[Distributed to the Council 1928. II. and the Members of the League.] C. 346. M. 103. [E. 350.]

Geneva, Jan u ary 1929.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

ECONOMIC COMMITTEE

SUB-COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CUSTOMS TARIFF NOMENCLATURE

DRAFT FRAMEWORK FOR A CUSTOMS TARIFF NOMENCLATURE

AND

DRAFT ALLOCATION OF GOODS TO THE VARIOUS CHAPTERS OF THE FRAMEWORK

WITH

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Publications of the League of Nations II. ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL 1928. II. 37. SUMMARY.

Page

I ntroduction ...... 4

E xtract from the R epo r t of t h e S u b -Com m ittee of E x p e r t s o n Customs T a r iff

N omenclature to th e E conomic Comm ittee (October 31ST, 1927) 6

E xtract from the R epor t of t h e S u b -Committee of E x p er t s o n Customs T a r if f

N omenclature to th e E conomic, Committee (J u n e 23RD, 1928) ...... 10

D r aft F ram ew ork for a C ustoms T a r iff N omenclature ...... 13

D raft A llocation of Goods to the V a rious Ch apters of the F r a m e w o r k ...... 17

E x pla n a t o r y N o t e s ...... 74

S. (I. X. 2.500 (F.) 12/28 + 1.675 (A.) 1/29. Imp. Kundig. INTRODUCTION.

The International Economic Conference, held at Geneva in May 1927, recommended the Council of the League of Nations to take the initiative in drawing up an appropriate procedure for establishing, in liaison with the producing and commercial organisations concerned, a systematic Customs tariff nomenclature, in accordance with a general plan covering all classes of goods. Following this recommendation, the Council, at its session in June 1927, decided to invite the Economic Committee to begin as soon as possible a preparatory study in regard to the unification of tariff nomenclature. In pursuance of the Council resolution, the Economic Committee, at its extraordinary session in July 1927, instructed the Secretariat to convene a meeting of five experts to consider the different principles on which the general framework of a tariff might be constructed and also to make suggestions regarding the later stages of the study of the question. The experts were to be guided by the main principles embodied in the resolution of the Economic Conference concerning the unification of nomenclature and the simplification of Customs tariffs and also by the necessity for subsequently securing the co-operation of economic interests. In conformity with the Committee’s decision, a Sub-Committee of five experts belonging to the following countries: Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany and Italy, was constituted. This “ Sub-Committee of Experts ", at its two meetings held at Geneva in August and October 1927, drew up a preliminary draft for a Customs nomenclature, comprising twenty sections, in which all commodities were arranged in logical order, in accordance with the principles set forth above (document E.350 (1) — " Draft Framework for a Customs Nomenclature ” and “ Draft Classification ”). These twenty sections contained : first, the main products of the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms, followed by the industries transforming the principal natural raw materials and most important mineral products. A third group covered industries which, by combining or transforming the products of the above-mentioned industries, produce new articles capable of being used for different purposes from those for which the materials employed in the manufacture of those articles are intended. In order to make the new nomenclature easier to consult, each section was subdivided into categories or chapters, amounting to 94 in all. The Economic Committee of the League of Nations, to which this preliminary draft was submitted at its session in December 1927, decided to collect in the countries concerned such information and advice as might make it possible to form an adequate opinion on the matter; it decided, further, that the Secretariat should forward the nomenclature framed by the experts to the persons and bodies qualified to express an opinion on it or able to supply useful data for purposes of a more detailed nomenclature which will now have to be established. During its two sessions of March and June 1928, the Sub-Committee of Experts, to which two new members, a Hungarian expert and a Swiss expert, were added in June, made a careful and detailed examination, of the observations which had reached it from qualified persons in different countries. The experts took into account the suggestions submitted to them in so far as they considered that the modifications or transfers asked for or proposed might have the effect of making the nomenclature clearer and more accessible to all those having to consult Customs tariffs. As stated in its report of June 23rd, 1928, the Sub-Committee of Experts, "by endeavouring to accept all the proposals which were not irreconcilable or in direct opposition with the principles laid down at the outset, has wished to show that it desired the new nomenclature to be the work of the greatest possible number of authorities, and therefore have a truly international character The Sub-Committee of Experts is further of the opinion that the new framework, which involves somewhat important changes in the original draft, should be regarded, in so far as the framewrork itself — not the draft classification of goods within that framework — is concerned, as final, and that it would be inexpedient to proceed to further consultations or enquiries in this connection, since any fresh changes would only destroy the harmony of a draft in which the — 5 — experts have endeavoured to reconcile theoretical principles and practical necessities. The Economic Committee agrees in principle with the opinion of the experts as stated above. In its present state, the draft framework for a Customs nomenclature consists of twenty- one sections, subdivided, according to the method employed in the preliminary draft, into categories or chapters ; these, however, are now reduced to eighty-six. As mentioned above, the system of classification into sections, as adopted in the preliminary draft, has—in principle—again been followed. For the reasons set forth in the general note at the head of the explanatory note, the principal products of the mineral kingdom no longer come immediately after the main products of the animal and vegetable kingdoms. This note also explains the principles by which the experts have been guided in classifying the goods under the various sections and chapters. EXTRACT FROM THE REPORT OF THE SUB-COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON CUSTOMS TARIFF NOMENCLATURE TO THE ECONOMIC COMMITTEE (October 31st, 1927).

When calling attention to the importance of simplifying Customs tariffs, the International Economic Conference, held at Geneva in May 1927, recommended, in the first place, that the unification of tariff nomenclature should be studied. Tariffs are at present based on widely varying nomenclatures. Some of them — ad valorem tariffs—have very restricted nomenclatures, containing only a few items. Specific tariffs, on the other hand, have more detailed nomenclatures, the reason being that their authors desired to graduate the duties according to the value of the goods. With this object, they specified in their nomenclatures everything which contributes to increasing or diminishing the quality of an article, and consequently its price; and this is one of the main reasons for the complexity of certain nomenclatures. Serious disadvantages attach to any exaggerated growth in the number of items in a tariff nomenclature. The first effect of such unduly numerous subdivisions is to make the tariffs difficult of access, except to the officials of the administrations responsible for their application. It is important, however, for the trader, the manufacturer, the agent, and even the statistician, that tariffs should be easy to read and understand. In order to clear the new nomenclatures of their thousand-and-one useless details, we must attach more weight to the specific characteristics of the goods than to their value. The tariffs drawn up during the years before and after the war have certainly shown no tendency towards simplification. In the tariffs of the principal European countries at least, the number of items in the nomenclature has been continually increasing. Very striking observations are recorded by Dr. Trendelenburg in his report (document C.E.I.32) to the International Economic Conference. The German Customs tariff, which contained about 480 autonomous or conventional items in 1888, had 2,300 in 1925. In Italy, the number of autonomous items rose between 1878 and 1921 from 535 to 2,777. The process of development is still more remarkable in Belgium, where the old tariff of 1884 had only 235 items (though it was, it is true, divided only into general categories), whereas the 1924 tariff has 3,038. In France, the tariff of January nth, 1892, which contained 1,500 items under 654 numbers, now has 4,371 items under 1,272 numbers. There is nothing to suggest that this multiplication of tariff items is likely to be arrested or retarded. On the contrary, it seems clear that future negotiations for commercial agreements will inevitably lead to the inclusion of further and yet more detailed specifications in the tariffs.

* * *

It was the prospect of the continued growth of these practices that led the International Economic Conference to formulate its recommendations. With reference to Customs tariffs, the Conference considered " that the enormous increase in the number of tariff headings and the excessive number of sub-headings in the various items— a practice which has grown up since the war—constitute in many cases a considerable obstacle to the development of international commerce, that States should refrain from this practice as far as possible, and that consideration should be given to the difficulties it causes as regards the nomenclature the establishment of which the Conference recommends ”. The Conference also considered " that a fixed nomenclature for goods subject to Customs duties is an essential condition of equity in their application and ease in their collection, that it may also contribute to the exchange of goods not subject to duty, and that it constitutes a favourable basis for the improvement of trade statistics ”. It added that “ any Customs classification should be as objective as possible, lest it should become a means of discrimination to the prejudice of any country or of specialising tariffs to the advantage of any country ”, — 7 —

Lastly, it expressed the opinion that “ the common adoption of an agreed nomenclature would promote the conclusion of commercial treaties, and would prevent their application from becoming the subject of perpetual disputes

In consequence of these suggestions, the Conference recommended:

(1) That the Council of the League of Nations should take the initiative in drawing up an appropriate procedure for establishing, in liaison with the producing and commercial organisations concerned, a systematic Customs (tariff) nomenclature in accordance with a general plan covering all classes of goods ; (2) That a selection be made and an order of priority fixed among the various groups of commodities so that the common nomenclature may be gradually worked out, beginning with those classes of goods for which it can most readily be introduced ; (3) That the common nomenclature thus obtained should be submitted to the various Governments at each stage of preparation, and should then be transmitted to the producing and commercial circles concerned, and that such communication should be accompanied by an explanation of the principles underlying Customs classification and the arrangement of items; (4) That, if the adoption of a common nomenclature for various important branches of production seems, after the enquiry and consultation referred to in the preceding paragraphs, to be realisable before a complete nomenclature has been established, the adoption of such nomenclature should be suggested to the Governments by means of a diplomatic conference or by other means ; (5) That, either by means of bilateral agreements or by a plurilateral convention or by any other procedure, Governments should undertake to apply this common nomenclature and bring their methods of passing goods through the Customs and of levying duties into Une with it ; (6) That the Governments which have adopted the common nomenclature should undertake not to impair its value by applying arbitrary or discriminatory specifications to the detriment of third States : (7) That, notwithstanding the above provisions, States should not be bound in practice to introduce into their Customs tariffs all the subdivisions of the common nomenclature, it being understood that they will conform, in the headings they use, to the rules of classification and description which will have been settled in common.

* * *

A ction t a k e n in P u r su a n c e of the R ecommendations of th e I nternational E conomic Co n f e r e n c e .

At its session in July 1927, the Economic Committee of the League endeavoured to find means of carrying out the suggestions of the Economic Conference. As a basis for its discussion, it took the memorandum submitted to the Economic Conference by Dr. Trendelenburg, and the very able Note (document E. 325) submitted by M. di Nola. Having reviewed the various possible methods of work, the Committee reached the conclusion that the first stage of the investigation should be the meeting of a small number of experts with instructions to consider the different principles on which the general framework of a tariff might be constructed, and also to make suggestions as to the later stages of the study of the question, bearing in mind the necessity for subsequently securing the co-operation of economic interests. In accordance with a decision reached by the Committee, a Sub-Committee of five experts — Belgian, Czechoslovak, French, German and Italian — was formed. The Sub-Committee has studied as a whole the problem set before it, following the lines laid down by the International Economic Conference and by the Economic Committee of the League.

P r in ciple s on w h ic h th e S u b -Com m ittee of E x p e r t s h as a t t e m p t e d to d r a w u p a U niform Customs T a r if f N omenclature .

In the first place, having examined the various nomenclatures, the Sub-Committee of Experts came to the conclusion that none of them could be taken as a standard nomenclature, It accordingly decided to draw up an entirely new nomenclature, embodying the good points to be found in those at present in use. The Committee’s work in this direction was assisted by the preliminary investigations already made by Dr. Trendelenburg, M. di Nola and M. Paci. In Dr. Trendelenburg’s report, the tariffs of five European countries (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany and Italy), were compared, while the documents submitted to the Committee by M. di Nola and M. Paci contained observations on seven different tariffs — those of the five countries mentioned above, together with the Swiss and Austrian tariffs. In its preliminary work before entering upon the study of the main divisions of the nomenclature, the Sub-Committee of Experts concluded that, in order to meet the ideas of the Economic Conference, the new nomenclature must have the following characteristics:

(1) It should be extremely simple, so that it could be understood, not merely by the officials responsible for applying the Customs tariff, but by all those (producers, importers, agents, statisticians) who have occasion, in the course of business or study, to consult the tariffs. (2) It should be drawn up on scientific lines, and all conflicting practices in the old tariffs, even if established by long tradition, should be deliberately rejected. The Sub-Committee therefore endeavoured to classify commodities according to the main natural divisions established in the different branches of science, being careful to show under their proper heads and in their proper places the products of new industries, which are generally introduced into tariffs in the form of Customs classifications (chemical industry, electricity, motor-cars, aircraft, etc.). (3) In classifying the commodities and articles, attention should be paid to the amount of work embodied in them, i.e., the amount of work done in transforming raw materials into semi-manufactured or finished products. (4) Commodities of the same kind should, as far as possible, be grouped in one section or in one chapter, so that manufacturers or traders need only consult the section or chapter that concerns them in order to see at a glance the duties imposed on the goods which they sell, use, or transform.

These were the ideas by which the Sub-Committee was guided during the meetings spent in preparing the preliminary draft Customs nomenclature. In certain cases, however, needless complications would have been produced by the too absolute or rigid application of these principles. Accordingly, for reasons explained in the appended note, the Sub-Committee of Experts made certain exceptions to the rules on which its classification was based. For instance, Section I (live animals and products of the animal kingdom) should in principle include only natural products, no commodity that has undergone any process or transformation being included. In Chapter 4 of this Section (dairy produce, etc.), however, the Sub-Committee thought it necessary to include, not only milk, but two other commodities — butter and cheese, although they have undergone a process of transformation. This classification was suggested because it would have been illogical to dissociate from the basic product — milk — commodities such as butter and cheese, which are generally produced in the same establishment that supplies the milk. Other modifications were made in the strict application of the principles, wherever the Sub-Committee thought this necessary in the interests of clarity and simplicity.

P o ssibility of c o n v er tin g th e S u b -Com m ittee of E x p e r t s ’ Classification into a Customs N omenclature .

In classifying in twenty sections and ninety-four chapters all products, articles or goods in which business can be done, the Sub-Committee of Experts has merely laid the foundation of a Customs nomenclature. The form taken by the classification is the collection in each chapter of commodities that can be brought together on the grounds of their affinities, their specific characteristics, or the raw materials of which they are made. Those commodities, wares and articles which are made of a textile material, such as wool, or of a metal, such as copper, have been grouped in the former case in the chapter headed “ Wool ”, and in the latter case in the chapter headed “ Copper This, however, by no means constitutes a Customs nomenclature. In compiling a nomenclature, the classification of commodities according to certain principles is not the only question ; we must also remember that afterwards duties or taxes will have to be shown against each of the heads. But these duties vary according to the quality and value of the commodity; they depend upon different factors, particularly the amount of work embodied in the commodities. Hence, distinctions must be drawn even within a single item, so that the duties shown in the tariff may be proportionate to the value of the commodities grouped under that item. For example, the classification proposed by the Sub-Committee of Experts shows under the same item all qualities of cotton yarn. But these yarns are not by any means all of identical value; a kilogram of fine yarn is more valuable than a kilogram of coarse yarn. In order to make the item “ Cotton yarns " suitable for inclusion in a nomenclature, we must make a reasonable number of subdivisions, so that commodities of approximately equal value may be subject to the same duty. This example might be extended to most of the products classified. The work of the Sub- Committee of Experts is therefore merely preliminary work; it requires completion, and the part which still remains to be done is by no means the least difficult. While it is relatively easy to lay down the main lines of a Customs nomenclature — to make a simple and scientific classification of all commodities imported or exported — it is more difficult to draw up a standard nomenclature which will apply without distinction to all countries, irrespective of the stage of development reached by their internal economic system or their agricultural or industrial bias. Whether we like it or not, a Customs nomenclature must inevitably reflect the economic condition of a country. A detailed nomenclature is necessary for a country in which industry is highly developed, but a summary nomenclature will suffice for a country in which industry is only in the embryonic stage. Consequently, the standard nomenclature is to be regarded as a framework which can be expanded or contracted to fit different countries. In the case of countries which are not developed industrially, or in which certain industries scarcely exist, it must be possible to bring certain items or certain headings together under a single number. On the other hand, in countries where industry is highly developed, more ample specifications might be introduced; and some degree, at least, of provision should be made for these. --- 10 ---

EXTRACT FROM THE REPORT OF THE SUB-COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON CUSTOMS TARIFF NOMENCLATURE TO THE ECONOMIC COMMITTEE (June 23rd, 1928).

Since July 1927, the Sub-Committee of Experts to which the Economic Committee of the League of Nations has entrusted the duty of preparing the unification of Customs nomenclatures has met four times. At its first session in July 1927, it considered the general problem of the unification of nomen­ clatures, as raised by the International Economic Conference in May 1927. It endeavoured to determine the principles on which this work could be initiated and carried out. It drew up a preliminary draft classification of goods in accordance with these principles, and invited each of its members to conduct experiments with this classification on the basis of his own country’s tariff. In October 1927, the experts met again. They communicated the results of their experiments during the previous two months. These experiments having demonstrated the possibility of incorporating within the framework of the proposed nomenclature all the products or goods which have to be indicated in a Customs tariff, the experts established a draft classification with explanatory notes. This document (E.350) was submitted to the Economic Committee at its session of December 1927- Acting on Dr. Trendelenburg’s report, the Economic Committee decided to give wide publi­ city to this draft. The ordinary and corresponding members of the Committee were invited to offer observations and state their opinions thereon. The same request was addressed, through these members, to the various bodies interested in production and trade in their respective countries. The Committee of Experts devoted its third session to examining the notes sent by the representatives on the Economic Committee of Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Norway, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Switzerland. On this occasion the Committee of Experts sat from March 2nd to March 13th, 1928, when the Committee drew up a questionnaire concerning the treatment to be applied to products and goods consisting of different components (composite goods). Lastly, the Sub-Committee of Experts met on June 4th, 1928, to continue its examination of the communications sent to the Secretariat of the League of Nations concerning the draft framework for a Customs nomenclature, and to analyse the replies to the questionnaire on the treatment of composite goods. It was found possible to deal only with the first part of this programme during the present session. The work of analysing the replies to the questionnaire was deferred until the next session, in order to give the experts sufficient time to consider these replies, many of which were received shortly before the session opened.

W ork d o n e b y t h e S u b -C om m ittee of E x p e r t s d u r in g t h e P r e s e n t S e s s io n .

The Sub-Committee of Experts has carefully examined in detail the very numerous obser­ vations communicated to it with regard to the draft framework for a Customs nomenclature. The observations submitted are of varying value. Some appear to have been inspired by the desire to achieve an ideal nomenclature. As a rule the observations of this class do not take into sufficient account the practical necessities to which a Customs nomenclature must answer. They have received the full attention of the experts, but have not in most cases involved any alterations in the initial project. Others have confused the draft framework, which is only a scheme for the classification of goods, with the nomenclature itself. Consequently, it is only when this nomenclature is drawn up that it will be possible to take these observations into consideration. — II —

The number of important suggestions was thus materially reduced. Taken all round, those which attracted the notice of the Sub-Committee of Experts were principally the following:

(1) Certain communications criticised the classification of various products — notably that of the chief raw materials according to the natural kingdoms (animal, vegetable and mineral). It was pointed out that this method of classification led to the separation of closely allied types of goods and their dispersal in quite different chapters of the tariff.

(2) It was pointed out that, in various cases, the Committee of Experts had found it impossible to apply at one and the same time all the principles on which its work was based, viz:

(а) To give the nomenclature a character of great simplicity; (б) To establish it on a scientific basis; (1c) In the classification of products, to take into account the quantity of work they embody; (d) To group products of the same nature in the same section or in the same chapter.

(3) It was pointed out that in certain chapters, such as those concerning textiles, the raw materials (silk, wool, cotton, flax, etc.) wrere classed with the products derived from them, whereas in other chapters the raw materials and the products derived from their transformation were separated. Such is the case as regards oils, for example, which do not figure in the same chapter as the oleaginous seeds from which they are extracted.

(4) Certain main production-groups proposed the inclusion in a single class of all that they produced, utilised or transformed. Thus the agricultural associations would like the Customs nomenclature to include a group comprising at the same time fresh meat and industrial preparations with a meat basis, such as conserves ; and fresh fruit at the same time as preserved fruit, jellies or jams. Fertilisers employed by agriculture would also be classed in this group. Similar requests were also put forward by important industrial groups. This seems to have been done with the intention of determining more easily the place occupied by these groups in the national economy.

(5) Objections were raised to the grouping in a single chapter of products or goods made of very different materials, such as footwear, buttons, umbrellas and sunshades. (6) The separation and the classification in different chapters of products bearing a relation to each other owing to the use to which they are put, such as fine pearls and precious metals, have been criticised, althought they are products belonging to different natural kingdoms.

The Sub-Committee of Experts took into account the suggestions submitted to it in so far as it considered that the modifications or transfers asked for or proposed might have the effect of making the nomenclature clearer and more accessible to all those having to consult Customs tariffs. By endeavouring to accept all the proposals which were not irreconcilable or in direct opposition with the principles laid down at the outset, it has wished to show that it desired the new nomenclature to be the work of the greatest possible number of authorities, and therefore have a truly international character. From this point of view, the work of the Sub-Committee of Experts wras greatly facilitated by the addition (to the five experts previously appointed) of two new experts, M. Comte, Inspector- General of the Swiss Federal Customs, and M. Ferenczi, Ministerial Counsellor at the Hungarian Ministry of Commerce. M. Comte and M. Ferenczi took their place in the Committee of Experts without their views having been influenced to any extent by the previous discussions. By means of a series of judicious observations, they greatly contributed to the improvement of the original draft. In its new form, the draft framework drawn up by the experts in the course of the thirty-three meetings they have just devoted to the revision of the original draft must be regarded as final. The experts consider, indeed, that it would be no use proceeding to fresh consultations or enquiries in this connection. New objections would no doubt be raised ; but, if they had to be --- 12 ---

taken into account, they would destroy the work which has just been so laboriously completed. They would give rise, in their turn, to other proposals, would render fresh modifications necessary, and would destroy the harmony of a draft in which the experts have endeavoured to reconcile theoretical principles and practical necessities as far as is possible in an undertaking of this kind. Accordingly, in forwarding to the Economic Committee the new framework drawn up by them, which embodies numerous and important modifications as compared with the former framework, the experts desire to say that, in their opinion, they have finally completed the first part of the work entrusted to them by the Economic Committee.

A ction to b e t a k e n a s a R e su l t of the W ork of th e S u b -Committee of E x p e r t s .

It now' remains to initiate and to carry through the second part of the work entrusted to the experts—that of drawing up the nomenclature itself on the basis of the new' final framewrork. As the Sub-Committee of Experts has previously pointed out, this remaining part of its w-ork is the most difficult. The drawing-up of the nomenclature framework has shown what obstacles are encountered in the simple, logical and scientific classification of products or goods. Old- established practices and habits and the fear of change have greater influence than might be supposed. The introduction of a unified Customs nomenclature permitting of a fresh step forward on the path indicated by the Economic Conference of May 1927 will hardly be possible without some opposition. If, however, the Customs nomenclature of the different countries are studied in any detail, it is impossible not to realise the imperative necessity for modifying the greater number of them. In few branches are the legislative and administrative texts so little in harmony with the necessities arising out of the development of industry, the creation of new products, and the extension of trade. Apart from a small number of countries wrhich have completely remodelled their Customs nomenclature in the course of the last fewr years, and have adapted it to the needs of modem technique, the majority have been content to abide by old classifications, inspired rather by a desire to tax products equitably than to assign them their proper place in a well- planned classification. Hence, to say the least, many of these classifications are defective and difficult to understand by the users of tariffs, and they should be abolished. It is easy to understand that the majority of countries having old tariffs hesitate to undertake their readjustment themselves, as it must undoubtedly be a long, complicated and difficult task to draw up a Customs nomenclature answering to the present state of science and production and capable of meeting the needs of international trade and of becoming a convenient basis for statistics. Those countries whose nomenclature is defective should therefore be very grateful to the League of Nations for undertaking a task of this scope for their common benefit, despite the innumerable difficulties by which it is attended. For a Customs nomenclature to present all the advantages expected of it, it cannot, moreover, be the work of a single country. Nomenclatures are not made for the exclusive use of the country drawing them up; they must also serve all those who effect exchanges or maintain commercial relations with that country. They must not be drawn up with the sole object of reflecting as exactly as possible the internal economy of a country, or constituting a means of defence for its industries. Like trade itself they must be international, and it is a matter for great satisfaction that the Conference of May 1927 brought this idea into public prominence. If countries wish to extend and develop their trade, if they wish to benefit from the advantages wiiich the progressive organisation of the world can bring to all by a reduction of the cost of living, and by the material improvement of the conditions of life, they must agree among themselves to speak in clear language, and their trade requirements must not be hindered by the unnecessary complexity and insidious traps of Customs nomenclature. In viewr of the importance of the aim in view, it is to be hoped that countries interested in a standardised Customs nomenclature will consent to wraive their personal preference and co-operate unreservedly and in a spirit of generous conciliation in this task, undertaken for the common good. — 13 “

DRAFT FRAMEWORK FOR A CUSTOMS TARIFF NOMENCLATURE

SE C T IO N I.

LIVING ANIMALS AND PRODUCTS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. Page

Ch apt er i . — L iv in g A nim als (e x c e pt F is h , Cr u sta c ea n s a n d Molluscs) ...... 17 2. — Me a t ...... 17 3. — F is h , Cr usta c ea n s a n d Mo l l u s c s ...... 18 4. — Milk a n d D a ir y P r o d u c e ; E ggs a n d H o n e y ...... 18 5. — R a w Ma ter ia ls a n d other R a w P r o d u c t s, of A nim al Orig in . . . 18

SECTION II.

PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

Chapter 6. — L iv in g P lants a n d P ro ducts of F loriculture ...... 20 7. — A l im en t a r y V e g e t a b l e s, P l a n t s, R oots a n d T u b e r s ; Str aw a n d F o r a g e ...... 20 8. — E d ib l e F r u i t s ...... 21 9. — Colonial P r o d u c e a n d S p ic e s ...... 21 10. — Ce r e a l s ...... 22 11. — Millin g P roducts ; Malt ; Starch a n d F e c u l a ...... 22 12. — Oil S e e d s a n d Ole ag ino u s F r u it s ; V a r io u s G r a in s, Se e d s a n d F r u it s ; I n d u st r ia l a n d Me d ic in a l P l a n t s ...... 22 13. — R aw Mater ia ls for D y e in g a n d T a n n in g ; Gu m s, R e s in s a n d other V eg etable Saps a n d J u ic e s ...... 23 14. — Materials for P laiting a n d Ca r v in g ; other R aw Materials a n d R aw' P ro du cts, of V eg etable Or i g i n ...... 24

SECTION III.

FATTY SUBSTANCES, GREASES, OILS AND WAXES, OF ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE ORIGIN; ALIMENTARY FATS.

Chapter 15. — F atty S u b st a n c e s, Gr e a s e s , Oils a n d W a x e s , of A nim al or V eg et able Or ig in ; A lim en ta ry F a t s ...... 25

SECTION IV.

PRODUCTS OF THE FOOD-PREPARING INDUSTRIES ; BEVERAGES, ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS AND VINEGARS ; TOBACCO.

Chapter 16. — P reparations of Me a t , of F is h , of Cr u sta c e a n s a n d of Molluscs . 26 17. — Sugars a n d Confectionery ...... 26 18. — Cocoa a n d P reparations t h e r e o f ...... 27 19. — P reparations w ith a B asis of F lour or F e c u l a ...... 27 20. — P reparations of F r u it s , V e g e t a b l e s, P ot-h e r b s and oth er P lants or P arts of P l a n t s ...... 27 21. — Miscellaneous P reparations ...... 28 22. — B e v e r a g e s , A lcoholic L iq u o r s, a n d V i n e g a r s ...... 28 23. — R e s id u e s a n d W a ste from t h e F o od-pr e pa r in g I n d u st r ie s . . . 28

24. — T o b a c c o ...... 29 — 14 —

SE C T IO N -V. ï ' & f ' * K a MINERALJPRODUCTS. Page Ch a p t e r 25. — E arth s a n d St o n e s ; L im es a n d Cem e n ts ...... 30 26. — Or e s , S lag a n d A s h ...... 31 27. — Min e r a l F u e l ; M in e r a l Oils a n d N atur al B it u m in o u s S u b st a n c e s ; P r o d u c t s of t h e D istillation t h e r e o f ...... 31

SECTION VI.

CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS; COLOURS AND VARNISHES ; PERFUMERY ; SOAP, CANDLES AND THE LIKE; GLUES AND GELATINES ; EXPLOSIVES; FERTILISERS.

Ch apt er 28. — Chem ical a n d P harmaceutical P r o d u c t s ...... 33 29. — P r e pa r e d Chem ical a n d other P r o d u c t s, for U se in P hotography . 35 30. — Colouring a n d T a n n in g E x t r a c t s; Gr a ph it e a n d P encils ; Co lo urs, L a c s, V a r n ish e s a n d Ma s t i c s ...... 35 31. — E ssen tia l Oils a n d E sse n c e s, A rtificial A romatic Ma t er ia ls, P e r f u m e r y a n d Co s m e t i c s ...... 36 32. — S o a p, Ca n d l e s a n d other A rticles m ade from W a x e s , Oils or F a t s, a n d t h e L i k e ...... 36 33. — Gl u e s , Ge l a t in e s a n d D r e s s i n g s ...... 37 34. — E x p l o siv e s, F ir e w o r k s, Matches a n d other A rticles m ad e of I nflam m able Ma t e r i a l ...... 37 35. — F e r t il is e r s ...... 38

SECTION VII.

SKINS, HIDES, LEATHER, PELTRIES (FUR SKINS) AND ARTICLES MADE OF THESE MATERIALS.

Ch apter 36. — S k in s , H id e s a n d L e a t h e r ...... 39 37. — A rticles m ade o f S k in s , H id e s a n d L e a t h e r ...... 39 38. — P el tr y (F ur S k in s ) ...... 40

SECTION VIII.

RUBBER, AND ARTICLES MADE OF RUBBER.

Ch apter 39. — R u b b e r , G utta-P er c h a , B alata a n d S u b st it u t e s t h e r e f o r ; A rticles MADE OF THESE MATERIALS...... 41

SECTION IX.

WOOD AND CORK AND ARTICLES MADE OF THESE MATERIALS; GOODS MADE OF PLAITING MATERIALS.

Ch apter 40. — W ood a n d A rticles m ade of W o o d ; F u r n it u r e ...... 42 41. — Cork a n d A rticles m a d e of Co r k ...... 43 42. — A rticles m a d e of S t r a w , Ca n e , a n d oth er V e g e t a b l e Ma t er ia ls for P l a i t i n g ...... 43

SECTION X.

PAPER AND ITS APPLICATIONS.

Ch a pter 43. — Ma t er ia ls u s e d for th e Ma n u f a c t u r e of P a p e r ...... 44 44. — P a p e r a n d Ca r d b o a r d , A rticles of P a p e r a n d Ca r d b o a r d , a n d B o o k b in d é r s ’ W a r e s ...... 44 45. — Booksellers’ W ares and Products of the Graphic A r t s ...... 45 — IS —

SECTION XI.

TEXTILE MATERIALS AND TEXTILE GOODS. Page Ch apt er 46. — S il k , F loss S ilk a n d A rtificial S i l k ...... 46 47. — W ool, H o rse h a ir a n d o th er A nim al H a i r ...... 47 48. — Co t t o n ...... 47 49. — F l a x , H e m p , J u t e , R am ie a n d other V eg et a b l e T e x t il e Ma ter ia ls 48 50. — W a d d in g a n d F e l t s ; R ope a n d R o p e m a k e r s’ W a r e s ; S pe cia l F ab rics a n d A rticles u s e d for T ec hn ical P u r p o s e s ...... 48 51. — H o s i e r y ...... 49 52. — Cl o th in g , U n d er w ea r a n d R e a d y -m a d e A ppa re l of all K in d s . 50 53. — R ags a n d S craps of T e x t il e Ma t e r i a l ...... 50 50

SECTION XII.

FOOTWEAR, HATS, UMBRELLAS AND SUNSHADES ; ARTICLES OF FASHION.

Ch a pt er 54. — F o o t w e a r ...... 51 55. — H ats a n d Ca p s ...... 51 56. —■ U m br ellas, S u n sh a d e s a n d W alk in g -s t i c k s ...... 52 57. — P r e pa r ed Orn am en ta l F ea th er s a n d A rticles m ade of F e a t h e r s ; A rtificial F low ers a n d other A rticles of F a sh io n ; F a n s .... 52

SECTION XIII.

WARES OF STONE AND OF OTHER MINERAL MATERIALS; POTTERY; GLASS AND GLASSWARE.

Ch apter 58. — W ares of S tone a n d of other Min e r a l Ma t e r i a l s ...... 53 59. — P o t t e r y ...... 54 60. — G lass a n d G l a ssw a r e ...... 54

SECTION XIV.

PRECIOUS METALS ; PEARLS AND PRECIOUS STONES; COIN (SPECIE).

Chapter 61. — P recio us Metals ; P earls a n d P recio us S t o n e s ...... 56 62. — Co in (S p e c ie ) ...... 56

SECTION XV.

BASE METALS AND ARTICLES MADE THEREFROM.

Chapter 63. — I r o n , Ca st ir o n , S t e e l ...... 57 64. — Co p p e r ...... 58 65. — N i c k e l ...... 59 66. — A l u m i n i u m ...... 59 67. — L ea d ...... 59 68. — Zi n c ...... 60 69. — T i n ...... 60 70. — Other B ase Metals a n d A lloys t h e r e o f ...... 60 71. — Cu t l e r y ; M iscellaneous W a r es m ade of B a se M et a l, not e l se ­ w h er e i n c l u d e d ...... 61

SECTION XVI.

MACHINERY AND APPARATUS ; ELECTRICAL MATERIAL.

Chapter 72. — B o il er s, Ma c h in e r y , Mechanical A ppa r a tu s a n d A p p l ia n c e s, a n d D etached P arts th er eo f ...... 62 73. — E lectrical Ma c h in er y a n d A ppa r a tu s a n d A rticles for E lectrical U s e , a n d D etached P arts t h e r e o f ...... 63 — l6 —

SECTION XVII.

MEANS OF TRANSPORT. Page

Ch a pt e r 74. — R a il w a y R olling- stock a n d R a il w a y a n d T ram w ay Ma ter ia l . . 64 75. — Cy c l e s , A ut o m o bile s a n d o th er V e h i c l e s ...... 64 76. — A ir -craft a n d W a t er -c r a f t ...... 65

SECTION XVIII.

SCIENTIFIC AND PRECISION INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS ; WATCH- AND CLOCK-MAKERS’ WARES ; MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.

Ch a pt er 77. — S c ie n t ific , Optical a n d P recisio n I n stru m ents a n d A ppa r a tu s, a n d other I nstr u m en t s a n d A ppa ra tus not e l sew h er e in c l u d e d . . 66 78. — W atch - a n d Clock-m a k er s’ W a r e s ...... 67

7 9 . — M u s ic a l I n s t r u m e n t s ...... 68

SECTION XIX.

ARMS AND AMMUNITION.

Ch apter 80. — A r m s ...... 69 81. — A m m u n i t i o n ...... 69

SECTION XX.

MISCELLANEOUS GOODS AND PRODUCTS NOT ELSEWHERE INCLUDED.

Ch a pt er 82. — W a r es of Ca r v e d or M o u l d e d Material or of A rtificial P lastic, Ma t e r ia l ...... 70 83. — B r u s h w a r e , B r u sh e s a n d Sie v e -w a r e ...... 70 84. — Ga m e s ; T o y s ; A rticles for Christm as T r e e s ; S porting R e q u is it e s . 71 85. — W ar es of V arious Materials (Articles of P er so nal Orn am en t or U s e ; D r e ss-bu tt o n s a n d T r im m ing s, et c . ; P e n -h olders a n d P e n c il - h o l d e r s ; A rticles for S m okers) ...... 71

SECTION XXI.

WORKS OF ART AND ARTICLES FOR COLLECTIONS.

Ch a p t e r 86. — W o r k s o f A r t a n d A r t ic l e s f o r Co l l e c t io n s 73 — 17 —

DRAFT ALLOCATION OF GOODS TO THE VARIOUS CHAPTERS OF THE FRAMEWORK

(This allocation is only intended to give a brief general indication of the goods to be placed in the various chapters.)

SECTION I.

LIVING ANIMALS AND PRODUCTS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Page

Ch a pter i . — L iv in g A nim als (e x c e pt F is h , Cr u st a c e a n s a n d M olluscs) ...... 17 2. — M e a t ...... 17 3. — F is h , Cr u sta c e a n s a n d Mo l l u s c s ...... 18 4. — Milk a n d D a ir y P r o d u c e ; E ggs a n d H o n e y ...... 18 5. — R a w Ma t er ia l, a n d oth er R a w P r o d u ct s,of A nim al O r ig in . . . . 18

Ch a p t e r i .

LIVING ANIMALS (except Fish, Crustaceans and Molluscs).

Horses. Mules and hinnies. Asses. Bovine cattle. Sheep. Goats. Swine. Domestic rabbits. Poultry, including carrier and other pigeons. Game. Bees. Dogs. All other living animals (except fish, crustaceans and molluscs).

Ch a p t e r 2.

MEAT.

N ote : The term " meat ” includes fresh meat preserved by cold storage (chilled) or by freezing, and meat simply salted, dried or smoked.

Butcher’s meat, including, under the respective categories, the internal organs (heart, liver, etc.), nam ely : Beef. Mutton and lamb. Pork, including bacon. Horseflesh. Other. — i 8 —

Dead domestic rabbits. Dead game. Dead poultry (including pigeons) and poultry liver. Other kinds of meat (including turtle, and frogs’ legs).

Ch a p t e r 3.

FISH, CRUSTACEANS AND MOLLUSCS.

N o t e : This chapter includes fish, crustaceans and molluscs, live, fresh, or preserved fresh by some cooling process, including simply salted, dried or smoked.

Sea- and fresh-water fish. Lobsters, sea crayfish (langoustes), crabs, crayfish, shrimps and the like. Oysters, mussels, land- and sea-snails, and other shellfish. All other crustaceans and molluscs.

Ch a p t e r 4.

MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCE; EGGS AND HONEY.

Fresh milk, full-cream or skimmed, including sterilised or peptonised. Cream. Buttermilk or whey, curdled milk, yoghourt, kéfir, etc. Butter, fresh or salt, also melted. Cheeses of all kinds, fresh or fermented, including margarine cheese or artificial cheeses. Preserved cream and milk, in blocks, in powder, or condensed (in liquid form), with or without the addition of sugar. Eggs of poultry or of game, including shelled eggs and liquid yolks of eggs, including salted or treated with other preservatives. Edible eggs, other than those of poultry or game. Dried, granulated, or pulverised eggs and yolks of eggs. Natural honey.

Ch a p t e r 5.

RAW MATERIALS AND OTHER RAW PRODUCTS, OF ANIMAL ORIGIN.

N o te. •— The following are not included in the present chapter :

(1) Fatty substances, greases and oils, of animal origin, which come under Section III ; (2) Fertilisers of animal origin (Section VI) ; (3) Raw hides and skins and peltry (Section VII) ; (4) Raw textile materials (natural silks, wools), horse-hair and other animal hair used more particularly for the manufacture of textiles (Section XI).

Ivory and other animal teeth, tortoise-shell, mother-of-pearl and other shell, coral, horn, antlers, bone, " comillons ", hoofs, claws, birds' beaks, whalebone and bone of other cetaceans, etc. : all these products, raw, also simply cut up, split or stretched, but not worked, and powder, parings and waste of these materials. Sponges, unworked and prepared. Scales of ablets and of other fish. Human hair, un worked, also washed and cleared of grease. Pigs’ and boars’ bristles. — 19 —

Bird skins and parts of bird skins, with the feathers on, unworked or simply dressed so as to preserve them. Birds’ feathers, bedfeathers and down, cleaned or not; ornamental feathers, undressed; other feathers, undressed, whether cleaned or not, including feather quills. Fish roe (except caviar and substitutes thereof), whether salted for transport or not. Roe and spawn of cod, mackerel and similar fish. Guts and stomachs of animals, fresh, salted or dry. Poil de Messine (silk used for fishing lines). Animal bladders, dried or not, including fish bladders. Sinews and cuttings and similar waste of untanned hides and skins (glue-stock). Rennet in the natural state. Silkworms’ eggs; ants’ eggs, and eggs not included in Chapter 4. Ambergris, castoreum, musk, civet, cantharides and similar products. Blood of slaughtered animals, liquid or dried. Dead animals not intended for consumption. Raw animal substances and products, not elsewhere specified or included. — 20 —

SECTION II.

PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

Page

Ch a pt e r 6. — L iv in g P la n t s a n d P ro ducts of F loriculture ...... 20 7. — A lim en ta ry V e g e t a b l e s , P l a n t s, R oots a n d T u b e r s ; Str aw a n d F o r a g e ...... 20 8. — E d ib l e F r u i t s ...... 21 9. — Colonial P r o du ce a n d S p ic e s ...... 21 10. — Ce r e a l s ...... 22 11. — Milling P r o d u c t s; Malt ; Starch a n d F e c u l a ...... 22 12. — Oil Se e d s a n d Oleag ino us F r u it s ; V a r io u s G r a in s, S e e d s a n d F r u it s ; I n d u st r ia l a n d Med ic in a l P l a n t s ...... 22 13. — R a w Materials for D y e in g a n d T a n n in g ; G um s, R e sin s a n d o th er V e g et a b le Saps a n d J u i c e s ...... 23 14. — Materials for P laiting a n d Ca r v in g ; other R a w Ma t er ia ls a n d R a w P r o du cts, of V e g et a b le O r i g i n ...... 24

N o t e . — The following are excluded from Section II:

(1) Fatty Substances, Greases and Oils, of Vegetable Origin (Section III) ; (2) Raw Textile Materials of Vegetable Origin (Cotton, Flax, Hemp, Ramie, Jute, etc.) (Section XI); (3) Rubber and Vegetable Saps similar to Rubber (Section VIII) ; (4) Wood and Cork, unworked (Section IX).

Ch a p t e r 6. LIVING PLANTS AND PRODUCTS OF FLORICULTURE.

Nursery plants: fruit, forest and ornamental trees and shrubs. Outdoor herbaceous plants. Plants grown under glass, with or without mould clods, whether or not in pots, cases or tubs. Cuttings or slips, for re-planting ; vine plants; shoots for grafting. Bulbs, tubers, onions and rhizomes of flowering or foliage plants. Other living plants. Flowers, buds, foliage, leaves, branches, grasses and mosses for bouquets or for ornaments : (a) Fresh or simply dried; (b) Dyed, bleached, impregnated or otherwise prepared. Bouquets and wreaths, of flowers, leaves, foliage, branches, grasses or mosses, natural, fresh and dried or otherwise prepared.

Ch a p t e r 7. ALIMENTARY VEGETABLES, PLANTS, ROOTS AND TUBERS; STRAW AND FORAGE.

Fresh leguminous vegetables: haricot beans, common beans, peas, and other. Dry leguminous vegetables: peas, beans and haricot beans, lentils, kidney beans, vetches, lupines and others ; all these products, whether or not peeled (split) or broken up. Garlic and onions, fresh. Edible mushrooms, including truffles, fresh or dried. Cauliflowers and cabbages of all kinds, fresh. Asparagus, artichokes and egg-plants, fresh. — 21 —

Tomatoes, fresh or dried. Olives and capers, dried or not. Cucumbers, gherkins, gourds and similar products. Batavian endives, other endives, curly chicory, lettuce, spinach and various salad vegetables. Carrots turnips, beets and other edible roots. Potatoes, fresh or dried. Crosnes du Japon, Jerusalem artichokes. Manioc root, arrowroot, salep root and other roots or tubers of a similar kind containing a high starch content ; also dried or marketed in large pieces. Vegetables and kitchen plants, not specified, fresh or dried, whether or not cut into pieces or slices. Hops ; cones and lupulin of hops. Chicory root, green or dried, whether or not cut up. Sugar beets. Beets, carrots, and other roots used as fodder. Fodder, green or dry; straw (balles de céréales) ; shells or pods of leguminous plants. Cereal straw, raw, whether cut up or not.

Ch a p t e r 8. EDIBLE FRUITS.

N o t e . — This chapter includes edible fruits, fresh or dried, whether or not preserved in brine or sulphur water. Fresh grapes, also crushed; dried currants and raisins. Almonds, common nuts, hazel-nuts, Brazil nuts, coconuts. Lemons, oranges, mandarins, cédrats, shaddocks and the like. Melons, pineapples, bananas, dates, figs, pomegranates, kakis, pistachio nuts, fir-cone kernels. Apricots, peaches, nectarines, cherries, egriots, plums and other stone fruit. Apples, pears, quinces, medlars and other fruits with pips. Strawberries, bilberries, whortleberries, raspberries, gooseberries, blackberries and other edible berries. Chestnuts and horse-chestnuts (fruits of the chestnut tree). Other edible fruits.

Ch a p t e r 9. COLONIAL PRODUCE AND SPICES.

Coffee, not roasted : Coffee in the “ parchment ”, coffee in the bean, and husks, waste and pellicles of coffee. Coffee, roasted, including ground. Tea (in leaves, including flowers and buds, and residue and tea waste). Yerba maté. Spices : Amomums and cardamoms. Cinnamon (including cassia lignea) and cinnamon-tree flowers. Laurel leaves and dried thyme. Ginger, fresh or dry roots. Cloves, clove stems. Mace. Nutmeg (in shells or without shells). Allspice (pimento), ground or not. Pepper, in corns or ground. Paprica, dried, including ground. Saffron. Vanilla. Other spices. — 22 —

C h a p t e r i o .

CEREALS.

N o t e . — Cereals in sheaves or ears (with straw) are also included in this chapter.

Wheat and spelt. Rye and meslin. Barley and winter barley. Oats. Maize. Millet and dan. Rice in the straw or not husked; rice husked, including glazed. Buckwheat. Other alimentary grain.

Ch a p t e r i i .

MILLING PRODUCTS; MALT; STARCH AND FECULA.

Flours of: wheat, spelt; rye, meslin ; maize ; rice; oats and other cereals. Malt of barley or other cereals, whether or not roasted or ground. Husked or pearled grains, except rice. Groats, meals and semolina : Wheat meal and semolina ; Groats, oatmeal and flaked oats; Flaked potatoes ; Maize grits; Rice meal; Not specified. Sharps, bran and other residues from milling. Flours of fenugreek, of mustard and other oil seeds. Leguminous flours (of peas, beans, lentils, etc.) and potato flour. Flour (meal) of fruit (of bananas, chestnuts, dates, figs, etc.), roasted or not. Gluten. Starch and fecula: From wheat, maize, rice and other cereals; From potatoes; Tapioca; Not specified (including, particularly, pulverised products from manioc roots, arrowroot, and the roots of similar plants).

Ch a p t e r 12.

OIL SEEDS AND OLEAGINOUS FRUITS; VARIOUS GRAINS, SEEDS AND FRUITS; INDUSTRIAL AND MEDICINAL PLANTS.

Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits : Ground-nuts, copra, plam-nuts, beechnuts, castor oil seeds, soja beans and the like; Seeds of colza, rape, mustard, oil poppy, flax, camelina, hemp, niger, ravison sesame and other similar oil seeds. Seeds and fruits for sowing of forage, industrial, horticultural and forestry plants. — 23 —

Apricot, peach and plum stones and kernels. Carob beans. Seeds of anise, fennel, coriander, cumin, caraway and the like. Cocculus indicus (Indian berry), cactus figs, dried passion-flower fruit; cashew nuts; cassia fistula; tamarinds ; colocynths; Nux vomica and other medicinal nuts. Pips of calabash, pumpkin, quince, cucumber, grapes and the like. Berries of winter cherry, juniper, laurel, morel, sorb, elder, guelder rose and the like. Tonka or coumarou beans, seeds of Indian musk (abelmosk) or amber-seed. Fruits, berries, grains or seeds, not elsewhere specified or included. Carding thistles (teasels). Pyrethrum powder; lycopodium or vegetable brimstone. Rinds of lemons, oranges, melons and the like, fresh, dried or preserved in brine or sulphur water. Apple-core and- peel and similar refuse suitable for industrial use. Plants and parts of plants used for perfumery, not elsewhere specified or included, whether or not dried, cut up or pulverised; Scented woods, such as agra or senteur ; aloe wood, also called eagle wood or calambac ; Judea balsam wood, etc.; Coumarouna and liatris leaves. Plants and parts of plants used in medicine (whether or not dried, cut up or pulverised), not elsewhere specified or included: Medicinal algae and lichens ; Herbaceous stems of angelica, lavender, etc. ; Wood of quassia amara, sassafras, etc. ; Flowers of marshmallow, limetrees, balm (melissa), camomile, elder, etc.; Leaves and flowers of marjoram, sage, absinth (wormwood or Artemisia), lungwort (mullein), etc.; Roots of marshmallow, jalap, liquorice, medicinal couch-grass (quitch), etc.

Ch a p t e r 13.

RAW MATERIALS FOR DYEING AND TANNING; GUMS, RESINS AND OTHER VEGETABLE SAPS AND JUICES.

N o t e . — Extracts from dyewoods and tanning extracts are classified under Chapter 30.

Fruits, pods and berries for dyeing or tanning roucou or annatto seeds, cassia seeds and pods, acacia and divi-divi pods, berries of buckthorn, alder-buckthorn and rivina ; myrobolans, gallnuts, valonia, etc.). Plants and parts of plants for dyeing or tanning : Wood, powdered or not, utilisable solely for dyeing or tanning (quebracho wood, yellow Cuba wood, barberry wood, fustic, sumach, logwood (Campeachy wood) and sandalwood) ; Tanning barks (bark of the common oak, beech, chesnut, birch, elm, poplar, sumach, mimosa or wattle, etc.) ground or not; Other (roots of madder, orchanet, soapwort (saponaire d’Orient) and turmeric (curcuma), lichens used for dyeing, leaves of branches of sumach, fustic and barberry, safflowers and flowers of dyer’s greenweed, stalks of dyer’s weed (weld), leaves of acacia, holly, walnut, sunflower, etc.). Gums, gum resins and resins : Gums of the apricot, cherry, plum, olive and cashew-nut trees ; gum arabic, gum Senegal, Galam gum, gum-dragon (tragacanth), etc.; Copal resin, turpentine, colophony, etc. ; Resins of guaiac (lignum vitæ), jalap, baldanum, sandarac, dragon’s-blood, etc.; Algaroba (carob) resin, dammar resin, lac, etc. ; Gum resins such as asafoetida, euphorbia (spurge), gamboge, myrrh, olibanum (frankincense), opopanax, etc. ; — 24 —

Natural balsams such as: gum benjamin, storax, balsam of Tolu, liquidambar, balsam of copaiba, of Canada, of Gilead, of Judea, etc. Vegetable extracts (thickened or solidified saps and juices) except : rubber, balata, gutta-percha and similar products : Opium ; Pure liquorice juice (extract of liquorice wood) ; Manna, cashew, hashish, dried extract of absinthe (wormwood); extracts of: aloes, belladonna, chicory, gentian, ipecacuanha, jalap, cinchona, tamarind,sarsaparilla, etc.

Ch a p t e r 14.

MATERIALS FOR PLAITING AND CARVING; OTHER RAW MATERIALS AND RAW PRODUCTS, OF VEGETABLE ORIGIN.

Products employed in sparterie, basket-making and brush-making (brooms and brushes), such as: Cereal straw, bleached, dyed, or split. Osier and similar plants, raw or peeled, also stained. Bamboos and rough or peeled reeds, stained or not, also heated, or simply split or cut into strips, including canes for the manufacture of walking-sticks. Rattans, crude, bleached, stained or not, trimmed or squared, and rattan pith, crude or simply drawn, and waste from working rattan. Couch grass, piassava fibre, diss, alfa or esparto and similar products, also twisted together, rough, bleached or dyed. Vegetable barks such as : lime bark, for rope, raffia bark, etc. Stuffing and padding materials such as kapok (Java cotton), zostera, sea-wrack (crin marin), grass wrack or vegetable hair (crin végétal), etc. Hard seeds, pips, hulls and nuts for carving, such as : seeds of abrus, Indian-shot, panacoco and raffia; areca, betel, palm and corozo nuts; coconut shells, empty calabashes, etc. Other raw products of vegetable origin, not elsewhere specified or included. SECTION III.

FATTY SUBSTANCES, GREASES, OILS AND WAXES, OF ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE ORIGIN; ALIMENTARY FATS.

Page Ch apt er 15. — F at t y S u b sta n c es, G r e a s e s , O ils a n d W a x e s , of A nim al or V e g e t a b l e O r ig in ; A lim e n ta r y F a t s ...... 25

Ch a p t e r 15.

FATTY SUBSTANCES, GREASES, OILS AND WAXES, OF ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE ORIGIN ; ALIMENTARY FATS.

Fats from animals of the bovine, equine, ovine and caprine species: Oleomargarine ; " Premier jus ” and other tallows, including graves of tallow. Hog’s fat, goose fat and other similar fats: Natural lard; Other fats. Bone grease and grease from wastes (suint (wool grease), lanoline, degras, fulling grease and the like). Whale oil or sperm oil. Fish oils and fats. Other fatty substances of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included. Vegetable oils and butters (other than cocoa butter), used in medicine, such as: croton oil, gyno- cardia oil, laurel oil, etc. Fixed vegetable oils and vegetable butters, raw, purified or refined: of groundnuts (earthnuts), coco-nuts, illipé, palm, palm-kemel, karité, colza, rapeseed, cottonseed, soja, flax, maize, olives, castor oil, etc. Other fatty substances of vegetable origin, not elsewhere specified or included. Fatty acids such as: oleic acid (oleine), stearic acid (stearine), palmitic acid (palmitine), etc., and products termed " acid oils Lees or dregs of oils. Oils, fats, greases and butters, of animal or vegetable origin, hydrogenated or having undergone similar treatment. Artificial alimentary fats: margarine, artificial lard and others. Beeswax and wax of other insects, raw or purified, also bleached. Vegetable waxes, raw or purified, also bleached (Carnauba, Myrica, Japan, etc.). — 28 —

Preserved tomatoes and tomato preserves. Vegetables, vegetable-fruits, pot-herbs and other plants or parts of plants, all preserved in their own juice, in brine, vinegar, sugar, etc., whether imported in hermetically-sealed containers or not.

Ch a p t e r 21.

MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS.

Chicory and other coffee substitutes, roasted, in grains or ground. Artificial coffees. Extracts, essences or preparations with a basis of coffee. Prepared mustard: Mustard flour and meal, prepared for consumption. Liquid mustard and mustard in paste form. Sauces, spiced or not. Brewery and distillery yeast. Alimentary preparations, not elsewhere specified or included.

Ch a p t e r 22.

BEVERAGES, ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS, AND VINEGARS.

W aters : Mineral waters, natural or artificial; aerated waters. Other natural waters, including the same, distilled. Ice, natural or artificial. Lemonade, aerated or not. Beer. Hydromel (mead). Other fermented beverages, not elsewhere specified or included (cider, perry, etc.). Wrine must (fresh unfermented grape juice). Wine from fresh or dried grapes, liqueur wines, “ mistelles ” (must mixed with alcohol to check fermentation), including wines prepared with aromatic plants (vermouth, quinine wines, etc.). Ethyl alcohol. Spirits of all kinds (natural wine brandy, rum, kirsch (and cherry brandy), arrack, whisky and others). Liqueurs and other spirituous beverages, sweetened or aromatised. Other beverages, not elsewhere specified or included. Vinegars for consumption.

Ch a p t e r 23.

RESIDUES AND WASTE FROM THE FOOD-PREPARING INDUSTRIES.

Brewery, distillery and similar dregs. Beet pulp and sugar-factory waste. Residue (mare) of grapes and other fruits. W ine lees. Cattle feeding-cake : Of oil seeds and oleaginous fruits ; Others. Meat- and fish-meal. Cattle-feed, such as fodder treated with molasses, dregs of malt, waste of fodder plants and of cereals, with molasses added; oilcake impregnated with saccharine materials, and similar products. Residue of crushed olives, and similar residues from oil-works. Waste from the food-preparing industries, not elsewhere specified or included. C h a p t e r 2 4 .

TOBACCO.

Tobacco, raw or unmanufactured (in fresh or dried leaves) : Not stemmed; Stemmed ; Stems, and tobacco substitutes. Manufactured tobacco: Cigars and cigarettes; Pipe tobacco of all kinds; Chewing tobacco and snuff tobacco; Tobacco juice (extract) or sauce (praiss), pure or mixed; Tobacco dust, also the same mixed with other substances, intended tor use in agriculture horticulture. — 30 —

SECTION V.

MINERAL PRODUCTS.

Page

Ch a pt e r 25. — E a r th s a n d St o n e s ; L im es a n d Ce m e n t s ...... 30 26. — O r e s, S lag a n d A s h ...... 31 ,, e 27. — Min e r a l F u e l ; M in e r a l Oils a n d N a t u r a l B it u m in o u s S u b st a n c e s ; P roducts of th e D istillation t h e r e o f ...... 31

Ch a p t e r 25.

EARTHS AND STONES; LIMES AND CEMENTS.

Marl, garden mould. Clay, clayey earths, refractory earths and unspecified earths for the manufacture of ceramic products (kaolin, etc.), including broken glass and earthenware. Colouring earths, unworked. Gravel, sand, quartz and flint. Emery, pumice-stone, tripoli and other mineral substances for grinding, polishing or cleaning, rough, also granulated, washed or ground, but not put up for retail sale. White chalk, unworked. Heavy spar, unworked, also ground ; Iceland spar, cryolite. Fluorspar, un worked, also ground. W itherite. Common feldspar, also pulverised or calcined. Limestone and other stone for making lime, cement or the like, not calcined. Ordinary and hydraulic lime, including lime for fertilisers ; lime mortar. Cement of all kinds. Gypsum or plaster-stone, unworked, not calcined, also ground. Calcined plaster, also ground. Substances used in hydraulic mortar, such as tuff, trass, pozzuolana, etc., also ground or crushed. Talc, unworked or pulverised; steatite. Magnesite and dolomite, un worked, also calcined or pulverised. Slate, unworked, in blocks, plates or slabs. Alabaster, rough or squared. Marble (statuary and other), un worked, squared, or cut into rough sheets, not otherwise worked. Rough lithographic stones. Millstone, un worked. Building stones, rough, also simply squared by cleaving or with the pick (porphyry, granite petit-granit, sandstone, white stone and other). Crushed stone for road-making, ballast, etc. Meerschaum, yellow amber and jet, not worked. Infusorial earth (kieselguhr). Asbestos, crude or in fibre. Mica, crude, in sheets, plates or rough discs. Graphite (plumbago), unworked, in lumps, flakes or flocks, or ground, but not worked or prepared for retail sale. Other earths and raw mineral substances, not elsewhere specified or included. — 3 i —

C h a p t e r 26.

ORES, SLAG AND ASH.

Ores: of aluminium (bauxite, etc.) ; ,, antim ony; ,, silver (argyrose, etc.); ,, arsenic (realgar, speiss, etc.) ; ,, copper (malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, etc.); ,, tin (cassiterite, stannite, etc.); ,, iron (oligist, minette, pyrites, etc.) ; ,, manganese (pyrolusite, braunite, etc.) ; ,, mercury (cinnabar, etc.); ,, lead (galena, cerusite, etc.) ; ,, radium (pitch-blende, etc.) ; ,, zinc (blende, calamine, etc.); Rare earths ; Not specified. Scoria, slag and other wastes from the treatment of ores, and particularly of iron ores, or from the manufacture of steel by the Bessemer or Martin processes ; all these products, also crushed or ground (except dephosphorisation slag or Thomas slag, which are included in the chapter entitled “ Fertilisers”). Slag wool and fibre (mineral wool). Metallic and metalliferous cinders (ashes) and residue, from the treatment of ores, except metallic oxides used in the manufacture of colours. Other cinders (ashes) (except bone ash), such as cinders (ashes) from the consumption of coal, wood, etc.

Ch a p t e r 27.

MINERAL FUEL; MINERAL OILS AND NATURAL BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; PRODUCTS OF THE DISTILLATION THEREOF.

Coal: Crude coal, including anthracite ; Carbonised coal (coke) ; Agglomerates of coal (briquettes, boulets, etc.). Lignite, also agglomerated; Peat and tan-cakes for fuel (including litter peat); Other solid mineral fuels, such as: Kilkenny (cannel-coal), boghead, and residues similar to coke resulting from the distillation of mineral oils and tar. Solid bitumen or asphalt proper (Jew’s pitch). Asphaltic or bituminous rock, ground or not; soft bitumen or maltha ; asphalt mastic. Ozokerite (mineral wax), crude; ceresine, or ozokerite purified. Mineral tar from the distillation of coal. Products from the distillation of coal-tar, namely: Crude light oils; Medium oils (phenic acid, phenol, carbolic acid) ; Heavy oils, fuel oils; Anthracene or green oils; Creosote oils (for creosoting wood, tarring roads, etc.) ; Carbolineum and similar products ; Tar residues, not elsewhere specified or included. — 32 —

Retort carbon, un worked. Products from the distillation of light oils derived from coal or mineral tars, such as: benzols, toluol and toluene, solvent naphtha, xylol, etc. Petroleum, schist (shale), lignite and other similar mineral oils: Crude, not refined or purified; Refined or purified, light (petroleum ethers and essences) ; Refined or purified, medium (illuminating oils) ; H eavy : Lubricating oils; Fuel oils (mazout, etc.) ; Other (tars, etc.). " Compound ” oils with a basis of heavy mineral oil and vegetable oil. Paraffin wax and vaseline, crude or refined. Mineral resin ( brai gras, hr ai demi-gras and ) artificial asphalt (black rosin, brai sec), pitch and other residues from the distillation of mineral oils and of coal tar, not elsewhere included. SECTION VI.

CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS; COLOURS AND VARNISHES; PERFUMERY; SOAP, CANDLES AND THE LIKE; GLUES AND GELATINES; EXPLOSIVES; FERTILISERS.

Page

Ch a p t e r 28. — Ch e m ic a l a n d P harmaceutical P r o d u c t s ...... 33

29. — P r e p a r e d Ch em ical a n d o t h e r P r o d u c t s, fo r U s e in P h o to g r a ph y . 35 3°- — Colouring and Tanning Extracts; Graphite and Pencils; Colours, L a c s, V a r n ish e s a n d Ma s t i c s ...... 35

31. — E sse n t ia l Oils a n d E s s e n c e s , A r t ific ial A romatic Ma t e r ia l s , P e r f u m e r y a n d C o s m e t i c s ...... 36

32. — Soap, Candles and other A rticles made from Waxes, Oils o r F a ts ,

a n d t h e L i k e ...... 36

33. — Gl u e s , G e l a t in e s a n d D r e s s i n g s ...... 37

34. — E x p l o s iv e s , F ir e w o r k s , Match es a n d o th er A rticles m a d e of I n f l a m m a b l e M a t e r i a l ...... 37

35. — F e r t il is e r s ...... 38

C h a p t e r 28.

CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS.

Simply bodies or chemical elements: bromine, cadmium, iodine, phosphorus, sulphur, selenium and others not elsewhere specified or included. Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine, compressed or liquefied. Sulphurous acid (sulphurous anhydride) and carbonic acid (carbonic anhydride), liquefied by compression. Compressed acetylene. Ammonia liquefied by compression (anhydrous ammonia). Ammonia solutions, and ammonia liquors resulting from the manufacture of coal gas and from the distillation of coal or of tars. Compressed or liquefied gases, not elsewhere specified or included. Bioxide of hydrogen (oxygenated water). Oxides, bioxides, protoxides and anhydrides, not elsewhere specified or included. Acids, mineral or inorganic. Organic acids, such as acetic, citric, formic, lactic, oxalic, salicylic, tartaric and others, not else­ where specified or included. Glycerine. Alkaline metals (potassium and sodium) and their compounds, not elsewhere included. Beetroot saline. Sea, common and rock salt (sodium chloride), including mother-lye; sea-water. Chlorides, chlorates and perchlorates, not elsewhere included. Tetrachloride of carbon. Sulphides, sulphites, bisulphites, hyposulphites, hydrosulphites and sulphates, not elsewhere included. Sulphide of carbon. Alums: of ammonia, potash, soda, chromium and others. Salts: of gold, platinum and silver. — 34 —

Salts of rare earths (thorium, cerium, etc.). Borax or sodium borate; perborates. Crude tartar, cream of tartar and tartrates. Calcium carbide. Carbonates and bicarbonates; bromides, iodides, chromâtes and bichromates ; cyanides, ferro- cyanides and ferricyanides ; manganates and permanganates ; nitrates and nitrites ; phosphides, phosphates, phosphites and hypophosphites ; silicates and fluosilicates and other salts, not elsewhere included. Acetates, citrates, lactates, oxalates, salycilates and other salts derived from organic acids. Chemical products derived from the distillation of coal tar and mineral oils : Nitrobenzine or nitrobenzol, essence of mirbane; nitrotoluene ; Aniline (aniline oil), and aniline salts for the manufacture of dyes ; toluidine ; methylaniline and dimethylaniline ; Anthraquinone, hydroquinone, resorcine, benzoic aldehyde and benzoic acid; Naphthaline ; naphthol and derivatives thereof ; Anthracine; Derivatives of phenic acid; Saccharine and similar substances; Derivatives of benzol, toluol, phenetidine, anisidine and similar derivatives; Other products not specified or included elsewhere. Products of the distillation of wood and resins: W ood ta r; Creosote, creosote carbonate (of wood) ; Guaiacol, guaiacol carbonate ; Acetone and oils of acetone; Methyl alcohol, crude (methylene) or rectified ; Formic aldehyde (formaldehyde, formol) ; Trioxymethylene ; hexamethylene-tetramine ; Resin oil; Essence of turpentine ; essence of caoutchouc; essences of pine or fir and similar products. Residues from the distillation of woods and resins. Alcohols, ethers and derivatives of alcohols and ethers, not elsewhere specified or included : Amyl alcohol and similar alcohols (butylic, propylic, etc.) ; Allylic alcohol and other similar alcohols ; Acetic aldehyde (ethanol) ; Methylacetic ether (methyl acetate); Acetic ether (ethyl acetate) ; Nitric ether (ethyl nitrate); Sulphuric ether (ethyl oxide, ordinary ether) ; Collodion ; Chloroform, chloral, bromoform, iodoform; Ethers not elsewhere specified or included; Methylic, ethylic, methylene and similar bromides, iodides and chlorides. Albumen and casein. Celluloid, cellophane, bakelite, galalith and the like, in blocks, rough slabs or fragments. Natural alkaloids and their salts: aconitine, atropine, caffeine, cocaine, codeine, morphine, diacetylmorphine, nicotine, quinine, strychnine, theobromine, etc. Sera and vaccines. Salts of mineral waters and springs, for hygienic and curative purposes. Synthetic medicinal products. Prepared medicaments, preparations in doses and pharmaceutical specialities. Chemical products not elsewhere specified or included. — 35 —

Ch a p t e r 29.

PREPARED CHEMICAL AND OTHER PRODUCTS, FOR USE IN PHOTOGRAPHY.

Synthetic products for photography (hydroquinone, iconogen, methol, methylamidophenol, ethylamidophenol and the like) and all products specially prepared for the development and fixing of photographic images, put up for retail sale. Paper and cardboard sensitised for photography: With iron salts ; With silver, platinum or other salts. Plates of glass or other materials for photography, sensitised. Articles for photography, of celluloid or similar plastic materials : Rolls or bands for cinematographs (films) : (1) Unsensitised; (2) Sensitised but not exposed; (3) Exposed but undeveloped ; (4) Developed (negative films and positive films) ; Sensitised films and plates other than for cinematography: In rolls (roll films) and other (film packs, portrait films, Rôntgen films, etc.).

Ch a p t e r ' 30.

COLOURING AND TANNING EXTRACTS; GRAPHITE AND PENCILS; COLOURS, LACS, VARNISHES AND MASTICS.

Dyewood extracts, and colouring materials of vegetable origin : Garancine and other madder extracts ; Natural indigo ; Annatto, prepared archil, violet archil, chlorophyll, extracts from Campeachy wood (logwood) and yellow wood, and others. Tanning extracts : Of oak, chestnut, sumach, gall-nut, quebracho and others. Tannic acid, gallic acid, gallominic acid and the like acids. Cochineal, kermes, and other colours of animal origin. Boneblack (animal black), lamp-black, mineral black ; vegetable black; carboraphine. Coal-tar colours or dyes, dried or in paste: Alizarine, alizarine dyes, aniline dyes, artificial indigo, etc. Mineral colours and pigments, having a basis of arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, tin, iron, mercury, lead, zinc, etc. Ochres and other colouring earths, washed, calcined and pulverised. Lacs of aniline or other mineral substances. Natural or artificial ultramarine, dry or in paste. Prussian blue, pure or with mineral substances or starch added, dry or in paste. Graphite, prepared and put up for retail sale. Bronze or aluminium colours. Enamels in the lump, in powder or liquid, for enamelling metals, pottery or other products. Colours with a base of chalk, of sulphate of barytes or of other products coloured with aniline or mineral pigments, dry or in paste. Inks and ink powders : Writing or drawing ink, including Indian ink; Printing ink, including ink for engraving, for typewriters, for telegraphic apparatus, etc. — 36 —

Inked ribbons for typewriters, calculating machines and the like. Drawing chalk, white or coloured : steatite shaped for drawing (tailor’s chalk). Graphite for the manufacture of pencils, and other, including graphite for copying pencils. Pencils : Of natural or imitation slate (ardoisine). Coloured pastel crayons. Other pencils of all kinds, in casing of common wood or fine wood, or with casing of paper, and filling of graphite, slate or black chalk, or with coloured filling or copying lead, including pencils with tops or fittings of bone, metal, celluloid, hardened caseine or any other material. Colours of all kinds in crayons (pastels), cases, capsules, saucers, pastilles, small bladders, small bottles, sachets, cakes and tubes, also put up on cards or in boxes. Varnishes, lacs and siccatives, whether mixed with colouring materials or not; so-called enamel paints. Colours and paints, prepared in oil or spirit, not elsewhere specified or included. Oil mastics, resinous mastics, glue mastics and other mastics not elsewhere specified or included.

Ch a p t e r 31.

ESSENTIAL OILS AND ESSENCES, ARTIFICIAL AROMATIC MATERIALS, PERFUMERY AND COSMETICS.

N o te . — The present chapter does not include toilet soaps.

Animal essential oils ; hartshorn oil and Dippel’s oil. Natural vegetable essences or essential oils, also deterpened ; terpenes of essential oils. Artificial essences and synthetic products, including so-called fruit ethers, not specified or included elsewhere, used in perfumery, pastrymaking, confectionery, the manufacture of liqueurs, and for all similar purposes. Aromatic distilled waters and alcoholates of plants, flowers and fruits, used in perfumery, and in flavouring pastry, confectionery, beverages, etc. Perfumed greases (raw materials for perfumery). Perfumery articles, i.e., all substances and mixtures which, by reason of their nature or the way in which they are put up, can be described as perfumery, such as : perfumed and toilet waters ; mouth washes; hair lotions and dyes; perfumed or toilet vinegar; aromatic oils, perfumed oils, huiles antiques; perfumed pastes, greases and pomades, perfumed powders, perfumed tooth powders and toilet powders ; rouges and cosmetics ; odoriferous pastilles for burning, perfumed cigarettes (without tobacco), papier d’Arménie, etc.

C h a p t e r 32.

SOAP, CANDLES AND OTHER ARTICLES MADE FROM WAXES, OILS OR FATS, AND THE LIKE.

Toilet, perfumed and medicinal soaps ; Soap in balls, bars, or cakes, including transparent soap; Shaving-soap ; soap in paste and soap creams ; soap in powder or sheets ; liquid soaps. Common soaps, hard or soft. Washing and cleansing powders and liquids, and soap substitutes. Animal and vegetable oils and greases and fatty acids, partially saponified by substances of any kind (sulforicinates, resinates, or oleates) ; Turkey red oil. — 37 —

Candles and tapers of wax, paraffin wax, stearine, ceresine, tallow or other similar substances (including nightlights and tapers rolled into balls (pelotes-bougie)) : Dyed, coloured or ornamented ; Other. Wax in combs, for beehives. Wax in sheets for dental impressions ; modelling wax or paste. Wax for sealing, including bottle wax. Articles of animal or vegetable wax, of stearic acid and of similar materials, such as : flowers, fruit, miniatures, busts, heads, masks, and similar plastic articles, also coloured, embellished, or ornamented. Encaustics, pomades, waxes, creams, greases, and similar preparations with base of wax, grease, oil, etc., for cleaning, polishing, or preserving metals, furniture, flooring, marble, stoves, ranges, linoleum, leather, footwear, etc. Lubricants prepared with greases or oils (also with mineral oils added) for axles of vehicles or for machinery.

Ch a p t e r 33.

GLUES, GELATINES AND DRESSINGS.

Fish-glue, glue from whale-sinews and other similar substances. Glue from bones, sinews, hides, etc. : In sheets, leaves or powder. Liquid, in jelly or in paste. Gelatine in powder, leaves or sheets, large and small. Pastes with gelatine base, for printing-roilers, apparatus for graphic reproduction and similar purposes. Starch and fecula, roasted (dextrine, leiogum and the like). Glaze soap, lichen, fecula, starch and all other dressings prepared for sizing yarns, threads, etc., for dressing fabrics and for similar purposes. Other glues of all kinds (casein glue, gluten glue, dextrine glue, gum arabic glue, etc.) prepared, also put up for retail sale.

Ch a p t e r 34.

EXPLOSIVES, FIREWORKS, MATCHES AND OTHER ARTICLES MADE OF INFLAMMABLE MATERIAL.

Gunpowder for military, sporting and mining purposes, including gun-cotton and nitro-cotton ; nitro-glycerine, fulminate of mercury, picrates, and all explosives such as ammonite, bellite, cheddite, etc. Dynamite. Trinitrotoluol or trinitrotoluene and other explosives difficult to ignite. Capsules of fulminating powder for military and sporting purposes and for rifle clubs, including mining primers and detonators. Mining detonators with electric primers. Safety fuses, without caps, for miners. Explosive crackers and squibs ; primings for lighters and for children’s toys. Fireworks. Matches : Wax, stearine and the like. Wood and other. Articles of inflammable materials, such as sulphured wicks, prepared tinder, paper tinder, resin torches, fire-kindlers and similar preparations for kindling purposes. - 38 -

C h a p t e r 35.

FERTILISERS.

Fertilisers of animal or vegetable origin : Natural guano ; Waste of wool, feathers, etc., only serviceable as fertilisers; Others (stable dung, leaf-mould and all animal and vegetable waste serviceable only as fertilisers). Guano, artificial (of meat, fish, blood and the like). Bonemeal, calcined, sinew-meal and other animal substances ground, calcined or prepared as fertilisers. Soot; filter lime from sugar factories. Nitrate of soda, natural (Chile saltpetre). Nitrate of ammonia, sulpho-nitrate of ammonia. Phosphate and superphosphate of ammonia. Sulphate of ammonia. Calcium cyanamide and calcium nitrate. Phosphate of lime, natural, and phosphated chalk, crude or ground. Superphosphate of lime, precipitated phosphate. Phosphated slag, ground (Thomas slag). Crude potash salts, natural, including the same crushed or ground (carnallite, kainite, sylvinite and the like). Potash salts: chloride, sulphate and nitrate of potash and other potash salts used as fertilisers, not elsewhere specified. Chemical fertilisers, pure or mixed, for agriculture, not elsewhere specified. SECTION VII.

SKINS, HIDES, LEATHER, PELTRIES (FUR SKINS) AND ARTICLES MADE OF THESE MATERIALS.

Page

C h a p te r 36. — S k in s, H id e s a n d L e a t h e r ...... 3 9

37- — Articles made o f S k in s, H id e s a n d L e a t h e r ...... 39 38. — P e l t r y (F ur S k in s) ...... 40

Ch a p t e r 36.

SKINS, HIDES AND LEATHER.

Raw hides (large and small hides, for tanning, including skins of fish and reptiles, green, salted, limed, dried, softened or green, with or without hair, also split). Tanned skins in “ crust ” (tannées en croûte). Hides and skins tanned and curried, in hair, not dressed for furs. Hides and skins tawed, chamois, dressed or tanned with formol, dyedor not. Hides and skins, parchment-dressed, parchments and vellums. Hides and skins of all kinds, bronzed, gilt, silvered, painted or withdesigns or ornamentation in relief. Hides and skins, dyed or moroccoed, not elsewhere specified. Hides and skins, varnished or lacquered. Hides and skins otherwise prepared (skins simply tanned, oil-dressed (hongroyé) or curried, not elsewhere specified : whole skins, split skins, backs and butts (croupons), pieces and “ crusts ” ( croûtes ). Hides and skins, gut and similar articles, split, dried or prepared for use as tanned hides or skins. Imitation or artificial leather with a basis of leather waste: unworked, in sheets or in simply-cut pieces. Waste and cuttings of leather and tanned hides and skins; old leather : Suitable for use for leather goods ; Other.

Ch a pt e r 37.

ARTICLES MADE OF SKINS, HIDES AND LEATHER.

N o t e . — The present chapter does not include footwear made of leather or partly of leather.

Straps for sabots. Soles, heels and welts simply cut out, stiffeners and the like, of natural or artificial leather. Uppers for top-boots, boots, shoes, clogs, vamps, backs (quartiers), gaiters, leggings (molletières and jambières), pinked, stitched, lined or simply in cut-out pieces. Leather laces, also with tags. Leather gloves, also simply cut out and not sewn. Skins cut into strips for hats, also figured (hat leathers). Leather cut out in any shape for specific purposes. Clothing of leather, combined or not with tissues. Saddlery and hamess-makers’ goods. Trunks, entirely of leather, or of wood or pasteboard, covered with leather. Valises, handbags, travelling bags, hat-boxes, cases for photographic apparatus, cases for sporting guns, cases for musical instruments, and similar articles. — 40 —

Moroccoed leather wares consisting principally of hide, moroccoed or not, such as: waist-bags, tobacco-pouches, note-cases, card-cases, purses, portfolios, brief bags; belts, book-carriers; bookmarkers, cigar and cigarette cases, flask cases, etc. ; reticules, ladies’ hand-bags, vanity- bags, etc. Technical articles such as: transmission and conveyor belts, bands and straps for transmission and conveyor belts ; pipes, buckets, trays; checks (brides de chasse) and cleats for weaving looms; cog-wheels ; sheets and slivers without teeth for cards ; pieces for combers, muffles (manchons) and other skin or leather articles for machinery, not elsewhere specified. Manufactures of skin and leather, not elsewhere specified or included. Prepared gut and articles made of gut : Cables, cords and strings, except strings for musical instruments; Goldbeaters’ skin; Other articles.

Ch a p t e r 38.

PELTRY (FUR SKINS).

Peltry, raw or not dressed (simply dried or saturated in ash, or covered with antiseptic paste to prevent deterioration during transport). Peltry, simply dressed (skins in the hair or down, tawed, purified, softened, also dyed or lustred, whether or not imported in the whole skin or in parts of skins sewn together in the form of cloths, bags, Russian “ cloaks ” (touloupes) or squared, but solely with the object of forming a single piece more easily transportable and more suitably arranged for sale). Artificial tails of grey squirrels and the like. Peltry cut in any shape for a specific purpose. Peltry made up in strips of unspecified length. Other peltry worked or dressed (peltry made up for articles of personal wear or ornament or for furniture, more especially boas, cuffs, mantles, gloves, mittens (moufles), tippets, pelerines, pelisses, pelisse linings, foot-mats, bedrom fioor-rugs, etc., except toques or caps and fur footwear. — 4i —

SECTION VIII.

RUBBER, AND ARTICLES MADE OF RUBBER.

Page

Ch a pt e r 39. — R u b b e r , G u tta-P er c h a , B alata a n d S u b st it u t e s t h e r e f o r ; A rticles m a d e o f t h e s e M a t e r i a l s ...... 41

Chapter 39.

RUBBER, GUTTA-PERCHA, BALATA AND SUBSTITUTES THEREFOR; ARTICLES MADE OF THESE MATERIALS.

Rubber, balata, gutta-percha and similar substances, raw, not worked or manufactured :

In the natural state, also mixed with other materials, in slabs, blocks, balls, or cakes, in sheets, or corrugated plates called crêpes. In liquid form (rubber milk) or in solution, imported in containers of any kind. Hardened (ebonite) or vulcanized, in lumps or in powder. Regenerated, in plates, blocks, slabs, sheets or other similar forms. Waste, fragments, powder, parings and remains of worn-out articles, suitable only for regeneration. Rubber, gutta-percha and similar substances, synthetic or chemical, in plates, blocks, slabs or other similar forms, un worked. Imitation or artificial rubber, in slabs or plates, un worked.

Flexible rubber, in sheets, also clipped or cut rectangularly, in batons, rods, widths or strips. Hardened rubber (ebonite), in rectangular planks, plaques, or sheets, matt, polished or grained. Rubber and ebonite in sheets, with the addition of metal or fabric. Rubber sheets and small cakes, and rubber paste, vulcanized, for dentists. Rubber thread of round, square, rectangular, etc., section, also covered with thread of textile materials. Rubber tyres for vehicle wheels : solid tyres, pneumatic tyres, outer covers, inner tubes, etc., also combined with fabric, leather or metal fittings. Pipes and tubes of rubber of all kinds (including ebonite and gutta-percha), also combined with textile materials or metal threads. Cushions, pillows, hot-water bottles, gas-bags, pneumatic floating boats, bathing caps, gloves, finger-stalls, irrigators, injector bulbs, sponges, sponge-bags and all other rubber articles for hygienic, toilet, hydrothérapie and other use. Articles of flexible rubber, gutta-percha or balata, in combination or not with other materials, such as clack-valves, valves, joints, washers, blocks for shock absorption, brake-blocks, etc. Belts and other wares, objects or articles for industrial use, of rubber, gutta-percha, balata and similar materials, combined or not with other materials. Diving-suits. Billiard cushions; billiard balls of hardened rubber. Figures, letters, stamps, etc., of rubber, also mounted on wood or metal. Rubber erasers, mounted or not on wood. Handles and roughly shaped handles for pen-knives,knives and razors, of hardened rubber. Heels, heel-pieces and soles for boots and shoes. Floor coverings for rooms and corridors, mats, etc. Fancy articles of hardened rubber. Wares of rubber, ebonite, gutta-percha, balata,imitation or synthetic rubber, not elsewhere specified or included. — 42 —

SECTION IX.

WOOD AND CORK AND ARTICLES MADE OF THESE MATERIALS ; GOODS MADE OF PLAITING MATERIALS.

Page

Ch a pter 40. — W ood a n d A r ticles m a d e o f W o o d ; F u r n it u r e ...... 42

4 1 . — C o r k a n d A r t i c l e s m ad e o f C o r k ...... 43 42. — Articles made of Straw, Cane, and other Vegetable Materials f o r P l a i t i n g ...... 43

C h a p t e r 40.

WOOD AND ARTICLES MADE OF WOOD; FURNITURE.

Pit wood (mine pit-props), poles, props, staddles, stays, in the rough or not sawn lengthwise, with or without bark ; wood for paper-making (pulp-wood). Building and cabinet-makers’ wood (common and fine wood), in the rough or not sawn lengthwise, with or without bark, also simply rough-hewn; roots of briar, oak, box, etc. Wood for fuel and other rough wrood, such as firewood, chopped or not; bark other than for medicinal purposes or for dyeing or tanning; tan steeped in lye; faggots for burning, twigs, branches; brushwood; branches of oak and of shrubs, for binding; sawdust of common wood, etc. Wood flour; xylolith or artificial wood, not worked. Wood charcoal, also pulverised; charcoal briquettes. Blocks and sleepers for railways. Sawn timber, also stained or creosoted. Paving-blocks of wood. Hoopwood (wood prepared for hoops of casks) ; manufactured hoops. Wood in staves (splints), for buckets, sieves, strainers, etc.; laths for ceilings, sawn or cut. Wood cut into pieces or chips, for the basket trade and for other purposes. Stavewood for the coopers’ trade and for packing; wood chopped by the axe, for hubs, rims and similar purposes. Wood-straw or wood-wool, also dyed or twisted; wood in chips for the clarification of liquids. Building and cabinet-makers’ wood, planed, including grooved or tongued wood. Veneering wood, simply sawn, cut or unrolled. Veneering sheets superimposed and glued (three-ply, etc.) ; veneering sheets applied to other wood. Wood split or cut for the manufacture of matches or blinds; wooden pegs for shoemaking. Packing cases, put together or not. Bungs of wood. Printing type and plates of wood. Wood for brushes, rough-hewn or finished. Reels for winding sewing-thread; bobbins, tubes, reels, etc., for spinning and weaving. Handles for agricultural implements and tool handles. Tools of wood. Wooden heels. Wooden moulds for foundries; wooden trees for boots and shoes. Turned wood, not elsewhere specified, for making furniture and other articles. Wooden rods and mouldings, for furniture, frames, etc. Wooden frames. Casks, vats and small tubs, taken down or not. Bent wooden rims for vehicle wheels. Joinery work for buildings (doors, window-frames, staircases, wood panelling, etc.). — 43 —

Carpentry work and wheelwrights’ work, shaped. Trunks and valises of wood. Household utensils of wood (wooden-ware). Caskets, cash-boxes, jewel-boxes, boxes, trays and screens of wood, varnished or lacquered, Chinese or Japanese style. Wooden fancy goods and articles of carved wood, not elsewhere specified. Cases for clock pendulums or regulators, in wood. Billiard tables and tables for similar games. Furniture of all kinds, of wood, including detached pieces or parts not elsewhere specified. Wares of wood, not elsewhere specified or included.

Ch a p t e r 41.

CORK AND ARTICLES MADE OF CORK.

Cork, raw, in boards, also scraped (raclé or vise). Cork, crushed, pulverised or ground, not agglomerated. Cork waste. Cork prepared and cut into boards, slabs, cubes, small squares or sheets, also in thin sheets (cork paper). Discs, rings and washers of cork, for polishing or other purposes. Cork, ground or crushed and agglomerated : In the form of bricks, tiles, panels, shells (coquilles), boards or sheets, for building and for insulation, and also for special purposes (floor coverings, etc.) ; Otherwise worked (cut into discs, for corks, stoppers, flat and other, bottoms of capsules, etc.). Corks. Lifebuoys and ships’ fenders. Soles, heels, ventilators for hats, and other articles of cork.

Ch a p t e r 42.

ARTICLES MADE OF STRAW, CANE, AND OTHER VEGETABLE MATERIALS FOR PLAITING.

Straw plaiting of all kinds. Plaited wares, of bark, cane, esparto, wood and similar substances, for hats, ropemakers, wares and other articles. Articles such as bows, loops, twisted fringes, girdles and ornaments of any kind, in straw, cane, esparto, bark, fibre, palm-fibre and similar substances, for hat-making and other purposes. Straw covers and envelopes, for bottles. Wicker fabric and, in general, all fabrics made of cane, straw, spun cane, vegetable strip or flexible vegetable stems. Chinese mats and similar mats, of reed, alfa, esparto and similar materials. Wicker furniture, of bamboo, rattan, cane, osier or similar materials, also with wooden bodies. Articles of wickerwork, sparterie and all wares not elsewhere specified or included, made by combining or interlacing rods of osier or willow, canes, wood-strip, vegetable strip, flexible vegetable stems or plaited wares of these materials, also with wooden bodies or cores. SECTION X.

PAPER AND ITS APPLICATIONS.

Page Chapter 43. — M aterials used for the Manufacture of P a p e r ...... 44 44. — P a p e r a n d Ca r d b o a r d , A r t ic l e s o f P a p e r a n d Ca r d b o a r d , a n d B o o k b i n d e r s ’ W a r e s ...... 44 45. — Booksellers’ Wares and Products of the Graphic A r ts ...... 45

C h a p t e r 43.

MATERIALS USED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER.

Pulp for paper-making, from rags, including half-pulp. Pulp for paper-making, from wood, straw, esparto and similar fibres : Mechanically or semi-chemically pulped, wet or dry ; Chemically pulped (cellulose pulps), wet or dry. Waste paper, paper scrap, waste printing-sheets, old newspapers, old books, paper, boards and manufactures of paper, only fit for tearing up.

Ch a p t e r 44.

PAPER AND CARDBOARD, ARTICLES OF PAPER AND CARDBOARD, AND BOOKBINDERS’ WARES.

Ordinary board, felted board, blotting paper and board and filter-paper, in rolls or sheets. Slabs of cellulose pulp for filtering and other purposes; cellulose wadding. Ordinary wrapping paper, also varnished or waxed (covered with a coating of pitch, or tarred- paper). Ordinary wrapping paper and board, reinforced with fabric or interwoven with fabric, also varnished or waxed, crinkled (crêped and corrugated), goffered, folded or creased, whether or not strengthened by another sheet of paper. Sulphurised paper (vegetable parchment), imitation (simili) sulphurised (grease-proof), “ cristal (transparent) paper, dyalitic paper and other similar papers. Newsprint. Cigarette papers, also printed or cork- or metal-tipped: In booklets, tubes or cut to shape ; Other. Greasy paper for pencil copying; carbon paper and similar paper for tracing, typewriting, etc.; stencils, papers other than photographic covered with reproducing paste. Paper and board, pressed, compressed, vulcanised or hardened, including vulcanised fibre (American board), presspahn paper, insulating paper impregnated with resin (bakélite and similar), and paper and board hardened in imitation of leather. Board impregnated with heavy oils, coal-tar or petroleum (bitumenised paper and board) and similar products, also coated with sand. Paper and board, glazed or enamelled. Paper, gelatined, albumenised, coated with stearine or paraffin wax. Ivory board, Bristol board and the like. Handmade paper. Paper laid or watermarked. Paper ruled or lined, for registers, copybooks, music, etc. — 45 —

Paper for furnishing or wali-papering purposes ; transfers (vitrauphanies and transférophanies) ; lincrusta lined with paper. Special paper and board, in sheets or rolls, not elsewhere specified, such as: paper and board marbled, veined, printed (indienne), gilt, silvered, coated with metal, coloured in two colours, velveted, micaceous, oiled, varnished, waxed, gummed, goffered, grained, crinkled, crêped, corrugated, folded, creased, stamped, etc. All other paper and board, in rolls or sheets. Registers, copybooks, order-books, office books, note-books, memorandum books, portfolios, portrait or postcard albums, blotters, writing-pads, covers for books and for bookbinding, and all similar articles. Indexes, movable binding for letters and manuscripts. Notepaper, cards and envelopes. Paper lace and paper embroidery. Paper and board not printed on, not elsewhere included, cut into shapes or prepared for a special purpose. Boxes, cases, caskets, tubes, cornets, bags, sachets, pouches and other similar articles intended for packing, containing, protecting or putting up goods. Conical and cylindrical tubes (busettes, reels, preparation tubes, etc.) for spinning, twisting and weaving. Reels of hardened paper for winding thread. Perforated board and paper for Jacquard looms. Cardboard accessories for shoemaking, such as: stiffeners, insteps, toecaps, heels, etc. Frames of paper, board, carton-pierre or papier mâché; paper and board cut out and prepared for holding photographs, pictures, etc. School blackboards and artificial slates, of board covered with a special coating. Paper linen, also with textile materials added. Lamp-shades, lanterns for illumination, artificial flowers and foliage, of paper or board. Wares, of paper or hardened board, carton-pierre, wood- or cellulose-pulp, vulcanised fibre, papier- mâché, paper or board in imitation of leather, not elsewhere specified or included. All other wares of paper or board, not elsewhere specified or included.

Ch a p t e r 45.

BOOKSELLERS’ WARES AND PRODUCTS OF THE GRAPHIC ARTS.

Books in sheets, sewn or bound ; manuscripts. Newspapers and periodicals. Geographical, nautical and astronomical charts and cartographic works ; plans of all kinds. Music, engraved or printed. Postcards, view-cards, greeting cards and other similar cards, also imported in sheets or booklets, including photographed cards. Postcards, view-cards, greeting cards and letters, religious pictures, pocket calendars, all illustrated or fancy cards, letters and articles not elsewhere specified, ornamented with fabrics, ribbons, natural or artificial flowers, mica, celluloid or the like. Calendars stuck on cardboard and tear-off calendars, vide-poche, newspaper-holders and the like. Printed matter of all kinds not elsewhere specified, obtained by any method of reproduction, on paper, pasteboard or cardboard: Without illustrations; With illustrations. Pictures, vignettes, labels, chromolithographs, transfers (decalcomanias), bills and posters, engravings, photogravures in half-tints, photographs, photogravures and all articles with pictures, not elsewhere specified, obtained by any process of reproduction, on paper, paste­ board or cardboard. - 4 6 -

SECTION XI.

TEXTILE MATERIALS AND TEXTILE GOODS.

Page

Ch a pt e r 46. — S il k , F loss S il k a n d A rt ificial S i l k ...... 46 47. — W o o l, H o r s e h a ir a n d o t h e r A n im a l H a i r ...... 4 7 48. — C o t t o n ...... 4 7 49. — F l a x , H e m p , J u t e , R am ie a n d o th er V eg e t a b le T e x t il e Ma t er ia ls 48 50. — W a d d in g a n d F e l t ; R ope a n d R o pem a k er s’ W a r e s ; S pe cial F abrics a n d A rticles u s e d for T ec h n ical P u r p o s e s ...... 48 51. — H o s i e r y ...... 4 9 52. — Clo th in g , U n d e r w e a r a n d R e a d y -m a d e A p pa r e l of all K in d s . . . 50 53. — R ags a n d S craps of T e x t il e Ma t e r i a l ...... 50

Ch a p t e r 46.

SILK, FLOSS SILK AND ARTIFICIAL SILK.

Silk in cocoons. Silk thread. Floss silk, coarse silk (bourrette), noils, and silk waste: in the mass; combed, carded or ravelled ; in ribbons or braid. Floss silk thread (schappe). Coarse silk thread (floss silk waste thread). Artificial silk, including all artificial silks, whatever the process or material used in their manufacture : nitrocellulose or collodion silk, copper silk, viscose silk, cellulose acetate silk, etc., and without distinction between ordinary and coarse thread (artificial horsehair, “ crinol ”, “ crinoid ”) or in the form of bands or strips (thread obtained by draw-plates of rectangular section). Waste and fibre of artificial silk (including the artificial silk called “ artificial wool ") : In floss or in the mass ; Combed or carded, in ribbons or braids. Schappe yarns, and artificial silk yarns. Thread put up for retail sale: of silk, floss silk, artificial silk and artificial floss silk. Articles of silk, floss silk, coarse silk, artificial silk and artificial floss silk: Tulle; Lace and guipure ; Embroidery ; Ribbons ; Trimmings (passementerie) ; Velvet and plushes ; Carpets ; All other fabrics. C h a p t e r 4 7 .

WOOL, HORSEHAIR AND OTHER ANIMAL HAIR.

Wool : In the grease ; Scoured or washed ; Bleached or dyed ; Combed, whether dyed or not ; Carded, whether dyed or not ; Combing and weaving waste (noils, flock, floss, etc.) ; Shoddy. Hair: Of alpaca, goat (Angora goat, Cashmere goat, etc.) lama, vicuna, camel, Angora rabbit, and other similar hair ; Of hare, rabbit, beaver, and the like ; Of cattle, horses (except “ horsehair ” proper), ordinary goats, and other similar coarse hair. Horsehair, unworked, washed, bleached, dyed or prepared, also curled. Thread and yam: Of wool and fine hair combed and carded ; Of coarse hair; Put up for retail sale. Articles of wool, horse-hair and other animal hair : Tulle; Lace and guipure ; Embroidery ; Ribbons ; Trimmings (passementerie) ; Velvet and plushes; Carpets; All other tissues.

Ch a p t e r 48.

COTTON.

Cotton : Raw; Carded, bleached or dyed ; Cotton waste. Cotton yam, including in warps. Cotton thread prepared for retail sale. Manufactures of cotton : Tulles; Lace and guipure ; Embroidery ; Ribbons; Trimmings (passementerie)-, Velvets and plushes ; Carpets; All other fabrics. C h a p t e r 4 9 .

FLAX, HEMP, JUTE, RAMIE AND OTHER VEGETABLE TEXTILE MATERIALS.

Flax and hemp : Raw, in stalks, also retted ; Scutched; Combed ; Tow. Ju te : Raw, in stalks, or scutched ; Combed ; Tow; Ramie and other vegetable textile materials, except cotton, such as: abacâ (Manila hemp), 'phormium tenax (New Zealand flax or hemp), sunn (Crotalaria juncea) , agave fibre, sisal, pineapple fibre, aloe fibre, coconut fibre, etc., ligneous peat (beraudine), pine wool, vegetable down (Syrian asclepias, bombax, beaumontia, etc.), raw, combed, and tow thereof. Yarn of flax, hemp, jute, ramie, abaci, and other vegetable textile materials, except cotton. Yearn of paper, cellulose or textilose. Thread put up for retail sale. Articles of flax, hemp, jute, ramie and other vegetable textile materials (except cotton) : Tulle; Lace and guipure ; Embroideries ; Ribbons ; Trim m ings (passementerie) ; Velvet and plushes; Carpets ; All other fabrics. Fabrics of paper, cellulose or textilose.

Ch apter 50.

WADDING AND FELTS; ROPE AND ROPEMAKERS’ WARES; (SPECIAL FABRICS AND ARTICLES USED FOR TECHNICAL PURPOSES.

W adding: Of cotton, also absorbent or antiseptic, including wadding coated with glue or starch, as well as bands and pads for stopping up chinks and for padding ; Of silk or waste silk ; Of other textile materials. Felts not elsewhere specified: Of pure wool or of wool mixed with other textile materials ; Of cotton, pure or mixed with other vegetable textile materials ; Of animal hair (rabbit, hare, cattle hair, etc.), pure or mixed with vegetable textile materials, or of vegetable materials other than cotton. Rope, cabling, cordage and twine, of vegetable textile materials or of paper, also greased, tarred, etc. — 49 —

Cordage of animal fibre, especially horsehair. Ropemakers' wares, such as: girths, hammocks, boot and shoe soles, ladders, bridles, harness, etc. Fishing nets and other nets. Glazed or sized percaline for bookbinding, cardboard bow-making, morocco-work and similar uses. Tracing or transparent cloth. Linoleum of one colour, with printed or inlaid designs ; lincrusta and similar materials. Pegamoid and similar products (a kind of waxed cloth or imitation leather, consisting of a fabric treated with a coating having a base of celluloid, nitro-cellulose, aceto-cellulose or similar products). Waxed cloths for packing, for floors, for wall coverings and for other purposes (these waxed cloths consist of fabrics of textile materials covered with a coating having a base of oil, and fabrics covered with a coating having a base of rubber and used for the same purposes as the waxed cloths). Silk fabrics, waxed (waxed taffetas) or covered with a coating having a base of oil. Rubbered fabrics, more particularly for the manufacture of waterproof clothing (fabrics impregnated or covered with rubber, and fabrics joined together by an intermediate layer of rubber). Elastic fabrics (fabrics, ribbons and trimmings, not including hosiery fabrics, combined with rubber thread). Fabrics of all kinds (including felts) impregnated with asphalt, tar, resin or similar materials, for roofing, for covering walls and for industrial purposes. Woven or plaited wicks. Straining-cloths (étreindelles) of horse-hair or coarse animal hair; thick fabric of camel-hair or of wool, for oil presses and similar purposes. Cylinders (manchons) of felt or of felted woollen fabrics, felted woollen fabrics and cotton fabrics of special texture, for paper works and other factories. Felts and felted fabrics, stuck on rubber, on rubber fabrics or on leather, for the manufacture of card ribbons. Transmission belts and conveyor belts, of camel-hair, cotton or other textile material. Mantles for incandescent burners, also impregnated or prepared, or calcined. Coarse tubing for fire-hose and the like, also tarred. Other technical articles not elsewhere specified.

Ch a p t e r 51.

HOSIERY.

N o t e . — Hosiery comprises fabrics and articles of clothing and others, knitted or crocheted by hand or by machine, whether or not combined with rubber threads or metal threads, but not articles coming under the category of “ lace ”.

Hosiery fabrics of silk, floss silk or coarse silk, artificial silk, wool, cotton, hemp, ramie and other textile materials (netted hosiery fabrics in the piece, not cut out for a particular purpose and not worked in any way). Hosiery of silk, floss silk or coarse silk, artificial silk, wool, cotton, ramie, flax and otner textile materials, including articles such as: gloves and mittens, stockings and socks, uno.erclothing, shawls, scarves and fichus, hoods, corsages, blouses, skirts and dresses, boleros, golfing knickers, sporting vests, jerseys, dresses for children, neckties, caps, bérets, etc. C h a p t e r 5 2 .

CLOTHING, UNDERWEAR AND READY-MADE APPAREL OF ALL KINDS.

N o t e . — This chapter comprises articles wholly or partly made up., i.e., hemmed, pierced (pinked), oversewn, bound or otherwise hand- or machine-sewn, in fabrics of all kinds, including embroider;/ and lace, felt, rubber or elastic fabrics, waxed cloth and other special fabrics, but not articles included elsewhere as finished articles, such as hosiery, hats, caps and bérets, footwear, carpets, fans, umbrellas, sun-shades, etc. This chapter further includes articles cut out and then put together by means of basting or sticking or by fasteners, and fabric articles of all kinds cut out in other than square or rectangular pieces, i.e., cut out for a particular purpose.

Clothes, parts of clothing and clothing sundries, for men, youths and boys, and for women, girls and infants. Underwear and articles of underwear, for men, youths and boys, and for women, girls and children, including long-clothes and baby-linen. Table-linen and articles of table-linen, kitchen cloths, bed-linen and toilet-linen (napkins, serviettes, sheets, towels, etc.). Ready-made articles, such as: shawls and scarves, neckties, neckerchiefs, foulards, corsets, corset belts, bust-bodices ; curtains, spring-blinds, door curtains; counterpanes (bed-covers), travelling rugs, rugs for horses and the like. Textile bags and sacks, for packing goods. Other sewn or made-up articles, such as: lamp-shades, waist-bags, hand-bags, travelling requisites of waxed cloth or similar fabrics ; awnings ; banners ; hoods and ornamental cloths (caparaçons) for horses; copes, chasubles, stoles and sacerdotal ornaments; flags, pennants, etc.; umbrella covers; saddle-cloths; vanity-bags; newspaper pockets (porte-journaux) ; linen-bags; tents; letter-racks (vide-poches), etc.

Ch a p t e r 53.

RAGS AND SCRAPS OF TEXTILE MATERIAL.

Rags, scraps of material, old rope and waste of all kinds from textile goods, intended in particular for shredding or unravelling, for the manufacture of paper, etc. — 5 i —

SECTION XII.

FOOTWEAR, HATS, UMBRELLAS AND SUNSHADES ; ARTICLES OF FASHION.

Page Cha pter 54. — F o o t w e a r ...... 51 55 - — H a t s a n d C a p s ...... 51 56. —■ U m b r e ll a s, S u n sh a d e s a n d W a l k in g -s t i c k s ...... 52 57. — P r e p a r e d O rn a m en ta l F ea t h e r s a n d A rticles mad e ofF e a t h e r s ; A rtific ia l F lo w ers a n d oth er A r ticles o fF a s h io n ; F a n s . . . . 52

Ch a pt e r 54.

FOOTWEAR.

Footwear of all kinds for men, women and children, such as top-boots, boots, half-boots, low shoes, tennis shoes and special footwear for sports, house footwear (slippers, bedroom slippers (douillettes), " mules ”, etc.), coarse shoes called espadrilles, slippers of felt or felted fabric (chaussons de Strasbourg), tanned sheep leather slippers called “ Kroumirs ”, etc.:

Footwear of fabric, felts, cloth list, imitation leather (waxed cloth, pegamoid, etc.) and other articles of textile materials : With soles of leather or rubber; Without soles, or with soles other than of rubber or leather. Footwear of leather : With soles of leather, rubber, etc. ; W ith soles of wood. Footwear of rubber, also lined with fabric: top-boots, goloshes, bathing-shoes, etc. Sabots (wooden shoes). Shoes of straw, alfa and other vegetable strip. Footwear of amianthus (asbestos).

Ch a pt e r 55.

HATS AND CAPS.

Hats of all kinds, for men, boys, women, girls and infants, and shapes of such hats, including tops (cloches, chemises et plateaux)'. Of hair-felt or of wool- and hair-felt ; Of wool-felt or other felt; Woven or plaited, of natural silk, artificial silk, natural horse-hair, artificial horse-hair (crinol), wool, cotton, ramie or other textile fibres; Of paper, cellulose or textilose; Of straw, bark, esparto, wood-chip, palm-fibre or other similar vegetable materials. Shapes and bandeaux of hats. Caps, bonnets and bérets, other than articles of hosiery, for men, women or children, including uniform hats and caps, képis, helmets and similar headgear, all these articles of any material whatever. - 52 —

Ch a p t e r 56.

UMBRELLAS, SUNSHADES AND WALKING-STICKS.

Umbrellas, parasols, sunshades and en-cas, of any materials. Umbrella walking-sticks. Walking-sticks, riding-whips, “ sticks ” (flexible canes), matraque sticks, of wood, cane, leather, rubber or any other material. Whips and whip-handles. Fittings for umbrellas, parasols, sunshades and walking-sticks, such as mountings, whalebone ribs, umbrella sticks, shafts, knobs, handles, tips, ferrules and ends, etc.

Ch a p t e r 57.

PREPARED ORNAMENTAL FEATHERS AND ARTICLES MADE OF FEATHERS; ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS AND OTHER ARTICLES OF FASHION ; FANS.

Ornamental feathers, including birds in their skins, palettes, throats, heads, wings, etc. : Merely with colours removed, bleached or dyed; Dressed or mounted. Birds stuffed and preserved in a natural state or preserved by any other process, for ornamentation or decoration or for collections. Ready-made articles of feathers (capes, boas and similar articles). Artificial flowers, foliage and fruits, imitation insects and similar fancy articles, for wares of fashion or for decoration, these articles being made wholly or partly of textile materials or imitations (skin, celluloid, etc.). Accessories for the above-mentioned articles, such as: leaves, calyces, petals, stamens, pistils, ovaries, stiff thread, foliage in strips, stems of fabric, etc. Articles of hair, such as nets, flowers or ornaments, hair pads, wigs, curls, plaits, fringes, ornaments (colifichets) and others. Fans and handscreens, mounted or not, of any material. — 53 —

SECTION XIII.

WARES OF STONE AND OF OTHER MINERAL MATERIALS ; POTTERY, GLASS AND GLASSWARE.

Page

Ch a p t e r 58. — W a r e s o f S t o n e a n d o f o t h e r M in e r a l M a t e r i a l s ...... 53 59. — P o t t e r y ...... 54 60. — G la ss a n d G l a s s w a r e ...... 54

Ch a p t e r 58.

WARES OF STONE AND OF OTHER MINERAL MATERIALS.

Slate (ordinary natural slate) : In slabs or sheets, cut or sawn or polished ; Roofing slates; Slates, framed or not, for writing or drawing; Other slate wares not elsewhere included. Paving of natural stone. Hones. Whetstones and sharpening and setting stones, hand: Of natural stone, worked, cut or polished; Of emery, carborundum and the like. Emery, glass, sand, and similar paper and cloth. Grindstones of natural stone, also mounted. Millstones and other similar stones. Artificial grindstones of emery, carborundum and the like, also mounted. Lithographic stones, sawn or shaped, also polished or with writing and drawings. Wares not specified, of alabaster, lava, marble or other stone. Manufactures of artificial marble. Manufactures of pumice stone. Manufactures of asphalt, pure or mixed with other materials, of resinous cement or similar materials (plates, slabs and other manufactures). Mica: In cut sheets or plates, for fitting in stoves, lampshades, etc.; Other manufactures. Asbestos : Paper and board, in sheets, rolls or plates, of asbestos, pure or combined with other materials. Thread, yarn and cord of asbestos, plaited or not, also combined with textile materials or with metal core. Fabrics of asbestos, also combined with textile materials, rubber or metal threads. Other asbestos manufactures, including clothing. Manufactures of cement, compressed concrete, or artificial stone, reinforced or not: Tiles; Pipes and casings ; Other, not elsewhere included. Plates and tiles of fibrous cement, eternit and similar products. Manufactures of plaster (casts), also composed of a mixture of plaster and other materials: Sheets and pieces for building purposes ; Other manufactures, not elsewhere included. Busts, statues, statuettes, figures, images and other articles, for ornamentation, for furnishing or for office use: in alabaster, lava, marble or other stones, plaster, cement, or artificial marble. C h a p t e r 5 9 .

POTTERY.

N o t e . — The following are not included in the present chapter: Buttons for made-up wares, and electrical articles of porcelain, stoneware, faience, or other pottery.

Building bricks of earth, baked or not, not fireproof, including bricks made from slag, clinkers, or the hke; silicious bricks, white or of clear colour ; bricks of pumice-stone and lime or cement. Fireproof bricks of all kinds. Heat resisting articles made of kieselguhr and the like. Crucibles, retorts, saggers, muffles, pipes, shafts, blast-pipes, small blast-pipes, buselures, and other fireproof goods, moulded from earth or clay substances ; crucibles of magnesia cement or steatite. Crucibles and other similar manufactures of graphite or plumbago paste. Tiles or pantiles of earth, baked or not. Pottery of common baked earth, such as: pipes (including angles—elbows, knees, etc.— joints and accessories for pipes), flowrer-pots, tiles and slabs for paving, and other pottery articles. Baked pottery of common stoneware ; pipes in all forms, utensils and apparatus for chemical products or technical uses, and others. Tiles and slabs for paving, of fine earth or baked stoneware. Facing tiles (other than for paving), of stoneware, fine earthenware or faience. Sanitary appliances (including sinks and baths), of stoneware, fireclay, faience or porcelain. Stoves and parts of stoves (varnished tiles), of faience or other pottery. Artificial teeth, of porcelain, enamel or similar materials. Beads, artificial flowers, wreaths and similar articles, of faience, fine stoneware (céramique) or porcelain. Busts, statues, statuettes, figures, images, fancy articles and articles for ornamentation, for furnishing or for office use: of earthenware, stoneware, faience, majolica, porcelain, parian, biscuitware and the like. Wares of faience, majolica, fine stoneware, fine argileuse paste, porcelain (including soft porcelain, biscuitware, parian ware and the like), not elsewhere specified or included.

Ch a p t e r 60.

GLASS AND GLASSWARE.

N o te . — The following are not included in the present chapter :

1. Sensitised plates for photography ; 2. Glass buttons for made-up articles; 3. Spectacle glasses cut and polished, and all optical glasses; 4. Electrical articles such as: insulators, meter-boxes, accumulator cells and battery cell jars.

Glass in the mass; waste and broken glass; cullet (pulverised glass). Bars and rods of crude glass. Glass in plates or sheets, cast, moulded or pressed, blown or drawn : Reinforced glass (cast on metal fabric) ; Impressed or diamante glass; glass hammered or fluted, sanded, grooved or in lozenges; glass, prismatic, corrugated or waved ; Plate glass in the rough ; Unframed plate glass: simply ground or polished ; polished and rubbed or bevelled; bent, curved or reinforced; tinned, silvered, gilt, coated with platinum or engraved ; Glass in panes and sheets, not elsewhere included. Looking-glasses and mirrors, framed. Pantiles, glass slabs and tiles for paving, also reinforced. Marmorite or opaline glass, in plates or panes, also decorated with painting or gilding, or with designs in colour or relief. — 55 —

Glass assembled in plain or stained glass windows and others, and glass mosaics. Globes and bulbs for electric lamps. Lamp glasses or chimneys; reflectors, globes (tulipes), lamp-shades, globes, glasses and the like, for lighting apparatus. Large bottles, demi-johns or carboys, also cased in wicker or covered with basket-work of metal, osier or the like. Syphons and special bottles for aerated water, with or without metal fittings. Bottles or flagons for hunting, travelling or sport, including insulated bottles, such as Thermos flasks and the like; all these articles also with case, cover or envelope of osier, felt, leather, waxed cloth, base metal, etc., including, when a part thereof, the support, drinking cup, goblet, cord or strap. Bottles, phials and flagons, not elsewhere included. Quartz cast in tubes, capsules, crucibles, etc. Tubing, tubes, pipes and piping: Of coarse glass, cast or drawn, for drainage and similar purposes ; For other purposes. Special glassware (instruments, utensils, flasks, tubes, test-tubes, etc.) and fireproof glass articles (for laboratories, scientific instruments, etc.): In blown glass; Graduated or gauged. Table glass not elsewhere included, and all articles for table or toilet purposes ; articles for office use and articles for domestic furnishing or ornament, such as vases, flower-stands, goblets, flower vases, piano casters, etc.; all these articles of glass or crystal, also with fittings or mountings of metal or other materials. Optical glass, crude ; crude glass in balls or segments, for the manufacture of watch, clock and spectacle glasses. Watch and clock glasses. Spectacle glasses, other than cut and polished. Ordinary optical glass, moulded, such as condensers, lantern lenses, carriage-lamp glasses, electric pocket-lamp lenses and the hke. Artificial eyes and similar articles. Glassware termed " vitrifications ”, in the mass, in tubes or rods, balls, etc.; glass beads and jewels (rocaille), vitrification wares in cut tubes, vitrifications blown or cast; small glass beads (grains) ; vitrification ware termed “ imitation of real pearls ” and the hke ; all these articles pierced or not, also threaded. Artificial precious stones, cut or moulded, but not mounted. Venetian coarse glass. Articles of vitrification, articles of glass beads or glass jewels, not elsewhere specified or included. Spun glass or glass wool; wares of spun glass. Lustres, candelabra, branched candlesticks, wall-brackets, candlesticks, chandeliers, taper-stands, ceiling-light brackets, lamps and lamp bodies, and other articles of the same kind, in glass or crystal. Articles of lustrework in glass or crystal, such as balusters, sconces, knobs, pendants, etc. Paintings on glass; lithophanes on glass; " diapositive ” glass, mounted, for lamp-shades. Articles of glass and crystal, not elsewhere specified or included. SECTION XIV.

PRECIOUS METALS; PEARLS AND PRECIOUS STONES; COIN (SPECIE).

Page

Ch a p t e r 6 i . — P r e c io u s M e t a l s ; P e a r l s a n d P r e c io u s St o n e s ...... 56

62. — Co in (Sp e c ie ) ...... 56

C h a p t e r 61.

PRECIOUS METALS ; PEARLS AND PRECIOUS STONES.

Gold and platinum, including metals of the platinum group : Gold and platinum, unworked, in lumps, ingots, cast bars or powder; scraps and broken articles, including goldsmiths' ash or waste ; Shell gold; gold in impalpable powder ; Gold and platinum, beaten, drawn or rolled, including gold in thin sheets, but not gold or platinum thread with core of textile material; Gold spangles and ribbon-wire ; Cast, dye-stamped or pressed wares, in the rough ; roughed-out articles, clearly intended to be further worked. Silver (the same specifications as for gold and platinum). Real pearls, unworked or worked, but not mounted. Precious 'and semi precious stones, including synthetic stones, un worked or worked, but not mounted. Goldsmiths’ wares. Jewellery (pearls and stones, real or artificial, and other materials mounted on gold, platinum or silver, for jewels). Wares not specially mentioned.

Ch a p t e r 62.

COIN (SPECIE). Coin : Gold; Silver ; ~ Nickel; Copper or other metals. — 57 -

SECTION XV.

BASE METALS AND ARTICLES MADE THEREFROM.

Page

C h a p te r 63. — I r o n , C a st I r o n ,S t e e l ...... 5 7 64. — Co p p e r ...... 58 65. — N i c k e l ...... 59 „ 66. — A lu m i n iu m ...... 59 67. — L e a d ...... 59 68. — Zi n c ...... 60 69. — T i n ...... 60 70. — Oth e r B a seM etals and A ll o y s t h e r e o f ...... 60 71. — Cu t l e r y ; Miscellaneous W a r e s m a d e of B a se Me t a l , n o t e l se w h e r e in c l u d e d ...... 61

Ch a p t e r 63.

IRON, CAST IRON, STEEL.

Cast iron scrap (waste and refuse of all kinds only suitable for recasting). Iron and steel scrap (waste and refuse of all kinds only suitable for recasting). Cast iron, crude, ordinary, haematite and spiegel. Ferro-alloys and ferro-metallic alloys, crude. Crude steel, in ingots. Iron and steel, rolled or forged : in blooms, slabs, loops, billets and sheet billets. Iron and steel, hot-rolled or forged : in bars, including special profiles (I, T, Z, etc.). Rails, also perforated with holes or curved. Railway sleepers, also perforated with holes; fishplates, not mounted. Iron and steel, cold-rolled or cold-drawn, in bars. Machine iron or steel; iron or steel wire: Hot-rolled ; Cold-drawn. Sheets of iron or steel, hot or cold rolled, also corrugated, or cut at right angles. Hoop iron or steel, hot or cold rolled. Bars, wire, hoop-iron and sheet-iron : polished, tinned, galvanised, lead-coated, copper-coated, etc. Sheet iron or steel, grooved, channelled, lozenged, having small protuberances, or covered with designs, reliefs, etc., obtained by rolling or stamping. Sheet iron or steel, perforated or cut otherwise than at right angles; expanded metal. Special steels containing one or more elements, such as nickel, chromium, tungsten, cobalt, molyb­ denum, vanadium, titanium, silicon, etc., in ingots, blooms, loops, billets, bars, profiled or moulded bars, machine steel, sheet billets, sheet, hoop and wire.

Non-Malleable Cast Iron.

1'ubing, tubes, pipes and piping of all types, and pipe and tube joints. Stoves, fireplaces, heaters, radiators, kitchen and cooking ranges, household and kitchen articles, etc. Boilers for central heating. All wares of non-malleable cast iron, not elsewhere specified or included.

Malleable Iron, Steel and Cast Iron.

Iubing tubes, pipes and piping, and pipe and tube joints. Tubing tubes, bars, and wire, coated with copper or some other base metal. Metallic structures (including their finished parts), such as bridges, girders, awnings, roofs, etc., and in general all parts of structures consisting of several parts, drilled, adjusted or assembled with rivets or bolts, including gasometers and reservoirs of sheet-iron imported unassembled. - 58 —

Containers of steel, unwelded, for compressed or liquefied gases. Reservoirs, tuns, vats, casks, drums, open boilers, and other similar large receptacles. Manufactures of iron or steel sheeting, not elsewhere specified or included. Hand tools for agricultural or other purposes, not elsewhere specified: Spades, shovels, picks, mattocks, hoes, scythes and sickles, lawn mowers, forks, rakes, weeders, etc. bit braces, wrenches and spanners, fixed or shifting ; hammers and sledge-hammers ; pliers and pincers ; axes, hatchets, splitting tools, billhooks, slashers ; crowbars, nail-claws, mining drills, mining picks; trowels and plasterers’ polishers ; anvils, two-beaked anvils, anvil stocks and bosses; plane irons, chisels, cold chisels, engraving tools, mortise chisels, mortise axes, pipe-cutters, drills, gimlets, auger bits, etc. Tools for machine-tools, and engineers’ tools. Nails for shoeing animals, forged nails, iron nails, cramps and hooks. Bolts and screwmakers’ wares of all kinds, such as : screws, ring-bolts, hinges, threaded hooks, turrels, bolts, axles, rivets, nuts, pins, etc. Cabling and rope. Barbed wire. Netting and trellis; metal cloth. Articles of iron or steel wire, such as: brushes, baskets, traps, snares, weels, etc. Chains, large and small: Transmission, jointed; Others. Axles and ironwork for ordinary vehicles. Locks, padlocks and parts thereof. Keys, lock-bolts, hinges, flat bolts (targettes), bolts, lift-off hinges, hinge-plates, door-latches and window (small) latches, staples, pullies, rollers, pivots, roulettes, handles, drawer-handles, key-holes, letter-box openers, slide-bolts (window fasteners), do guets, comer-cramps, blind and roller-blind fittings, thumb-latches, brackets, drawer-plates, hat-pegs and all other similar furniture, door and window fittings. Strong-boxes, including bank strong-boxes. Safes. Stoves, fireplaces, heaters, kitchen and cooking ranges, household and kitchen articles, etc. Beds, tables, chairs and other furniture. Sewing-needles. Needles for sewing, tulle, lace, knitting, embroidery and other machines. Knitting pins and needles ; crochet hooks, embroidery needles and buttonhooks. Ordinary pins, also shanks of pins, and ordinary safety-pins. Springs for carriages, automobiles, passenger and goods rolling-stock and locomotives. Busks and springs for corsets and other articles of clothing. Other springs. Ring bearings and roller bearings, ball-bearings and thrust ball-bearings, for all purposes, and balls for bearings. Castings (ouvrages moulés), not elsewhere specified: Of malleable cast iron; Of steel. All articles of iron or steel, not elsewhere specified or included.

Chapter 64.

COPPER.

Copper—rough cast, in ingots, lumps, pigs, blocks, slabs, etc.; electrolytic copper ; filings, waste and scrap of old copper manufactures. Sheets, leaves, plates or slabs, hammered or rolled. Thin leaves of copper, brass, tombac and similar alloys. 59

Imitation gold, hammered into leaves. Bars and wire. Tubing, tubes, pipes and piping. Pieces of stamped sheet-metal, unworked. Cast, stamped or forged pieces, un worked. Water cisterns and other containers, without mechanical apparatus. Cables and cordage of copper wire, not insulated. Metal cloth. Wire netting and expanded metal. Nails, tacks and rivets. Screws, bolts, screw-nuts, threaded rods and similar articles: Ordinary brass pins. Locks, bolts, slide-bolts, padlocks and their keys. Articles of copper for building and furniture, not elsewhere specified, such as: hinges, latches, lock-bolts, pegs, hinge-plates, handles, etc. Household, kitchen and table articles, and utensils for domestic purposes, not elsewhere specified or included. Hand tools. Other articles, not elsewhere specified or included.

Ch a p t e r 65. NICKEL. Crude nickel, in lumps, ingots, cakes or cast slabs ; filings, waste and scrap of old nickel manufactures. Sheets, leaves, slabs or plates, beaten or rolled. Bars and wire, simply rolled or drawn. Tubing, tubes, pipes and piping, simply drawn or welded. Cast, stamped, beaten or forged pieces, unworked. Wares not elsewhere specified or included.

Ch a p t e r 6 6 . ALUMINIUM. Crude aluminium, in lumps, ingots and cast slabs; filings, waste and scrap of old aluminium manufactures. Aluminium powder. Sheets, leaves, plates or slabs, beaten or rolled. Thin leaves of aluminium. Bars and wire. Tubing, tubes, pipes and piping. Pieces of stamped sheet aluminium, un worked. Rough pieces, cast, stamped or forged. Manufactures of aluminium wire: cordage, cables, metallic cloth and the like; rivets, screws, bolts and the like. Water cisterns and other containers, without mechanical apparatus. Household and kitchen utensils, and all other articles not elsewhere specified or included.

Ch a p t e r 67. LEAD. Crude lead in lumps, pigs or cast slabs ; filings, waste and scrap of old lead manufactures. Lead ball, shot and pellets. Sheets simply rolled. Thin leaves of lead. Bars, rods and wire, rolled or drawn (including leadwork for leaded glass windows). — 6o —

Tubing, tubes, pipes, piping and joints, simply drawn or welded. Cast, stamped or beaten pieces, unworked. Stoppers (capsules) and lids for bottles, pots and other containers ; tubes for holding colours, chemical products, etc. Articles not elsewhere specified or included.

Ch a p t e r 68.

ZINC.

Crude zinc, in lumps, pigs or cast slabs; filings, waste and scrap of old zinc manufactures. Sheets, leaves, slabs or plates, hammered or rolled. Bars and wire, simply drawn or rolled. Tubing, tubes, pipes, piping and sheets, simply drawn or welded. Cast, stamped, beaten or forged pieces, unworked. Articles not elsewhere specified or included.

Ch a p t e r 69.

TIN.

Crude tin in lumps, pigs, ingots or cast slabs; waste and scrap of old tin manufactures. Sheets, leaves and plates, simply rolled. Thin leaves of tin. Bars and wire, rolled or drawn. Tubing, tubes, pipes, piping and joints, simply drawn or welded. Rough pieces, simply cast or stamped. Stoppers (capsules) and lids for bottles, pots and other containers ; tubes for holding colours, chemical products, etc. Articles not elsewhere specified or included.

Ch a p t e r 70.

OTHER BASE METALS AND ALLOYS THEREOF.

Mercury. Antimony. Arsenic. Cadmium. Bism uth. Chromium. Manganese. Cobalt. Magnesium. Metals and metalloids for alloys of iron or of copper, such as: boron, molybdenum, silicon, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, uranium, vanadium, etc. Ingots, bars, sheets, leaves, wire, piping, powder, etc., of these metals. Articles of the above-mentioned metals. Pyrophoric alloys. — 6 i —

Ch a p t e r 71.

CUTLERY; MISCELLANEOUS WARES MADE OF BASE METAL, NOT ELSEWHERE INCLUDED.

Cutlery. Knives, non-folding, table or kitchen, and butchers' knives. Carving sets. Folding knives with one blade; folding pruning-knives, hunting-knives and others. Pocket-knives with one or more blades ; folding knives, with one or more blades or accessories. Scissors with two blades. Barbers' hair-clippers, hair-clippers for animals, and parts thereof. Shears. Ordinary razors. Mechanical or safety razors, and spare blades therefor. Knife, scissor and razor blades. Articles of cutlery not specially mentioned, such as: erasers, letter-openers and paper-cutters with metal blades, nail files and nail clippers, pedicure and manicure articles, pencil-sharpeners and blades therefor, cigar-cutters, tin-opening knives, oyster knives, and other similar articles.

Various Articles of Base Metal.

Table spoons and forks, ladles, saltspoons, dessert and fish slices, and other similar articles for table service. Printing type. Stereotypes, plates and quoins, for printing on paper, also obtained by photo-mechanical processes. Stamps, date stamps and numbering stamps. Flexible metal tubing. Domestic, furniture and office ornaments, such as : busts, statuettes, fiower-stands, vases, cache-pots, trays, cups, ash-trays, inkpots, inkstands, candlesticks, candelabra, clock frameworks, fire-dogs, etc. - Lighting fittings ; lamp-makers' and lustre-makers' articles. Metal decoration for furniture ; fittings for coachwork saddlery and travelling requisites. Metal pens. SECTION XVI.

MACHINERY AND APPARATUS ; ELECTRICAL MATERIAL.

Page Ch a pt er 72. — B o il e r s, Ma c h in e r y , M ec h a n ica l A p p a r a t u s a n d A p p l ia n c e s , a n d D e t a c h e d P a r ts t h e r e o f ...... 62

73. — E lectrical Ma c h in e r y a n d A p p a r a t u s a n d A r ticles fo r E lectrical U s e , a n d D e t a c h e d P arts t h e r e o f ...... 63

C h a p t e r 72.

BOILERS, MACHINERY, MECHANICAL APPARATUS AND APPLIANCES, AND DETACHED PARTS THEREOF.

Steam boilers (steam generators) of all kinds. Superheaters, heaters, economisers and all apparatus not elsewhere specified, with heating or cooling surfaces for condensers, refrigerators, air heaters, air condensers, feed-water heaters and the like. Steam engines, stationary, without their boilers; compressed-air engines, hot-air engines, etc., other than internal combustion or explosion ; steam, compressed-air, hot-air, etc., turbines and motors, without motor piston; motor engines and internal combustion or explosion "(gas, petrol, petroleum, alcohol, etc.) motors, except motors for cycles, automobiles and aircraft. Pumps, blowing machinery, aspirators, compressors driven by air, gas, steam, compressed air, hot air, petrol, petroleum, gas, etc., and all mechanical pumps. Hydraulic engines and turbines. Ventilators, centrifugal, helicoidal, rotary, etc., except electric ventilators. All other non-electric motors, not elsewhere specified or included. Traction engines driven by steam, petroleum, benzine, alcohol, etc. Engines, semi-stationary, driven by steam, benzine, alcohol, petroleum, etc. Road-making machines and road rollers, driven by steam, petroleum, benzine, alcohol, etc. Tractors. Locomotives, including tenders. Tenders of locomotives. Travelling cranes, driven by steam, petrol and the like. Lifting and loading and unloading apparatus : Portable apparatus, such as jacks, lifting-jacks, pulleys, blocks, pulley-tackle, etc. ; Other, such as: lifts, tipping-hoppers, capstans, dischargers, elevators, apparatus for construc­ ting earthworks, swing-bridges, cranes, transhipping apparatus and transport or loading and unloading appliances for factories, shops, etc. Weighing apparatus, other than precision apparatus : Weighbridges : Automatic, registering and other weighing machines; Balances and other weighing apparatus, not elsewhere specified. Pneumatic or compressed-air machine-tools. Machine-tools for working in metal, wood, stone, leather, etc. Machines and looms for the textile industry. Sewing-machines of all kinds ; crank embroidering-machines. Machines for the manufacture of paper or cardboard. Machines for printing, printing-presses, and printing and type-setting machines, and all apparatus for setting up type, stereotyping, etc. Automatic distributers and similar apparatus. Machinery and appliances for agriculture and horticulture, including ploughs. Flour-milling machinery. — 63 —

Sorters and sorting machines. Machines for washing, corking, fixing capsules on bottles and filling bottles and casks, and the like. Apparatus for vaporising, heating, distilling and the like, for sugar and syrup factories, refineries, breweries, distilleries, glucose factories, liqueur factories, yeast factories, preserved-food factories and pharmaceutical and perfumery factories, for cooking purposes, for dye-works and all other industries. Charging apparatus for blast furnaces ; throats for blast furnaces ; casting ladles; metal mixers; steel converters ; truck ladles ; various rolls for rolling-mills ; feed-roUers ; scrapers for rollers, etc. Presses of all kinds, hydraulic, steam, etc. Machinery for the manufacture of building and road materials. Centrifugal machines. Machinery for tanning and for working hides and skins. Forges. Machinery, apparatus and mechanical engines, not elsewhere specified or included. Fire tubes, ribbed, for steam boilers ; mechanical grates for boilers ; volute, spiral or helical tubes (tubes à serpentins). Cylinders for rolling-mills. Flywheels for machines. Blocks, sockets (crapaudines), clutches, pulleys, and other transmission apparatus for machinery. Straight shafts, solid and bored, bent shafts and crank shafts, for machinery. Straight axles and crank axles, for machines. Carding equipment. Engraved cylinders for printing or dressing. Detached parts of machines, mechanical engines and transmission engines, not elsewhere specified or included.

C h a p t e r 73.

ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND APPARATUS AND ARTICLES FOR ELECTRICAL USE, AND DETACHED PARTS THEREOF.

Electric generators and motors. Electric locomotives. Electric transformers. Electric batteries. Electric accumulators. Magnetos and apparatus for sparking internal-combustion motors. Electric ventilators. Electric arc-lamps. Incandescent electric lamps; electric lamps for wireless apparatus. Telegraphic and telephonic apparatus of all kinds, including wireless telegraphic and telephonic apparatus. Electric signalling and safety apparatus for railways and for other purposes. Electrical apparatus for medical purposes. Electric heating material. Electrical and electro-technical apparatus for domestic use. Insulated wires and cables, for electricity: Submarine and underground cables ; Other. Pieces and articles of artificial (aggloméré) and charked (cuit) carbon, prepared for electrical purposes. Articles for electrical use, of porcelain, faience, earthenware, stoneware or glass. Articles prepared for electrical insulation, of asbestos, asbestos board, stabilité, mica, micanite, meghonite, ambroin, bakelite, rubber, ebonite, vulcanised fibre, galalith and other similar materials. Electric and electro-technical apparatus, detached parts or pieces of electric or electro-technical apparatus and of dynamo-electric machinery, and apparatus for any electrical purpose, not elsewhere specified. — 6 4 —

SECTION XVII.

MEANS OF TRANSPORT.

Page

Ch a p t e r 74. — R a il w a y R o llin g -stock a n d R a il w a y a n d T e a m w a y Ma t e r ia l . . . 64

75. — Cycles, Automobiles a n d other Vehicles ...... 64

76. — A ir -c raft a n d W a t e r -c r a f t ...... 65

C h a p t e r 74.

RAILWAY ROLLING-STOCK AND RAILWAY AND TRAMWAY MATERIAL.

Railway rolling-stock : Goods waggons, including tank waggons ; Luggage vans and post-office vans; Crane-trucks; Passenger stock, including sleeping-cars, saloon-cars and restaurant-cars. Tramway vehicles, with engine or for traction. Railway tip waggons and trolleys, for ground- or aerial-tracks. Wheels, tyres, hubs and axle-boxes, straight axles, straight axles mounted, sets of wheels, grease- boxes for railway and tramway stock. Ironwork for the construction of railway rolling-stock (including buffers, couplings, brake-tenders and brake-rigging). Bodies and parts of bodies for railway or tramway rolling-stock and for tip-waggons and trolleys. Chassis and parts thereof, for railways and tramways. Bogies and parts of bogies, for such vehicles. Brakes, all kinds. Fixed material for railways, tramways and aerial railways : Safety apparatus, buffers, gauges, water cranes, turn-tables, raised (temporary) track (voie montée), sole-plates for crossing-points, and other fixed apparatus of a similar kind; Signalling apparatus ; warning apparatus for level-crossings ; apparatus for working points or signals; semaphores ; signal posts, signals, etc. Brakes of all kinds.

C h a p t e r 75.

CYCLES, AUTOMOBILES AND OTHER VEHICLES.

Vehicles (other than cycles and automobiles) not intended to run on rails: Carriages and vehicles for passenger transport ; ambulances, berlins, cabriolets, hansom cabs, barouches, gigs (charrettes anglaises), broughams (coupés), hearses, four-wheeled cabs, omnibuses, tilburys, sledges drawn by animals, donkey-carts, traps drawn by goats or ponies, racing-vehicles etc.; perambulators ; chairs propelled by hand for convalescents or invalids; Vehicles for commercial or agricultural purposes or for conveying goods, such as lorries, carts, drays; vehicles towed by automobiles or motor-cycles; spring vans, tipcarts, delivery vans; tanks mounted on wheels, (watering-tanks, tank-waggons, wine-carts); road sweepers and water-carts for cleaning public roads ; Parts of the above-mentioned vehicles assembled, such as chassis, bodies with or without seat, sets of wheels, mounted wheels, sets of shafts, etc. 65 -

Velocipedes ; motor-cycles and motor-tricycles, and side-cars. Detached parts and pieces of these vehicles, not elsewhere specified or included. Motor vehicles: For the transport of persons, including motor-buses, hearses, ambulances, etc.; For the transport of goods, such as lorries, small lorries, delivery vans, etc.; Motor fire-engines, road-sweepers and watering-vehicles, etc. Coachwork and parts thereof, for motor vehicles. Engines and parts of engines, for motor vehicles and motor-cycles. Detached parts and pieces of motor vehicles, such as chassis, frame-bearers, wheels, rims, back axles, change-speed gears, radiators, etc., and all detached parts or pieces not elsewhere specified or included.

C h a p t e r 76.

AIR-CRAFT AND WATER-CRAFT.

Aviation : Aircraft, float seaplanes (aeroplanes or helicopters); Spherical or fusiform balloons; dirigible balloons; Airscrews, motors, nacelles, bearer plates; Detached parts and fittings of such aircraft, not elsewhere included. Shipping : Water-gliders with air propellers; Sea-going vessels and hulls thereof, including the lifeboats of such vessels; Yachts and pleasure craft, sea and river, and hulls thereof; Rivercraft other than the above, including rowing boats, small sailing vessels, yawls, canoes, etc.; Dredgers, floating elevator-cranes, caissons for dry docks, floating docks, tugs, tow-boats, and other similar vessels. SECTION XVIII.

SCIENTIFIC AND PRECISION INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS ; WATCH- AND CLOCK-MAKERS’ WARES ; MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.

Page

Ch a p t e r 77. — S c ie n t if ic , O ptical a n d P recisio n I n s t r u m e n t s a n d A p p a r a t u s , a n d oth er I n s t r u m e n t s a n d A ppa r a t u s no t e l se w h e r e in c l u d e d . . 66

» 78. — W at ch - a n d Clock-m a k e r s’ W a r e s ...... 67

» 79. — M usic al I n s t r u m e n t s ...... 68

C h a p t e r 77.

SCIENTIFIC, OPTICAL AND PRECISION INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS, AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS NOT ELSEWHERE INCLUDED.

Apparatus and instruments for demonstration and instruction, for physical and chemical cabinets, for laboratories and for scientific research. Apparatus and instruments used only in medicine, surgery and veterinary practice : Orthopaedic apparatus, trusses ; Tables for surgical operations, etc. ; Other. Precision, measuring, drawing, surveying, level-finding, and plan-drawing instruments : Precision balances and assay balances, including their cases and boxes of weights; Calculating machines, instruments, and rules; Typewriters ; Cash registers and automatic registering tills ; Gas meters, spinning-miU meters, water-meters, and in general all meters and similar apparatus having a clockwork movement, and detached parts of such meters or apparatus ; Electricity meters and all apparatus for electrical measurement ; Pocket meters of all kinds (pedometers, curvimeters, etc.) ; Instruments for recording turns, units and distances ; Tachometers and speed indicators of all systems ; Meters, tachometers and speed indicators, with mechanism registering by means of tickets, diagrams, etc. ; Taximeters; Cases of mathematical instruments, compasses, set-squares, curved rules, pantographs, graduated rules, planimeters, dividers, calipers, gauges, calipers for measuring diameters, micrometers, and other instruments for measuring, verifying, and taking calibres ; Alcoholometers and hydrometers, aerometers, densimeters, and thermometers; Manometers ; Barometers and hygrometers ; Surveyors’ squares and compasses, water-levels, levels with a simple air-bubble (spirit-levels), plane-tables and alidades; Detached parts and pieces of all the above. — 6 7 —

Instruments for observation, geodesy, optics, photography, astronomy and cosmographie purposes: Alignment circles, theodolites, telescope levels, tachymeters, mariners’ compasses, octants, sextants and other instruments having telescopes or graduated arms; Microscopes; saccharimeters and polarimeters of all kinds; Magnifying glasses, thread counters and stereoscopes; Marine glasses and spyglasses; Telescopes, astronomical, meridian and equatorial glasses, including tubes and frames; Photographic apparatus : Specially constructed for scientific research (astronomy, meteorology, micrography, etc.) ; Other ; Apparatus other than that used as toys, for taking or projecting cinematograph pictures; Projection lanterns and apparatus, other than that used as toys, without cinematograph movement ; Terrestrial and celestial globes; Other instruments of observations, geodesy, etc. ; Detached parts and pieces of the above apparatus. Spectacles, pince-nez, eye-glasses, monocles, opera glasses and field glasses of all kinds, including mountings. Lenses, prisms, view-finders and optical glasses, not elsewhere specified, polished and cut. Objectives and eye-pieces for astronomical, optical and photographic instruments.

C h a p t e r 78.

WATCH- AND CLOCK-MAKERS’ WARES.

Watchmakers’ Wares.

Watches without complicated mechanism. Watches with complicated mechanism (repeaters, those with independent second hands, etc.), chronographs, watches showing the date {niontres-quantième), alarm-watches, etc. Wrist-watches, Watch-cases and carrures for watch-cases, Watch movements. Accessories for watchmakers’ wares.

Clockmakers’ Wares. Clocks for buildings. Clocks and pendulum clocks of all kinds, to stand up or to be suspended, whatever motive power be used, and including wooden clocks. Control clocks. Alarm clocks, with or without music or bells. Ships’ chronometers. Precision regulators, striking the seconds. Movements for pendulum or other clocks, for alarms, for mechanical toys, for telegraphs, for meters and, in general, all movements known as clockwork, not elsewhere specified. Accessories for clockmakers’ wares. C h a p t e r 7 9 .

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.

Pianos and player-pianos. Church organs and other similar pipe organs. Harmoniums and similar instruments. Organs and mechanical orchestrions, barrel organs, hand organs and other instruments played mechanically by means of cardboard sheets, discs or perforated metal bands, or cylinders. Accordions, concertinas. Phonographs, gramophones and similar talking-machines. Musical boxes of all kinds. Wind instruments of metal. W7ind instruments of wood. Instruments of direct percussion. Harps, violins and other stringed instruments. Other musical instruments, not elsewhere specified. Detached parts of musical instruments, including strings, etc. SECTION XIX.

ARMS AND AMMUNITION.

Page

Ch a p t e r 80. — A r m s ...... 8 1. — A m m u n i t i o n ...... 69

Ch a pt e r 80.

ARMS.

Armes blanches (swords, etc.) and detached parts thereof. Small-arms of all kinds, muzzle-loading. Small-arms, breech-loading: Military weapons (rifles, carbines, muskets, etc.) ; Sporting guns; Automatic sporting carbines ; Target weapons and defensive arms ; carbines, pistols, revolvers and automatic pistols. Fire-arms such as cattle-killers, signal-guns, walking-stick guns, rocket-guns, cloud-cannon, etc. Carbines, pistols and other arms, using as their propulsive force springs, compressed air, liquefied gas, etc., including air rifles and pistols. Detached parts of small-arms and other arms. Fire-arms mounted on stands or carriages, and the stands or carriages and detached parts thereof. Arms not specified.

Ch a p t e r 81.

AMMUNITION.

Ammunition, filled: Cartridges of all kinds; Bullets containing explosives ; Bombs, case-shot, hand grenades; Shells, and parts of shells, also filled; Torpedoes; Other projectiles, gun cartridges (bare charge) and cartridge cases. Ammunition and projectiles, not filled: Cartridges for military, sporting and other weapons, empty, and detached parts and pieces thereof ; Bullets and buckshot, round, conical, cylindrical, rifled, helical, etc.; Bombs, cannon balls and grenades; Shells, heads, gaines, cases or bodies of shells; Gun cartridge-cylinders; Torpedoes; Other projectiles or parts of projectiles. — 7 0 —

SECTION XX.

MISCELLANEOUS GOODS AND PRODUCTS NOT ELSEWHERE INCLUDED.

Page

Ch apter 82. — W a r e s of Ca r v e d or M o u l d e d M a t er ia l or of A r t ificial P lastic Ma t e r ia l ...... 70 83. - B r u s h w a r e , B r u s h e s a n d S ie v e -w a r e ...... 70 84. - Ga m e s, T o y s , A r t ic l e s for Ch r istm a s T r e e s ; S po rtin g R e q u isit e s . 71 85. - W a r e s of V a r io u s Ma t e r ia l s (A rt icle s of P e r so n a l O r n a m e n t or U s e ; D r e s s -B u t t o n s a n d T rim m ing s, et c .; P e n -h o l d e r s a n d P en c il- h o l d e r s ; A r tic le s fo r S m o k e r s) ...... 71

Ch a p t e r 82.

WARES OF CARVED OR MOULDED MATERIAL OR OF ARTIFICIAL PLASTIC MATERIAL.

Natural coral : Not set, simply smoothed, polished, bored or similarly worked ; Wares not elsewhere specified or included. Ivory, tortoise-shell, mother-of-pearl, bone, horn, whalebone and other animal materials capable of being carved, not elsewhere specified or included: In slabs or pieces, sawn or in a regular and specific form; in rods, cut and prepared ; in slabs, sheets or pieces, ground, polished or similarly worked on the surface ; roughly shaped articles obviously intended to be further worked ; Wares not elsewhere specified or included. Manufactures of quills, such as pens, tooth-picks, etc. Vegetable materials (corozo and similar substances, but not wood) capable of being carved, not elsewhere specified or included : In slabs or pieces, sawn or in a regular and specific shape ; In slabs or pieces, polished or similarly worked on the surface; roughly-shaped articles obviously intended to be further worked ; Articles not elsewhere specified or included. Jet, yellow amber or succinite, meerschaum, amberoid (composite amber), imitation meerschaum, composite meerschaum and similar compositions : In pieces, polished or similarly worked on the surface; roughly-shaped articles obviously intended to be further worked ; Articles not elsewhere specified or included. Manufactures, carved or moulded, of starch, bassorine, gum tragacanth or other similar plastic materials. Celluloid and other artificial plastic materials (viscoid, cellophane, cellite, galalith, bakelite, hornlike materials with a base of gelatine, casein, etc.) : In sheets, rods or tubes, not polished or otherwise worked; In slabs, sheets, rods or tubes, ground or polished; roughly shaped articles; Articles not elsewhere specified or included.

C h a p t e r 83.

BRUSHWARE, BRUSHES AND SIEVE-WARE.

Brooms : Common, with or without handles, of birch, thorn-broom, heather, hazel and similar twigs Other, such as brooms of broom-corn (sorghum), millet stems and similar materials. — 7 i —

Brushes, common and fine (including badger-brushes or shaving brushes), mounted in any material except precious metals, and furnished with animal fibres or hair or horsehair, with vegetable fibres, with wire or strips of steel or copper, pieces of chamois skin or of felt, etc. Other articles of brushware : Paint-brushes and drawing-brushes ; Feather plumes and feather dusters ; Brushes for clothes and furs, with vegetable bristles; Brushes for cleaning lamp-glasses or other purposes ; Boot and shoe brushes, pads or blocks of felt or fabric glued on wood or otherwise constructed. Sieves, i.e., sieve frames mounted or fitted (except mechanical sieves) with a foundation: Of perforated metal; Of metal cloth ; Of horsehair or other animal hair; Of other materials.

Ch a p t e r 84.

GAMES; TOYS; ARTICLES FOR CHRISTMAS TREES; SPORTING REQUISITES.

Games and toys for children, of all kinds, of rubber, celluloid and similar materials, wood, paper, cardboard, porcelain, faïenze, base metal and other materials, including: Dolls and baby dolls ; musical instruments which can only be used as toys; various animals, figures and subjects; mechanical games and toys ; pro j ection-apparatus, being toys; carriages, vehicles and engines for the amusement of children and for dolls ; scooters, etc. Parlour games, such as playing-cards, dominoes, dice, counters, backgammon, draughts, chess and the like. Articles for decorations and fêtes, of cardboard, or other board or paper, such as masks, confetti, stream ers (serpentins), surprise-packets, cotillon favours, etc. Articles and accessories for Christmas trees, of all kinds, of whatever material. Sports wares and articles, such as footballs, tennis-rackets, tennis-balls; appliances for use in athletics, boxing, fencing, gymnastics, skating, archery, line-fishing, etc.

C h a p t e r 85.

WARES OF VARIOUS MATERIALS (ARTICLES OF PERSONAL ORNAMENT OR USE ; DRESS-BUTTONS AND TRIMMINGS, ETC.; PEN-HOLDERS AND PENCIL-HOLDERS; ARTICLES FOR SMOKERS).

N o t e . — Articles of the kind in question made of precious metal come under Chapter 61.

Articles of base metal, wood and other carving or moulding materials, artificial plastic materials, ceramic materials, stone or glass, whether or not combined with other materials, intended for personal ornament or use, such as : bracelets, brooches, tie-pins, ornamental pins, necklaces, watch-chains, crosses, medals, rings, trinkets, watch-suspenders, hat-pins, cuff-links, etc., card-cases, cigarette-cases, match-boxes, patent lighters, purses, net bags and chain-purses, rice-powder boxes, boxes for sweetmeats, postage-stamp boxes, etc. Buttons for clothing, footwear, etc., not elsewhere specified: Of ivory, mother-of-pearl, tortoise-shell, bone, horn, hardened leather and other animal materials; — 7 2

Of compressed card-board or papier-maché ; Of wood, corozo and other vegetable materials; Of stone, glass, faïence or porcelain ; Of jet and of amber ; Of common metal, including press-studs or dome-fasteners ; Of celluloid, bakelite, galalith and other artificial plastic materials ; Covered with textile, crochet-work, etc., or other thread-work. Articles and accessories (other than buttons) of base metal, wood or other carving or moulding material, of artificial plastic materials, of ceramic materials, of stone or glass, whether or not combined with other materials (except glass beads), for use with, or in the manufacture of, the following made-up articles : Clothing, hats, articles of attire or ornament or other made-up articles, such as buckles, hooks and eyes, fasteners, hair-slides, beads, spangles, fringes, wire braid, etc.; Footwear, such as clasps, buckles, hooks, etc.; Strings of beads, necklaces and other articles of ornament, such as small chains, clasps, beads, etc. ; Albums, memorandum books, book-covers, purses, waist-bags, pipes, cigar-cases and other similar articles. Fountain-pens and stylographic pens, with or without nibs or tips, and detached parts thereof. Penholders, other, and detached parts thereof ; pencil-holders and propelling pencils. Tobacco-pipes of all kinds: Of earthenware, faïence, stoneware or porcelain; Of wood or root ; Of real or artificial meerschaum, of imitation meerschaum, and of any other material. Cigar- and cigarette-holders, of common metal, wood, cane, amber or amberoid, meerschaum and imitation, and other materials. Parts of pipes, cigar-holders and cigarette-holders, such as mouth-pieces, stems, bowls and bowl- covers. SECTION XXI.

WORKS OF ART AND ARTICLES FOR COLLECTIONS.

Page

Ch a p t e r 86. — W o r k s o f A r t a n d A r t ic l e s f o r Co l l e c t io n s ...... 73

C h a p t e r 86.

WORKS OF ART AND ARTICLES FOR COLLECTIONS.

Pictures and paintings, entirely hand-painted; engravings and artistic designs. Statues, busts, statuettes, bas-reliefs, etc., of marble, stone, metal, etc., being the original work of the artist who conceived them. Scientific zoological, botanical or mineralogical collections. All articles for collections of historical, archaeological, palaeontological, ethnographical or artistic interest, including old texts, old and curious manuscripts, incunabula, rare and valuable prints and engravings, and articles of numismatic interest. — 74 —

EXPLANATORY NOTES.

GENERAL NOTE.

In its present form, the Draft Framework for a Customs Nomenclature contains twenty-one sections, with eighty-six subdivisions or chapters, which cover the whole nomenclature. In the classification adopted in various countries, the first sections of the Customs tariff are generally devoted to the main products of the three natural kingdoms, namely:

1. Living animals and products of the animal kingdom; 2. Products of the vegetable kingdom ; 3. Products of the mineral kingdom.

This system has been followed in the attached draft, but only as regards the first two sections. Products of the mineral kingdom do not appear until Section V, after Fatty substances, oils, etc. (Section III) and Products of the food-preparing industries: beverages, (Section etc. IV). The reason for the method of classification advocated by the experts is the desire to place all foodstuffs and articles for consumption, on account of their special importance, in an un­ interrupted series in the first sections, and separately from industrial materials. In point of fact, a number of raw materials have been taken from the first two sections and grouped under other sections or chapters together with the semi-manufactured and manufactured products derived from them. This is the case, for example, with skins and hides and peltries, animal textile materials (natural silk, wool, horsehair and other animal hair), rubber, wood and cork, and vegetable textile materials (cotton, flax, hemp, jute, etc.). In the opinion of the experts, this grouping together in one section or chapter of raw materials and products of their transformation should have the effect of rendering the nomenclature simpler, clearer and easier to consult. It is of no importance to users of a Customs tariff that, for example, vegetable textiles such as cotton, flax, hemp, jute, etc., should be classed one after another in the second section ; on the other hand, it is very useful and convenient for manufacturers importing and transforming these raw products to be able to find them each in a special chapter, together with the yarns, fabrics, etc., made of the same material. The system of grouping raw materials with the products derived from them has had to be disregarded in certain cases, however, when it was clear that the effect of such a grouping would be not to clarify or simplify the nomenclature, but to render it obscure or more complicated. This is the case with oilseeds, for example, which could only have been grouped with vegetable oils by transferring fatty substances and oils derived from the animal kingdom to another chapter or even to another section. It therefore seemed more practical to group the different fatty substances, seeds, oils, etc., of animal or vegetable origin together, because these products are derived from the most varied raw materials, because, despite their diverse origins, they are often used in the same industries, and because the chemical treatment to which certain oils are subjected makes their origin difficult to ascertain. Lastly, the grouping adopted in the draft enables artificial fats (margarine, etc.) to be included, these being manufactured from one or other of the classes of fatty substances and often from a combination of both. As regards the products of the food-preparing industries, which are grouped under several chapters in Section IV, it also seemed more practical to bring them all in to one section instead of placing them immediately after each of the very numerous materials, both of animal and of vegetable origin, of which they are made. Similar reasons may also be adduced in the cases where the draft departs from the principle of classifying raw materials with the products derived from them. Section V, Mineral products, contains the principal raw materials of the mineral kingdom. This section should logically be followed by the section on chemical products, these being derived mainly from minerals, though to a certain extent from animal and from vegetable materials. In order to avoid too many subdivisions in the nomenclature, Section V has been made to include — though under separate chapters — the products of various industries connected in one way or another with chemical products. Sections VII to X deal with products and manufactures of animal origin (Section VII: Skins and hides ; leather and peltries), or of vegetable origin (Sections VIII, IX and X: Rubber, wooda n d cork, paper). — 75 —

Section XI groups together all textile materials —■ animal, vegetable and artificial — and manufactures of these materials, including hosiery, clothing, underclothing and ready-made articles. These manufactures are sometimes made partly of products such as rubber, paper, etc., which appear in the previous sections. Section XII, Footwear, hats, umbrellas and sunshades (of leather, fabrics, rubber, wood, etc.) and articles of fashion — these articles being made of all kinds of materials — has purposely been brought next to the section on clothing and ready-made textile articles. The advantage of this arrangement is that all products used in clothing (in the widest sense of the term) are grouped in adjacent positions in the nomenclature. Section X III deals with clearly defined industries using mineral products as raw materials — wares of stone, etc., pottery, glass and glassware. Next come the sections grouping, first (Section XIV), precious metals, pearls and precious stones, and coin, and (Section XV) the large category of base metals and articles made of these metals. The last sections are devoted to the industries which combine or transform the products of the industries already mentioned, in order to produce new articles, generally the result of fairly elaborate workmanship and intended for uses other than those of the materials of which they are made. These sections comprise machinery and apparatus and electrical material, locomotives, scientific and precision instruments and apparatus, clock- and watch-makers’ wares, musical instruments, arms, etc.

SECTION I.

LIVING ANIMALS AND PRODUCTS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

This section, which contains five chapters, groups together all living and slaughtered animals, whether for consumption or not, food products derived from such animals (meat, fish, etc., milk and dairy produce, eggs, honey), and various raw materials and other raw products of animal origin.

C h a p t e r i. — L iv in g A n im a ls (Except Fish, Crustaceans and Molluscs).

This first chapter comprises all live animals for slaughter—poultry, game, pigeons, rabbits and bees. It also includes a number of other animals not generally used for food (dogs, animals kept in parks, menageries, etc.).

Ch a p t e r 2. — M e a t .

The Sub-Committee of Experts has included in Chapter 2 all butcher’s meat (beef, mutton, pork, horseflesh, etc.), whether fresh or preserved either by chilling or freezing. This chapter also includes meat simply dried, salted or smoked. These are very simply prepared products, obtained generally where fresh meat is produced ; and for the sake of simplicity and in order to make the Customs tariff easy to consult, they should certainly not be separated from fresh meat. Meat otherwise preserved will be found in the nomenclature under Section IV, Chapter 16 (Preparations of meat and fish). Some Customs tariffs also include under fresh meat what in butchers’ terminology is called the “ fifth quarter ”, i.e., the raw hide and offal. This classification, however, is open to criticism. According to the general principle adopted by the Sub-Committee of Experts, raw hides are to be included in the general category of " hides and skins and peltries ”, and entrails, horns, hoofs, etc. come under Section I, Chapter 5: “ Raw materials and other raw products of animal origin ”. Besides actual butcher’s meat, Chapter 2 also includes slaughtered poultry, game and rabbits — in short, the meat of all the live animals comprised in Chapter 1.

C h a p t e r 3. — F is h , C r u st a c e a n s a n d M o l l u sc s.

These are products of fishing or breeding in the sea, rivers and lakes. For the reasons given under Chapter 2, there are grouped in Chapter 3 not only fish, crustaceans and molluscs, fresh or preserved by chilling or freezing, but also those simply dried, smoked or — 74 —

EXPLANATORY NOTES.

GENERAL NOTE.

In its present form, the Draft Framework for a Customs Nomenclature contains twenty-one sections, with eighty-six subdivisions or chapters, which cover the whole nomenclature. In the classification adopted in various countries, the first sections of the Customs tariff are generally devoted to the main products of the three natural kingdoms, namely :

1. Living animals and products of the animal kingdom; 2. Products of the vegetable kingdom ; 3. Products of the mineral kingdom.

This system has been followed in the attached draft, but only as regards the first two sections. Products of the mineral kingdom do not appear until Section V, after Fatty substances, oils, etc. (Section III) and Products of the food-preparing industries: beverages, (Sectionetc. IV). The reason for the method of classification advocated by theexperts is the desire to place all foodstuffs and articles for consumption, on account of their special importance, in an un­ interrupted series in the first sections, and separately from industrial materials. In point of fact, a number of raw materials have been taken from the first two sections and grouped under other sections or chapters together with the semi-manufactured and manufactured products derived from them. This is the case, for example, with skins and hides and peltries, animal textile materials (natural silk, wool, horsehair and other animal hair), rubber, wood and cork, and vegetable textile materials (cotton, flax, hemp, jute, etc.). In the opinion of the experts, this grouping together in one section or chapter of raw materials and products of their transformation should have the effect of rendering the nomenclature simpler, clearer and easier to consult. It is of no importance to users of a Customs tariff that, for example, vegetable textiles such as cotton, flax, hemp, jute, etc., should be classed one after another in the second section ; on the other hand, it is very useful and convenient for manufacturers importing and transforming these raw products to be able to find them each in a special chapter, together with the yarns, fabrics, etc., made of the same material. The system of grouping raw materials with the products derived from them has had to be disregarded in certain cases, however, when it was clear that the effect of such a grouping would be not to clarify or simplify the nomenclature, but to render it obscure or more complicated. This is the case with oilseeds, for example, which could only have been grouped with vegetable oils by transferring fatty substances and oils derived from the animal kingdom to another chapter or even to another section. It therefore seemed more practical to group the different fatty substances, seeds, oils, etc., of animal or vegetable origin together, because these products are derived from the most varied raw materials, because, despite their diverse origins, they are often used in the same industries, and because the chemical treatment to which certain oils are subjected makes their origin difficult to ascertain. Lastly, the grouping adopted in the draft enables artificial fats (margarine, etc.) to be included, these being manufactured from one or other of the classes of fatty substances and often from a combination of both. As regards the products of the food-preparing industries, which are grouped under several chapters in Section IV, it also seemed more practical to bring them all in to one section instead of placing them immediately after each of the very numerous materials, both of animal and of vegetable origin, of which they are made. Similar reasons may also be adduced in the cases where the draft departs from the principle of classifying raw materials with the products derived from them. Section V, Mineral products, contains the principal raw materials of the mineral kingdom. This section should logically be followed by the section on chemical products, these being derived mainly from minerals, though to a certain extent from animal and from vegetable materials. In order to avoid too many subdivisions in the nomenclature, Section V has been made to include — though under separate chapters — the products of various industries connected in one way or another with chemical products. Sections VII to X deal with products and manufactures of animal origin (Section VII: Skins and hides ; leather and peltries), or of vegetable origin (Sections VIII, IX and X: Rubber, wood and cork, paper). — 75 —

Section XI groups together all textile materials — animal, vegetable and artificial — and manufactures of these materials, including hosiery, clothing, underclothing and ready-made articles. These manufactures are sometimes made partly of products such as rubber, paper, etc., which appear in the previous sections. Section XII, Footwear, hats, umbrellas and. sunshades (of leather, fabrics, rubber, wood, etc.) and articles of fashion — these articles being made of all kinds of materials — has purposely been brought next to the section on clothing and ready-made textile articles. The advantage of this arrangement is that all products used in clothing (in the widest sense of the term) are grouped in adjacent positions in the nomenclature. Section X III deals with clearly defined industries using mineral products as raw materials — wares of stone, etc., pottery, glass and glassware. Next come the sections grouping, first (Section XIV), precious metals, pearls and precious stones, and coin, and (Section XV) the large category of base metals and articles made of these metals. The last sections are devoted to the industries which combine or transform the products of the industries already mentioned, in order to produce new articles, generally the result of fairly elaborate workmanship and intended for uses other than those of the materials of which they are made. These sections comprise machinery and apparatus and electrical material, locomotives, scientific and precision instruments and apparatus, clock- and watch-makers’ wares, musical instruments, arms, etc.

SECTION I.

LIVING ANIMALS AND PRODUCTS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

This section, which contains five chapters, groups together all living and slaughtered animals, whether for consumption or not, food products derived from such animals (meat, fish, etc., milk and dairy produce, eggs, honey), and various raw materials and other raw products of animal origin.

C h a p t e r i . — L iv in g A n im a ls (Except Fish, Crustaceans and Molluscs).

This first chapter comprises all live animals for slaughter—poultry, game, pigeons, rabbits and bees. It also includes a number of other animals not generally used for food (dogs, animals kept in parks, menageries, etc.).

Ch a p t e r 2. — M e a t .

The Sub-Committee of Experts has included in Chapter 2 all butcher’s meat (beef, mutton, pork, horseflesh, etc.), whether fresh or preserved either by chilling or freezing. This chapter also includes meat simply dried, salted or smoked. These are very simply prepared products, obtained generally where fresh meat is produced ; and for the sake of simplicity and in order to make the Customs tariff easy to consult, they should certainly not be separated from fresh meat. Meat otherwise preserved will be found in the nomenclature under Section IV, Chapter 16 (Preparations of meat and fish). Some Customs tariffs also include under fresh meat what in butchers' terminology is called the " fifth quarter ”, i.e., the raw hide and offal. This classification, however, is open to criticism. According to the general principle adopted by the Sub-Committee of Experts, raw hides are to be included in the general category of “ hides and skins and peltries ”, and entrails, horns, hoofs, etc. come under Section I, Chapter 5: “ Raw materials and other raw products of animal origin ”. Besides actual butcher’s meat, Chapter 2 also includes slaughtered poultry, game and rabbits — in short, the meat of all the live animals comprised in Chapter 1.

C h a p t e r 3. — F i s h , C r u s t a c e a n s a n d M o l l u s c s .

These are products of fishing or breeding in the sea, rivers and lakes. For the reasons given under Chapter 2, there are grouped in Chapter 3 not only fish, crustaceans and molluscs, fresh or preserved by chilling or freezing, but also those simply dried, smoked or — 76 — salted. On the other hand, fish, crustaceans and molluscs imported as preserves come under Section IV, Chapter 16: “ Preparations of meat, fish, crustaceans and molluscs Similarly, fats and oils derived from fish should be classified not here but in Section III, under “ Fatty substances, greases, oils and waxes, of animal or vegetable origin On similar grounds, Chapter 3 should not cover certain fishing products for industrial use, such as whalebone, coral, fish-bladders and the scales of certain fish, these being classified under Section I, Chapter 5, with “ Raw materials and other raw products of animal origin

Ch a pt e r 4. — Mil k a n d D a ir y P r o d u c e ; E ggs a n d H o n e y .

Originally, the Sub-Committee of Experts entitled Chapter 4 “ Farm and Stock-Raising Products This term already exists in certain Customs tariffs and is consequently in fairly common use. The term “ Farm and stock-raising products ” is generally understood to comprise milk, butter, cream, cheese, eggs, honey, etc. ; but besides being both too general and too vague, it is not akvays quite accurate. For example, bees' honey is not exclusively a farm product ; it may be obtained outside the agricultural industry. Similarly, although hens’ and ducks’ eggs are farm products, the term does not apply to eggs of game, such as pheasants’, partridges’ or plovers’ eggs. Consequently, Chapter 4 has been given the more precise title : “ Milk and dairy produce ; eggs and honey In principle, Chapter 4 should only include natural products, i.e., products which have not undergone any transformation. For the sake of simplicity, however, (and also in order to avoid separating the products of the agricultural industry), the products from the transformation of milk — cream, butter and cheese — have been brought into the same chapter as the basic product itself. This classification is justified not only by the importance of keeping products of the same nature grouped together, but also because the transformations of the basic product, milk, are often carried out on the farm itself. The Sub-Committee of Experts considered that this chapter should also comprise preserved or condensed cream and milk. In point of fact, the condensed milk industry is closely connected with milk production, and it is advantageous to classify these two products together. Eggs in the natural state being included in this chapter also, the Committee thought it desirable to add dried eggs, which are used for the same purposes.

Ch a pt e r 5. — R aw M a t e r ia l s a n d o th er R aw P r o d u c t s, of A nim al Or ig in .

This chapter does not include all the products which, according to the title, it might normally be presumed to contain. Certain industrial raw materials of animal origin were intentionally taken from Chapter 5 and classified with the industries in which they are used. Thus, raw silk is placed in Chapter 46, under the silk industry. Similarly, raw wool, horsehair and other coarse animal hair have been included in Chapter 47 with the products of the industries which transform these materials. The following are also excluded from the present chapter :

1. Real pearls, unworked, which are placed in Chapter 61 under jewellery; 2. Fatty substances, greases, oils and waxes of animal origin, which are classified under Section III; 3. Fertilisers of animal origin, which are classified under Section VI, Chapter 35; 4. Raw hides, skins and peltries, which come under Section VII, Chapters 36 and 38.

SECTION II.

PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM,

This section includes in principle all products of the vegetable kingdom in a natural state or only having undergone a simple transformation enabling them to be used for consumption or for any other purpose (e.g. the transformation of corn into flour). In order to ensure the observance of the rules adopted for the establishment of the Customs nomenclature, the Sub-Committee of Experts decided to take from the present section and transfer to other chapters the following :

1. Fatty substances, greases, oils and waxes of vegetable origin (Section III) ; 2. Cocoa in beans (Section IV) ; 3. Rubber and vegetable saps similar to rubber (Section; 4. Wood and cork, unworked (Section IX) ; 5. Raw textile materials of vegetable origin (cotton, flax, hemp, ramie, jute, etc.) (Section XI). — 77 —

In most tariffs, cereals are placed at the head of vegetable products. This classification is justifiable both on account of the importance of cereals as foodstuffs and also on account of the value and weight of the trade in those products. The rule followed on this point in a number of tariffs has not, however, been adopted in the present nomenclature. In the classification of products of the vegetable kingdom, the living plants themselves are placed first. After living plants come alimentary vegetables, plants, roots and tubers ; then table fruits, colonial products and spices ; cereals and milling products ; oilseeds and oleaginous fruits ; various grains, seeds and fruits ; industrial and medicinal plants ; and, lastly, raw materials for dyeing and tanning, gums, resins and other vegetable saps, materials for plaiting and carving, and other raw materials and raw products of vegetable origin. The aim of the classification adopted was to bring together in Chapters 7 to 11 all vegetable and alimentary products, including livestock-fodder, and to group in the last three chapters (12 to 14) the various products used for industrial and medicinal purposes, but not those used as foodstuffs

Ch a pter 6. — Liv in g P la nts a n d P r o du cts of F loriculture.

This chapter comprises all living plants, nursery products and products of floriculture, including foliage, flowers, buds, bouquets and wreaths, whether or not dried or otherwise prepared.

Ch a pt er 7. — A l im e n t a r y V e g e t a b l e s, P l a n t s, R oots a n d T u b e r s ; S traw a n d F o r a g e .

In this chapter should be included, first, vegetables of all kinds and imported fresh vegetables, as well as dried vegetables; and, further, plants, pot-herbs, roots and tubers also used for human consumption and for animal fodder. This chapter likewise covers forage, green and dried, which should be classed with beetroots and other forage roots, and straw for various purposes, but principally for use in agriculture.

Ch a p t e r 8. — E d ib l e F r u it s .

This category of products includes not only native but also exotic fruits, except those coming under the category of colonial produce. This chapter also covers fruits which have matured at their normal season, and " forced ” hothouse fruits, as well as dry or dried fruits. It further includes fruit imported in brine or sulphur-water for preservation during transport. The term " edible fruits ” is given to the fruits classed under Chapter 8, as opposed to oleaginous fruits and miscellaneous fruits, which are distinguished from edible fruits by the fact that they are not consumed in the condition in which they are imported, but undergo an industrial process before use; these are also included in Section II.

Ch a pt e r 9. — Colonial P r o d u c e a n d Sp ic e s .

The term " colonial produce ” is currently used in European countries to denote coffee, tea' pepper, etc. The countries in which the products in question are actually grown might, however, object to the continued use of this term in Customs nomenclature. The Sub-Committee of Experts has, however, kept the term " colonial products ” in the draft nomenclature, as, throughout the world, tea, coffee, pepper, vanilla, etc., are classified under this generic term. Cocoa in beans, which may also be regarded as a colonial product, it was thought preferable to class in the chapter on cocoa preparations (Chapter 18), so as to group together the raw material and the products derived from it. Sugar does not appear in Chapter 9 under colonial products, both because beet sugar is a home manufacture in European countries and also because a special chapter is devoted to sugar and its products (Chapter 17: " Sugars and Confectionery ”).

Ch a pt er 10. — Ce r e a l s .

This chapter comprises all cereals and alimentary grains, including rice, millet and buckwheat intended for human consumption or for animal fodder. Cereals in sheaves or in ear, i.e., when the ear is still attached to the stem, are classed in this chapter together with threshed grain. - 7 8 -

Ch a p t e r i i . — Mill in g P r o du cts ; Ma l t ; Starch a n d F e c u l a .

This chapter comprises all milling products (even if they have undergone further processes of preparation) without distinction between cereal flours and flours of vegetables and of fruits. It further includes, not only flours in the strict sense of the term, but also groats and other meal, pearled seeds, malt, and starches and fecula, not roasted or prepared.

Ch a p t e r 12. — O il S e e d s a n d O le a g in o u s F r u i t s ; V a r io u s G r a in s , S e e d s a n d F r u i t s ;

I n d u s t r ia l a n d M e d ic in a l P l a n t s .

This chapter comprises, in the first place, all the varied and important products used as raw materials for the oil industry, and fruits and grains used for sowing or for distillation, for various alimentary purposes, as condiments, and for pharmaceutical purposes. Next come plants, parts of plants and waste used for industrial purposes, and plants used in perfumery or medicine.

Ch a p t e r 13. — R aw Ma t e r ia l s fo r D y e in g a n d T a n n i n g ; G u m s , R e s in s , a n d

oth er V e g e t a b l e S a p s a n d J u ic e s .

This chapter comprises a large number of products of vegetable origin used as dyes or employed in the preparation of dye products or of tanning extracts; gums, resins and other vegetable saps used for the preparation of lacs and varnishes ; certain products such as balsams used for therapeutic purposes. This chapter, however, only includes basic products; extracts from dye-woods and tanning extracts are classed under Chapter 30.

Ch a pt e r 14. — Ma t e r ia ls fo r P l a it in g a n d Ca r v in g ; o th er R aw Ma t e r ia l s a n d

R a w P r o d u c t s, of V e g e t a b l e O r ig in .

The products grouped under Chapter 14 are those used as raw materials for the basket-making, brush-making and sparterie industries, i.e., bleached, dyed or split straw, and osier, bamboo, couch-grass and other similar products. The chapter also contains stuffing materials such as kapok and vegetable horsehair, hard grains of vegetable origin for carving, and various barks used, like fibre, for the manufacture of rope.

SECTION III.

FATTY SUBSTANCES, GREASES, OILS AND WAXES, OF ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE ORIGIN; ALIMENTARY FATS.

The products dealt with in this chapter are so important both as foodstuffs and in industry that it seemed desirable to devote a special section to them, although they are included in a single chapter.

Ch a p t e r 15. — F a t t y S u b s t a n c e s , G r e a s e s , Oils a n d W a x e s , of A nim al or

V e g e t a b l e O r ig in ; A l im e n t a r y F a t s .

This chapter comprises all fatty substances, greases, oils and waxes, both of animal and of vegetable origin, and artificial alimentary fats. This grouping is justified by the fact that many fats and oils are used for common purposes irrespective of their animal or vegetable origin, and that in some cases their origin is difficult to determine when they have been subjected to chemical treatment (hydrogenated oils and fats). The inclusion of artificial alimentary fats in this chapter is fully justified, moreover, on the ground that these products are derived direct from fats and oils of animal or vegetable origin. This chapter also covers fatty acids, acid oils and lees or dregs of oils, as it seemed preferable to include in a single chapter all the simple products derived from greases and oils and used for the same purpose. SECTION IV.

PRODUCTS OF THE FOOD-PREPARING INDUSTRIES ; BEVERAGES, ALCOHOL LIQUORS AND VINEGARS ; TOBACCO.

This section comprises all products for consumption, both solid and liquid, other than those referred to in the preceding sections. They also differ from the latter in that they have undergone a process of industrial preparation or manipulation, whereas the products in the previous sections are raw or half-worked, or have only undergone a very simple process of preparation.

Ch apt er 16. — P reparations of Me a t , of F is h , of Cr u st a c e a n s a n d of Mo l lu sc s.

The title of this chapter sufficiently explains the articles it contains. They are more particularly meat preserves (except meat simply salted, smoked or dried), preserved game and poultry, sausages and pies, meat extracts and meat soups, preserved fish (except fish simply dried, salted or smoked), caviare, etc.

Ch a pt e r 17. — S ug ar s a n d Confectionery .

The sugar industry and the industries using that product form a group large enough to claim a separate place in the Customs nomenclature, and accordingly the draft drawn up by the Sub- Committee of Experts contains a special chapter devoted to the sugar industry. This chapter deals with sugar in its various forms, both cane and beet, glucose and molasses and also milk sugar. Manufactured products such as artificial honey, marzipan, nougat, sugar sweetmeats and alimentary sugared preparations also come under this chapter.

C h a pt e r 18. — Cocoa a n d P reparations t h e r e o f .

Although consumed on a considerably less scale than sugar, cocoa and preparations having a basis of cocoa are given a special chapter in the draft nomenclature. Owing to the special character of this industry, it is difficult to group it with other food industries. This chapter comprises cocoa raw or in beans, cocoa ground or in powder, chocolate, chocolate sweetmeats and similar preparations having a basis of chocolate.

Ch a pt e r 19. — P reparations w ith a B a sis of F lo ur or F e c u l a .

Products of the milling of cereals, vegetables, and also of certain fruits mixed with sugar or other products, constitute the basic ingredients in the biscuit industry. Cereal flours are also used for the manufacture of bread, alimentary pastes and a number of different preparations such as gingerbread, lactated flours, etc. All these products come under Chapter 19. Ordinary semolina and tapioca, however, are placed not in this chapter but earlier, in Chapter 11 : “ Milling products ; malt; starch and fecula ”,

Ch a pt e r 20. — P reparations of F r u it s , V e g e t a b l e s , P ot- h e r b s a n d o th er P la nts or P arts of P l a n t s .

Generally speaking, Chapter 20 comprises all alimentary products prepared on a basis of fruits or vegetables, e.g., sugared or preserved fruits, fruit preserves, jams, compotes, marmalades and fruit pastes, juices of fruits, sweetened or not, and the various forms of vegetable preserves.

Cha pter 21. — Miscellaneous P reparations.

This chapter comprises preparations for alimentary purposes which, owing to their nature, could not be classed in any of the previous chapters. — 8 o — •

C h a p t e r 22. — B e v e r a g e s , A l c o h o l i c L i q u o r s , a n d V i n e g a r s .

As a rule, Customs tariffs distinguish between alimentary products in the strict sense of the term and beverages and alcoholic liquors. The present draft nomenclature accordingly provides, for beverages, vinegars and other liquids intended for alimentary purposes, a special chapter comprising not only fermented beve­ rages but also distilled beverages, and, in particular, ethyl alcohol. It also includes mineral waters, lemonade and various other similar products. Medicinal wines in the strict sense of the term, which in most countries are subject to a special regime on account of the therapeutic products they contain, should be classed not in Chapter 22 but in Chapter 28 (Section VI), together with pharmaceutical products.

Ch a pt e r 23. — R e s id u e s a n d W aste from th e F ood-p r e p a r in g I n d u s t r ie s .

There are a number of food-preparing industries in which the waste also is utilisable. On account of their number and importance, these residues and wastes have been classified under Chapter 23. They are, more particularly, waste and residues from sugar factories, breweries, oil works (oil-cake), wine-making, etc.

Ch a pt e r 24. — T o bac co .

In all tariffs, tobacco forms a special chapter which it is difficult to combine with any of the industrial production groups. In many countries tobacco is the subject of a monopoly, and the importation of and trade in this product are accordingly not free. In the present draft nomenclature, a special section might have been formed for tobacco, but as Section IV comprises preparations having a plant basis, it seemed logical to include in that section tobacco, both in leaves and prepared (smoking tobacco, snuff, cigars, cigarettes, tobacco juice, etc.).

SECTION V.

MINERAL PRODUCTS.

The products grouped in this section are the principal raw materials of the mineral kingdom, i.e., quarrying and mining products and mineral fuels, mineral oils and fossil materials. Direct products of the distillation of mineral fuels and mineral oils have also been included, as it was thought undesirable to separate these latter products from the raw material from which they are derived.

Ch a pt e r 25. — E ar th s a n d S t o n e s ; L im es a n d Ce m e n t s .

This chapter comprises extraction products of the mineral kingdom and all fossil materials except : ores, precious and semi-precious stones, mineral fuels, bituminous materials and mineral oils. The large variety of earths and stones extracted from the soil renders the enumeration of the products coming under Chapter 25 a particularly complicated matter. These products have no common features except that they all belong to the mineral kingdom, and they differ both in their processes of extraction and in the uses for which they are suited. Moreover, some are utilisable in the actual state in which they are extracted from the soil, e.g., marl and sand, while others have to undergo an industrial process before they can be used. Nevertheless, the characteristic of all the products in Chapter 25 is that they are essentially raw products. Products which after extraction undergo further working on a more or less considerable scale should not, in principle, be placed in this chapter. An exception to this rule is made in the case of lime, cement and plaster, all of which are products that can hardly be separated from the earths and stones from which they are derived, and should logically be classified with the other building material contained in the same chapter. — 8 i —

C h a p t e r 2 6 . — O r e s , S l a g a n d A s h .

In this chapter there are grouped all metal ores. Gold ore, however, is not included, because gold is found, not actually as ore, but in the metallic state, in the form of nuggets or dust. Some of these ores, moreover, are in the form of “ earths ” rather than "stone”, e.g., aluminium ore (bauxite) and the rare earths from which cerium, thorium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, etc., are extracted. Even in this form, however, ores should be classed under Chapter 26 and not among the " earths ” referred to in the previous paragraph. The same chapter also includes slag, i.e., dross from the treatment of metals. Some of these varieties of slag are much in demand as fertilisers, as, for example, the dephosphorisation slag obtained in the manufacture of Thomas steel. These slags are ground and used as fertilisers ; they then come under the chapter on fertilisers (Section VI, Chapter 35). In the state in which they emerge from the Thomas converters, they are classed with other slags in Chapter 26. Ashes of metallic or metalliferous residues from the treatment of iron pyrites and the recove­ rable waste from the working of precious metals are products classified as “ ash ”. This term should also cover ashes from the combustion of coal or wood.

Ch a pt e r 27. — Min e r a l F u e l ; M in e r a l Oils a n d N a t u r a l B it u m in o u s S u b s t a n c e s ; P ro du cts of t h e D istillation t h e r e o f .

In this chapter there are grouped together all mineral fuels (coal, coke, lignite, peat, etc.,) natural bituminous materials (asphalt, bituminous rocks, ozokerite, etc.), mineral oils such as petroleum, lignite, etc., and lastly, all products obtained directly from the distillation of mineral fuels, bituminous materials and mineral oils. The distillation both of mineral fuels and of mineral oils produces a considerable number of substances which are widely used in industry. The fact that these products are closely inter­ connected and in many cases are put to similar or identical uses fully justifies their inclusion in a single chapter. This chapter includes more particularly: mineral tar, and the various oils and products derived directly from tar distillation; products of the distillation of light oils derived from coal or mineral tar, such as benzol, toluol, etc. ; petroleum, schist, lignite and other oils and products of their distillation, such as petroleum essences and ethers, heavy oils, lubricating oils, fuel oils, etc., retort carbon, crude ; paraffin wax and vaseline ; resins, etc.

SECTION VI.

CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS; COLOURS AND VARNISHES; PERFUMERY; SOAP, CANDLES AND THE LIKE; GLUES AND GELATINES ; EXPLOSIVES ; FERTILISERS.

Ch a p t e r 28. — Ch em ic al a n d P harmaceutical P r o d u c t s .

Chapter 28 comprises most of the products of the chemical industry, pharmaceutical products and prepared medicaments. Products used in photography, however, are placed in a special chapter (Chapter 29).

Ch a pt e r 29. — P r e p a r e d Chem ical a n d O t h e r P r o d u c t s, for U se in P h o t o g r a p h y .

The great and continually increasing development of the photographic industry and its applications, more particularly cinematography, justifies the inclusion of a special chapter for products for use in photography. This chapter should cover chemical products for use in photography (products for developing, toning, fixing, etc.), and put up for retail sale, and the various papers, cards, plates, films, rolls or packs, for printing photographs, etc. — 82 —

C h a p t e r 30. — Co l o u r in g a n d T a n n in g E x t r a c t s ; G r a p h it e a n d P e n c il s ; Co l o u r s , L a c s , V a r n is h e s a n d M a s t ic s .

In the present draft nomenclature, vegetable raw materials for tanning or dyeing are already classified under Chapter 13 (Section II). The dyeing and tanning extracts coming under Chapter 30 are not raw materials in the natural state, but products already manufactured for direct use in industry. They are extracts obtained from dyewoods, dyes such as natural indigo, orchil and garancine (madder extract) ; tanning extracts obtained from barks and woods rich in tannin. The products enumerated in Chapter 13 are all of vegetable origin, but those coming under Chapter 30 are also of animal or mineral origin. Among dyes of animal origin may be mentioned cochineal, kermes, sepia, boneblack, etc. The mineral kingdom also provides a large number of dyes, such as all those derived from coal-tar, prepared colouring earths, ochre, barytes white, graphite, chromium salts, white lead, litharge, minium, etc. Chapter 30 also comprises writing and drawing inks, including Indian ink, printing inks containing grease, graphite and crayons, inked ribbons for typewriters, varnishes, lacs, and driers, water-colours, oil-colours and spirit-colours, and mastics.

C h a p t e r 31. — E s s e n t ia l O il s a n d E s s e n c e s , A r t if ic ia l A r o m a t ic M a t e r ia l s , P e r f u m e r y a n d Co s m e t ic s .

This chapter consists mainly of raw materials for perfumery, and perfumery products themselves. The essential oils and the essences coming under Chapter 31 are those derived from scented flowers and plants treated for the purpose of extracting the perfume. Some of these oils and essences are also used in medicine, and to flavour liqueurs, pastry, etc. In addition to natural oils and essences obtained from the treatment of the products containing them, Chapter 31 should also include the artificial or synthetic essences used as substitutes for the natural products. For this reason the title of the chapter refers to “ artifi­ cial aromatic materials ", The number of these products is very large and is constantly increasing with the progress of the chemical industry. Chapter 31 further comprises " perfumery and cosmetics ”. This heading covers perfumed vinegars, toilet water, mouth-washes, tooth powders and pastes, pomades and perfumed ointments, face-paint, etc. Perfumed soaps, however, should be classed, not in Chapter 31, but in the following chapter, which deals with the products of the soap industry.

C h a p t e r 32. — S o a p , Ca n d l e s , a n d o t h e r A r t ic l e s m a d e f r o m W a x e s , O il s o r F a t s ; a n d t h e l i k e .

The two most important categories of products coming under Chapter 32 are soaps and candles. The industries manufacturing these products are cognate in so far as the raw materials used in both of them are fatty substances. The soaps to which Chapter 32 applies consist of ordinary household soaps as well as toilet soaps, including the finer varieties, and also medicinal soaps. Moreover, no distinction should be drawn between soaps in paste and in liquid form, and both are included here. The term " candles ” in Chapter 32 is intended to cover tapers, small coloured candles for Christmas-trees, and wicks coated with stearine, commonly known as rats de cave. Candles made of substances other than stearine, e.g., paraffin wax candles, also come under this chapter. The fatty acids obtained from the treatment of oils and fats, in particular oleic acid and stearic acid, should be placed in Chapter 15, among fatty substances, greases, oils, etc. Chapter 32 also comprises “ Articles of wax, oils, greases and other similar articles ”. These may include sealing-wax, plastic wax for dental surgery, wax foundation-comb for beehives, plastic articles of wax such as flowers, busts, figures, etc. Preparations used for the sizing of thread and the dressing of fabrics should be classed under " Glues ” in the next chapter (Chapter 33). On the other hand, Chapter 32 should include blacking, creams, polishes and various compositions and pastes for footwear, harness, and for other similar purposes, and also liquid metal-polishes. Greases for machinery and for axles of vehicles, prepared from animal or vegetable greases or oils (with mineral oils added or not), should also be classed under Chapter 32. - 83 -

C h a p ï e r J33- — G l u e s , G e l a t in e s a n d D r e s s in g s .

These are specifically defined products from the industrial treatment of bones, waste of hides and skins, fish-bladders, and certain vegetable raw materials such as mucilages. This chapter should include glue from bones, sinews, and hides and skins, fish glue, etc., in solid, paste or liquid form, in slabs, sheets or powder, put up or not in tubes, flasks, bottles, etc. It also includes starches and fecula, roasted (dextrine, leiogum and the like), and the various glues having a basis of gum arabic or tragacanth, casein, gluten, dextrine and substances used for sizing textile yarns and for dressing fabrics. Chapter 33 further includes gelatine in powder slabs or sheets, whether or not coloured, irisated, ivoried, coated with metal or varnished. Gelatine in sheets or plates, sensitised, is included among photographic products (Chapter 29). Lastly, this chapter should also cover pastes having a base of gelatine and used for certain apparatus for graphic reproduction.

Ch a p t e r 34. — E x p l o s iv e s , F ir e w o r k s , M a t c h e s a n d o t h e r A r t ic l e s m a d e

o f I n f l a m m a b l e M a t e r ia l .

The products used to make explosives, fireworks, etc., belong in general to the category of chemical products. It therefore seemed logical to place these products in the same section as chemical products and not in the category of arms, as has been the past practice in many tariffs. Chapter 34 comprises gunpowder for military, sporting and mining purposes, including nitro-glycerine, and explosives such as picrates, dynamite, cheddite, etc., and fulminate of mercury. This chapter should also include capsules of fulminating powder for military and sporting purposes and for rifle clubs ; mining detonators ; fuses for miners ; fireworks. The matches referred to in Chapter 34 are “ prepared " matches, i.e., matches which can be ignited by friction alone. Wood prepared for matches, without sulphur, phosphorus or other inflammable material, comes under wares of wood. Among the articles of inflammable material classifiable under Chapter 34 may be mentioned prepared amadou (German tinder), fire-lighters, wicks impregnated with sulphur, etc. Cerium, ferro-cerium, and alloys of metals for ignition or incandescence should be included in the chapter on the metals to which they belong.

C h a p t e r 35. — F e r t il is e r s .

There are fertilisers of animal origin such as farm manure, guano, dried blood, bleached calcined bones, fish refuse, carcases of animals, silkworm chrysalides, etc. Some fertilisers belong to the vegetable kingdom, but many are of mineral origin, such as potash salts (kainit, sylvinite, etc.), natural phosphates of lime, dephosphorisation slag, etc.; lastly, others are manufactured products. All these products, whatever their origin, should be placed in Chapter 35, which covers fertilisers as a whole.

SECTION VII.

SKINS, HIDES, LEATHER, PELTRIES (FUR SKINS) AND ARTICLES MADE OF THESE MATERIALS.

Ch a p t e r 36. — S k in s , H id e s a n d L e a t h e r .

This chapter comprises all products constituting the raw material of the industries for preparing hides and belting, and the tanning industry, and also the products manufactured by those industries. Following the general principle which it laid down at the beginning of its work, the Sub- Committee of Experts placed at the head of Section VII the raw material of all the leather industries, i.e., raw hides and skins. Generally speaking, in previous tariffs raw hides and skins have been classed as parts of animals, together with the living or dead animals. The draft nomenclature includes in the same chapter hides in the hair, which are raw materials, and leather, which is the product of the tanning of hides and skins. - 84 -

Chapter 36 should also include raw, fresh or dried hides and skins, salted or not, of animals of all kinds, including fishes, marine animals and reptiles. No distinction should be made between raw hides still in the hair and untanned hides with the hair removed, pickled, split, etc. Similarly, such hides, when already prepared, come under Chapter 36, whether they have been tanned by a vegetable or by a mineral tanning process. Hides and skins, split, chamois- dressed, parchment-dressed, moroccoed, dyed, shagreened or goffered, and patent leather, also come under this chapter. Chapter 36, however, should not include:

(1) Raw hides of fur-bearing animals, which come under the category of peltry (Chapter 38). (2) Fresh, dried or salted gold-beaters' skin, and bladders other than those of fish, which come under " gut (3) Waste of hides, untanned (for the manufacture of glue), which comes under raw products of animal origin (Chapter 5). (4) Imitation leather made of substances such as fabrics with a dressing having a basis of nitro-cellulose. These products come under " fabrics

Ch a p t e r 37. — A r t ic l e s m a d e o f S k in s , H id e s a n d L e a t h e r .

Articles made of leather or hide may, generally speaking, be grouped according to the industries in which they are used, that is to say: morocco-work, glove-making, saddlery, harness-making, the manufacture of footwear, of travelling requisites, etc. Chapter 37 covers the products of all these industries except footwear, the reason for this latter exception being that footwear is not made entirely of leather. Boots and shoes are also made of rubber, felt, wool fabrics, cotton fabrics, plaited vegetable fibre, etc. In view of the materials used in its manufacture, footwear can hardly be grouped under the leather industry. The articles coming under Chapter 37 include gloves of hide, with or without parts made of hosiery fabrics, saddlery and harness-makers’ wares, leather trunks and valises, leather clothing, morocco-work, articles for industrial purposes such as belting, etc., straps for wooden shoes, leather laces, etc. It further includes bands of leather for hats, pressed (stamped) leather for pumps and presses; sheets and slivers for cards, and a number of articles of cut-out leather for spinning and weaving. Chapter 37 further includes wares of imitation or artificial leather, but only if made of agglomerated leather waste. Lastly, it should also include gold-beaters’ skin and skins of prepared or worked bladders, i.e., prepared or worked gut, such as racquet-strings, whip-cord, fishing-line, surgical catgut, etc.

Ch a p t e r 38. — P e l t r y (F u r S k in s ).

This chapter comprises a very large number of articles, namely, raw hides of indigenous animals used for peltry (rabbit, hare, goat, fox, moufflon, etc.) and also skins of exotic animals in demand in the fur industry. It further comprises hides and skins both raw and dressed or prepared, whether whole or in pieces. It covers both raw peltry and peltry worked or made up ; on the other hand, feather furriery such as boas, stoles, etc., come under articles of feathers (Chapter 57).

SECTION VIII.

RUBBER, AND ARTICLES MADE OF RUBBER.

Ch a p t e r 39. — R u b b e r , G u t t a -p e r c h a , B a l a t a a n d S u b s t it u t e s t h e r e f o r ;

A r t ic l e s m a d e o f t h e s e M a t e r ia l s .

In view of their general economic importance, rubber and articles of rubber should be given a special section. At the same time raw products, semi-manufactured products and manufactured articles have all been brought under a single chapter. Besides rubber itself, which is generally obtained from the Hevea tree or from rubber lianas, there are other products of a similar kind (gutta-percha, balata, etc.). These are included in Chapter 39, whether raw, purified, cleaned, liquid or in the form of milky sap. - 85 -

The same category also includes regenerated rubber made from rubber waste, and imitation or artificial rubber as well as synthetic rubber, which is now being manufactured-; although in very small quantities. Semi-manufactured products and manufactured articles include rubber thread, pure or vulcanised, pure rubber “ para " sheets, slabs, hardened rubber (ebonite), rods, sticks or tubing of rubber, cord, string, discs, bands, valves and clack-valves, erasers, stoppers and billiard balls and cushions ; floor-coverings, gloves, diving-suits, pneumatic-tyre covers and inner tubes of tyres, brake blocks and solid tyres, etc. These products should also include hot-water bottles, pillows, cushions, gas-bags, bottles, gourd-bottles, inkholders, knife, penknife and razor handles, combs, large-toothed combs, etc.

SECTION IX.

WOOD AND CORK AND ARTICLES MADE OF THESE MATERIALS; GOODS MADE OF PLAITING MATERIALS.

Ch a p t e r 40. — W o o d a n d A r t ic l e s m a d e o f W o o d ; F u r n it u r e .

This chapter should include all timber obtained from the exploitation of forests — i.e., tim ber in the bark, whether of home or of foreign origin. Chapter 40 should also include, besides timber in the rough, unsquared, with or without bark : — squared or sawn timber; railway sleepers; wooden paving-blocks; stavewood for the manufacture of casks; small staves for barrels; small staves for buckets ; hoopwood and wooden stakes; poles and props for mines; firewood; beech shavings or chips for industrial purposes; wood wool and shavings for packing ; sawdust and articles made of sawdust (xylolith) ; bark for fuel. Wood charcoal also comes under Chapter 40. Articles of wood should also include veneering wood, wood split or cut for matches or for blinds ; packing-cases, assembled or not; plugs and bungs for casks; wood prepared for brushes; wooden reels, busettes and reels for weaving; trees for boots and shoes; handles of tools and of agricultural implements ; wooden heels ; printing-type of wood ; turned wood ; casks, vats and small tubs; bent wooden rims for cycle wheels ; wheelwright’s wares, etc. Wooden shoes come under Chapter 54 (Footwear) ; whip-handles, walking-sticks and wooden knobs and handles of umbrellas should be classed under Chapter 56 (Umbrellas, sunshades and walking-sticks). Further, wood-pulp comes under Section X (Paper and its applications). Chapter 40 should also include all furniture, seats, etc., including those of bentwood, assembled, carved or decorated, whether upholstered or not. On the other hand, wickerwork furniture should be classed under Chapter 42, with “ Articles made of straw, cane and other vegetable materials for plaiting ”.

C h a p t e r 41. — Co r k a n d A r t ic l e s m a d e o f C o r k .

In view of the large variety of products and articles made of cork, a special chapter of the nomenclature has been devoted to that material, both raw and in the very varied forms in which it is used. Chapter 41 comprises in the first place raw cork in boards, either in the state in which it is taken from the tree after removal of the outer (" male ”) layer (émasdage) or after having been graded, sorted, washed, and whether cut or not into boards of specified thickness or dimensions. Articles of cork include small cubes or squares used for the manufacture of corks, prepared slabs of cork for the manufacture of flat stoppers and cork sheeting; corks of all shapes and dimensions; washers, capsule bottoms; cork sheets cut up; cork soles and heels, cork prepared for polishing glasses and crystals ; composite cork made up into bricks, tiles, floor-covering and panels, also for freezing apparatus and other purposes.

C h a p t e r 42. •— A r t ic l e s m a d e o f S t r a w , Ca n e a n d o t h e r V e g e t a b l e M a t e r ia l s f o r P l a it in g .

Straw, cane and other vegetable materials for plaiting, in so far as they are raw materials, are classed under Section II (Products of the vegetable kingdom). The articles included in Chapter 42 are the articles manufactured from these materials. Generally speaking, the articles in question are products of the basket-making, and wicker­ work industry. They are very numerous, and may be divided into the following groups : — 86 —

Plaited goods, string and matting, or plaited bands of esparto, straw, bark, white-wood, etc., for floor-coverings and mats ; plaits and plaited bands of the same materials, for hat-making ; straw covers for bottles ; mats of vegetable filament, with or without textile yarns ; fancy goods and wickerwork of bamboo, cane, etc., whether or not dyed, varnished, painted, coated with metal or decorated; travelling requisites of stripped or peeled osier, rattan pith or strips, straw or reed, with or without textile fibres; wickerwork furniture, with or without supports of wood, bamboo, reed, etc. Brooms should be classed, not among articles of straw in Chapter 42, but among articles of brushware in Section XX, Chapter 83.

SECTION X.

PAPER AND ITS APPLICATIONS.

In the Preliminary Draft Customs Nomenclature, Section X, which dealt with paper, contained three chapters entitled respectively: Paper and cardboard, Articles made of paper and cardboard and bookbinders’ wares, Booksellers’ goods and products of the graphic arts. In differentiating between products coming under the chapter on paper and cardboard and those in the chapter on articles of paper and cardboard and bookbinders’ wares, the Sub- Committee of Experts found it very difficult in practice to draw a clear distinction between raw materials and manufactured products. Some articles (lace-paper, etc.) obtained from the actual factories which produce paper may, in point of fact, be regarded as manufactured articles of paper. In order to avoid classification difficulties, the chapter-headings in question have been changed as follows : Chapter 43. — Materials used for the Manufacture of Paper. Chapter 44. — Paper and Cardboard, Articles of Paper and Cardboard, and Bookbinders’ Wares. Chapter 45. — Booksellers’ Wares and Products of the Graphic Arts. Thus a distinction is no longer made between paper and products made of paper, but between raw materials on the one hand and manufactured paper on the other.

C h a p t e r 43. — M a t e r ia l s u s e d f o r t h e M a n u f a c t u r e o f P a p e r .

These raw materials are fairly numerous ; they consist of waste paper, card or board, i.e., old papers, notebooks or registers, spoiled copies of newspapers, printers’ proofs, bookbinders’ waste, mechanically or chemically prepared paper pulp. It should be noted that rags of textile materials, which are also used for the manufacture of paper, have been classified not here, but under a separate chapter (Chapter 53), as they also constitute an important raw material for other industries.

C h a p t e r 44. — P a p e r a n d Ca r d b o a r d , A r t ic l e s o f P a p e r a n d Ca r d b o a r d , a n d B o o k b in d e r s ’ W a r e s .

The articles which come under this chapter are paper or cardboard (in reels, rolls or reams), in the most varied forms (cigarette paper, sulphurised paper, parchment paper, packing paper, lustred paper, presspahn, insulating paper, vulcanised paper, paper prepared in imitation of leather, etc.). Papers impregnated with silver salts and other products used for photographic purposes do not come under this chapter ; they are classed under " Chemical products for photographic purposes ” (Section VI, Chapter 29). On the other hand, tracing (transfer) paper, carbon paper, stencil paper, and papers other than photograph papers, covered with a reproductive paste, should be classed here, as also wallpaper. Chapter 44 includes cardboard, unprepared, lustred or fancy, also prepared or treated with bitumen or tar for roofing; cardboard travelling requisites, articles of moulded cardboard or cellulose, lacquered or decorated, cardboard boxes, assembled, etc. Lastly, this chapter comprises bookbinders’ wares (notebooks, copy-books, registers, writing- blocks, albums, with cardboard covers, bound, mounted on cloth, etc.) ; perforated cards or cardboard for embroidery or for Jacquard looms ; cardboard accessories for shoemaking, etc., and all wares of paper or cardboard not included elsewhere.

C h a p t e r 45. — B o o k s e l l e r s ’ W a r e s a n d P r o d u c t s o f t h e G r a p h ic A r t s .

This chapter includes all productions of the graphic arts: printed matter, pamphlets, books, engravings, photogravures, chromos, lithographs, stamps, labels, designs, etc. — 87 —

It should also include postcards, engraved music, maps and marine charts, and in general, fill printed matter, illustrated or not, in all languages, and all printed pictures.

SECTION XI.

TEXTILE MATERIALS AND TEXTILE GOODS.

Section XI comprises the various materials used in the textile industry (silk, cotton, wool, flax, hemp, jute, etc.) and all semi-manufactured and manufactured goods derived from that industry. This section includes both textile materials of animal origin, such as silk or wool, and those of vegetable origin, such as cotton, flax, hemp, etc., and also products manufactured or transformed in the textile and allied industries.

Ch a pt e r 46. — S il k , F loss S ilk a n d A rtificial S il k .

In the present draft nomenclature, the silk industry is placed at the head of the textile industries, both for the sake of conformity with the general principle whereby animal materials precede vegetable materials in the tariff, and also because, in the present case, silk is the richest textile material. Chapter 46 covers all products of the silk industry, both of natural and of artificial silk. These two products, however, have not the same origin ; and their values are also different. Nevertheless, in view of the constantly growing use to which artificial silk is being put, both wThen mixed with natural silk or with other textiles, or when used alone, this new textile could not but be given its due place beside natural silk. Further, the silk manufacturers themselves, after holding several meetings, decided to place artificial silk side by side with natural silk in the unified draft nomenclature which they propose to introduce for the silk industry. Chapter 46 groups together all silk products, from cocoon silk to the richest and lightest materials. Silk hosiery does not come under Chapter 46, but should be placed with hosiery of all other textiles (cotton, wool, etc.) in Chapter 51, which deals with hosiery in general. Silk cocoons, which are placed in Chapter 46, include not only ordinary silk cocoons from the “ bombyx ” silkworm, but also marine silk or “ byssus ”, and all other kinds of silk from various caterpillars, insects, etc. Chapter 46 covers silk in cocoons, floss silk, floss silk waste, noils and silk waste ; combed, carded and ravelled silk, thread of silk, floss silk waste and floss silk, pure or mixed, in skeins or hanks; in single, twisted or thrown thread. Silk fabrics should include Asiatic fabrics (pongee, corah, tussore, habutai, shantung, etc.) and fabrics of all kinds such as crêpe, tulle, velvet, gauze, ribbons and lace, passementerie, shawls, carpets, etc.

Ch a p t e r 47. — W ool, H o r se h a ir , a n d o th er A nim al H a ir .

This chapter comprises, firstly, all wools of animal origin. This term includes wool of rams, ewes, lambs, alpaca, llama, vicuna, yak, camel-hair, goat-hair, cashmere or mohair and other similar fine hair. It also comprises hair of hares, rabbits and beavers, used for the manufacture of felt, and horsehair and other coarse animal hair not included in the definition of wool given above but often used in combination with wool. Generally speaking, Chapter 47 groups together all articles (raw materials and manufactured products) employed or produced in the wool industry, from wool in the mass to the finest-quality articles, and also products made of horsehair and coarse animal hair (fabrics, carpets, etc.). Articles coming under the categories of felt, hosiery, and ready-made clothing or made-up articles, however, are given special chapters (Chapters 50, 51 and 52). The same applies to certain technical articles included in Chapter 50.

Ch a pt e r 48. — Cotto n.

This chapter is devoted exclusively to the cotton industry. At the head of the products classified in it should be placed raw cotton (unbleached, washed, degreased, bleached, also dyed) ; then cotton waste and waste of yams unusable as yarn, which themselves constitute raw materials for the cotton industry; cotton yarn, single or twisted, bleached, dyed or chiné, glazed or mer­ cerised; plaited braid or cord; fabrics of cotton, unbleached, dyed, mercerised, printed, etc.; velvets and plushes ; counterpanes ; tulles, ribbons, passementerie, lace and guipure, etc., and the various cotton fabrics. The following are taken from Chapter 48 and classified among “ special fabrics and articles used for technical purposes ” (Chapter 50) : felted fabrics of cotton for machinery; glazed percaline for bookbinding, and tracing-cloth ; special fabrics for incandescent mantles, and various other articles used for industrial purposes. Cotton wadding comes under the same chapter (50). Lastly, in accordance with the rule already referred to, cotton hosiery is classified under Chapter 51 — “ Hosiery ”.

Ch a pt e r 49. — F l a x , H e m p , J u t e , R am ie a n d o th er V e g e t a b l e T e x t il e M a t e r ia l s.

This chapter deals with a number of textile materials which, while less important than cotton, are nevertheless used for a very large number of purposes. Chapter 49 should include flax and hemp, in stalks, and tow, retted, pounded, scutched or combed; jute, ramie or china-grass, abacâ (Manila hemp), Phormium tenax (New Zealand hemp), sunn, sisal, aloe fibre, coconut fibre, etc., and fibre of textilose (an amalgam of paper or cellulose with other textiles). This chapter should also include vegetable down other than cotton, but used like the latter in the textile industry. Esparto, alfa, diss and raffia, however, should be classed under Chapter 14 (Section II), with “ plaiting materials ”, The various products made from these textile raw materials are, generally speaking, the same as those enumerated above in the case of cotton.

Ch a p t e r 50. — W a d d in g a n d F elts ; R o pe a n d R o pe m a k e r s’ W a r e s ; S pe cia l F a b r ic s a n d A rticles u s e d fo r T e c h n ic al P u r p o s e s .

It was thought desirable to remove from the previous chapters and group in a special chapter (50) the following categories of articles, which undergo special manufacture : The wadding referred to in Chapter 50 consists of wadding made of cotton, ramie or other textiles not mixed with pharmaceutical products, absorbent and antiseptic cotton, in sheets or otherwise. Cellulose wTadding obtained from the treatment of wood does not come under Chapter 50, but should be classed with paper. The felts referred to in this chapter are articles which have been fulled but not woven, of animal or vegetable textiles, including textiles of coarse animal hair. All felts, without distinction, are classified under this chapter, including those used in the manufacture of boots and shoes, for lining piano hammers, and for the manufacture of wads for gun-cartridges (bourres de chasse), and also carpet-felting. The term “ rope and ropemakers’ wares ” should include not only string, cord, cabling and rope of flax, hemp, ramie, jute, paper, textilose or other vegetable filament, but also cordage of animal fibre and articles made of string and cord, such as hammocks, straps, rope soles of sand­ shoes (espadrilles), rope ladders, bridles and harness, fishing and other nets, etc. The term “ special tissues ” covers the various categories of textile products which can only be used for a specific purpose, and the methods of manufacture and component parts of which are directly connected with the purpose for which they are intended. This category may include architects’ tracing-cloth, pegamoid fabrics in imitation of leather, cloth coated and waterproofed with tar, resin, etc. (tarpaulin), elastic fabrics, waxcloth and special fabrics prepared for the manufacture of incandescent burners. The articles used for technical purposes are also of very different kinds ; they include trans­ mission belting of cotton, flax, hemp, ramie, jute or other textiles, piping of fabric, woven or braided wicks, etc.

Ch a p t e r 51. — H o s ie r y .

The' considerable increase in the use of knitted fabrics, which nowadays are made of any kind of textile, rendered it necessary to introduce, in each of the chapters devoted to the main animal and vegetable textile materials, special headings for hosiery. It seemed preferable to classify all hosiery articles, of whatever textile material, in a single chapter comprising all manufactures of this kind. Thus Chapter 51 groups together hosiery of silk, wool, cotton, flax, hemp, ramie, jute, other textile materials and even of animal hair and horsehair and all other fibre products of vegetable or animal origin. There is no need to distinguish between hosiery made on mechanical looms and articles hand- knitted or crocheted. Knitted fabrics in the piece, and all articles of hosiery, are included without distinction in this chapter. - 8g -

Of these articles, mention may be made of socks and stockings, gloves, articles of clothing, underclothing and, in general, all products coming under the term “ hosiery

Ch a pt e r 52. — Clo th in g , U n d e r w e a r a n d R e a d y -m a d e A p p a r e l of all K i n d s .

In addition to clothing and parts thereof, and articles of underclothing, this chapter should include table and toilet linen, other than in the piece, fabric bags for wrapping merchandise; bed-covers and travelling rugs; door curtains and blinds; flags, pennons, banners, etc., and in general all articles of fabric sewn or made up.

Ch a pt e r 53. — R ags a n d S craps o f T e x t il e Ma t e r ia l .

This chapter includes waste from the textile industry which may be used either for the manufacture of paper or, after unravelling, for the manufacture of new fabrics such as shoddy and mungo, etc. The category of rags may also include old rope, tarred or not, rags of vegetable fibre and all similar articles.

SECTION XII.

FOOTWEAR, HATS, UMBRELLAS AND SUNSHADES ; ARTICLES OF FASHION.

In this section a number of articles made of various materials are grouped together. Thus, footwear, being made not only of leather, but also of felt, cloth, rubber and even wood (sabots), can hardly be placed in the section on leather and articles of hide. Moreover, it would not be possible, without giving rise to confusion, to introduce a heading "Footwear" in each of the chapters dealing with the various components of which these articles are manufactured or made up. Accordingly, it seemed preferable to bring all footwear, of whatever material, into one chapter. For the same reasons, special chapters have been allotted to hats, umbrellas and sunshades, and articles of fashion.

Ch a pt e r 54. — F o o t w ea r .

On account of the great variety of products used for the manufacture of footwear, all these products have been brought into a single chapter comprising boots and shoes of leather, low shoes, house-slippers or-footwear, coarse footwear or sand-shoes (espadrilles), footwear of rubber, wooden shoes, footwear of straw, alfa, etc. The component parts of footwear — e.g., uppers, soles and heels, of leather, come under the category of articles of hide, as has already been seen, and wooden heels come under articles of wood. The same applies to the component parts of footwear which can without difficulty be included under any specific industry.

Ch a pt er 55. — H ats a n d Ca p s .

The most varied materials are used for the manufacture of hats and caps — e.g., straw, horsehair, artificial silk, wood-chip, plaiting materials, hair felt, wool felt, cloth, etc. Further, the following are also used in hat-making : leather bands, ribbons and, for ladies’ hats, artificial flowers or foliage and various trimmings, sometimes of jewellery. In view of the difficulty of classifying such varied products in a logical manner, the draft nomenclature brings together all such articles in one chapter, which will include hats of all kinds for men, boys, women, girls and infants, both untrimmed (hat shapes) and wholly finished hats. This chapter does not, however, include bonnets or bérets, knitted or of netted hosiery (mailles de bonneterie) ; these are classed with hosiery in Chapter 51.

Ch a p t e r 56. — U m b r e l l a s, S u n s h a d e s a n d W a l k in g -st ic k s.

The articles dealt with in this chapter, as in the two preceding ones, are manufactured products of very varied materials (wood, cane, rubber, leather, etc.). Chapter 56 deals with all these articles and their component parts, such as mountings, umbrella-sticks, handles, knobs, etc. — 9 0 —

C h a p t e r 57. — P r e p a r e d O r n a m e n t a l F e a t h e r s a n d A r t ic l e s m a d e o f F e a t h e r s ; A r t if ic ia l F l o w e r s a n d o t h e r A r t ic l e s o f F a s h io n ; F a n s .

Feathers of native or exotic birds come under the section of animal materials when they are raw and not prepared. Articles that have been prepared, and shaped for the requirements of fashion, or made-up articles of feathers (capes, boas and similar articles), and birds prepared for trimming, should be classified under Chapter 57, which, moreover, only comprises dressed or worked products. In some tariffs artificial flowers, foliage and ornaments for articles of fashion or for decoration are included in the chapter on textiles. This classification is inadequate, because products of the kind in question are also made of other materials, e.g., plastic materials such as celluloid, as well as of light skins. In order to avoid classifying artificial flowers and articles of fashion under different chapters of the tariff, they are grouped in the draft Nomenclature under Chapter 57, which comprises not only flowers, foliage and other articles of fashion or decoration, but also the component parts required for their manufacture. This chapter also includes articles made of hair, such as nets, flowers or ornaments, wigs, etc. Lastly, it also includes fans, which are made of various materials — often of feathers —- and which it would be difficult to place in any other chapter.

SECTION XIII.

WARES OF STONE AND OF OTHER MINERAL MATERIALS ; POTTERY ; GLASS AND GLASSWARE.

Section X III groups together wares of stone or other mineral materials and products of the three industries : pottery, ceramics and glassware. This section should be considered together with Section V, which deals with “ earths and stones ” ; but whereas the products referred to in Section V are raw products, Section XIII consists of worked or manufactured products.

Ch a p t e r 58 . — W a r e s o f S t o n e a n d o f o t h e r M in e r a l M a t e r ia l s .

In this chapter there are grouped together quarrying products which, after extraction, have undergone a more or less complete process of manufacture. This category should include marble and alabaster (for statuary and for other purposes), sawn, sculptured, decorated, polished or otherwise worked, and sculptured articles of marble or alabaster, including statues and statuettes. Statues which are really objets d ’art should, however, be classed among articles for collections. The following should similarly be classed in this chapter : various works of stones other than marble or alabaster; articles of marble-powder or artificial marble; lithographic stones, cut aftd polished, also bearing inscriptions or designs; articles of lava, etc. Whetstones, cut, grindstones and millstones, articles of natural abrasive materials (emery, etc.) and those of artificial emery (carborundum) also come under Chapter 58. The same applies to slates cut or sawn, for roofing, paving, writing or drawing, and to artificial slates such as those of fibro-cement or artificial slates having a basis of asbestos. Chapter 58 also applies to articles of asphalt, mica, asbestos and articles of plaster, cement, concrete and artificial stone. Precious and semi-precious stones, worked, are included, not in this chapter, but in Chapter 61 (Section XIV) with jewellery.

C h a p t e r 59. — P o t t e r y .

Chapter 59, which deals with pottery, comprises all products obtained by moulding and baking certain earths and fossil products. These products are used in the erection and in the internal installations of buildings and in various constructions. This category includes building-bricks, tiles, facing-tiles and other elementary building products, whether in the rough or varnished, enamelled, coloured, etc. ; fire-proof bricks, muffles, saggers and other articles of pottery, solid, hollow or hollowed out, having a basis of bauxite, alumina, silica, magnesia, graphite, plumbago or other similar products such as the fossil products called " infusorial earths Generally speaking, this chapter covers the very numerous and varied articles belonging to the category of " pottery ”, i.e., articles of common baked earth, common or fine earthenware, faience and porcelain. Tobacco pipes, however, of faience or porcelain, should be classed under Chapter 85 with articles for smokers. Similarly, articles for electrical purposes, of porcelain, faïence, stoneware, — gi —

or other pottery, white or coloured, with or without parts of metal or other materials, are also excluded from this chapter and placed in Chapter 73 : “ Articles for electrical use and detached parts thereof Lastly, the same applies to buttons for made-up articles, of earthenware, faience, porcelain, etc., which should come under Chapter 85.

Ch a p t e r 60. — G l a ss a n d G l a s s w a r e .

The products grouped in this chapter all belong to the industries of glass-making, mirror- making and crystal-glass making, from the simplest to the most ornamental articles. These products are of considerable variety, more especially on account of the increasing extent to which glass and mirrors are used in buildings and indoor fittings. This chapter should also include broken or waste glass, which is a raw material for the manu­ facture of glass ; glass in panes or sheets; mirrors; glass flag-stones ; glazed windows; spun glass; glass wool, etc. Glass insulators and other articles for electrical apparatus, such as globes and bulbs for electric lamps, come under Chapter 73 as articles for electro-technical purposes. Chapter 60 includes all articles of table glass (glasses, carafes, etc); bottles, phials and flasks ; large bottles, demi-johns, etc., of glass, encased in a cover or not; lustres, branched candlesticks, ceiling lights and other articles of glass or crystal, and lustre crystals ; watch and clock glasses; spectacle glasses, other than cut or polished ; vitrification glass in tubes or grains ; glass beads ; glass imitation jewellery, cut or moulded; artificial eyes; etc. Scientific optical glasses and optical mirrors should be included not in this chapter, but in Chapter 77 : “ Scientific optical and precision instruments and apparatus, etc. ” Lastly, glass buttons for made-up articles should be classed under Chapter 85.

SECTION XIV.

PRECIOUS METALS ; PEARLS AND PRECIOUS STONES ; COIN (SPECIE).

Section XIV comprises precious metals, pearls and precious stones, and coins. It is divided into two chapters, the first dealing with precious metals, pearls and precious stones, and the second with coins, which could not be grouped with precious metals as they are also made of base metal. Moreover, coins are generally classified separately in tariffs and in commercial statistics.

Ch a p t e r 61. — P re c io u s M etals ; P ea r l s a n d P re cio u s S t o n e s .

This chapter comprises precious metals and real pearls, unworked or worked, and precious and semi-precious stones, unworked or worked. Thus all the products used of manufactures in the goldsmiths’ and jewellery industries are brought into one chapter. In most tariffs, moreover, a separate place is given to precious metals, including platinum, metals found in platinum ore, gold and silver. This chapter comprises metals in the native state, and in ingots, bars, slabs, waste, filings, etc., and articles made from those metals. Ores, however, come under Section V, Chapter 26. Slag and ash of precious metals are also, like ores, classed under Chapter 26. From platinum ore there are obtained, besides platinum itself, indium, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, etc. Most of these metals are not employed in metallurgy, but are used for chemical compounds. The Sub-Committee of Experts decided that the category of precious metals should include only those suitable for metallurgical treatment. The others are left under the category of “ chemical products ”. Articles of precious metals include semi-manufactured products (bars, plates or leaves, wire, powder, dust, etc.), and jewellery and goldsmiths’ wares. Articles of platinum such as cupels, points of lightning-switches, jewellery and goldsmiths’ wares of platinum should be included under Chapter 61, as also gold, silver-gilt (vermeil) and silver jewellery. Goldsmiths’ wares for the table or for churches, candelabra, toilet articles, covers, etc., should be classed in the present chapter. Articles gilded, silvered, or coated with platinum by various processes, such as imitation jewellery and imitation gold and silver work, do not come under Chapter 61. On the other hand, this chapter includes pearls and precious stones, unworked or worked, whether combined with precious metals or not. It further includes jewellery of precious metal, with or without imitation pearls or stones. — 92 —

C h a p t e r 62. — C o i n (S p e c i e ) .

This chapter comprises all coins, both of base and of precious metal, except old coins, which come under Section XXI: " Works of art and articles for collections Medals are not included here, but come under Chapter 61.

SECTION XV.

BASE METALS AND ARTICLES MADE THEREFROM.

This section comprises all base metals obtained from the treatment of ores, and articles of the most varied kinds produced by the industries transforming them. In view of the great variety of metals used in industry to-day and the innumerable uses to which they are put, either alone or combined or alloyed with each other, Section XV is undoubtedly one of the most important in the whole Customs Nomenclature.

Ch a pt e r 63. — I r o n , Ca st -I r o n , S t e e l .

Chapter 63 occupies a very important place in the nomenclature on account of the very large number of wares and articles made of cast-iron, iron and steel. Iron ores and all other ores in general are of course included in Section V, Chapter 26. The present chapter, however, should include waste of all new metal, waste and refuse of old articles of metal only fit for re-casting, turnings, scrap, filings and scales of iron or steel, which constitute a raw material for new metal. It should also include cast-iron (ordinary, haematite or spiegel), ferro-alloys, raw products in ingots, slabs, billets, bars, plates, sheets, hoops, wire, etc. Then come worked metals, i.e., in profiled bars (comer-plates or rails), piping and tubing, works of cast metal, tools of all kinds, large and small ironmongery, ironwork, cabling, springs, latticework, nails, screws, bolts, pins and needles, locksmiths’ wares, strong-boxes, furniture, household articles, kitchen articles, etc., and in general all iron, cast-iron or steel wares which do not come under any other section of the Nomenclature.

Ch a pt e r 64. — Co p p e r .

Chapter 64 comprises pure copper obtained from the treatment of copper ores either by fusion or by electrolysis, and alloys of copper, such as bronze and brass. This chapter should include copper filings and waste used as raw material for re-casting; the various products obtained from the treatment of copper : bars, sheets and wire, copper in rods for welding, tubing, piping, joints, coppersmiths’ wares, kitchen utensils, etc. Lamp-makers’ and lustre-makers’ wares and domestic furniture and office ornaments are classified not here but under Chapter 71.

Ch a pt e r 65. — N ic k e l .

Chapter 65 deals with nickel, pure or alloyed, crude or waste, and all semi-manufactured and manufactured products made of that metal. As in the previous chapter, certain articles of nickel are taken from the present chapter and placed in Chapter 71.

Ch a p t e r 66. — A l u m in iu m .

Aluminium ore or bauxite, although in the form of argillous earth, should be classed in Section V, Chapter 26: " Ores ”. The present chapter includes pure or alloyed aluminium, in bars, sheets, wire, powder (except fine powder for colouring), aluminium alloys such as duralumin or aluminium bronze ; articles such as cables, capsules and lids for bottles and flasks, household and kitchen utensils and, in general, all the large and extremely varied range of articles now made of aluminium.

Ch a pt e r 67. — L e a d .

In this chapter should be included lead in lumps, pigs, slabs, leaves and bars, pure or alloyed with antimony, tin or zinc. — 93 —

Articles of lead include tubing and piping, capsules and lids of bottles and other containers, lead ball, shot and pellets, etc. Bullets and buckshot for ammunition come under Chapter 8r : “ Ammunition „

Ch a pt e r 68. — Z in c . This chapter includes crude zinc in lumps, ingots, pigs, bars or slabs; zinc rolled, drawn or wiredrawn ; tubing, piping and joints; cast and stamped pieces and all semi-manufactured or finished products made of zinc, such as articles for building, etc. As in the chapters on copper and nickel, certain zinc wares are taken from the present chapter and placed in Chapter 71.

Ch a p t e r 69. — T i n . This chapter comprises tin in metallic form and wares of tin such as tin hollow-ware, tubes for pastes and colours, etc., except certain special articles which are placed in Chapter 71 irrespective of the metal of which they are made.

Ch a p t e r 70. -— Ot h e r B a se M e t a l s a n d A lloy s t h e r e o f . This chapter comprises all metals which, although used for metallurgical purposes (i.e., not exclusively for chemical purposes), are not given a separate chapter in Section XV. In this chapter may be placed mercury, antimony, manganese, arsenic, chromium, cobalt, magnesium and certain other metals and metalloids used either alone or combined, e.g., with iron in the form of ferro-alloys. Certain other metals in a pure state, such as iodine, which are used only for chemical or therapeutic purposes, should not be included here.

Ch a pter 71. — Cu t l e r y ; Miscellaneous W a r e s m a d e of B a se Me t a l ,

no t e l s e w h e r e in c l u d e d . This chapter comprises the very important category of knives, scissors, penknives and other articles generally made by the cutlery industry, such as razors, clippers, shears, nail-clippers, erasers, letter-openers, etc. These products, although of very different kinds and qualities and although often, as in the case of penknives, combined with other products (handles, fittings, etc.), have for the purpose of simplifying the tariff been grouped in a single chapter. The other articles of base metal included in this chapter are a series of special articles which as a rule are made not of any specific metal but of a variety of metals. It includes articles such as spoons and forks, printing-type and plates for printing on paper, lustre-makers’ and lamp-makers’ wares, domestic furniture and office ornaments, metal decoration for furniture, fittings for coach- work, for saddlery and for travelling requisites, metal pens, flexible metal tubing, etc.

SECTION XVI.

MACHINERY AND APPARATUS ; ELECTRICAL MATERIAL.

This section comprises machinery for producing, transforming and utilising mechanical or electrical power for industrial purposes (except machines constituting vehicles or means of transport, which come under Section XVII).

Ch a pt e r 72. — B o il er s, Ma c h in e r y , Mec h a n ica l A ppa r a t u s a n d A p p l ia n c e s,

a n d D e t a c h e d P a r ts t h e r e o f . This category includes boilers, engines, steam, compressed air and hot air, internal combustion engines, explosion motors (whether or not such machines or engines are fixed or semi-fixed or tractive). This chapter should not, however, include electric motors (which come under Chapter 73) or automobile or aircraft engines (which come under Section XVII: “ Means of transport ”). The present chapter should also include pumps, blowing machinery, air and gas compressors, fire-engines, hydraulic turbines and their regulators, ventilators, weighbridges and most machines employed in industry: textile machinery, looms for spinning, twisting, winding and weaving, knitting and hosiery looms, embroidery looms, paper and cardboard making machines, printing and art-publishing machinery; machinery and appliances for agriculture and horticulture (ploughs, harrows, threshers, hay-cutters, reaping and binding machines, mechanical sowers) ; skimming machines, winepresses ; sewing-machines, metal-working machinery, boot and shoe making machinery, milling machinery; equipment for making confectionery, pastry, sugared goods and food preserves; machines for bottling liquids; apparatus for lifting and earthwork-building, excava­ tors, hydraulic presses, machinery for stearine and soap works ; freezing machinery. This chapter should not, however, include gas and water meters, electricity meters, spinning- mill meters, or typewriters, which will be classified under Chapter 77 with instruments of precision; radiators for central heating, which come under the category of wares of iron, cast-iron and steel — 94 —

Chapter 63) or fixed material for railways and tramways, which comes under Chapter 74: " Railway and tramway material

Ch a p t e r 73. — E lectrical Ma c h in e r y a n d A p p a r a t u s a n d A rticles for E lectrical

U s e , a n d D et a c h e d P a r ts t h e r e o f .

This chapter comprises dynamo-electric machines, transformers, batteries and accumulators, magnetos and sparking apparatus, and electro-magnets ; electric welding apparatus, electric switchboards ; electric ventilators and telegraphic and telephonic apparatus ; distant signalling and distant control apparatus ; automatic current-regularising apparatus ; electric medical apparatus ; electric heating apparatus, electric irons; electrical lamps; wire and cabling for electricity; magnets ; articles of porcelain, faïence, stoneware, glass or crystal for electric apparatus, etc. Thus there are grouped in this chapter all products of the electro-technical industry, which plays so great a part in modern life. Apparatus for electric measurement, and current meters, however, are placed in Chapter 77 with scientific, optical and precision instruments and apparatus, etc.

SECTION XVII.

MEANS OF TRANSPORT.

The multiplicity of means of transport employed to-day has led to the creation of a special section in Customs nomenclature for appliances of all kinds used for locomotion. This section comprises all appliances whatever of the kind in question, from the simplest, such as hand-propelled vehicles and perambulators, to the most modem and complex, such as automobiles, aircraft, mechanically propelled vessels, motor-boats with air screw, etc.

Ch a p t e r 74. — R a il w a y R o lling -S tock a n d R a il w a y a n d T r a m w a y Ma t e r ia l .

In view of the considerable importance, both as regards weight and value, of railway and tramway material, the Sub-Committee of Experts has devoted a special chapter to it. This material may, moreover, be differentiated without difficulty from other transport material. It includes railway vehicles and trams ; goods waggons and vans; ironwork of railway vehicles, and buffers ; bodies, frames and bogies of vehicles, brakes of all kinds, and signal­ ling apparatus (except the electrical parts of such apparatus, which come under Chapter 73).

Ch a p t e r 75. — Cy c l e s , A ut o m o bile s a n d oth er V e h ic l e s .

This chapter comprises all vehicles in the strict sense of the term, except vehicles for railways, shipping and aviation. It includes ordinary vehicles (carts, lorries, hand-propelled vehicles, etc., vehicles for passenger transport, perambulators, bicycles, tricycles, motor-cycles, side-cars, motor-cars) and the coach- work for these vehicles.

Ch a pt e r 76. — A ir -craft a n d W a t e r - cr a ft.

Aircraft and water-craft, being vehicles of a special kind, require a separate chapter. This chapter includes all appliances for aviation and shipping, such as aircraft, seaplanes, spherical and dirigible balloons, sea-going vessels, yachts and pleasure boats, motor-boats with air screw, dredges, floating docks, tugs, tow-boats and other similar vessels.

SECTION XVIII.

SCIENTIFIC AND PRECISION INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS; WATCH- AND CLOCKMAKERS’ WARES ; MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.

There is a large number of scientific instruments and apparatus and also controlling and measuring apparatus constructed with especial care to meet the requirements of science or industry. — 95 —

These articles undoubtedly form a separate class in the Customs tariff on account of the care and finish in their construction and the choice of materials of which they are made. All these apparatus and instruments are grouped together in Chapter 77.

Ch a pt e r 77. — S c ie n t if ic , O ptical a n d P r e c isio n I n st r u m e n t s a n d A p p a r a t u s , AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS NOT ELSEWHERE INCLUDED.

This chapter should include apparatus and instruments for laboratory demonstration and instruction, apparatus and instruments exclusively employed in medicine, surgery and veterinary surgery ; precision, measuring, surveying, level-finding and plan-drawing instruments; type­ writers and cash registers; instruments for observation, geographical, optical, astronomical and cosmographical instruments (microscopes, telescopes, lenses, prisms, etc.) ; photographic apparatus and various apparatus of less precision for industrial or domestic purposes, such as water-meters, gas-meters, electricity-meters, instruments for recording turns, taximeters, alcoholometers, aerometers, densimeters, etc.

Ch a pt e r 78. — W at ch - a n d Clock-m a k e r s ’ W a r e s.

Watch- and clock-makers’ wares also form a special class of mechanical products. A distinction is drawn between watchmakers’ and clockmakers’ wares. The former comprises watches, with their cases, movements and accessories. The second group comprises clocks on buildings (public), other clocks of all kinds, pendulum clocks, alarm clocks and regulators, and their movements and accessories. Cases for pendulum and other clocks should be classified not here but with wares of the various materials of which they are made. Watch-cases, however, even if of precious metal, should be included in the present chapter.

Ch a pt e r 79. — M u sic al I n s t r u m e n t s .

These instruments, of which there is a great variety, all come under Chapter 79, as do also parts of such instruments. They are made of materials of the most varied kinds. Some are wholly of metal or of wood, while others are of different components, sometimes including precious metals.

SECTION XIX.

ARMS AND AMMUNITION.

Arms and ammunition are included in the same section on account of the clear connection that exists between firearms and the projectiles used for them. The production of explosives forms part of the chemical industry, and accordingly gunpowder, dynamite and other explosives are classified in Section VI, Chapter 34: " Explosives

Ch a pt e r 80. — A r m s.

This chapter comprises all arms, that is to say, both armes blanches and alsofirearms, and arms actuated by springs, compressed air and liquid gas. Firearms mounted on stands or carriages (guns and machine-guns) should also be classified here in the same way as small-arms firearms (rifles, carbines, revolvers, pistols, etc.).

Ch a p t e r 81. — A m m u n it io n .

This chapter should include ammunition, filled or unfilled (cartridges, bombs, shells, gun cartridges, grenades, torpedoes), and projectiles of all kinds.

SECTION XX.

MISCELLANEOUS GOODS AND PRODUCTS NOT ELSEWHERE INCLUDED.

By successive processes of elimination, all possible imports and exports have been classified into main categories in the draft Nomenclature. — g6 —

This classification has been carried out, first, by adopting as basis the nature of the product (animal, vegetable or mineral), then by taking a single component element, and lastly by grouping in the same chapter articles composed of a number of elements but used for the same purpose. There is still, however, a number of products and articles which have not yet been classified in Section XX under the general heading : “ Miscellaneous goods and products not elsewhere included. ”

C h a p t e r 82. — W a r e s o f Ca r v e d o r M o u l d e d M a t e r ia l o r o f A r t if ic ia l P l a s t ic M a t e r ia l .

Materials for carving and moulding, and artificial plastic materials, make up a very considerable category of goods. They include ivory, tortoise-shell, mother-of-pearl, bone, horn, whalebone, corozo, jet, amber, meerschaum, cellophane, galalith, bakelite, etc. All these products are used to make numbers of different articles, some of which, like umbrella knobs and handles, and buttons, are classed in special chapters under umbrellas and sunshades and buttons respectively. The materials themselves, however, in slabs, rods, sheets, etc., and articles of these materials not classified in any special chapter of the tariff, are placed in Chapter 82.

Ch a p t e r 83. — B r u s h w a r e , B r u s h e s a n d S ie v e -w a r e .

This chapter should comprise all articles of brushware and sieveware. Articles of brushware include brooms of various materials. The raw materials for these industries are classified either under vegetable raw materials (twigs of birch, broom, thom-broom, broom -com (sorghum), millet, etc.), or under animal raw materials.

Ch a p t e r 84. — G a m e s ; T o y s ; A r t ic l e s f o r C h r is t m a s T r e e s ; S p o r t in g R e q u is it e s .

Games and toys come under articles and products made of materials of all kinds. They are, in fact, made of wood, cardboard, paper, porcelain, faïence, base metal, rubber, leather, various textiles, carving materials (ivory, mother-of-pearl). Most of these articles are composite, that is to say, they are assembled from a number of components. In view of the diversity of these articles and the infinite variety of elements of which they are composed, they are grouped in the draft Nomenclature in a single chapter — Chapter 84 — which also includes articles for Christmas trees and sports wares.

C h a p t e r 85. — W a r e s o f V a r io u s M a t e r ia l s n o t e l s e w h e r e in c l u d e d .

This chapter comprises a whole series of small articles which are made of the most varied materials and which it has been considered expedient to group together. In the first place, it includes small articles intended for personal ornaments or use, of base metal and of various materials, such as bracelets, brooches, necklaces, watch-chains, cuff hnks, cigarette-cases, net-bags and-purses, boxes for sweetmeats, etc. ; then come buttons for clothing, for footwear, for underclothing and for all other made-up articles, except buttons of precious metals. This chapter further includes small articles and accessories of base metal, and various materials for ornament or use in making clothing, footwear, necklaces, albums, notebooks, purses, etc. Lastly, it comprises ordinary pens and fountain-pens, stylographs, pencil-cases and pencil-lead cases, also articles for smokers, such as pipes of clay, faience, porcelain, wood, meershaum, etc., cigar and cigarette-holders of base metal, wood, amber and other materials, and the parts of which these articles are composed.

SECTION XXI.

Ch a p t e r 86.

WORKS OF ART AND ARTICLES FOR COLLECTIONS.

This section has only one chapter. It comprises all articles which, on account of their artistic character or their age, stand somewhat apart from ordinary articles of trade and are classified separately in most tariffs. Chapter 86 covers pictures, paintings, engravings, sculptures, articles for collections, etc., which cannot be included in the category of products dealt with in ordinary trade.