Cléopâtre Dans Les Tragédies Françaises De 1553 À 1682

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Cléopâtre Dans Les Tragédies Françaises De 1553 À 1682 UNIVERSITÉ D’AVIGNON ET DES PAYS DE VAUCLUSE École doctorale 537 : CULTURE ET PATRIMOINE EA 4277 Laboratoire « Identité Culturelle, Textes et Théâtralité » dirigé par Madelena Gonzalez Maison de la Recherche - 74, rue Louis Pasteur - 84029 Avignon Cedex 1 THÈSE DE DOCTORAT EN LITTÉRATURE FRANÇAISE Mathilde LAMY Cléopâtre dans les tragédies françaises de 1553 à 1682 Une dramaturgie de l’éloge Thèse dirigée par M. le Professeur Jean-Claude TERNAUX Soutenue le jeudi 31 mai 2012 à 14h00 Jury : M. le Professeur Christian BIET, Université de Paris X M. le Professeur Alain CULLIÈRE, Université de Metz M. le Professeur Georges FORESTIER, Université de Paris IV M. le Professeur Olivier MILLET, Université de Paris IV M. le Professeur Jean-Claude TERNAUX, Université d’Avignon Je témoigne ma plus sincère gratitude à M. le professeur Jean-Claude Ternaux qui m’a transmis le goût pour la littérature humaniste depuis mon entrée à l’université en 2003. Sa rigueur et son érudition m’ont fait évoluer au cours de ces années. Du mémoire de maîtrise à la présente thèse de doctorat, il a guidé mes travaux de recherche avec disponibilité, exigence et bienveillance. Labor omnia improbus vincit. J’ai une pensée particulière pour quelques enseignants de l’Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, qui m’ont encouragée et soutenue, notamment M. Sébastien Hubier, M. le professeur Gabriel Conesa et M me Nadège Marsaleix. Je n’oublie ni M. Jean-Christophe Brochard, conservateur de la bibliothèque universitaire, qui me fut d’une aide précieuse pour la gestion documentaire, ni M lle Agnès Rees, docteur de cette même université, pour ses judicieux conseils. Je rends grâces à ceux qui ont eu confiance en mon travail et m’ont intégrée à leurs projets de recherche : MM. les professeurs Frank Greiner, Jean-Claude Ternaux et Marc Vuillermoz. Je remercie également les responsables de l’Université Populaire de Gennevilliers, qui m’ont permis d’intervenir dans le cadre d’un séminaire sur les figures tragiques dirigé par M. Jean-Claude Ternaux. Ma reconnaissance va aussi aux membres de l’Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse pour leur bon accueil : je sais gré à la direction du collège des écoles doctorales et aux instances supérieures de l’Université qui ont facilité mon intégration et ont tenu compte tant de ma situation de professeur dans l’enseignement secondaire que de l’éloignement géographique. Je ne saurais mettre un terme à ces remerciements sans saluer l’inconditionnel soutien de Brigitte et Jean-Pierre Lamy, mes parents, qui ont éveillé puis encouragé mon ambition, qui ont suivi de près mes travaux et qui les ont favorisés jusqu’à Alexandrie... Un dernier mot pour Benoît Houdry, mon alter ego , qui a partagé avec moi chacune de ces pages. 1 2 TABLE DES MATIÈRES INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE – NAISSANCE D’UNE FIGURE LITTÉRAIRE : MYTHE, HISTOIRE ET TRAGÉDIE...........................................10 CLÉOPÂTRE , IDENTITÉ MYTHIQUE ET TRAGIQUE .................................................................11 Une femme de pouvoir...........................................................................................12 Cléopâtre, une nouvelle Isis ? ...........................................................................13 Cléopâtre face à Hatchepsout............................................................................15 Cléopâtre et les figures latines du pouvoir........................................................16 Cleopatra bifrons ...............................................................................................17 L’étrangère captive................................................................................................18 Des dangers de la séduction..................................................................................19 TRADITION ET RENAISSANCE : L’ÉMERGENCE D’UNE HÉROÏNE .............................................23 Naissance d’un modèle tragique, de Sophonisbe à Cléopâtre..............................24 Dramaturgie humaniste, dramaturgie classique : la tragédie et son dénouement26 Un sujet original : la mort de Cléopâtre...............................................................32 ÉCRIRE UNE C LÉOPÂTRE , ÉCRIRE UNE TRAGÉDIE : LE MODÈLE FORMEL ...............................37 « Écrire sur le sujet de Cléopâtre, c’est emprunter le chemin de l’imitation féconde »................................................................................................................37 De l’émulation à la rivalité : Benserade et Mairet................................................38 Cléopâtre, un gage d’immortalité..........................................................................42 LA MÉTAMORPHOSE DU MONSTRE : VERS UNE DRAMATURGIE DE L’ÉLOGE .............................44 Les tragédies françaises de Cléopâtre aux XVI e et XVII e siècles...........................45 La machine tragique : métamorphoses du héros...................................................51 3 La tragédie de Cléopâtre.......................................................................................54 Discours encomiastique, genre dramatique : la réhabilitation tragique..............57 PREMIÈRE PARTIE – LA TENTATION DIDACTIQUE : CLÉOPÂTRE, MODÈLE ET CONTRE-MODÈLE............................................................................59 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................60 CHAPITRE 1 – H ISTOIRE ANTIQUE , HISTOIRE CONTEMPORAINE : RÉSONANCES DE LA TRAGÉDIE .....................................................................................................................................62 Mécènes et monarques : les « vertus de l’éloge ».................................................64 Les « violences au cœur des alliances » : l’empreinte de la guerre civile.............67 Cléopâtre, miroir des figures féminines renaissantes............................................69 CHAPITRE 2 – L’É COLE DES ROIS FAITE PAR UNE REINE : LA TRAGÉDIE POLITIQUE ...............72 Une tragédie de la démesure : hybris et dérive passionnelle................................75 L’inflation didactique : mise en scène d’un ars regni ............................................83 La menace du matriarcat.......................................................................................88 CHAPITRE 3 – C ATHARSIS ET RELIGION : LE REFLET D’UNE CRISE DES VALEURS ...................92 Dieu et les Dieux sur scène : la présence fascinante d’une instance invisible......93 De l’excès de malheur à la crise d’incompréhension : la tentation impie des héros tragiques................................................................................................................99 La piété punie, la foi démentie : une impossible théologie ? ..............................103 CHAPITRE 4 – M ELPOMÈNE ET V ÉNUS : LA TRAGÉDIE DE LA PASSION AMOUREUSE .............107 Chants amoureux, chants tragiques.....................................................................109 Quand la parole cesse d’être performative : craintes et soupçons......................115 La victoire du pathos sur l’ ethos : l’amour délétère............................................118 CHAPITRE 5 – H OSTILITÉS FÉMININES : CLÉOPÂTRE CONTRE O CTAVIE .............................122 Du conflit moral à la psychomachie....................................................................124 Rivalité amoureuse et affrontement.....................................................................128 La médiation politique : une rivale tutélaire.......................................................132 CHAPITRE 6 – D ES PROPOS SENTENCIEUX AU JUGEMENT TRAGIQUE : DU BLÂME À L’ÉLOGE DE LA FEMME ....................................................................................................................136 La tentation misogyne : critique de la femme tentatrice.....................................137 4 La question de la maternité : Cléopâtre face à ses enfants.................................140 La rhétorique judiciaire dans la tragédie, du réquisitoire au plaidoyer.............148 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................153 DEUXIÈME PARTIE – LE LANGAGE, VECTEUR DES PASSIONS TRAGIQUES...............................................................................................................155 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................156 CHAPITRE 7 – A UTOPORTRAITS DE C LÉOPÂTRE : L’INFLATION DE L’ÉLOGE DE SOI .............158 Un ethos de reine.................................................................................................159 Vertus féminines, vertus conjugales.....................................................................162 Une identité tragique confirmée : de la passion pathétique à la majesté funèbre .............................................................................................................................164 CHAPITRE 8 – F AMA PUBLIQUE ET GLORIA LITTÉRAIRE : UNE TRAGÉDIE DE LA RENOMMÉE ..168 « Fame aislee » et réputation : la construction d’une identité publique.............169 Défense et illustration de l’héroïsme politique....................................................172 Vers la postérité séculaire : la victoire culturelle................................................176 CHAPITRE 9 – C HANT DE MORT ET RHÉTORIQUE DE L’INFORTUNE : LE REGISTRE PATHÉTIQUE ...................................................................................................................................180
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