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A Religious Tradition of Makassarese Communities in South Sulawesi Abd Journal of Critical Reviews ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 6, Issue 5, 2019 READING THE TULKIYAMAH: A RELIGIOUS TRADITION OF MAKASSARESE COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH SULAWESI ABD. KADIR M. Office of Religious Research and Development Ministry of Religious Affairs, Makassar Jl. A.P. Pettarani No. 72 Makassar, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Received: 03.09.2019 Revised: 06.10.2019 Accepted: 15.10.2019 ABSTRACT The research is a text study of Tulkiyamah manuscript that aims to find out its form and content, to reveal religious advices of Islam, to know the form of socialization of Islamic teachings through the manuscript, and to describe communities’ perception toward the manuscript. This research was conducted at three regencies in South Sulawesi: Jeneponto Regency, Takalar Regency, and Gowa Regency. The data were collected by three instruments: literature review, interview, and observation. The selected manuscript was analyzed based on philology works: manuscript description, transliteration and translation, and manuscript content analysis. The research findings indicate that there are many manuscripts that are kept by communities, and one of them is Tulkiyamah that is still read in special occasion. The manuscript contains teachings of Islam: belief, worship, and morality. For instance, it is related to death, doomsday, threat of hellfire torture, the promise of heaven pleasure that trigger people to do kindness in their life. This manuscript is still being read by the community and still relevant to be socialized in community life. Socialization of the manuscript is done in the forms of translating, reading, and providing material for speech in community. This manuscript is necessary to be kept as a cultural heritage. Keywords: Tulkiyamah, manuscript, religion. © 2019 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/jcr.06.05.36 INTRODUCTION One of cultural heritages of Indonesia that has a very high content of manuscripts consist of religious messages that value is written relics that are jotted down in some become hints to change behavior and attitude of community manuscripts. (Ikram and Pudjiastuti, 1997:1). The to be better. One of manuscripts that are read in special manuscripts contain the expression of past life that play a key occasion is called by the readers as Tulkiyamah. It contains role as a means of culture and communication among about the process of birth and death of human being and generations from past time, nowadays, until future period. mysterious things related to judgement day. This manuscript Related to the content, the manuscripts reflect various points is read by Makassarese for death ceremony. of view, knowledge, beliefs, traditions, and communities’ Based on the background of problems that are previously behavior in the past. explained, the main problem of this research is how great Tradition of writing some documents and information in the Tulkiyamah that is always read by community becomes form of handwriting manuscript has been greatly carried out media to socialize religious teachings. The main problems of in the past. It is particularly seen from the large numbers of the research are formulated into several research questions: manuscripts that can be found right now which are written 1) How many numbers of manuscripts, especially either in foreign languages like Arabic, Dutch, or written in Tulkiyamah, have been collected, and are still kept by local language like Javanese, Sundanese, Aceh, Bali, Bugis, community? 2) How are the forms and contents of those Makassar, and so on. (Fathurahman, 2003:1). It seems manuscripts? 3). What are the religious values in the understandable if it is correlated to the existence of printing manuscripts, so that it becomes media to socialize religion in tools that have not been well known until the 19 century, community? 4) How is the form of socialization of religious particularly in Malay-Nusantara region. Therefore, it is not a values through Tulkiyamah?, and 5). How is community’s surprising thing if nowadays the treasure of Nusantara perception toward the socialization of the manuscripts?. manuscripts can greatly be found in line with literature, The definition of manuscripts that are used in this research is philosophy, tradition, and religion. a handwriting manuscript that is in Malay language and local Related to Islamic religious manuscripts, the numbers of language by using letters of Javanese, Latin, and other manuscripts are apparently more dominant because it is alphabets. (Djamaris, 2002:3). The material consists of bark closely correlated to Islamization process in Indonesia which woods, bamboos, palm leaves, and papers. (Tjandrasasmita, involved many productive Muslim leaders of its era. The data 2006:11). generally state that religious manuscripts are written by Media are any things as an instrument to express the content Muslim leaders especially in the context of transmission of feeling or consciousness (Arifin, 1984:23). Socialization is Islamic knowledge both transmission between Muslim defined as a term that shows a process of transferring culture leaders of Malay-Nusantara and Muslim leaders of Middle from one generation to next generation. It is a part of all East, even among Muslim leaders in Indonesia with their process of cultivation, communication, teaching where students in some places. (Bafadhal and Saefullah, 2005:4). organism grows and unite, and participate in social life and In relation to the context of Islamic religious manuscripts this process continues for all this time to reform behavior and above, two patterns of knowledge transmission in Indonesia attitude of human beings. finally form two group patterns of language manuscripts. Tulkiyamah is a manuscript that is written in Makassar First, the manuscripts that are written in Arabic language, and language that contains religious topics. The manuscript is a those are written in local language. (Tjandrasasmita, translation from Malay language written by Syekh Nurudin al- 2009:184). In its progress, the number of manuscripts greatly Raniri entitled Akhbar al-Akhirah fi Ahwal al-Qiyamah (The increase because tradition of translating manuscripts is done stories of the hereafter regarding the events of the day of time by time both by students for learning purpose and by resurrection). translators for commercial reason. Theories used in this research are philology theory, literature Furthermore, some certain manuscripts are read by theory, and history theory. They are expected to support each community for generations in special occasion as media to other so that the final report of research can be academically socialize religious teaching in Muslim community because the defended. In terms of the research, philology theory is defined Journal of critical reviews 222 READING THE TULKIYAMAH: A RELIGIOUS TRADITION OF MAKASSARESE COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH SULAWESI as a study about literature text or culture that is closely correlated to cultural background that are supported by RESEARCH METHOD certain manuscripts (Lubis, 1993:4). Literature theory deals This research was conducted in three regencies: Gowa with manuscripts reading that successfully collected. regency, Takalar regency, and Jeneponto regency (South Riffaterre (1978:5) states that semiotic poetry reading Sulawesi). Tulkiyamah reading is still being conducted at (including manuscripts) extends from heuristic to those three regencies as media to socialize religious teachings hermeneutic reading. Heuristic reading is a step of reading in community. that needs linguistics competence of the reader. In this step, To get the data, the researcher applied library study, the reader is expected to give meaning toward the form of interview, and observation. Library study was done by linguistics that seems ungrammatically. Hermeneutic reading tracing and collecting information about the manuscripts in is a higher and complex order thinking skill. It involves many various books, catalogues either inside or outside of research things out of the language code. In other words, reading at this location. Interview was conducted with informants, level is an act to gain whole meaning. In other words, it does community figures, manuscripts keepers, manuscripts not like reading as the first level that run linearly from the writers, and people who know well about the manuscripts. beginning to the end, but it combines some codes integrated Meanwhile, observation was carried out to know directly and moves back and forth from any parts of the text to where the place to keep the manuscripts, and the attitude of another. community to treat the manuscripts. Meanwhile, history theory, in terms of the research, is used to Manuscripts analysis were done toward selected manuscripts collect evidences that support all the things which related to based on philology work, that is, description of manuscript, the manuscripts, and the evidences are chosen selectively to transliteration and translation of manuscript, and content differentiate between valid data and invalid data. The data analysis of manuscript. Description was carried out to that have been selected, then, reconstructed, correlated one physical illustration and content of the manuscripts. another to come to a description that closely correlated to the Transliteration was used to transfer Serang alphabet into truth. (Kartodirjo, 1982:102). Latin. Those three above theories were combined
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