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1539.Full.Pdf VIRGIL E. BARNES Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712 W A M T ATTPHT TN I ^f" Development Company, Houston, Texas 77001 IRVING FRIEDMAN U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado 80225 OIVA JOENSUU The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149 Macusanite Occurrence, Age, and Composition, Macusani, Peru ABSTRACT Macusanite, originally believed to be a type of Andes. These rocks are unique for glassy rocks in tektite because of its sculpture, is shown to be re- that lithium, boron, and arsenic contents are very lated to sillar of the Macusani region, Peru. K-Ar high; cesium, rubidium, tellurium, fluorine, and tin measurements establish identical Pliocene ages (4.2 are higher than normal; zinc, copper, chromium, m.y.) for macusanite and sillar and relate these and zirconium are lower than normal; and high- deposits to the extensive ash flows of the southern alumina minerals such as andalusite are present. INTRODUCTION geological and petrological data and introduc- tory material, Barnes; age measurements (made Linck (1926) believed the transparent during 1962 and 1963), Edwards and Mc- natural glass from Paucartambo, Peru, was a Laughlin; chemical data, Friedman and tektite, although it contained crystals of Joensuu. andalusite, sillimanite, wollastonite, scapolite, sanidine, oligoclase-andesine, zircon, and GEOLOGY aegirine-augite. Preuss (1935) reported high Macusani is located at approximately long values for lithium, beryllium, boron, arsenic, 70° 27' W., and lat 14° 4' S., on the north- and tin in the Paucartambo glass. Heide (1936) eastern slope of the Andes at an elevation of described the Macusani glass. Martin (1934) about 4300 m in an area devoid of vegetation and Martin and de Sitter-Koomans (1955) except for grass and a few squat plants. considered these South American glasses to be The generalized geologic map of Peru by of igneous origin. Elliott and Moss (1965) Bellido B., Narvaez L., and Simons (1956) analyzed a specimen of macusanite and found shows the area near Macusani underlain by "overwhelming evidence to support the con- undivided Paleozoic rocks. Carboniferous and tention that this Peruvian glass is unique," yet Permian rocks and pre-Cretaceous intrusive they did not formulate an acceptable theory of rocks crop out to the north, and Upper Cretace- its origin. ous sedimentary rocks are exposed to the south. In order to learn if this glass might furnish The Tertiary volcanic rocks in the vicinity of some clue to the nature of tektites and to learn Macusani are not shown; the nearest ones to what igneous event it might belong, Barnes mapped are about 125 km to the southwest. visited the Macusani occurrence in July 1961. Aerial photographs, which became available He also visited the locality of transparent in February 1966, served as a base for Figure 1. obsidian pebbles near Popayan, Colombia. In conjunction with field notes and panoramic These differ from macusanite in chemical com- photographs made in 1961, these were used to position, absence of high-alumina minerals, and interpret the geology of macusanite occurrence. the general absence of the typical macusanite Sillar flows dipping northeastward are spectac- etched surface. ularly exposed near the power generating plant Responsibility for various observations and along Macusani River north of Macusani (Fig. interpretations in this paper is as follows: 1). The macusanite is localized in lacustrine Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1539-1546, 3 figs., May 1970 1539 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/81/5/1539/3417727/i0016-7606-81-5-1539.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 1540 BARNES AND OTHERS—MACUSANITE FROM PERU OW TERRACE DEPOSITS . BEDROCK Mayo ' I TYPE N°T ! , DETERMINED Figure 1. Geologic map in vicinity of Macusani, Peru. Gr, granite; SS, sandstone; LS, limestone; all other units labeled on map. deposits about 250 meters thick formed during Caluyo Mayo, and downstream to Macusani an early glaciation and possibly at about the River. Alluvial deposits at Macusani and same time as the older morainal deposits numerous localities, mostly in glacial deposits mapped in Figure 1. along the road to Ayapata, were examined, Barnes, Belon, Zavala M., and Paredcs P., finding just west of the map area two small obtained locality data from Sr. Wenceslao battered pieces of macusanite which may have Malaga y Malaga, who originally brought been carried there. macusamte to the attentior o( scientists. The Chilcuno Chico deposit of macusanite Macusanite was known from two localities, one was not visited because the locality had been 3 km northeast of Macusani near Caluyo Mayo imprecisely described and employees of Sr. and the other 7 km north at Chilcuno Chico Zavala M. who were sent to investigate found River. Near Caluyo Mayo about 25 kg of no macusanite. When the aerial photographs macusanite was collected from the entire became available, they showed that the Chil- length of a gully which heads on a terrace flat cuno Chico macusanite locality is situated in an estimated to be 150 meters above the inter- area of well-exposed sillar flows; therefore, mediate terrace, and from gravel discharged futun attention should be concentrated in that from the gully onto the intermediate terrace. regi(,i>. It seems unlikely that a source of Two specimens of macusanite were found 100 macusanite will be found along the Caluyo meters to the east on the "high flat" (Fig. 1) Mayo because of the presence of younger where the high terrace deposits are about 250 deposits which cover most of the bedrock. meters thick. The sillar flows of the Macusani area are Another gully 0.5 km south of the first one part of extensive ash-flow deposits that mantle yielded about 3 kg of macusanite from gravel the slopes of the Andes and the high plain of discharged onto the intermediate terrace; no Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Macusan- macusanite was found in similar deposits ite occurs not only in the region of Macusani another kilometer to the southeast at the foot but also at Paucartambo 150 km to the north- of the highest terrace. west and at Sandia 110 km to the east. The The high terrace and older morainal deposits three Peruvian localities on the northeastern were investigated eastward from the Caluyo flank of the Andes are aligned parallel to the Mayo macusanite occurrence, northward to trend of the mountains and are in line with Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/81/5/1539/3417727/i0016-7606-81-5-1539.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 PETROLOGY 1541 the northwestward-trending zone of tin other obsidian, as well as between macusanite mineralization in Bolivia. and tektites, is brought out when the refractive index and specific gravity of these materials are PETROLOGY compared with their silica content on a varia- Elemental data for various rock types com- tion diagram (Fig. 2). piled by Rankama and Sahama (1952) show Some specimens of macusanite are definitely that lithium, rubidium, cesium, and tin are layered or flow banded, as shown by variation most abundant in greisen, and that tellurium in concentration of minerals or variation in is most abundant in shale. Abundance of these degree of milkiness. Milkiness is caused by elements in the macusanite and sillar suggests vesiculation of a type previously observed in that these rocks originated either from late a few specimens of Muong Nong-type tektites, differentiates of a high-alumina magma enriched and in Libyan Desert glass. The irregular thin in these elements with the macusanite having branching bubbles were trapped in glass so formed from the last most highly enriched viscous that surface tension could not draw portion, or that high-alumina rocks previously the bubbles into spheres. Lechatelierite and subjected to greisenization were melted or siliceous schlieren are absent. assimilated to form the macusanite and sillar. The etch pattern on macusanite, which In the latter case the macusanite would have caused this igneous glass, originally mistaken formed from more highly greisenized rock than for tektites, is compared with the etch pattern the sillar. on indochinites in Figure 3, A-D. The etch The refractive index for 24 speciments of pits are superficially identical on the two types macusanite, determined on an Abbe refractom- of glass; however, swirled flow structure(C) eter, ranges from 1.4831 to 1.4862, and the characteristic of tektites is not present in average is 1.4851. Martin and de Sitter- macusanite. The macusanite was photographed Koomans (1955) listed values for refractive using both transmitted and incident light in index of five specimens at 1.4862 and specific order to show its translucence (A and B) and gravities of 119 specimens ranging from 2.345 parallel banding (A) as well as its etch pattern. to 2.361. Elliott and Moss (1965) found that one Tektite C from Snoul, Cambodia, is a perfect analyzed specimen had a refractive index of bi-concave form, except for the portion of one 1.4857 and a specific gravity of 2.359. The edge ground off by the original finder. Tek- marked difference between macusanite and tite D in the collection of the Museum EXPLANATION o Data prior to I940(see-8ornes, 1940) Data since I940(see-Chao, 1963; Schnetzler and Pinson, 1963; Barnes, I964a) Range of data for Macusanite z 2.40 - 100 Figure 2 Variation diagram for tektites and igneous glasses (index of refraction and specific gravity). Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/81/5/1539/3417727/i0016-7606-81-5-1539.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 -- -------------------------- -- ------ -- Figure 3. Comparison of macusanite and indochinite etch patterns. Magnification, XI. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/81/5/1539/3417727/i0016-7606-81-5-1539.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 CHEMICAL DATA 1543 TABLE 1.
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