Adam met presents Dajjal’s appearance between Iraq and Egypt. Dajjal again with Hawa when took pilgrimage to Mecca in Arafah. is a great slanderer. His eye is one half blind. He confesses as After that meeting, they had children. She had twins for each a God. Article number 3 describes about the descendant of birth and gave birth for twenty times. His last son was one and Prophet Isa to kill Dajjal. When seeing Prophet Isa’s face, only, Prophet Sis, that later took over his position as caliph. Dajjal face is destroyed and his troops are annihilated. There Chapter III presents about death and all problems related to is a story tells that when Dajjal looks at Prophet Isa’s face, he the death, and this chapter consists of 12 articles. In the early runs. The earth catches Dajjal feet and Prophet Isa stabs him chapter, it describes the origin of death that is created by God. until he dies. Prophet Isa lives for 40 years in the world. At Article number 1 tells about the answer of soul to the angel. It that time the people lives prosperous and safe. is told that those who always mention God’s name will not feel Article number 4 is about the descendant of Ya’juj dan Ma’juj. the pain of death. Devout Muslim, who has many good deeds, It describes about family tree of Ya’juj and Ma’juj. They are his soul will be taken carefully by death angel. Yapit’s sons. They kill creatures in the sky because their Article number 2 presents about devil that try to pull out powerful bloody arrow falls from the sky. Article number 5 belief of Devout Muslim. It is told that when human beings tells Habsyah ethnic that wants to destroy Kaaba. Habsyah face the death, they are instructed by devil to leave their ethnic hears that Prophet Isa has already died. They go to religion and state that the God is two. Furthermore, it is Kaaba then destroy it. Kaaba stone is thrown by them to the described that if someone die, their wealth will be taken by sea. Muslim are lost and nobody make a pilgrimage anymore. their heir, his soul taken by death angel, his flesh is eaten by At that time the sun will rise in the west. worms, his bone is eaten by soil, and his good deeds are taken Article number 6 concerns about the sun that rises in the by people who are treated unwell. west. Jibril is instructed by Allah to go to the sun and the moon Next, article number 3 tells about that when people die, scary to ask both of them to rise in the west. Since that time the son sound will be heard from sky and earth that remind people and the moon rise in the west, and do not shine anymore. The who are laugh on the earth and who are cry in the grave. It is sun and the moon repent to God. After that the sun and the continued to article number 4 which describes about sound moon shine again. Article number 7 is about the descendant in earth and cemetery. Cemetery reminds us that it is a house of dabbah al-‘ard, the head is like bull’s head, the eyes are like of snake, a dark house, a house of Munkar and Nakir angels a pig eyes, the ears are like an elephant ears, and so on. He who ask every dweller. descends to the earth of Safa and Marwah in Mecca. He goes Article number 5 describes the separation of soul from the to the sky so that he can see all of human beings. body. Next article states that it is forbidden by Allah to bewail Chapter Bab V presents about things that related to and to beat his chest when they are left by someone die. judgement day, and it consists of 7 articles. In introduction, it Furthermore, article number 7 suggests to be patient to face highlighted about Israfil angel and his duty. When the age of calamity of death. In article number 8, it is told that when soul earth is over, Israfil angel is instructed to blow the great goes out from the body, it will meet various angels, they are: trumpet so that all the creatures of seven layers of earth and angel who holds livelihood, breath, predestined hour of death, sky die. This chapter also tells about the shape of the great punishment, and so on. When death body is in the grave, the trumpet.

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Article number 1 tells that when the great trumpet is blown, Aspect of Belief all human beings are shocked, the earth shakes greatly for 40 The manuscript mostly discusses belief aspects as stated in its years. It is told that the God creates 100 mercies, but only one tittle Akhbar al-Akhirah fi Ahwal al-Qiyamah (the news of mercy is given to the earth. Article number 2 tells the resurrection in judgement day). Aspect of belief covers the resurrection of human being from the grave to Mahsyar. pillars of Islam and all pillars of faith as follows: believe in God Article number 3 presents that human beings are gathered in (Allah), believe in his Angel’s (the messengers sent by God), Mahsyar. The first who arrives in Mahsyar is Israfil angel, and believe in his scriptures, believes to his apostles, believe in the then followed by Jibril angel, Mikail angel, and Izrail angel. doomsday and believe in Qada and Qadar. They go to Ridwan angel to ask to decorate paradise. Buraq is the first animal to be brought to life. Those four angels go to Believe in Allah pick up Prophet Muhammad by buraq. Believe in Allah The Almighty is the first principle belief and Article number 4 presents that Israfil angel blows the great becomes a foundation of all Islamic teachings. In Quran and trumpet for the third times so that all human being are Hadith, it is stated that belief in Allah becomes the first top resurrected from the dead. The human beings who come out rank from other aspects of beliefs. It proves that believe in from the grave consist of twelve types. They look like a pig, a Allah is a very important teaching. According to the monkey, blind, deaf, bloody and their mouths are pus, burn manuscript, believe in Allah means to know Allah, and to from hellfire, people drunk, and there is human being whose understand that Allah is one of the most important in Islam tongue stick outward like a cow. The story about Mahsyar religion that must be known by Muslim. To know Allah is to field is continued in article number 5. It describes that people understand all of His characteristics. Allah has perfect who are always do prayer, their foreheads are shine; people characteristics and does not have disadvantages compared who always do fasting are given delicious food; martyr with His creatures as stated in the manuscripts: Allah is real people, people who fast, people make a pilgrimage to Mecca that is not similar to His creatures, He has earliest existence, will be greeted by the angels. he is the Ever living God, He has no beginning and no end, His Article number 6 tells about the situation of human being in existence does not require a place. Mahsyar. All human beings walk in three groups: the faithful, In line with the characteristics above, Allah also has other the hypocrite, and the unbeliever. People who get shelter in characteristics for example al-Rahman dan al-Rahim. Mahsyar field consist of seven classes: a fair king, a virtuous According the manuscript, al-Rahman means Allah loves and youth, a man who gives affection, a man who refuses a woman cares all human beings in the world. He gives a living to temptation, a person who gives charity, a person who always human beings without differentiating their obedience. says God’s name, a person who always goes to the mosque. All Therefore, He also always keeps remaining to give a living to human being deeds will be judged in Mahsyar. disobedience people, hypocritical people, and the faithful. Article number 7 presents liwa’ al-hamd. The banner of liwa Meanwhile, al-Rahim means affection that will be given by al-hamd is equal to a 1000 years’ journey, and it is divided Allah to his faithful followers in the doomsday. into three parts. It can be seen the angels under the banner. Besides, there are banners of Abu Bakar, Usman, Ali. Human Believe in the Apostles of Allah beings who come out from the grave have black face, white One of pillars of faith (Iman) that discussed in some face, and shining face. They are resurrected from the dead manuscripts is believe in the apostles of God. Belief in according to their deeds. Angel descends from the sky to apostles of God is to fully believe and trust that Allah has circle them. The sun seems very close to be reached by hand. chosen and delegated some selected people as apostles, and All creatures of hell have been already in the hell, just the then has given revelation to be delivered to his followers. faithful Muslims are left. Their beliefs examined by angel who Therefore, the apostles and the prophets are not only sent to pretend as the God. Muslim who has strong beliefs will not each person but also to all human beings. have confessed, and those who repent of their sin will be One of the prophets that discussed in the manuscript is forgiven by Allah and go into the heaven. Prophet Adam. He is not only as the first prophet but also as Chapter VI tells about hell and its substance, it is located the first human being created by Allah. According to the under the seventh layer of earth that consisted of seven doors manuscript, Adam is created from four elements that have and layers. The fire of hell is lighted for 1000 years. In the hell, been previously created by Allah. They are fire, wind, water there is a lake and a river. It is stated that there are some kinds and soil. Fire symbolizes the greatest name of Allah, wind of hells, for instance Jahannam hell which is a place for those explains the strongest name of Allah, water describes the who are committed to big sins without repenting of his sins. name of Allah as the all-knowing, and soil tells the name of Prophet Muhammad when hear the story of hell cries and Allah as the great speaker ever. prays to Allah in order to avoid his followers from Jahannam The process of Adam creation started from the beginning hell. Next is the story of various punishments in the hell. until the process of giving a soul took 120 years. It took places Bab VII describes about heaven and its substance, it is at 100 40 years in the mixture of soil and water, and in dry soil lasted level degrees. It has eight doors, and decorated with diamond for 40 years, and in black soil was 40 years. Allah, then, gave and germs. It is mentioned that there are several names of clothes to him so that his existence was perfect. heaven, for example Dar al-Jannah, Dar al-Jalal, Jannah ‘Adn. Prophet that always mentioned in the manuscript is Prophet The water of river in the heaven is more fragrant than musk. Muhammad (peace be upon him). Prophet Muhammad is the It is described that there are four kinds of water in the heaven: last prophet that comes along with Islam religion as the one clear water, milk water, wine water, and honey water. The and only to be accepted by Allah. Prophet Muhammad is even tree in the heaven always bear and can be picked while mentioned as early prophet because the first thing to be standing, sitting, even lying down. The tree of sidrah al- created is Nur Muhammad before creating other creatures. It muntaha is located in Jannatul Ma'wa heaven. Beautiful is based on hadith that the first thing that is created by Allah angels in heaven are white, green, yellow, and red; wear gold is my light. bracelets and rings. Next, it describes about Jannatu Adnin heaven, kinds of fruits in the heaven. The first food in the heaven is the liver of Nun fish. All human beings in the heaven Believe in Holy Scriptures of Allah visit each other, and each person wears ten rings. Finally, the Have a faith to holy scriptures of Allah means to believe and last part of the manuscript ends by saying prayers and to trust fully that Allah has given holy scriptures to his praising to Allah The Almighty. apostles that contain Allah’s revelation in order to be delivered of contents to human beings. As stated in the The Elements of Islamic Teaching in Manuscript manuscript, the holy scriptures are Allah words (kalam Tulkiyamah is categorized as religious manuscript. Its Allah). Kalam Allah has characteristic qadim that means have content explicitly discusses and elaborates the material or no beginning and end. The form of Allah’s word is the same as part of material that related to Islamic teaching which its substance. Therefore, human beings cannot understand consists of three aspects: belief, worship, and morality.

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the nature of that words. Human beings just believe Allah’s someone dies and buries, both of the angels come to Allah to word as they believe the substance of Allah. report about what has been done during his life. The entire content of holy scriptures are words of Allah. Israfil is responsible for blowing the trumpet. Israfil sits and Therefore, a Muslim must trust that Quran is Allah’s words. puts the trumpet on his thigh. It has already been at his mouth Qur’an is the source of all sources of religious law that must to be blown and he is just waiting the order from if the age of be obeyed. By having belief and doubtless, a Muslim will do universe is already over. Allah instructs him to blow the all commands of Allah and His apostles and stay away from trumpet to entire universe. Based on hadith from prophet, the every single forbidden act. great trumpet has four branches. One branch leads to where Believe in the Angels of Allah the sun rises, the second branch goes through where the sun Another pillars of faith (iman) is belief in the angels of Allah. sets, the other branch goes up to the sky up to the seventh It means that to trust and to justify surely that Allah has layers, and the last branch goes down to the seventh layers of created creatures called angels. According to the manuscript, soil. The great trumpet will be blown for three times. The first the angels, creatures, that created by Allah have body and blow will shock all creatures. The second blow will die all soul. Their bodies are very soft, made by lights, so that they creatures, and the third blow will awake creatures to Mahsyar cannot be seen by human beings. They do not have lust like field. human being so that they do not need food, water, and sleep. Ridwan is assigned by Allah to keep heaven. It is mentioned They do not have sex, they do not give a birth, and they are in the manuscript that Israfil blows the great trumpet, and not born. Allah instructs Jibril to meet Ridwan, guard heaven, to inform The number of angels that created by Allah are too many the instructions of Allah. Jibril says to Ridwan, “Hi Ridwan, because they have many duties that mostly relate to human please clean the heaven as the place for living of Prophet life. Among the duties, the major duties are conducted by the Muhammad and his followers. Meanwhile Malik is instructed following ten angels: Jibril, Mikail, Israfil, Israil, Munkar, by Allah to keep the hell and to arrange the torture in the hell. Nakir, Rakib, Atid, Malik, and Ridwan. Those ten angels as mentioned previously have different Believe in Doomsday responsibilities. The first angel is Jibril. He is responsible to One of the pillars of Iman is belief in doomsday. Each Muslim deliver the commands of Allah to all apostles. The second is must have a strong belief that the life cycle of the world will Mikail. He is assigned by Allah to distribute a living to all be end. When the time comes, human beings will leave the human beings. The next is Israfil. He has duty to take out world, or world life will be over. The day after the life of the human life. He is well-known as malak al-maut (angel of world is doomsday. Doomsday is an obligation to be believed death). Every human being has been decided his life by Allah. by every Muslim as stated in the manuscript: Doomsday is Human life will end anytime and anywhere based on the will obligated by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). to be of Allah without preparing and waiting. Meanwhile, People believed and to be known by his followers both man and whose life are taken out by malak al-maut will experience woman. differently. There is a person whose life is taken out strongly According to the manuscript, doomsday is also called yaum so that he feels pain. This such a person is human being that al-din, that is judgement day, where at that time all human never do salat (do prayer), and never do kindness. On the beings will receive revenge from every single act that they other hand, as mentioned in the manuscript that people who have done in the world. If they are faithful to Allah and His are always remember Allah will be avoided from the pain of apostles, do all the commands, they are placed in heaven. On death because it is written in their heart the name of Allah, the other hand, if they do not become faithful followers, do and they get lights from Allah as stated in Surah al-Zumar:22 not follow the commands of Allah and His apostles, do not , afaman syaraha Allahu sadrahu li al-islam fahuwa 'ala nurin stay away from the prohibition so they will not receive the min rabbih (so is the one who is opened his heart by Allah to mercy from Allah, and they will be placed in the hell as accept Islam then gets the light from Allah. This article revenge of their act in the world. indicates that those who are always remember Allah will be Unseen world related to doomsday that becomes a freed from the pain in facing death of the judgment day. compulsory to be trusted and believed as mentioned in the Munkar dan Nakir are the angels who have responsibilities to manuscript are: ask death body in the grave. Based on the manuscript, if the dead people is already buried, they will be visited by two Barzakh World scariest angels-the voice is like thunder, the sights are like Barzakh world is also called cemetery, that is, a first place that flashlight, fire comes out from their mouths if they talk. Both provided by Allah for human beings after their lives in the of them sit beside the death body and ask about his religion world. To move from real word to the world of barzakh, and belief. The question are as follows: man rabbuka (who is human beings need death process. The death will come to your God?), man nabiyyuka (who is your prophet?), ma every single life person and nobody cannot run away from the dinuka (what is your religion?), ma imamuka (what is your death. Based on the manuscript, when Allah has already guidance?), ma qiblatuka (Where is your place facing?), and decided the time of someone to die, it will come to his face like ma ikhwanuka (who is your brother?). his face when looking in the mirror and says: I am the death, If the dead person is faithful and do good deeds during His life, I am who takes you out from the world, make your he will answer well that Allah The Almighty is my God, husband/wife becomes widow/widower, make your children Muhammad is my prophet, Islam is my religion, Quran is my becomes orphans, make your treasure to be divided and guidance, Kaaba is my place facing, and Muslims are my people also will rob your treasure. brothers. By answering those questions well, they will be It is mentioned in the manuscript that when someone has freed from torture of Mungkar dan Nakir. Both of them say to died, his soul has been separated from his body, there is a him: please sleep as new bridegroom. voice from the sky that call him for three times by saying: Oh On the contrary, if they die with bad deeds, disobey the son and grandson of Adam, you leave the world and the commands of Allah, do not avoid the prohibition of Allah, they world leaves you, you kill the world and the world kills you. cannot answer all questions of Munkar. They answer ma adri Therefore, the death separates between human being and the (I do not know). Munkar dan Nakir hit them at once with iron world with all of their enjoyments. When a human being is in hammer as torture for them. The hammer is extremely very the grave, he cannot enjoy the life of the world as if he lives. big and heavy- even all people around the world cannot lift it. Therefore, a man that has already died and is in the grave will Furthermore, Rakib dan Atid are two angels that are always hear a voice from the sky: Oh the son and grandson of Adam, along with a human being during his life record all conducted you have laughed over on me, now you feel worry in my hole, deeds. Rakib is always at right side to jot down the good deeds you have laughed over on me, now you cannot move anymore of human being. If someone goes a trip, Rakib is in front of him in my hole. while Atid is in behind him. If someone lies down and sleeps, People who has already died and has been in the grave cannot one of the angels is at his head, and the other is at his foot. If help their family, treasures, and the position is useless. Therefore, when dead body has been buried, and those who

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deliver him has come back. Allah The Almighty says: Hi my According to the manuscript, when all human beings gather slaves, you have been left by your family, your best friends, in mahsyar field, they are divided into three groups and each you have been thrown into black hole. In the past you feel group has its own different shelter. The three groups are the confused so that you disobey me. Today, I am the Only One hypocritical group, the unbeliever group, and the believer. who loves you, I am the most gracious and the most merciful The hypocritical group has very hot shelters because the sun then your father and mother’s loves. near to their head. The unbeliever group shelter is under the Nobody can help someone in the grave except good deeds that smoke of the hell. The believer shelter is under the lights that he did during his life. People who commit to good deeds as comes from the heaven. instructed by Allah and stay away from his prohibition will be It is stated in the manuscript by quoting hadith of prophet treated without great pain. According to the manuscript by that there are seven groups that get shelter in Arsy on quoting Abu al-Lais statement that there are five good deeds judgement day and there are no other shelters. The seven that can avoid people from the grave pains. They are to do groups are as follow: honest kings that follow the command prayer (salat), to read Quran, to do fasting in Ramadhan, to of Allah, youth that always keep doing worship to Allah, give alms, and to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca. people who love and care their fellow Muslims, men who can In the contrary, those who confess a sin, do not commit to the avoid temptation of woman, people who mention the name of instruction of Allah will get such a sharp pain in the grave. It Allah in lonely place, people who sincerity pay for charity, is mentioned in the manuscript that grave pains that are people who like to listen religious speech. treated to death body who confesses a sin is a hit of iron hammer by Munkar dan Nakir. Then, the space of grave is Hisab (Deeds Count) tightened and the death body is clipped so that the ribs are One of things that will be experienced by human beings on separated each other. The death body inhales extremely bad judgement day is the calculation of their deeds during their smell and feels very hot as burned by coals. life so that the judgement day is also called yaum al-hisab. In the process of calculating men’s deeds, nobody can tell a lie Al-ba's (Resurrection) because the calculation itself is done by Allah. There is no a Al-Ba’s is a process to bring man back to alive from the death single deed that done by men can be hidden in front of the starting from the first man being in the world to the last one, court of Allah either good deeds or bad deeds. Surah al-Hajj, verse 7 states, “And for that the Hour is coming Human beings will acknowledge every single deed and they up; there is no suspicion about it, and that Allah will make cannot deny it because their mouths are shut and their parts whomever is in the tombs to rise again”. of body become witnesses as stated in the manuscript: .Once Israfil angel blows the great trumpet as instructed by Humans are called by Allah The Almighty to be counted their Allah, its sound is heard by all souls so that all men live and deeds, then, their hands and feet speak as witnesses for raise as stated in Surah al-Zumar verse 68, “Then it will be themselves, as the word of Allah: Today, we shut their mouths blown again, and at once they will be standing, looking on” and their hands, and their feet speak to give witnesses toward The man’s condition when arising from the grave has various what they did previously. different ways. It depends on the good deeds that he does during his life. People who commit to bad deeds will be arisen al-Mizan (The Scaling) into twelve ways: 1). People who envy to everyone else will After counting the deeds, then they are scaled in order to be arisen in the shape of monkey. 2). People who receive know exactly the number of good deeds and bad deeds. Based bribes will be resurrected in the shape of pig. 3). People who on the manuscript, good deeds are placed on the right scale are not honest will lurch. 4). People who like to have fun will leaf, dan bed deeds are on the left scale leaf. The size of the be alive in the condition of blind and deaf. 5). Islam leaders scale extends from the place where the sun rises in the east will be raised in the state of chewing their tongue so that pus up to the sun sets in the west. Those who have heavy scale of and blood comes out from the tongue because they are not kindness will get fortune. On the other hand, those who have consistent to what they know and to what they say. 6). People light scale of kindness means having heavy scale of crime will who are resurrected in burn condition are those who become lose and regret forever. fake witnesses. 7). The resurrected people in the state of leg is folded on the head and have bed smell are those who Shirat (The Bridge) always follow their desires. 8). The resurrected people in the After finishing the process of counting and scaling the deeds, state drunk are those who do not give alms. 9). The they are instructed to go through the bridge that extends from resurrected people in the state of wearing chain hellfire the Jahannam hell to the new residential area-heaven or hell. clothes are those who swear to the others. 10). The According to the manuscript, the speed of walking on the resurrected people in the state of their tongues are on their bridge depends on the good deeds. Some of them walks on the necks are liars. 11). The resurrected people in the state of bridge like lightning and arrive safely and enter the heaven. confusing are those who talk about the world in the mosque. They are the believers and have good deeds during their life 12). People who receive usury will be raised in the shape of in the world. Some walk slowly so that they need 100 years cow. until 1000 years. They are those Muslims that have more bad On the other way around, people who do good deeds will be deeds than good deeds. Meanwhile, once the unbeliever step resurrected from the grave safely and will not be destructed. their feet on the bridge, they directly fall into the hell. In the manuscript as quoted from hadith of prophet that there are ten groups of people who will be avoided from The Heaven destruction in the doomsday. They are the prophets, people The heaven is a place in the last day that is full of beauty and who got involved in Sabil war, Muslim leaders, people who enjoyment. Heaven also called ’alam al-baqa because the dies shaheed (die in the war), people who like to read Quran, occupants will be eternal in it. The heaven is specially people who call over to prayer (azan) for forty days from all provided for the servants of Allah who have faith and good the times, honest kings, women who die in the process of deeds. The enjoyment in the heaven is eternal forever. It is giving a birth, killed people, people who do not have different from the pleasure of the world which is boring and mistaken, people who die on Friday or Friday night. temporary. The enjoyment of heaven will be felt on and on without boredom. The pleasure of heaven cannot be Makhsyar (Mahsyar Field) measured by human’s five senses because they are limited to Makhsyar is a time and a place where human beings gather concrete matters while the heaven is unseen. after resurrected from the grave to wait the inspection or the According to the manuscript, heaven consists of eight layers deeds count. At that time, everybody takes care himself and eight doors. The doors are made by pure gold and because families, friends and relatives cannot help each other decorated by gems and pearls. Each door has written as well as the properties, they cannot help even a bit. The only statements Lailaha illallah, Muhammad Rasulullah. The first one thing that can give a help is the right faith and good deeds. door is special for: the prophets, people who commit to the command of Allah, people who die in war, and those who

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seriously conduct their obligations. The second door is the Ashar (mid-afternoon), Magrib (sunset), Isya (from one and a entrance for those who do salat (prayer), those who pay half hours after sunset), and Subuh (between the first light of attention to pillars of prayer and do ablution (wudu) well. The dawn and sunrise). third door is a special entrance for those who pay for charity Paying for alms (zakat) that mentioned in the manuscript sincerely. The fourth door is a place for people who always do consists of two kinds. They are treasure zakat and personal good deeds, do prayer, do fasting, make a pilgrimage to Mecca, zakat. Fasting that mentioned in the manuscript is a and avoid to do bad things. The fifth door is prepared for compulsory fasting that is done in Ramadhan month. The fifth cheated people. The sixth door is the entrance for those who pillar of Islam is to make a pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca. make a pilgrimage to Mecca. The seventh door is special for people who die in the war for Allah. The eight door is for who always do azan in pulpit, people who always keep their eyes away from seeing prohibited things, and people who always Aspect of Morality remind others to do kindness. In the teachings of Islam, there are two relationships that The heavens have some layers. The first heaven is Darul Jinan, have to be kept. They are the relationship to Allah and among white pearl, a place for the slaves of Allah that have repented human beings. The relationship to Allah relates to the of their sins. The second heaven is Dar al-Salam, red gems, a implementation of belief while relationship among human place for patient people. The third heaven is Jannah al-Ma’wa, beings in form of mu’amalah (interaction) and morality. The green emerald, a place for obedient people. The fourth heaven discussion about morality in the manuscript has less portion is Jannah al-Khuld, pure gold, a place for poor people. The fifth compared with other aspects. Morality matters that are heaven is Jannah al-Na’im,very white gems, a place for people discussed is human morality as servants of Allah and the who loves Allah. The sixth heaven is Jannah al-Firdaus, very relationship among human beings. Morality must be owned pure gold, a place for people who treat their parents well. The by someone that closely correlated to belief and worship. seventh heaven is Dar al-Qarar, very good musk, a place for People who have excellent faith and do worship well will have people who loves and misses Allah. The last is the highest good morality and avoid bad morality both to Allah and position of heaven called Jannah ‘Adn, white pearl, a place for among human beings. the prophets. Forms of Socialization The Hell Tulkiyamah as a religious manuscript that has its own special The hell is a special place that provided on judgement day for place among Makassarese people compared with other the unbelievers and those who break the commands of Allah. religious manuscripts. It contains Islamic teachings, specially In the hell, the unbelievers, and people who have more bad related to one of the essential principles of Muslim belief, that deeds than good deeds will be tortured. is, belief to the last day. Therefore, the content of script is very According to the manuscript, tortures that will be felt by the relevant to be socialized in community. Those things that occupants of hell will be various, for example shackles, fire of have been done by many of Muslim leaders and disseminators chains, fire of javelins, hot winds, and fire of snakes. The hell in spreading of Islamic teachings in the field of literature in consist of seven layers and seven doors. The first hell is called the past. (Abdurrahman, 1980:117) There are some Jahannam, a place for people who commit to big sin. The socialization forms of manuscript in community, they are as second hell is Lazha, a place for people who believe in idols. follows: Next, Hutamah, a place for Ya’juj and the unbeliever. The 1. Manuscript Writing fourth hell is Sa’ir, a place for devil, the unbelievers and their To satisfy community needs toward Tulkiyamah, and to followers. The fifth hell is Saqar, a place for people who do not change damaged manuscript so that writing is done by some do salat and do not pay for charity. The sixth hell is Jahim, a writers. This effort widens the extension of manuscript places for followers of Judaism and Christianity. The last is socialization on one side. On the other side, it is add the Hawiyah, a place for the hypocrite. numbers of manuscript variations including writing manuscript by using Lontara alphabets (translation). Believe in Qada dan Qadhar Translation manuscript that is considered as good One of pillars of Iman is belief in destiny that is given by Allah. manuscript and has perfect writing are photocopied by some Believe in destiny of Allah is one of the orders of Prophet people in order to be read in death ceremony. Muhammad (peace be upon him), as stated in the manuscript: 2. Manuscript Lending for Reading One of commands of Prophet Muhammad to us as the Not all people have Tulkiyamah. Therefore, the owner of the followers is to believe that every goodness and badness manuscript lends the manuscript after the grief family inform comes from Allah. The good destinies are faith, righteous and invite to read Tulkiyamah. When the owner of the deeds. They are placed in the heaven of people who have faith manuscript lends the manuscript, the grief family who and good deeds. In the contrary, bad destinies consist of borrows the manuscript gives a pack of cigarette to the disbelief, immorality that will be placed in the hell of disbelief manuscript owner. and people who commit to immorality. Therefore, a Muslim 3. Manuscript Reading must believe that faith and disbelief comes from Allah, the Tulkiyamah reading is done several nights after the death believers and the unbelievers are the destiny of Allah. body is buried, but it depends on the ability of grief family. As the evidence of destiny of Allah based on the manuscript, The process of reading Tulkiyamah is generally conducted by human beings are divided into four groups: the believer several people depends on the numbers of people who have throughout his life and die in his faith, the believer then ability to read Tulkiyamah during the procession. People who change to the unbeliever and die in his infidel, the unbeliever read the manuscript is syara’ employees because it is a during his life and die in his infidel, the unbeliever, then turn religious service to community and a series of process of to the believer and die in his faith. death event. The process of manuscript reading will be more crowded if it is carried out by noble family and rich people Aspect of Worship because they are able to invite and bring many people, even Aspect of worship discussed in the manuscript consists of people from other regions. This also shows social status in prayer, fasting, alms, pilgrimage journey. The manuscript community. emphasis on the discussion of worship on prayer (salat), 4. Manuscript Reading with Explanation and Elaboration particularly the compulsory prayers done five times a day. It After reading Tulkiyamah for several lines, and then it is is caused by the scope of discussion of salat is not only very explained, elaborated, by giving example related to daily life broad but also salat becomes very important in Islam. Salat is activity so that the content and the essence are easy to be compulsory for the followers of Islam when Prophet understood by all participants. Muhammad (peace be upon him) went to see Allah and 5. Ta’ziyah Speech by Referring to Tulkiyamah. accepted the command of conducting salat (prayer). Salat is a One of events that conducted by community in line with death must for five times a day. They are Dhuhur (After Midday), ceremony is ta’ziah speech (condolence speech). Therefore,

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READING THE TULKIYAMAH: A RELIGIOUS TRADITION OF MAKASSARESE COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH SULAWESI

some of mubalighs (Muslim preacher) when delivers REFERENCES religious speech refer to the discussion of manuscript that 1. Abdullah, Taufik (ed.). 1983. Agama dan Perubahan related to death so that community get easy to understand the Sosial. Jakarta: Rajawali. content of the speech because the community has already 2. Abdurrahman, Muslim. 1980. Agama, Budaya, dan heard Tulkiyamah most of the time. Masyarakat. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Community Perception towards Manuscript Socialization Pengembangan Agama. The existence of Tulkiyamah in Makassarese community still 3. Arifin, Anwar. 1984. Strategi Komunikasi. Bandung: exists. The community knows that this manuscript is a Armiko. document that is recited during death event since in the past 4. Bafhadal, Fadhal dan Asep Saepullah. 2005. Naskah to nowadays. Tulkiyamah is a document that remains to be Klasik Keagamaan Nusantara I. Jakarta: Badan Litbang kept and saved by the community because it has more Agama dan Diklat Keagamaan. advantages than other manuscripts. 5. Daudy, Ahmad. 1983. Allah dan Manusia dalam Tulkiyamah is not only a religious manuscript but also Konsepsi Syeikh Nuruddin Ar-Raniry. Jakarta: Rajawali. literature manuscript that has value for community which 6. Djamaris, Edwar. 2002. Metode Penelitian Filologi. contains good rhythm and spoils the listeners. In line with Jakarta: Manasco. that values, people who have ability to read it, get a special 7. Fathurrahman, Oman. Pentingnya Memelihara, place from the admirers. Melestarikan, dan Memanfaatkan Khazanah Naskah Community’s attention to this manuscript as cultural heritage Islam Nusantara: Sebuah Refleksi. Jurnal Lektur is related to various things either as religious manuscript or Keagamaan. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2003 as art literature manuscript. The dominant phenomenon 8. Ikram, Achadiati dan Titik Pudjiastuti. 1997. Filologia seems that the attention is limited in certain community not Nusantara. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya. only who directly carries out reading ceremony but also who 9. Kartodirjo, Sartono. 1981/1982. Metode Ilmiah Sejarah join the ceremony. The involvement of youth generation dan Penelitian Sejarah. Dalam Parsudi Suparlan. almost does not exist. Pengetahuan Budaya, Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial dan Pengkajian Systematization of ta’ziyah shows with speech model at Masalah-Masalah Agama. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan certain nights replace Tulkiyamah reading shows. The Pengembangan Agama. replacement consists of total replacement which means that 10. Lubis, Nabilah. 1996. Naskah, Teks, dan Metode there is no Tulkiyamah reading at all and shifting replacement Penelitian Filologi. Jakarta: Forum Kajian Bahasa dan which means that Tulkiyamah reading is not the top list of Sastera Arab Fakultas Adab IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah, agenda in the ceremony. Tradition of Tulkiyamah reading 1996. adds religious comprehension to the listeners because it can 11. Mattulada. Latoa, Satu Lukisan Analitis terhadap give knowledge and deepens understanding in facing death Antropologi Politik Orang Bugis. Yogyakarta: Gajah and its process. Mada University Press, 1985. In addition, it also gives awareness to community to change 12. Paeni, Mukhlis dkk. 2003. Katalog Induk Naskah-Naskah their behavior to a better one. For instance, dipsomania of Nusantara Sulawesi Selatan. Jakarta: Arsip Nasional ballo (traditional drink of Makassarese that can make people Republik Indonesia. drunk) in Jeneponto has been aware and leave that drink after 13. Riffaterre, Michael. 1978. Semiotics of Poetry. joining Tulkiyamah reading that discusses about death and Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press. other related things to the death. 14. Robson, S.O. Prinsip-Prinsip Filologi Indonesia. Jakarta: One of advantages of Tulkiyamah reading is to remind each RUL, 1994. other in facing disaster/problem as explain previously in 15. Suparlan, Parsudi. Pengetahuan Budaya, Ilmu-Ilmu chapter III of article number six about warning to the grief Sosial dan Pengkajian Masalah-Masalah Agama. Jakarta: family. Badan Litbang Agama, 1981/1982. The relationship of solidarity is getting close by conducting 16. Tjandrasasmita, Uka. 2006. Kajian Naskah-Naskah Tulkiyamah reading because in this tradition, family and Klasik dan Penerapannya bagi Kajian Sejarah Islam di friends gather to enliven the event process besides that to Indonesia. Jakarta: Puslitbang Lektur Keagamaan Badan state condolences to family that has been left and as a place of Litbang dan Diklat Departemen Agama RI. family to meet each other. 17. Tjandrasasmita, Uka. 2009. Arkeologi Islam Nusantara. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.

CONCLUSION Many of manuscripts are still found and reserved among communities, especially Tulkiyamah that remains to be written by script writers until today. There are sufficient variations of Tulkiyamah, but the content is still the same, for example about Nur Muhammad, the Creation of Adam, the Death, the Judgement day, the Hell, and the Heaven. Values of religion in Tulkiyamah consists of belief, particularly that related to death and judgement day, hell punishment and promise of the heaven pleasure that encourage the creation of a better life in the world. Tulkiyamah is still relevant to be socialized in community life. The forms of socialization are as follows, writing, lending, reading, and speech. Tulkiyamah still has a place among communities even though it is in limited portion and experiences shift. The influence of Tulkiyamah decreases along with the decline of community’s attention.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer would like to express many thanks to everyone that too many to mention for supporting all the process of this research until the final writing is completed. Special thanks are addressed to the official employees of government and the owner of manuscripts in research location.

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