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Page or plate numbers for illustrations are in italics.

Académie Royale de Pein- “Famous Men” friezes, Ghent Altarpiece (van • 355 ture et de Sculpture, 216–18 Eyck), 120, 180 Paris, 18 tapestries immortalizing, gilded, 236 Accademia del Disegno, 53,54, 54–55,71–72,108, goldwork altarpieces, 87 Florence, 7, 12 112,149,156,163,197 hangings for, see altar Accademia di San Luca, Alfonso, Prince of Castille, hangings Rome, 17, 21 162, 164 Holy Sacrament Altarpiece Adolf I, Duke of Cleves, sons Alfonso V of Aragon (King (Molder), 236, Plate of, 63 of Naples), 61, 65, 120, XXV Adoration of the Magi 179–89, 210, 218 Infancy of Christ altarpiece, altar frontal, Sens cathedral, Alienor of Poitiers, 92, 94, Clerey,France, 237 116 99, 100, 120 Magdalene retable of Columba Altarpiece (van der altars and altarpieces Claudio de Villa, 234, Weyden), 238, 239 Brabantine altarpieces, 235 Michelangelo, 238 marketing of, 232–38, marks indicating origins Adoration of the Shepherds 272 of, 237 Altarpiece (Ghirlandaio), carved wooden altarpieces, Merode Altarpiece 242 costs, 235–36 (Campin), 227, 228 Aelst, Pieter van, 156, 177 Columbia Altarpiece (van Miraflores monastery, Agincourt, Seroux d’, 24 der Weyden), 238, 239 Burgos, Spain, Juan de Agnes of Burgundy, 64, 116 Dalmau’s Altarpiece of the Flandes’ Altarpiece of the Agnès of Cleves, 124 Virgin with the Councilors, Baptism at, 162, 163, 165, Agricola,Alexander, 188, 200 180, 181 171 Ahasuerus, 116, 137 delivery,finishing, and polychromy,effect of, Alberti, Leon Battista, 8, 9, installation contracts, 236 13, 185, 225 244 Portinari Altarpiece (van der Alençon, Dukes of, 65 Edinburgh, altarpiece of Goes), 242, 244 Alexander the Great Collegiate Church of purchasers of, 236 Burgundian Dukes’ inter- Holy Trinity of, 247–49, resale, 236–37 est in, 69, 71–72, 73, 107 252–53 St. Barbara Altarpiece (van Les faiz du grant Alexandre fairs and markets, sold at, der Cleyen), 236 (Curtius/Lucena), 49, 70 228, 232, 233, 237 St. Bertin abbey, 111, 223

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altars and altarpieces (cont.) Panden, fairs, and markets ornamentation of, 126–29 St. John Altarpiece (Mem- of, 227, 228–29, 230, Philip II of Spain, parade ling), 124, 125 237 armor of, 126–28, 127 Tani triptych, 239 Anversa, Paolo d’, 261 sword of Charles the Three Coronations tapestry, Apelles, 22, 184 Bold, 96, 97 Sens Cathedral, 115–16, Apocalypse, tapestry at St. Arnold, Duke of Guelders, Plate XII, Plate XIII Bertin depicting, 111, 113 Västeras Cathedral, 115 Arnold of Villanova, 98 Sweden, 233, 233 Appiato,Antonio, 199 Arras Virgin and Child with Aragon, see Spain Congress of, 113, 121 Saints (Master of St. architecture ducal tapestries kept at, Lucy Legend), 244, 249 Alfonso V of Aragon, 181 106 altar hangings bricklaying, 154, 256–57 tapestry center, as, 107, 114 Adoration of the Magi altar Burgundian projects, 134 arras as term for high-quality frontal, Sens cathedral, Edward IV of England’s tapestries, 107 116 projects, 150–51 ars nova musical composers, Coronation of the Virgin, Gorichem, tower at, 188 356 • 121 140–41 “Art,”development of mod- Order of the Golden importation of Burgun- ern concept of, 49 Fleece, 118, 118–20, 119 dian/Netherlandish art history as discipline, see Lambert cathedral, Liège, artisans and styles, historiographical issues 101 256–57 Arthur, son of Henry VII of St. Francis and Pope Sixtus Muslim elements, Spanish England IV,frontal depicting, 262 adaptation of, 163 birth of, 157 ambassadors, see diplomacy Richmond Palace under Katharine of Aragon’s amber, 96 Henry VII of England, marriage to, 58, 72, 142, Ammann, Jos (Justus de Alle- 152–54, 157, 158 152, 155, 156, 157, 161 magna), 221–22 Spanish funerary chapels, Marriage of Prince Arthur Anchieta, Juan de, 174, 176 161–63 tapestry, 156, 157 André, Bernard, 157 Urbino Palace, 210, 211, tutored by Bernard André, Anghiera, Peter Martyr d’, 212 158 163 Arduino di Valperga, 56 Arthurian frescoes, Palazzo Anne of Cleves, 159 Arienti, Giovanni Sabadino Ducale, Mantua, 105–6 Anne, sister of Philip the degli, 48 artists and artisans, 5–6, Good, 146 Aristotle, 47, 48, 69, 81, 100, 76–77 Annunciation 184, 228 classical authors on, Justus de Allemagna (Jos armor and weaponry, 184–85 Ammann), 221, Plate 125–30, 194 court employment and XXII chivalry,role of, 125–26 negative features of, tapestries, 212–13 fairs and markets, sold at, 170–71 van der Weyden, 221, 222 227, 232 fairs and markets, value in Anthony,Grand Bastard of importation of Burgun- attending, 230–31 Burgundy, 63, 69, 88, dian/Netherlandish guilds, 226, 227, 228, 130, 141, 155 goods, 259 234–35, 236, 237 Anthony of Luxembourg, magnificence, political immigration/emigration Count of Roussy, 142 ideology of, 125–26 of, see immigration/ antiquity, see classicism mass-produced, 129 emigration of artists Antwerp Medusa shield of Charles and artisans mark of, 237 V (Negroli), 128, 129 mass marketing of Bur-

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gundian/Netherlandish Barbo/Borbo, Giacomo, 188 Black Book of Edward IV, 151 artifacts, 226–32 Baroncelli, Maria Maddalena, Blanche, Queen of Navarre, multiplicity of roles of, 242–43, 245 124 192–93 Bartolomeo, Michelozzo di, Boccaccio, Giovanni, 8 representations of, 227, 210 Boisserée, Sulpiz and Mel- 228, 229, Plate XXIII bas musical instruments, 130, chior, 30, 31 spies, diplomats, and 173, 174 Bona of Savoy, 196–97, 207 politicians, artists acting Basilio, Giusto de, 189 Bonkil, Edward, 247–49 as, 192–93 Bathsheba, 116 La Bonne Vie tapestry, 113 tapestries, 107, 114 Baume, Guillaume de la, Book of Hours of Queen arts, hierarchy of, 76–84 247 Isabella, 176, 177 The Ascension (Sittow), 166 Bavaria books, see also individual The Assumption of the Virgin Duke of, 86, 137 works (Sittow), 166, 168 Isabella of, 85, 86 chant and polyphony, Astemio, Lorenzo, 211 Bayazid (Sultan), 71 174 Astrat, Juan (Juan de Flan- Bear Hunt tapestry, 113 fairs and markets, sold at, des?), 171 Beatrice of Naples, 190 227, 228, 232 Atkinson, John, 155 Beauchamp, Richard, Earl of illuminated manuscripts, • 357 Aubert, David, 227, 229 Warwick, 63, 255–56, see illuminated manu- Aubry,Jean, 106 258, 259, 261 scripts Aubry,Regnault, 106 Beaufort, Edmund, Earl and importation of Burgun- Augsburg as center of armor Duke of Somerset, 63 dian/Netherlandish manufacture, 126 Beaufort, Lady Margaret, goods and artisans, Augurello, Giovanni Aurelio, tomb effigy of, 159, 159 259–60 56 Beaugrant, Madame de, 140 libraries, see libraries Aurispa, Giovanni, 74 Bedford, John, Duke of, 146 Borgia, Cesare, 213 Austen,William, 256 Belfiore Palace, d’Este family, Borgia, Lucretia, 193 Austria, Margaret of, 108, 216 Borreman, Jan, 233 158, 161, 166, 167–68, Bellori, Giovan Pietro, Bosworth, Henry VII’s 169, 170 17–19, 20 victory at, 157 automata, 138, 143 Bembo, Bernardo, 56, 267 Botticelli, Sandro, 163, 208, Averbode,Abbey of, 236 Bembo, Bonifazio, 197 265 Averlino,Antonio (Filarete), Bembo, Pietro, 56, 267–68 Bouchot, Henri, 38, 40 194, 215 Benci, Ginevra de, 263 Bourbon ducal family, 62, 64, Avignon, papal chapel at, 132 Benedicke, Paul, 239 85, 86, 115–16, 135 Avis pour faire le passage benefices for singers, 206–7 bourgeoisie, see middle d’Outre-mer, 52, Plate III Bening, Sanders, 215 classes, Burgundian arts Bening, Simon, 159 for bagpipes (saqueboutes), 130, Bermejo, Bartolomé, 263 Bourgogne, Jean de, 197 134 Berry, Jean, Duc de, 84, 88, Bouts, Dirk, 255 Bailleul, Baudouin de, 110, 89, 210 Brabant as tapestry center, 222 Bertram, Johann Baptist, 30 114 “Baltazar” (Johannes Petit), Bigarny,Felipe, 171 Brabantine altarpieces, mar- 206 Binchois, Gilles, 134, 192 keting of, 232–38, 272 banquets, see pageants and Biondo, Flavio, 8 Brandolini, Raffaele, 204–5 banquets births and baptisms, princely, Brederode, Gijsbrecht van, Baptism of Christ (Verocchio), 92, 100, 112, 120 99–100 238 Bisticci,Vespasiano da, 211, Brethren of Common Life, Barbarigo, Marco, 250, 254 215 45

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Breviary of Queen Isabella, crusading ambitions, 57, Burgundian/Netherlan- 176, Plate XVI 61–62 dish/Northern art bricklaying, 154, 256–57 culture of, defined, 5 academic tradition and, Brittany,Dukes of, 65 demise of, 2 17 brocade, 121, 122 Dukes, list of, 49 Alfonso V of Aragon, Brocart, Jacot, 106 education at, see education influence on, 179–89 Brown, D.A., 268 and learning at Burgun- Belgian achievement, Bruegel, Pieter, 39 dian court viewed as, 38–39 Bruges England, relationship Brabantine altarpieces, Academy, 32 with, 59, 61, 63, 114, 232–38 exposition of 1902, 38–40 146–47 Burckhardt’s treatment of, exposition of 1907, 40–41 foreign visitors and diplo- 36–37 mark of, 237 mats at, 63–64 Edward IV of England, paintings, depicted in France, imitation of, 77, influence on, 152–60 backgrounds of, 243–44 94 eighteenth-century views Pand, fairs, and markets at, France, relationship with, on, 23–24 227, 229–30, 231, 232 53–56, 58–60, 61, 62, 65 fairs and markets, sold at, 358 • Princehof at, 150, 153 France, subject to, 58–59 226–32 St. Donatian’s, 191 genealogical identification Ferdinand and Isabella, Brunelleschi, Filippo, 9, 33, with ancient heroes, 59, influence on, 160–78 210 70, 73, 107, 109 Flemish and Netherland- Bruni, Leonardo, 8, 9, 108 German Empire, relation- ish schools, differentia- Bruselas, Hanequin de, 161, ship with, 59, 62, 65, 168 tion of, 32 162, 163 Huizinga’s analysis of, German and Netherland- Bruselas, Jean de, 260 42–43 ish schools, differentia- Brussels international politics, role tion of, 30–31 Museum, 30 in, 58–65 Hegel on, 29 tapestry center, as, 114 libraries of, 68–69, 70, 74 Henry VII of England, Bruxelles, Jean de, 189 literature, Burgundian influence on, 152–60 buffets (dressoirs), 92, 99, 106, cultivation of, 134 Huizinga on, 41–44 138 magnificence, political ide- imitation by foreign artists Bugatto, Zanetto, 194–97 ology of, see magnifi- and artisans, 262–70 Burckhardt, Jacob, v,2, 8, 20, cence, political ideology immigration/emigration 22, 23, 34–37, 38, 41–42, of of artists and artisans, see 66 painting at, 49, 75, 78, 184 immigration/emigration Burgos, 163, 171 royal ambitions of, 59, 94 of artists and artisans Burgundian court and dukes, Savoy and Milan, alliance importance, realization of, 47–75 with, 53 1–7, 45–46 allies of, 145 Sforza family,relationship international influence of, Burgundian style’s loss of with, 194 146, 218–20, 260–61, connection with Bur- Spain, influence on, 262–70, 270–73 gundian dukes, 5, 226, 160–61 de Laborde’s study of, 272 stagecraft of, 67–74 31–32 chivalry and, 65–67 territorial assemblage of, marketing of, 226–32 classicism at, 57–58, 67–74 58–61 Medici, influence on, contemporary awareness Tetzel’s account of trea- 201–08 of importance of, 1–7, sures of, 50–52 middle ages, rehabilitation 45–46 “Burgundian mode,” 5, 226, of, 24–26 cost of living at, 64–65 272 middle classes, see middle

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classes, Burgundian arts Castiglione, Baldesar, 69, 209 Charles the Noble of for Castille, see Spain Navarre, 260 Montefeltro, Federigo da, Cavalcaselle, Giovanni Bat- Charles V Hapsburg, 7, 57, Duke of Urbino, influ- tista, 32 58, 65, 72, 106, 128, 226 ence on, 209–18 Caxton,William, 71, 78, Charles VI of France, 77, 85, musicians of Burgundian 147–48, 149 86, 88, 94 Netherlands, 132, 188, Cennini, Cennino, 185 Charles VII of France, 58 189–91 Cent nouvelles nouvelles, 68 Charles VIII of France, 72, nationalism and, 40 chambers musicians, 130 116 nineteenth/early twenti- Chambre d’Utrecht weavings, Chastel,Thierry du, 120 eth century interest in, 120 Chastellain, Georges, 9, 10, 29–32, 38–40, 41–44 Champmol, Chartreuse de, 43, 55, 68, 77, 78, 82, 86, painting, esteem for, 185–86 Dijon, 134 100, 122, 157 realism of, 38, 41, 263 chandeliers, 138, 182 Chateaubriand, François- Sforza, influence on, chapel musicians, see music René, 25 194–200 Charlemagne, 59, 112 châteaux van Mander’s writings on, Charlemagne, Les chroniques et Saumur, 210 15–17 conquêtes de, 227, 229 Valenciennes, 141 • 359 burial monuments, 134–35, Charles, Duke of Orléans, 63 Chesne, Jean du, 70 159, 161–63, 221, 222, Charles II of Bourbon, Arch- Chevrot, Jean, Bishop of 255–56, 260 bishop of Lyons, 115–16 Tournai, 123 Burke, Peter, 45, 219 Charles, Prince of Navarre, chivalry, 1, 4, 24, 65–67, 140, Busnois,Antoine, 130, 134 124 219 Byzantine Empire, 57, 61, 68 Charles the Bold armor and weaponry,role death of, 7 of, 125–26 Çabater, Pere, 188 education of, 68 Burgundian court, impor- Caesar, Julius 56, 69, 70, 107, L’Etat de la maison du duc tance at, 65–67 108, 148, 158 Charles de Bourgogne, Chambre d’Utrecht embroi- Caesar tapestries, 108–109, 151 deries, 120 109, 247 Ferrante I of classicism, based on, 67–68 Camogli, Prospero da, 76, Naples/Galeazzo Maria “Famous Men” friezes, 110, 122, 195 Sforza conflict over 216–18 Campbell, Lorne, 171, 247, musician, involvement historiographical percep- 248, 250 in, 191 tions of, 24, 36, 41, 42 Campin, Robert, 227 international politics and, Italian participation in Capilla Mayor, 162, 165, Plate 59–65 revival of, 66–67 XV learning of, 69 nobility,books on nature Capilla Real, Granada, 163 magnificence, political of, 158 Caravaggio, 18 ideology of, 49–50, Order of the Ermine, Caravajala, Isabel de, 171 52–53, 54–58, 64–65, 84 209 Carda, Ottaviano Ubaldini marriage to Margaret of Order of the Garter, 209 della, 209, 250 York, see Margaret of Order of the Golden Careggi, Medici villa at, 201, York’s marriage to Fleece, see Order of the 238 Charles the Bold Golden Fleece Carracci,Annibale, 18 musical interests of, tapestries, 112–13, 114 cassoni, 108 187–88 tournaments, see tourna- Castell, Giles van, 150, 255 Order of the Golden ments Castelnuovo, arch at, 181, Fleece and, 65–66 Christ as the Man of Sorrows 182, 189, 210 portrait of, 51 (Memling), 264, 265

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Christian II of Denmark, Alfonso V of Aragon and Communion of Apostles (Joos portrait of, 169, 170 Naples, 182 van Ghent), 215–26, 217 Christianity, see religion bejewelled hat of Charles Commynes, Philippe de, 64 Christus, Petrus, 32, 201, 250 the Bold, 96, 97 Compère, Loyset, 188, 200 chronicles, 10, 50, 58, 69, 81, black, fashion for, 64, condottiere, Federigo da 137, 157–58, 269 121–22 Montefeltro as, 209, Chronique de Lucerne embroidered, 116, 121 211, 216 (Schilling), 88, 88 fairs and markets, sold at, conspicuous consumption, Les chroniques et conquêtes de 232 see magnificence, politi- Charlemagne, 227, 229 gemstones, embroidered cal ideology of Chrysolaras, Manuel, 108 with, 118, 123, 142 Constance, League of, 56 Cicero, 13, 21, 48, 69, 70, 74, magnificence, political Constantinople, fall of, 57 81, 158 ideology of, 49, 52, 53, copper effigies, tomb of Cimabue, 8 64–65, 88–89, 121–24, Richard Beauchamp, Claesens,Antonio, 162 134 Earl of Warwick, classicism Margaret of York’s marriage 255–56, 258, 259, 261 academic tradition, domi- to Charles the Bold, 136, coral, 96 360 • nance of, 17–19 142 Cordier, Johannes, 191, 200, Alfonso V of Aragon’s use middle class aspirations 207 of, 181 and, 246–47 Cornelius, Bastard of Bur- Burckhardt’s views on, 37 musicians, for, 130 gundy, 68 Burgundian court, at, Netherlandish/Burgun- Corneto family of armorers, 57–58, 67–74 dian style, imitation of, 128–29 eighteenth-century histor- 243, 246–47, 250 Cornish,William, 155 ical writing, 20–24 Order of the Golden Corvinus, Matthias, 72 Feast of the Pheasant, Fleece, 66, 120, 198 cosmopolitanism of fifteenth- 57–58 religious themes, use in century Europe, 1, 2, 5, genealogical identification depictions of, 87, 118, 6, 45, 219, 271–73 with ancient heroes, 59, 123–24 Burgundian territories 70, 73, 107, 109 social relations, 121, and, 60–61 Margaret of York’s marriage 123–24 economic role of Bur- to Charles the Bold, 71, sumptuary laws, 121, gundy in Europe, 5–6, 109 246 76–77, 114 nineteenth-/early twentieth- vestments,see vestments international influence of century views on, 37, 38 Clovis King of France, 112, Burgundian arts, 146, Renaissance associated 137 218–20, 260–61, with, 1, 8–9, 16 coins and medals 262–70, 270–73 stagecraft and, 69–75 Alfonso V of Aragon and international politics, role tapestries, 107–10, 114 Naples, medals com- of Burgundian court in, Cleves missioned by, 181, 183 1, 2, 5, 6, 45 Adolf I, Duke of Cleves, Italian value placed on, luxury goods market, sons of, 63 185 76–77 Agnès of Cleves, 124 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 19 mid-level artifacts, inter- Anne of Cleves, 159 Cologne, 30 national dissemination Dukes of, 63, 69 Colonia, Hans and Simon of, see middle classes, John, Duke of Cleves, 63 de, 162 Burgundian arts for Cleyen, Aerd van der, 236 Columba Altarpiece (van der weddings, role of, 144–45 cloth, see textiles Weyden), 238, 239 Cossa, Francesco del, 215 clothing, 121–24 Comminges, Count of, 65 cost issues, see also economics

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Burgundian court, cost of Cyprus, Cardinal of, 113 decorum and ornateness, 81 living at, 64–65 Cyriacus of Ancona, 271–72 Delft, John Van (John Vandelf), carved wooden Braban- Cyropaedia (Xenophon), 70, 154 tine altarpieces, 235–36 148 Della Famiglia (Alberti), 225 gemstones, cost of work Denmark, portrait of Christ- in, 223, 225 D’Accone, F.A., 203 ian II of, 169, 170 goldwork, cost of work in, Dalmau, Luis, 180, 263 Descamps, Jean-Baptiste, 223 dancing, 130, 131, 138, 141 23–24 metalwork, cost of work Dante (Alighieri), 242 Deschamps, Eustace, 42 in, 223 Danzig,Tani altarpiece seized Desprez, Josquin, 132, 188, middle classes of fifteenth for, 239 196 century,salaries of, dark ages, concept of, 8 Didier, R., 256 222–23 Dary,Robert, 110 Dijon Spanish courtiers, salaries Dasse, Johann, 238 architectural projects of of, 171 David, Gerard, 32, 39 Burgundian Dukes, 134 tapestries, 222, 225 David, son of Philip the Champmol, Chartreuse Coudenberg Palace, 123 Good, Bishop of de, 134 Council for Union between Thérouanne, 99–100 ducal tapestries kept at, • 361 Greek and Latin De pictura, Della Pittura 106 Churches, 204 (Alberti), 9, 13 entry of Charles the Bold Courajod, Louis, 38, 40, 41 De re aedificatoria (Alberti), 13 into, 52 court employment, negative De statua (Alberti), 13 Ste. Chapelle, 134 features of, 170–71 De triumphis religionis (Arienti), Dinant, Charles the Bold’s The Courtier (Castiglione), 48 campaigns against, 55 69, 209 De viris illustribus (Facius), Dionysius of Halicarnassus, courtly love, Medici tourna- 186 21 ments themed on, Decameron (Boccaccio), 8 diplomacy 207–8 “decorative” or “minor” arts, artists, political missions Coustain, Pierre, 143 2, 4–5, 46, 74–75, 76–84 of, 192–93 craftspeople, see artisans armor and weaponry, see Burgundy,diplomats sent Créqui, Jean de, 69 armor and weaponry to, 63–64, 147 Crosby Hall, 256 Bruges exposition, segre- international interchange, Crowe, Joseph, 32 gation of art media at, fostering, 144–45 Croxetis, Jean de, 197 39 musicians as element of, Croy, Antoine de, 130 clothing, see clothing 189–93 Croys of Chimay, 147 embroideries, 106, 116–21, Order of the Golden Crucifix with the Virgin and St. 232, 261 Fleece as instrument of, John, St. George’s gemstones, see gemstones 65 Chapel,Windsor, 151 goldwork, see goldwork Spain’s methodology of, Crucifixion triptych (van der jewelry, 84–85, 88, 95–96, 160–61 Weyden), 209, 210 96, 124, 255 viewing platforms erected crumhorns, 134 magnificence, role in for diplomats at great crusading ambitions of Bur- political ideology of, celebrations, 136 gundian Dukes, 57, 76–84 divertissements,see entremets 61–62, 70–71, 110, 194 metalwork, see metalwork or divertissements Cruz, Diego de la, 162, 165 music, 5, 6, 45, 67, 130–34 Doche working in England, cups and goblets, 92, 94, 98, nineteenth century revival 151, 256 139, 143, 201–202, Plate of interest in, 39 Dolce, Lodovico, 15 IX tapestries, see tapestries Dôle, university at, 68

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Domenichino, 18 Burgundian court, see Elizabeth I, Queen of Eng- Donatello, 9, 44 education and learning land, 159 donations to churches by at Burgundian court Elizabeth of York,Henry VII middle-class patrons, English court, 158–59 of England’s marriage 249–50 “Famous Men” friezes, to, 157 Doni Portraits (Raphael), 269 216–18 Ellul, J., 108 Donne, Sir John and Lady, Montefeltro’s self-portrayal Eltham, building projects at, 244–47, 249 as man of, 211, 214 150, 157 Donohue, Alice, 21, 22 musical education and émail en rond-bosse, 86 Doria,Andrea, 72 scholarship at Spanish embellishment, importance Dortenche, Filipotto de, 206 court, 174, 176 of, 78–84, see also “dec- dosseret, 99 education and learning at orative” or “minor” drageoirs, 84, 85, 90–92, 91 Burgundian court arts dressoirs (buffets), 92, 99, 106, classicism of, 67–69 embroideries, 106, 116–21, 138 cultivation of learning, 134 232, 261 drums, 173 foreign noble youths, emigration/immigration of du Pol,Alexandre, 128 63–64 artisans, see immigra- 362 • Duc, Louis le, 171 libraries, see libraries tion/emigration of Dufay,Guillaume, 192 university education pro- artisans Dürer,Albrecht, 12, 25, 166, moted by Dukes, 68–69 enameled goldwork, 86 231, 263 Edward IV of England, Enghien, Pierre d’, 156 Duwes, Giles, 158 147–52 England, 146–60, see also spe- dwarfs, 140 architecture, 150–51 cific rulers and individ- Dynter, Edmond de, 68 Donne, Sir John, 245–46, ual places 247 architecture under Eastlake, Charles, 31 exile in Flanders, 63, 147 Edward IV and Henry economics Gruuthuse and, 63, 147, VII, 150–51, 156–57 art acquisition as economic 150 Burgundy,relationship activity and stimulus, library of, 147–59 with, 59, 61, 63, 114, 224 Margaret of York,sister 146–47 Burgundy’s economic role of, see Margaret of chronicles, 157–58 in Europe, 5–6, 76–77, York’s marriage to Field of Cloth of Gold, 114, 160 Charles the Bold 156, 157 costs of specific items, see Medici agent’s loan to glass and glaziers, 154, cost issues defray cost of Margaret 156–57 exportation of Burgun- of York’s marriage, 239 immigration of Nether- dian/Netherlandish Order of the Garter landish/Burgundian goods, styles, and skills received by Federigo da artists and artisans to, abroad, 255–70 Montefeltro from, 209 147, 150, 154, 156–57, fairs and markets, see fairs Order of the Golden 158–59, 255–60 and markets Fleece, 65 importation of Netherlan- middle classes, see middle St. George’s Chapel, dish/Burgundian arti- classes, Burgundian arts Windsor, 255 facts to, 255–60 for tapestries and, 72, 107, 108, libraries of Edward IV and Edinburgh, altarpiece of 149–50, 187, 197 Henry VII, 147–49, Collegiate Church of Egas, Enrique de, 163 158–59 Holy Trinity of, Eleanore, daughter of Philip magnificence, political 247–49, 252–53 the Fair and Joanna the ideology of, 151–52, education and learning Mad, 112 155, 156–58, 159–60

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Margaret of York, see Mar- Medici clients in purchase Mappamundi, 183–84 garet of York’s marriage of tapestries, 201 Medici, paintings owned to Charles the Bold tapestries, 197, 201 by, 201 paintings from Nether- Esther, story of, 71, 113, 116 political missions of, 192 lands acquired by mid- Étempes, Jean comte d’, 69 Pontano on, 185–86 dle classes of, 244–47 Ethics (Aristotle), Oresme St. George, 184 Richmond Palace under translation, 228, Plate St. Jerome in his Study, 201 Henry VII, 152–54, 157, XXIV salary of, 128 158 Eton College, 255, 256, 257 Sforza, Ludovico, recom- tapestries of Edward IV, Eugenius IV (Pope), 113 mended by Filarete to, 72, 107, 108, 149–50, eulogies of painters, 184–86 194 187, 197 Ewing, D., 229 Virgin with Canon van der English, John, 155 Exeter, Henry Holland, Paele, 116, 117, 126 Enlightenment historiogra- Duke of, 63 phy, 19–24 exportation of Burgun- Fabriano, Gentile da, 108, Enseignement de la vrai noblesse, dian/Netherlandish 186 158 goods and skills abroad, Facius, Bartholomaeus Enseignement Paternels (Lan- 255–70 (Bartholomeo Fazio), • 363 noy), 67 Exposition de la Toison d’or, 108, 182, 183, 186, 187, Entombment (Michelangelo), Bruges, 1907, 40–41 209, 250 238, 241 Expositions, 38–41 fairs and markets entremets or divertissements Eyck, Hubert van, 25, 29, altarpieces sold at, 228, Katharine of Aragon’s 30–31, 32, 36, 41, 43 232, 233, 237 marriage to Prince Eyck, Jan van artists and artisans attend- Arthur, son of Henry Alfonso V of Aragon, 180, ing, 230–31 VII, 155 182–84 dissemination of Burgun- Margaret of York’s mar- armor, depiction of, 126 dian/Netherlandish riage to Charles the art history,place in, 16–17, artifacts via, 226–32 Bold, 136,139–40 25, 29, 30–31, 32, 36, 39, duty-free fairs of Castile, Spanish court, 172, 174 40, 41, 43 178 tableaux vivants, 69–70, Bruges exposition of Medici purchase of 71 1902, 39, 40 Netherlandish luxury Ermine, Order of the, 209 clientele of, 238 goods at, 201 Escalona Castle,Toledo, 161 Dalmau, Luis, 180 Panden, 227–30, 233 escuyers, 98 education and learning at representations of, 227, espices, service of, 90, 92 Burgundian court and, 228, 229, Plate XXIII, espreuves, 98, Plate X 68 Plate XXIV Este family, 218, 220 English portrait in manner Les faiz du grant Alexandre Alfonso, 193 of, 250 (Quintus Curtius, Belfiore Palace, 216 esteem enjoyed by, 185 transl. Lucena), 49, 70, Borso, 216, 218 eulogy by Giovanni Santi, 72, 100, 148, Plate II Ercole I, 48, 188, 193, 196, 269 “Famous Men” friezes, 220 Facius on, 183, 186, 209, 216–18, 219, Plates XIX- Ferrante I of Naples’ rela- 250 XXI tionship with, 189 Ghent Altarpiece, 120, 180 Famous Men (Joos van Francesco, 63, 193, 218 Italian rulers’ appreciation Ghent), 216, 219, Plate Ippolito, 193 of, 184 XIX, Plate XXI Isabella, 78, 193 Lomellini triptych (van Feast of the Pheasant, 57–58, Leonello, 63, 216, 218 Eyck), 183 70, 88, 110, 134, 136, 138

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Federico, Prince of Taranto, Fillastre, Guillaume de, Fonseca, Bishop Juan 64 65–66, 151, 222–23 Rodrigues de, 171–72 Felicis, Johannes, 197 Firenze, Niccolo da, 216 Fonseca family, 161 Fenlon, Iain, 45 Flanders Fontaine (musician), 134, 192 Feragut, Bernard, 204 Louis of Male, Count of, Foppa,Vicenzo, 197 Ferdinand II of Aragon, 65, 134–35 Fortescue, Sir John, 151–52 160–78, 189 Margaret of, 95 fossilized sharks’ teeth (“ser- Ferguson,W.K., 7, 8, 20, 43 tapestry center, as, 114 pent tongues”), 96–98, Fernández de Oviedo, Flandes, Juan de, 163, 166, Plate X Gonçalo, 174 171–72 fountains, 136, 138 Ferrante I King of Naples, Flandre,Arnau de, 260 Fouquet, Jan (“Grachetto”), 189–91, 218, 220 Flaxman, John, 25 194, 263 d’Este family,relationship Flemish art Fra Angelico, 216, 238, 241 with, 189 differentiation of Flemish France, see also individual Federico, Prince of and Netherlandish cities; specific rulers Taranto, son of, 64 schools, 32 Burgundian imitation of, Medici family and, 204, The Early Flemish Painters 77, 94 364 • 205, 206 (Crowe and Caval- Burgundian/Netherlan- Montelfeltro, Federigo da, caselle), 32 dish arts, influence of, 209 French/Flemish connec- 263 music, 188, 189–91, 204, tion, 38, 40 Burgundian/Netherlan- 205, 206 Les Primitifs flamands et dish arts, rise of domi- Order of the Golden l’art ancien, Bruges nance over, 226 Fleece, 63, 65, 190 exposition, 1902, 38– Burgundian relationship painting, 189, 215 40 with, 53–56, 58–60, 61, Sforza family, relationship Florence 62, 65 with, 189, 191 importation of Burgun- Burgundian subjection to, tapestries, 189 dian/Netherlandish 58–59 Trojan War tapestries, 72 goods and artisans, Flemish/French connec- Ferrara, Dukes of, see Este 205–6, 261–62 tion, 38, 40 family Medici family of, see magnificence, origins of Field of Cloth of Gold, 156, Medici family political ideology of, 77 157 Milan and Venice, tourna- medieval art and national- Fierens-Gevaert, Hippolyte, ment celebrating ism, 25–26 38, 40, 41 alliance with, 208 musicians from Nether- Fiesole, Medici villa at, 201 Strozzi family, 250 lands/Burgundy, fifteenth century Florentine/Tuscan phenom- employment of, 132 Burckhardt’s championing enon, Renaissance paintings of of, 37 treated as, 1, 2 Burgundy/Netherlands, Huizinga on, 41–44 Huizinga’s views, 42 nineteenth-century Michelet’s view of, 33 van Mander’s challenge to, interest in, 31 Renaissance, used in place 17 Les Primitifs français, Paris of, 3 Vasari’s Lives of the Artists exposition, 1904, 38, 40 Vasari’s characterization of, and, 1, 2, 8–9, 11–13 Spain, relationship with, 14 Voltaire, 20 160–61 Filarete (Antonio Averlino), Floris, Franz, 39 Francesca, Piero della, 194, 215 Flower, Bernard, 157 263–64 Filelfo, Francesco, 56 flutes, 130, 134, 174, 203 Franch, Huguet lo, 188

index

Francis I of France, 7, 33, 156 Gerard of Holland, 189 see Order of the Golden Fregoso,Agostino, 209 Germain, Cardinal Jean, 59 Fleece frescoes compared to tapes- German Empire, see also Golden tree, tournament of tries, 105–6 specific rulers (Pas de l’Arbre d’or), 135, Fresenius, Karl, 35 armor production in, 128 140, 141–42, 155 Friedländer, Max J., 3, 40 Burgundian/Netherlan- Goldene Rössl, 85, 86, 88, Friedrich III (Emperor), 57, dish arts, influence of, Plate VII 59, 62, 72, 89, 108, 123, 263 Goldstein, Carl, 19 170 Burgundy,relationship Goldthwaite, Richard, 224 Froissart, Jean, 10, 158 with, 59, 62, 65, 168 goldwork, 84–103, see also funerary monuments, goldwork inherited by specific types and 134–35, 159, 161–63, Hapsburg heirs of Bur- objects 221, 222, 255–56, 260 gundy, 95 Agnès of Cleves’ marriage furniture sold at fairs and Ghent Altarpiece (van Eyck), to Charles Prince of markets, 228, 232 120, 180 Navarre, gifts of Philip Ghent, campaigns against, the Good at, 124 Gaddo, Gaddi, 10 69–70, 72, 112, 145 altarpieces, gilded, 236 Galassi, M. C., 264 Ghent, Joos van (Giusto da armor and weaponry, • 365 gambling on tennis, 154 Guanto, Joos van 126 Garter, Order of the, 209 Wassenhove),215–19, borrowing, 88 Gavere, battle of, 103 264 Burgundian collection, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin, Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 8, 9 88–89 30–31, 40 Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 242, cloth and thread, 106, 107, gemstones 263 117–21, 121–24 armor and weaponry, Ghizeghem, Hayne van, cost of work in, 223 decorating, 126 134 dismemberment and clothing embroidered Gibbon,William, 20 melting down of, with, 118, 123, 142 Gideon tapestries, 79, 100, 84–85, 86–87 coronet of Margaret of 110–12, 114, 222 fairs and markets, sold at, York, 142, Plate XIV gift-giving, 64, 100, 113, 228, 230, 232 cost of work in, 223, 225 124–25 gemstones as part of, embroidery,used in, 118, gilding, see goldwork 85–86, 88–89, 90 121 Gilio, Livino di, 261 horse ornaments, 84, 120 fairs and markets, sold at, Ginevra de Benci (Leonardo importation of Netherlan- 232 da Vinci), 263 dish/Burgundian artists, goldwork, as part of, Giotto, 8, 23, 26, 185 255–56 85–86, 88–89, 90, 139 Giovanni, Coppino di, 261 Italian value placed on, Italian value placed on, 185 Gistel, Jan van, 222 185 Medici family, 201–2 Giusto, Giovanni di, 189 Margaret of York’s mar- properties attributed to, glass and glaziers, 94, 154, riage to Charles the 83–84 156–57, 250, 255, 256, Bold, 144 rosaries and prayer beads, 260 Medici family, 201–2 232, 237–38 goblets and cups, 92, 94, 99, political tool, as, 84, vessels carved from, 93–94, 139, 143, 201–2, Plate IX 99–100, 103 99, 124 Goes, Hugo van der, 215, 242, practicality of, 86 genealogical identification 247, 249, 255 religious or Church with ancient heroes, 59, Goethe, 23 pieces, 84–85, 87, 89, 70, 73, 107, 109 Golden Fleece, Order of the, 101–3

index

goldwork (cont.) Dukes of, 63 Henry VIII of England, 7, rosaries and prayer beads, Mary of, 100, 248 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 232, 237–38 Guildhall, London, 256 225 tapestries, use in, 107 guilds, 226, 227, 228, Hercules, 70, 73, 107–8, Goltzius, Hendrick, 16 234–35, 236, 237, 109–10, 140, 148, Gombrich, Ernst, 36 257–58 157–58, 163 Gonçalvez, Nuno,263 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 25 Gonzaga family hanaps, 99 heroes, depictions of series Ludovico I, 187, 193 Haneron,Antoine, 68 of, 216–18 Rodolfo, 63–64, 65–66, Hannibal, 69, 72, 113 Hersella, Levinus, 197 193 Hanseatic League, 59, 239 Hesdin, Jason painting cycle tapestries, 197 Hapsburgs, see also German at castle of, 71, 78, 82 Gorichem, tower at, 140–41 empire Hexter, J. H., 68 Gossaert, Jan, 39 Charles V, 7, 57, 58, 65, 72, hierarchy of arts, 76–84 “Gothic” art, 24, 26, 33, 38, 106, 128, 226 Histoire de Jason (Lefèvre), 71, 219 goldwork inherited by 148 Gozzoli, Benozzo, 83, 105, Hapsburg heirs of Bur- Histoire de la Toison d’or 366 • 215 gundy, 95 (Fillastre), 65–66, 151, Granada, 163 Mary of Burgundy’s mar- Plate IV Grand Bastard of Burgundy riage to Maximilian I Histoire of Renaud de Mon- (Anthony), 63, 69, 88, Hapsburg, 57, 58, 59, 64, tauban (Liédet), 130, 131 130, 141, 155 95, 96 historiographical issues, 2–3, Les Grands chroniques de France, Maximilian I, 57, 58, 59, 4, 8–46 9 64, 73, 95, 96, 161, 167, academic tradition, classi- Grandson, Battle of, 112, 126 177, 191 cal/Italian dominance Greco-Roman classicism, see harps, 130, 203 of, 17–19 classicism Haskell, Francis, 33 “Art,”development of Greek presence in Burgundy, Hastings, Elizabeth, 246 modern concept of, 49 68 Hastings, Lord, 247 biases of art history as dis- Greenberg, Clement, 80 haut musical instruments, cipline, 4, 13, 17–19 Grenier, Guillaume, 197 130, 173 Burgundian style’s loss of Grenier, Jean, 155 haute-lice tapestries, 138 connection with Bur- Grenier, Melchior, 197 Haynin, Jehan de, Lord of gundian dukes, 5, 226, Grenier, Pasquier, 71, 108, Louvignies, 137 272 109, 113, 114, 149, 150, Haze, Jean de, 112 chivalry,perceptions of, 155, 197 Hegel, 2, 22, 23, 27–29, 34, 24, 36, 41, 42 Grimaldi, Lionello and 35–36 classicism, see classicism Manuele Oliva, 221–22 Heinsberg, Jean de, Bishop eighteenth-century sys- Gruuthuse, Louis de, 63, 147, of Liège, 113 tematization of history, 150, 247 Helmschmid, Desiderius, 19–24 Grymeston, Edward, 250, 126, 128 expectations of classicizing 254 Hennekart, Jehan, 143 borrowing in Burgun- Guadalupe, 163, 260 Henry IV of Portugal, 162 dian/Netherlandish Guanto, Giusto da (Joos van Henry V of England, 146 arts, 271 Ghent, Joos van Wassen- Henry VI of England, 146, “great man theory,” 20 hove),215–19,264 250, 255 hierarchy of arts, 76–84 Guas, Juan, 162–63 Henry VII of England, 58, idea of Renaissance, ori- Guelders 72, 107, 151, 152–60, gins of, 8–10 Arnold, Duke of, 113 153, 166, 167, 177, 220 Italian dominance, see Italy

index

and Italian history, Huizinga, Johan, 2, 8, 32, 34, Florence dominance of 40–44, 45, 66 Burgundians/Nether- medieval culture/middle Hulin de Loo, Georges, 40 landers in, 205–6, ages, see medieval cul- humanism, 4, 8–9, 24, 56, 261–62 ture/middle ages 66–67, 68, 74, 108, 158, Spain nationalism, 25–26, 28, 29, 163, 182, 185, 194, 211 Burgundians/Nether- 30, 32, 37–38, 40 Humbert II, 99 landers in, 161, 163–72, nineteenth-/early twentieth- Hungary,Matthias Corvinus 177–78, 180 century conceptions of of, 72 importation of Burgun- Renaissance, 32–44 Hunt of the Duke of Burgundy dian/Netherlandish painting, focus on, 184–86, tapestry, 201 goods and skills abroad, 223–24 Huntsman Salt, 93, 95 255–70 periodization, see periodi- Hupiss merchant house, Infancy of Christ altarpiece, zation Ravensburg,221 Clerey,France, 237 regional schools, problems Innocent VIII (Pope), 189 with, 29, 273 Illescas, Gonzalo de, Bishop internationalism of fifteenth- Renaissance, concept of, of Córdova, 260 century Europe, see cos- see Renaissance illuminated manuscripts mopolitanism of • 367 taste, concept of, 80 artists and artisans, repre- fifteenth-century universalist art histories, sentations of, 227, 229, Europe 26–29 Plate XXIV Isaac, Heinrich, 132, 188, 196, Vasari’s influence, 8–17 Burgundian cultivation of, 206 visual evidence, depen- 134 Isabel, daughter of Ferdinand dence on, 33–34, 41 English use of Burgundian and Isabella of Spain, Holbein, Hans, 25 masters, 158–59, 259–60 161 Holland, Henry,Duke of fairs and markets, sold at, Isabella of Bavaria, 85, 86 Exeter, 63 227, 228, 232 Isabella of Bourbon, 85, 86, Holy Roman Empire, see importation of Burgun- 135 German Empire; Haps- dian/Netherlandish Isabella of Castille, 72, 108, burgs goods, 259–60 160–78, 173, 260 Hone, Gaylon, 157 Spain, 176, 179 Isabella of Portugal, 65, 69, Horenbout, Gerard, 158 immigration/emigration of 87, 92, 94, 104, 120, 143, Horenbout, Lucas, 158 artists and artisans, 5–6, 144, 162, Plate XV Horenbout, Susanna, 158–59 147, 150, 255–70 Isenbrant,Adraien, 32 Horn, Georg, 24 Alfonso V of Aragon, Islamic elements, Spanish horse ornaments, 84, 120, artists imported by, 180, adaptation of, 163 142 189 Italy, see also specific families Hospederìa Real, Guadalupe, Burgundian/Netherlands and city-states 163 region, artists and arti- armorers of, 128–29 Hôtel d’Ablainsevelle, Arras, sans studying in, Burgundian/Netherlan- fireproof hall at, 106 179–80, 189, 215, dish arts, influence of, Hôtel d’Artois, Paris, 53, 79, 262–70 263–70 105, 106, 108 Burgundians/Netherlan- Burgundy,relationship household ordinances of ders working abroad, between Italian states Burgundian court and 255–62 and, 60, 61, 62 Edward IV of England, England historiographical domi- 151, 158, 188 Burgundians/Nether- nance of, see Italy and Hughes,Anthony, 3 landers in, 147, 150, 154, Italian history,domi- Hugonet, Guillaume, 150 156–57, 158–59, 255–60 nance of

index

luxury fabrics, production James IV,King of Scots, 156, Marriage of Prince Arthur of, 122 158, 249 tapestry, 156, 157 Naples, see Naples, King- Jason, story of, 57–58, 70–71, Sittow’s portraits, 166, 167, dom of 73, 77, 82, 110 170 Netherlandish musicians, Jérôme de Bruxelles, 260 Katwijk, Diderik van, 166 employment of, 132, Jerusalem Siege tapestries, 156 Kervyn de Lettenhove, 188, 189–91, 197–200 jewelry, 84–85, 88, 95–96, 96, Henri, 39 Netherlandish painting, 124, 255 King’s College, Cambridge, influence of, 263–70 jewels, see gemstones 255 painters and painting, Joan II of Aragon, 65 Kugler, Franz, 26–27 praise and patronage of, Joanna, Duchess of Brabant, 184–86, 223–24 135 Laborde, L. E. S. J. de, 31–32, Italy and Italian history, Joanna of Aragon’s marriage 38 dominance of to Philip the Fair, 155 Lady and the Unicorn tapes- academic tradition, 17–19 John, Duke of Bedford, 146 tries, 115 Burckhardt and, 35–36 John the Fearless, 49, 71, 88, Lalaing, Simon de, 130 Burgundian/Netherlan- 112, 123, 126, 134 Lambespring, Bartholomew, 368 • dish arts, rise of domi- joiners and joinery, 154, 228 256 nance over, 226 Joseph and his brothers tapestry Lambeth Palace, 256 chivalric ethos of Burgun- cycle, Palazzo Vecchio, Lamentation (Fra Angelico), dians, Italian humanism Venice, 106 238, 241 contrasted with, 66–67 Josephus, 69, 148 Lamentation (van der Weyden), classicism of Burgundians Jouffroy,Jean, Cardinal of 238,240, 271–72 compared to, 74–75 Arras, 113 Lamentation over Christ (Mas- eighteenth-century histor- Journey of the Magi (Gozzoli), ter of St. Lucy Legend), ical writing, 20–24 82–83, 105–6 244, 247 Florence/Tuscany, see jousts, see tournaments Lamo,Alessandro, 15 Florentine/Tuscan phe- joyaux, 84, 85, 86, 92, 94 languiers, 98, Plate X nomenon, Renaissance Joye, Gilles, 192 Lannoy,Ghillebert de, 67, 68, treated as Joys of the Virgin tapestry, 113 148 Hegel’s theories, 29 Juan II of Castille, 161, 162, Last Judgment Altarpiece (van Huizinga on, 41, 43 Plate XV der Weyden), 249–50 Hungary,Matthias Corvi- Juan, son of Ferdinand and Last Judgment triptych nus of, 72 Isabella of Spain, 161, (Memling), 239, 242, 243 middle ages, despite reha- 174, 176 Leadenhall, London, 256 bilitation of, 26 Juana de Loca (Joanna the leather and leatherworkers, nineteenth-/early twenti- Mad), 112, 161, 167, 175, 144, 232, 259 eth-century views on 176 Lefèvre, Jean, 71 role of, 35–6, 37, 38, 39, Judgment tapestries, 150 Lefèvre, Raoul, 110, 147–48, 40, 41, 43–44 Justus de Allemagna (Jos 149 Renaissance identified Ammann), 221–22 Legenda Aurea (Jacopo da with, 1, 2–3, 4, 8, 11, 20 Juvenal,69 Voragine), 255 universalist art histories Lemaire, Jean, 157 and, 26–27, 29 Katharine of Aragon Lenoir,Alexandre, 26, 33 ivory, 96, 99 Arthur, son of Henry VII, Leo of Rozmital, 50–52, 98, marriage to, 58, 72, 142, 123 James II, King of Scots, 100 152, 155, 156, 157, 161 Leo X (Pope), 177, 205 James III, King of Scots, Henry VIII,marriage to, Léon, 163, 260 248–49 161 Leonardo da Vinci, 7, 14, 40,

index

44, 185, 193–94, 238, Louis of Male, Count of Alfonso V of Aragon’s 263 Flanders, 134–35 move to Naples, 180–81 Lettenhove, Henri Kervyn de, Louis, Pasquier, 130 armor and weaponry, 39 Louis XI of France, 53–56,59, 125–26 Leureux, Jean, 197 60,62,63,65,72,78,86, Charles the Bold, 49–50, Leyden, Lucas van, 16 92,94,109,135,194,195 52–53, 54–58, 64–65, 84 liberality as noble virtue, Louvain, University of, 68 clothing, 49, 52, 53, 64–65, 100, 114 Louvignies, Jehan de 88–89, 121–24 libraries Haynin, Lord of, 137 “decorative” or “minor” Burgundian Dukes, Loyet, Gérard, 101, 102, 126 arts, role of, 77–78 68–69, 70, 72, 74 Lucan, 67 embroideries, 120–21 Edward IV of England, Lucasbrüder, 25 England, Burgundy’s 147–49 Lucena,Vasco da, 49, 70, 72, influence on, 151–52, Gruuthuse, Louis de, 147 100, 148 155, 156–58, 159–60 Henry VII of England, Lucian, 74 goldwork as political tool, 158–59 Lucretia tapestries, 71, 138 84, 99–100, 103 Montefeltro, Federigo da, Ludwig I of Bavaria, 30 international adoption of Duke of Urbino, Luna,Alvaro de, 161 Burgundian style, 146 • 369 210–11, 215 lutes, 130, 134, 203 luxury arts and, 76–84 Sforza library,French Luton Hoo,Werner collec- Medici family, 201, 203, books in, 67 tion at, 39 208 Spanish monarchs, 163,174, Luxembourg,Anthony of, Montefeltro, Federigo da, 178 Count of Roussy, 142 Duke of Urbino, 209, Vatican library, 74 Luxembourg expedition, 218 Liédet, Loyset, 130 126 music, 130, 133–34 Liège, campaigns against, 55, Luxembourg, Louis of, ornateness and embellish- 112, 137, 193 Count of St. Pol, 108–9 ment, importance of, Life of the Virgin luxury goods, see also specific 78–84 Brabantine altarpieces, types pageants and banquets, 232, 233, 233 donations to churches, 135, 136–37, 139, 142 tapestries, 113, 114 249–50 painting, 186 Lignana,Agostino Corradi fairs and markets, sold at, Philip the Good, 49–58, di,Abbot of Casanova, 227–28, 232 84 65 role of, 5–6, 76–84, 182 Sforza family, 194 Lincoln’s Inn, London, 256 Lysippus, 22 Spain, 160, 161, 162, 163, liturgical manuscripts, trade 174 in, 259–60, see also Macchiavelli’s Discourses on tapestries, 109, 110, 114 books, illuminated Livy, 60 textile decorations, 122–25 manuscripts Madonna and Child (Botti- Mainfroy,Jehan, 126 Livy, 60, 69, 148, 158 celli’s workshop), 265, Male, Louis of, Count of Loherant, Garin de, 137 266 Flanders, 134–35 Lomazzo, Gian Paolo, 17 Madonna of the Goldfinch Maletta, Francesco, 191, 200 Lomellini triptych (van (Raphael), 265–67, 267, Mander, Karl van, 15–17, 23 Eyck), 183 269, 270 Manfredi,Astorre, 201 Lomme, Janin, 260 Magdalene retable of Clau- Mannerism, 18 Loos, Adolf, 80 dio de Villa, 234, 235 Mantegna,Andrea, 185 Louis d’Orléans, 85 magnificence, political ideol- Mantua, marquisate of, Louis of Luxembourg, ogy of, 3–5, 47–58, 63–64, 78 Count of St. Pol, 108–9 76–84, 273 Manuel I of Portugal, 161

index

Mappamundi (van Eyck), multiple resources, layer- Mechelen, Jan van, 260 183–84 ing of, 136–37, 139, 140, medals and coins Marchant, Jehan, 120 142–44 Alfonso V of Aragon and Marche, Olivier de la, 68, 92, music at, 140, 141 Naples, medals com- 109, 126, 139, 142, 143, organization and execution missioned by, 181, 183 151, 208 of festivities, 142–44 Italian value placed on, Margaret, daughter of Philip painters, role of, 143–44 185 the Bold, 88 sculpture at, 136, 141, 144 Medea, story of, 71 Margaret of Austria, 108, 158, solemnization of, 135 Medici family, 201–8 161, 166, 167–68, 169, tapestries displayed at, 71, Alfonso of Naples’ musi- 170 111, 120, 137–38, 139 cians sent to perform Margaret of Flanders, 95 textiles used at, 136–38, for, 189 Margaret of York’s marriage 140, 142, 144 Burgundian Dukes, rela- to Charles the Bold, tournament of the tionship with, 61 135–44 Golden Tree (Pas de Cosimo, 11, 14, 81, 106, banquets at, 136, 138–39, l’Arbre d’or), 135, 140, 204, 239 140–41 141–42, 155 Enlightenment view of, 370 • buffet at, 99 Margaret Tudor’s marriage to 20 Caxton, Margaret of York’s James IV King of Scots, gemstones, 201–2 patronage of, 148, 149 156, 158 Giovanni, 201, 202 chandeliers, 138 Marguerite of Bavaria, 123 Giuliano, 208 chivalric ideas embodied Maria, daughter of Ferdi- Huizinga on, 42 in festivities, 66 nand and Isabella of Lamentation (van der Wey- classical stories referred to Spain, 161 den), likely patrons of, festivities, 71, 109 markets, see fairs and markets 238 clothing, 136, 142 Marmion, Simon, 223 Lorenzo, 67, 142, 188, coronet of Margaret of marriages, see weddings and 204–6, 207, 220 York, 142, Plate XIV engagements, princely magnificence, political decor and displays at, Martelli, Luigi, 237 ideology of, 201, 203, 135–39, 140, 142 Martin V (Pope), 113 208 England, consolidation of Martini, Johannes, 188 metalwork, precious, alliance with, 135, Marvilla, Jachetto di, 189, 201–2 139–40, 147 205–6 mirrors imported by, 201 entremets or divertisse- Mary of Burgundy, 57, 58, music and Netherlandish ments, 136, 139–40 59, 64, 92, 95, 96, 120, musicians, 132, 203–7 influence and importance 135, 140, 161, 247 paintings of, 80, 202, of festivities, 58, 142 Mary of Guelders, 100, 248 238–39 international interchange, Masaccio, 9 palace of, 82 144 Mass of St. Gregory tapestry, Piero, 201, 202, 206, 216, Katharine of Aragon’s 176, 178 239 marriage to Prince Massingham, John, 256 reliquary for finger of St. Arthur modeled on, 155 Master of Moulin, 263 Catherine, 201 library of Margaret of Master of St. Lucy Legend, studietto, Palazzo Medici, York, 147 244 216 magnificence, political Master of St. Ursula Legend, tapestries, 197, 201, 202–3 ideology of, 135, 243, 246 tapestry trade, role in, 136–37, 139, 142 Maximilian I Hapsburg, 57, 114 Medici loan to defray cost 58, 59, 64, 73, 95, 96, tournaments, 207–8 of, 239 161, 167, 177, 191 Vasari, patronage of, 11, 14

index

medieval culture/middle ages armor and weaponry, see Milan disparagement of, 3, 8, 10, armor and weaponry armorers, 128, 129 33, 41–44 copper effigies, tomb of Dukes of, see Sforza family Huizinga on, 41–44 Richard Beauchamp, Florence and Venice, tour- rehabilitation of, 24–26, 29 Earl of Warwick, nament celebrating Meijer, B.W., 264 255–56, 258, 259, 261 alliance with, 208 Melion,Walter, 16 donations to churches, Savoy and Burgundy, Memling, Hans 249–50 alliance with, 53 Bruges exposition of fairs and markets, sold at, Milecto, Jeronomo (“Pio- 1902, 39 228, 230 vano”), 205 Bruges, working in, 263 gold, see goldwork Millefleur tapestries, 112–13, Christ as the Man of Sor- silver and silver-gilt, 84, 113 rows, 264, 265 96, 99, 102, 107, 124, Minerva, 208 Last Judgment triptych, 139, 201–2, 237 “minor” arts, see “decorative” 239, 242, 243 Meurs, Frederick, Count of, or “minor” arts nineteenth-century schol- 113 minstrels, 130, 136 arship’s interest in, 29, Meyere, Jan de, 222 Miracles of the Virgin, Eton 30 Michelangelo Buonarrotti, 7, College, 255, 257 • 371 Passion of Christ triptych, 11, 14, 17, 18, 27, 40, 44, Miraculous Draft of Fish tapes- 242–43, 245 238, 241 try, Vatican, 177, 179 Raphael’s imitation of, Michelet, Jules, 26, 32–34, 35, Miraflores monastery,Bur- 266–68, 270 36 gos, Spain, 162, 163, 165, St. John Altarpiece, 124, 125 Michiel, Marcantonio, 15 171 St. John the Baptist, 267, middle ages, see medieval mirrors 268, 268–69 culture/middle ages Alfonso V of Aragon and St.Veronica, 266–67, 269 middle classes, Burgundian Naples, gilded mirrors Schlegel on, 29 arts for, 5–6, 221–54 imported by, 182 Virgin and Child with Brabantine altarpieces as importation of Burgun- Saints, 246, 251 case study of, 232–38 dian/Netherlandish workshop of, 226 donations to churches, goods, 259 Mendoza family, 161 249–50 Medici family, 201 merchants and trade, 5–6, fairs and markets, artifacts Missaglia, Francesco, 62, 129, 76–77, 114, 178 sold at, 226–32 194 carved altarpieces pur- imitation of dress and Modena, Marquises of, see chased for resale, 236–37 accoutrements of Bur- Este family fairs and markets, see fairs gundian nobility, 243 Modernism, 79, 80 and markets marketing of arts to, 226–38 Molder, Jan de, 236 mass marketing of Bur- painting, 221–25, 238–54 Molinet, Jean, 157 gundian/Netherlandish salary comparisons, 222–23 Mona Lisa (Leonardo da artifacts, 226–38 sculpture, 223–25, 237–38 Vinci), 263 paintings purchased for social climbing, arts as monkeys as decorative ele- resale, 250 means of, 222–26 ment, 141, 143, 201–2 Merchinot, Jean, 42 Miélot, Jean, 74, 148, 158 Montauban, Histoire of Renaud Merode Altarpiece (Campin), Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, de (Liédet), 130 227, 228 80 Montefeltro, Federigo da, Messina,Antonello da, 197 migration of artists and arti- Duke of Urbino, 72, metalwork sans, see immigration/ 189, 196, 197, 208–18, altarpieces of wood imi- emigration of artists and 214, 220, 250, 263, 264, tating, 236 artisans 269

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Montemagno, Buonaccorso’ polyphony, 133–34, 174, nefs, 54, 84, 85, 95, 124 da, 74 188, 203, 206, 207 Negroli, Filippo and Monthureux, Charles the raids on musicians Francesco, 128 Bold’s campaigns employed by other neoplatonism, 18 against, 56 nobles, 191, 199–200 Netherlands, see Burgundian Moresque (dance), 138, 141 Savoy,Dukes of, 198 court and dukedom; Morigia, 15 Sforza family, 191, 197–200 Burgundian/Nether- Morras, Felipe, 171 Spanish royal court, at, landish/Northern art Mount Alba Siege tapestries, 172–76 Neuss, campaigns against, 56, 156 Mussy-l’Eveque, siege of, 52, 131 Munich Pinakothek, 30 Plate III New Year’s Day celebrations Müntz, Eugene, 37 and gifts, 85 Musée de Cluny,Paris, 39 Nancy,campaigns against, 7, Nicholas V (Pope), 209, 216 Musée des Monuments 56 Noah tapestries, 150 Français (Lenoir), 26, 33 Nani,Alexander, Bishop of nobility Musée Napoleon, 29, 31 Forlï, 69 tracts on nature of, 158 museums and collections in Naples, Kingdom of Northern art, see Burgun- 372 • the nineteenth century, Alfonso V of Aragon, 61, dian/Netherlandish/ 29, 30–31, 32, see also 65, 120, 179–89, 210, 218 Northern art specific museums and Beatrice of Naples, 190 Nottingham, Edward IV’s collections Burgundian relationships building at, 150 music, 5, 6, 45, 67, 130–34, with, 60, 63, 65, 69 272, see also specific Castelnuovo, arch at, 181, Obrecht, Jacob, 188 instruments and singers 182, 189, 210 Onser Liever Vrouwen Pand, Alfonso V of Aragon and Ferrante I, see Ferrante I 228–29 Naples, 187–89 King of Naples Opere, Francesco delle, 263 benefices and singers, Netherlandish musicians, or nué embroidery technique, 206–7 employment of, 132 117–18, 119 careers of musicians, his- Sala dei Baroni, 181, 189 Oratorio (Michel Sittow and torical value of, 191–94 Spain and, 160 Juan de Flandes), 166, Charles the Bold, 187–88 Napoleonic invasions, 23–24, 171, 172 distinctive nature of 25, 29 Order of the Ermine, 209 Netherlandish music, Narcissus tapestries, 203 Order of the Garter, 209 132, 188 narwhal tusks (unicorn Order of the Golden Fleece, Ferrante I of Naples, 188, horns), 96, 99 49, 65–66, 67, 69, 122 189–91, 204, 205, 206 Nasi, Lorenzo, 270 Alfonso V of Aragon and Italian pursuit of northern National Gallery,London, 31 Naples, 182 singers, 132, 188, National Gallery,Washington, Camogli’s description of 189–91, 197–200 DC, 39 meeting of chapter of, Leonardo (da Vinci) as nationalism, 25–26, 28, 29, 110–11 musician, 193–94 30, 32, 37–38, 40 Charles the Bold’s first loans of musicians Nativity,Portinari Altarpiece chapter of, 135, 144 between nobles, 187 (van der Goes), 242 clothing of members, 66, Margaret of York’s mar- Navarre, 65, 124, 260 120 riage to Charles the Nazarenes, 25 clothing of singers during Bold, 140, 141 Nebuchadnezzar tapestries, chapters of, 198 Medici family, 203–7 149, 163, 187 Edward IV’s admission to, Montefeltro, Federigo da, “needle-painting” embroi- 148 Duke of Urbino, 218 dery technique, 118 embroidered vestments

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and altar hangings of, ideology of, 135, painting, 184–86, 118, 118–120, 119 136–37, 139, 142 223–24 Exposition de la Toison d’or, multiple resources, layer- Margaret of York’s mar- Bruges, 1907, 41 ing of, 135, 142–44 riage to Charles the Feast of the Pheasant, music accompanying Bold, 143–44 57–58, 70, 88, 110, 134, meals, 130 Medici family, 80, 202, 136, 138 weddings and engage- 238–39 Ferrante I of Naples, 190 ments, see weddings and middle classes, Burgun- Hercules linked with, 70, engagements, princely dian arts for, 221–25, 110 painting, 2, 3, 272, see also 238–54 Histoire de la Toison d’or triad of painting, archi- Montefeltro, Federigo da, (Fillastre), 65–66, 151, tecture, and sculpture Duke of Urbino, Plate IV Alfonso V of Aragon, 214–18 Jason, importance of story 179–87 Netherlandish painting, of, 57–58, 70–71, 73, 77, altars and altarpieces, see esteem for, 185–86, 215 82, 110 altars and altarpieces patron’s likeness, inclusion origins and significance Bruges exposition, segre- of, 239, 242–43, 246–49 of, 65–66 gation of art media at, portraits, see portraits • 373 swearing-in cross of, 89, 89 39 resale, 250 Tinctoris and, 190 Burgundian Dukes, 49, 75, sculptors and painters col- Utrecht, use in conflict 78, 184 laborating on altar- with, 100 Burgundian/Netherlands pieces, 234–35 Oresme, Nicole, 228 region, artists and arti- Sforza family, 194–97, organs and organ builders, sans studying in, 179–80, 215 189, 203 189, 215, 262–70 Spain, 163–72, 179 Orléans, Dukes of, 63, 65, 85 classical authors’ praise for, Vasari’s interests in, 13 ornateness, importance of, 184–85 Palazzo Altemps, Rome, 106 78–84 copying and deliberate Palazzo Vecchio,Venice, Orosius, 67 borrowing of Nether- tapestries for, 106 Orsini, Clarice, 142, 207 landish works, 264–65 Palmieri, Matteo, 8 Ortie, Jean de l’, 110 domestic settings, Palomar, Johanne, 52–53 Ospedale degli Innocenti, intended for, 250 Pamplona Cathedral, 260 Florence, 210 English patronage of Panden, 227–30, 233 Otto III Bishop of Netherlandish artists, Panigarola, Hachberg, tomb of, 221 158–59 Giovanni/Johanne Our Lady of Boulogne-sur- fairs and markets, sold at, Pietro, 52–53, 64, 65, 69, Mer, 103 227, 228, 232 131, 191, 198 Ovexe, Guillem (Guillaume Ferrante I King of Naples, Panofsky,Erwin, 44 au Vaissel?), 180, 186 189, 215 Paños de Oro/Triumph of the Ovid, 69 fifteenth-century valuation Mother of God tapestries, of, 49, 75, 78, 80, 82–83, 176, 201, Plate XVII pageants and banquets, 105–6, 184–86 Panzano, Fruosino da, 202–3, 135–45 frescoes compared to 204 Feast of the Pheasant, tapestries, 105–6 Papacy, see alsoVatican;indi- 57–58, 70, 88, 110, 134, importation of Netherlan- vidual Popes 136, 138 dish/Burgundian artists, Tornabuoni, papal tapes- Field of Cloth of Gold, 255 tries supplied by, 201 156, 157 Italian praise and patron- paragons, depictions of, magnificence, political age of painters and 216–18

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Paris exposition of 1904, 38, Naples, ties with, 182, international politics, role 40 183–84 of Burgundian court in, Paris, Louis XI’s entry into, bastard sons of, 68, 69, 84, 58–65 53–54 88, 99–100, 130, 141, 155 magnificence, political ide- Parr, Catherine, 159 crusading ambitions, 57, ology of, see magnifi- Pas de l’Arbre d’or (tournament 61–62 cence, political ideology of the Golden tree), 135, increase in number of of 140,141–42,155 artisans working in Margaret of York’s mar- Passavant, Johann David, 31 Bruges linked to, 224 riage to Charles the Passion of Christ international politics and, Bold, 135,136–37,139–40 Brabantine altarpieces, 58–59, 61–62, 63, 64 tapestries, political ideolo- 232, 233, 234, 234, 235 magnificence, political gies expressed in, 106, Memling triptych, 242–43, ideology of, 49–58, 84 107–8, 109–10, 113, 138 245 marriage to Isabella of textile decorations, use of, tapestries, 113, 114, 150, 156 Portugal, 65, 120 122–25 Paston, John, the Younger, 66 Order of the Golden Poliziano,Angelo, 208 Paul II (Pope), 113 Fleece and, 65–66 Pollaiuolo,Antonio, 261 374 • Pausanias, 21 portrait of, 50 polychromy used on carved Pavia, Battle of, 106 Tetzel’s account of treasures wooden altarpieces, pelicans, symbolism of, 136 of, 50–52 236 periodization transportation of goods of, Polygnotus, 184 Enlightenment historical 104 polyphony, 133–34, 174, 188, writing, 21–22 votives dedicated by, 103 203, 206, 207 Musée des Monuments Piccolomini, Enea Silvio, 170 Pompey, 69, 70 Français (Lenoir), 33 Pigli, Gierozzo de, 201 Pontano, Giovanni, 185–86 nationalism and, 25–26 “Piovano” (Jeronomo Ponzo, Raynero and Antonio, origins of, 9–10 Milecto), 205 191 Perkins, Leeman L., 132, 208 pirates, attacks on ships by, Porta, Roberto della, 148 Perugino, 263 239 Porthi, Miguel de, 172 Petit, Johannes (“Baltazar”), Pirotta, Nino, 192 Portinari Altarpiece (van der 206 Pisan, Christine de, 148, 158 Goes), 242, 244 Petrarch, 8, 9 Pisanello,Antonio, 105–6, Portinari, Folco, 242 Peutin, Jean, 87 108, 181, 183, 186, 189 Portinari, Ludovico, 242, 246 Phidias, 22 Pitratto (Medici singer and Portinari,Tommaso, 61, 198, Philip II of Spain, parade retainer), 204 201, 202, 223, 239–42, armor of, 126–28, 127 Pius II (Pope), 81, 170, 201 245, 249, 250 Philip the Bold, 49, 71, 77, 88 plate, see table vessels and Portrait of a Lady (Christus), Philip the Fair, 112 plate 201, 250 Aelst, Pieter van, 177 Plato, 185, 222 Portrait of Francesco delle Opere death of, 168, 170 Pleine, Jean de, 57, 70 (Perugino), 263 Henry VII of England’s Pliny, 13, 15, 21, 184 portraits meeting with, 155, 156 Plutarch, 21, 184 individual portraits, Juana de Loca, marriage Poggio a Caiano, Medici villa middle-class commis- to, 161, 176 at, 202 sioning of, 250 portrait of, 171, 175 poison detectors, 96–98, Plate Netherlandish artists’ Sittow,employment of, X influence on Italian 166, 167, 168, 170 political issues, 19, 21, 32, 146 portraiture, 263–64 Philip the Good, 41, 77 artists, political missions patron’s likenesses Alfonso V of Aragon and of, 192–93 included altarpieces

index

etc., 239, 242–43, Puritanism, 79, 80 textiles and, 118, 123–24 246–49 Quatremaire de Quincy, 26 vestments,see vestments Spanish royal court, Quintilian, 13, 21, 158 votives,101–3, 103 163–72 Quintus Curtius, 49, 70, 72, reliquaries, 101, 126, 201, 223, Portugal 100, 148 Plate XI, Plate XVIII Burgundian/Netherlan- Renaissance dish arts, influence of, Raimondi, Marcantonio, 19 arts, attitude toward, 263 Raphael, 7, 14, 18, 19, 22–23, 184–86 Henry IV, 162 26, 29, 35, 40, 44, 156, classicism, associated with, Isabella of, 65, 69, 87, 92, 177, 263, 265–70 see classicism, Renais- 94, 104, 120, 143, 144, recorders, 130 sance associated with 162, Plate XV Recueil des histoires de Troie contemporary awareness Manuel I, 161 (Lefèvre), 110, 147–48, of northern role in, Post, C. R., 3 149 1–7, 45–46 Pot, Philippe, 69 religion defining, 3 Poulet, Quentin, 158 altars and altarpieces, see expanded notion and des- Poussin, Nicholas, 18 altars and altarpieces ignation of, 24, 33 Praxiteles, 22 altar hangings, see altar fifteenth century used in • 375 precious gems, see gemstones hangings place of, 3 preservation/survival prob- benefices and singers, Florentine/Tuscan phe- lems 206–7 nomenon, as, see Flo- architectural projects of Catholicism, role of, 25, rentine/Tuscan Burgundian Dukes, 134 30, 32 phenomenon, Renais- armor and weaponry, 126 clothing of religious fig- sance as Famous Men (Joos van ures, 118, 123–24 Italy,identified with, 1, Ghent), 218 donations to churches by 2–3, 4, 8, 11, 20, see also goldwork, dismember- middle-class patrons, Italy and Italian history, ment and melting 249–50 dominance of down of, 84–85, 86–87 embroidered textiles, medieval culture, as conti- tapestries, 114–16, 212–13 118–21 nuity/disruption of, 3 Prevost, Jehan,106 Enlightenment views on nineteenth-/early twentieth- Les Primitifs flamands et l’art influence of, 19, 21, 32 century conceptions of, ancien (Bruges exposi- goldwork pieces, 84–85, 32–44 tion, 1902), 38–40 87, 89, 101–3 origins and early concep- Les Primitifs français (Paris middle ages, rehabilitation tions of, 8–10 exposition, 1902), 38, of, 25, 28, 29 Vasari’s term la rinascita, 40 music, 130–34 derived from, 10 “primitives,”25 Northern Renaissance, retables, see altars and altar- Princehof, Bruges, 150, 153 primacy in, 37 pieces print-making, 16 precious objects, spiritual Reval Procession of the Magi (Goz- value attached to, 83–84, Blackheads Fraternity zoli), 215 94 altarpiece at, 244 Proportionale musices (Tinc- reliquaries, 101, 126, 201, Sittow,Michel, 163–71 toris), 133 223, Plate XI, Plate Revelation, use of luxury Protocol at court, 94 XVIII objects in, 83 Provost, Jan,32 Schlegel’s theories on, 29, rhetorical treatises of antiq- Puerta de los Leones,Toledo, 30 uity,use of, 13, 21, 22 162, 260 tapestries, 110–12, 113, 114, Riario, Girolamo, 106 Pulgar, Fernando de, 160 116 Richard II of England, 95

index

Richmond Palace, 152–54, finger of, 201, Plate Sainte-Maure, Benoît de, 73 157, 158 XVIII SS Justo y Pastor,Toledo, 163 Rigon, Edmund, 150 St. Columba, altarpiece for Sala dei Baroni, Naples, 181, Rinck family, 238 Church of, 238 189 Rinck, Herman, 154, 167 St. Denis, Paris, 83 Salamanca, University Robbia, Luca della, 9, 216 St. Donatian, 116 Chapel, 171 Rodrigo of Burgundy, 189 St. Donatian’s, Bruges, 191 salaries Rogge, Conrad, Bishop of St. Edward the Confessor, St. middle classes of fifteenth Strängnäs, 233 George’s Chapel,Wind- century, 222–23 Rojas, Francisco de, 176 sor, 151 Spanish courtiers, 171 Rolin, Nicolas, 123, 249–50 St. Francis, 262 Salins, Guigone de, 250 Roman antiquity, see classi- St. George, 101, 126, 136 Sallust, 69 cism, Renaissance asso- St. George (van Eyck), 184 saltcellars, 84–85, 92, 95, 124, ciated with St. George and the Dragon, St. Plate X Le roman de Girard de Roussil- George’s Chapel,Wind- Samson tapestries, 201, 203 lon, 49, 122, Plate I sor, 151 San Giovanni, Florence, Roman de Troie (Sainte- St. George with the Dragon musical chapel of Bap- 376 • Maure), 73 (Raphael), 268–69, 270 tistery, 203–6 Romanticism, 26, 28, 29, 35 St. George’s Chapel,Wind- San Juan de los Reyes, Romuleon (della Porta, transl. sor, 150, 255 Toledo, 162 Miélot), 148 St. Gregory Mass tapestry, San Lorenzo, Florence, 81 Rondel, Martin, 128 176, 178 San Matteo, pirate attack on, Room of the Months (del St. Jerome, Lomellini triptych 239 Cossa), 215 (van Eyck), 183 Sansovino, Francesco, 15 Roosebeke, Battle of, 112 St. Jerome in his Study (van Santa Barbara, Netherlandish rosaries and prayer beads, Eyck), 201 confraternity of, 206 232, 237–38 St. John Altarpiece (Memling), Santa Maria di Castello, Roscoe,W. 37 124, 125 Genoa, Annunciation Roussillon, Le roman de Girard St. John the Baptist, 118, 120, (Justus de Allemagna) de, 49, 122, Plate I 138, 261 fresco in, 221, Plate Roussy, Anthony of Luxem- St. John the Baptist (Memling), XXII bourg, Count of, 142 267, 268, 268–69 Santi, Giovanni, 269 Rovere, Giovanni della,209 St. Joseph as artisan, Merode Santisima Annunziata, Rozmital, Leo of, 50–52, 98, Altarpiece (Campin), Church of, 206 123 227, 228 saqueboutes (bagpipes), 130, Rubin, Patricia, 11, 12 St. Lambert’s Cathedral, 134 Rucellai, Giovanni, 86–87 Liège, 101 Saumur (château), 210 Rumohr, Karl Friedrich von, St. Mary’s Church,Warwick, Savoy 26, 30 255–56, 258, 259, 261 Bona of, 196–97, 207 Ruskin, John, 24 St. Peter’s, Lille, 103, 104, 134, Burgundy and Milan, 135, 138 alliance with, 53 sacred polyphony, 133–34 St. Philip, votive with,103, Dukes of, 63, 65, 72, 198 St.Andrew, 136 103 Scalkin, Jean, 138, 143 St. Barbara, 124, 261 St. Pol, Louis of Luxembourg, Schilling, Diebold, 88 St. Barbara Altarpiece (van der Count of, 108–9 Schlegel, Friedrich, 25, 26, Cleyen), 236 St.Thomas Aquinas, 48 29–30 St. Bertin, abbey of, 110–11 St.Vernonica (Memling), Schoengauer, Martin, 263 St. Catherine, 124 266–67, 269 Scotland St. Catherine, reliquary for Ste. Chapelle, Dijon, 134 James II, 100

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James III, 248–49 188, 191, 197–200, 201, Solomon, 116, 219 James IV, 156, 158, 249 207, 220 Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, Margaret Tudor, 156, 158 Gian Galeazzo, 196–97 Earl and Duke of, 63 Mary of Guelders, 100, Isabella, 196 “Southwark School” of 248 Ludovico, 64, 73, 187, 194 Netherlandish stained Scrope, Roger, 237–38 magnificence, political glass, 157 sculpture, see also triad of ideology of, 194 Spain, 160–78, 220, see also painting, architecture, Medici clients in purchase individual cities and sculpture of tapestries, 201 Alfonso, Prince of Castille, Alfonso V of Aragon, 181 music, 191, 197–200 162, 164 altars and altarpieces, see musicians employed by Alfonso V of Aragon altars and altarpieces other nobles, raids on, (King of Naples), 61, 65, fairs and markets, sold at, 191, 199–200 120, 179–89, 210, 218 227, 228, 232 painting, 194–97, 215 Burgundian influence on, gemstones, carvings from, tapestries, 197, 201 160–61 93–94 tennis, 154 Burgundian/Netherlan- importation of Netherlan- Sheen manor and palace, dish artisans immigrat- dish/Burgundian artists, 152, 256 ing to, 161, 163–72, • 377 255, 260 s’Hertogenbosch, cloth mar- 260–61 Margaret of York’s marriage ket of, 227, Plate XXIII diplomacy,methodology to Charles the Bold, 136, Sicily,Kingdoms of, 65 of, 160–61 141,144 Sigman, Jörg, 126 Ferdinand II of Aragon, middle-class art patronage, silk cloth and thread, 106, 65, 160–78, 189 223–25, 237–38 107, 117, 118, 120, 121, France, relationship with, painters and sculptors col- 122, 123 160–61 laborating on altar- Siloe, Gil de, 162, 164, 165 funerary monuments, pieces, 234–35 silver and silver-gilt, 84, 96, 161–63 Seneca, 69 99, 102, 107, 124, 139, Granada Madonna, 237 Sens Cathedral, 115–16 201–2, 237 illuminated manuscripts, “serpent tongues” (fossilized Simonetta, Cicco, 195 176, 179 sharks’ teeth), 96–98, Simonetta, Giovanni, 198 immigration/emigration Plate X singers and singing, see of artisans, 161, 163–72, Sestola, Girolamo da music 177–78, 180 (“Coglia”), 193 Sittow,Michel, 153, 163–71, Isabella of Castille, 72, 108, Seznec, Jean, 73 244, 262 160–78, 173, 260 Sforza family, 189, 193, Sixtus IV (Pope), 198, 209, Isabella of Portugal, 65, 69, 194–200 262 87, 92, 94, 104, 120, 143, Alessandro of Pesaro, 209 Skelton, John, 158 144, 162, Plate XV Battista, 263, 264 Snyder, J., 236 Joan II of Aragon, 61, 65 Bianca Maria, 195, 197 Sobré, J. B., 260 Juan II of Castille, 161, 162, Burgundian court, rela- social climbing for middle Plate XV tionship with, 194 classes, arts as means of, Juan, son of Ferdinand and Caterina, 106 222–26 Isabella, 161, 174 Ferrante I of Naples, rela- social diffusion of Burgun- Juana de Loca, 161, 167, tionship with, 189, 191 dian arts, see middle 175, 176 Francesco, 62, 72, 108, 194, classes, Burgundian arts Katharine of Aragon, see 197 for Katharine of Aragon Galeazzo Maria, 52–53, social distinction of painters, libraries, 163, 174, 178 60, 64, 67, 81, 82, 111, 186 magnificence, political

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Spain (cont.) Lorenzo, 250 Navarre, gifts of Philip ideology of, 160, 161, Palla, 225 the Good at, 124 162, 163, 174 studiolo, Urbino Palace, 216, Alexander the Great cycles, music at royal court, Plate XIX 53, 54, 54–55, 71–72, 172–76 Suetonius, 158 108, 112, 149, 156, 163, Navarre, 65, 124, 260 Suger (Abbot), 83 197 paintings, 163–72, 179 Summonte, Pietro, 15, 187 Alfonso V of Aragon and Philip II, parade armor of, sumptuary laws, 121, 246 Naples, 179, 181, 186–87, 126–28, 127 survival of artifacts, see pres- 189 salaries of courtiers, 171 ervation/survival prob- Annunciation tapestries, tapestries, 163, 176–77, lems 212–13 179, 186–87 Swan Knight tapestries, 113 Apocalypse, tapestry at St. tournaments, 172 Swedes, Brabantine altar- Bertin depicting, 111, spectacle, see entremets or pieces purchased by, 233 115 divertissements; magnif- Swiss, Burgundian booty Arras as tapestry center, icence, political ideol- captured by, 87, 88, 88, 107, 114 ogy of; multiple 94–95, 105, 126 arras as term for high- 378 • resources, layering of; swords, see armor and quality tapestries, 107 pageants and banquets; weaponry Bear Hunt, 113 tournaments Symonds, John Addington, La Bonne Vie, 113 spices, service of, 90, 92 37 Caesar, Story of, 108–9, 109, spies, artists functioning as, 247 192–93 table vessels and plate cartoons for, 114 splendor, political ideology Agnès of Cleves’ marriage centers of production of, of, see magnificence, to Charles Prince of 114 political ideology of Navarre, gifts of Philip chivalric and courtly pas- Städelsches Kunstinstitut, the Good at, 124 times, depicting, Frankfurt, 31 cups and goblets, 92, 94, 112–13, 114 stagecraft, see also entremets or 99, 139, 143, 201–2, Plate classical themes in, divertissements IX 107–10, 114 Burgundian court, 67–74, gemstones, 93–94, 99, 124 cost of, 222, 225 139–42 gifts, 100 craftsmanship in making Spanish royal court, music goldwork, 84–85, 90–93, of, 107 of, 173 98–99 display,deterioration, and tableaux vivants, 69–70, 71 Louis XI’s coronation, preservation issues, stained glass, 156–57, 250, 255, 54–55, 94 114–16, 212–13 256 Margaret of York’s marriage economy,role in, 114 Stevyns,Thomas, 256 to Charles the Bold, 139 Edward IV of England, Stilkritik, 30 political tool, 99–100 purchased by, 149–50 Straet (Strate), Jan van der spoons, goldwork, 92, 93 d’Este family, 197, 201 (Juan de Flandes?), 171 tableaux vivants, 69–70, 71 Esther, History of, 113 Strängnäs Cathedral, Sweden, Tafur, Pero, 227, 230, 231 fairs and markets, sold at, Brabantine altarpiece, Tallander,Antonio, 188 227, 228, 232 233, 234 tambourines, 130, 134 Ferrante I of Naples, 189 Strawberry Hill, 24 Tanagli,Caterina, 239 fifteenth-century reading Strete, Cornelius van de, Tani,Angelo, 204, 239, 243 of, 114–16 156 tapestries, 104–16, 272 fifteenth-century valua- Strozzi family, 250 Agnès of Cleves’ marriage tion placed on, 105–6, Alessandra, 250 to Charles Prince of 108

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frescoes compared to, Miraculous Draft of Fish, Tassinot, 188 105–6 Vatican, 177, 179 Tattershall Castle, 256 Gideon tapestries, 79, 100, Montefeltro, Federigo da, Taverne,Antoine de la, 121 110–12, 114, 222 Duke of Urbino, 197, Tavernier, Jean Le, 87, gifts, 113 211–13 133–34, 227, 229 Gonzaga family, 197 Mount Alba, Siege of, 156 Teerlinc, Levina, 159 Hannibal, Story of, 113 Narcissus, 203 Templeuve, Jacques de, 192 haute-lice, 138 Nebuchadnezzar, History of, Temptation of Christ panel, Henry VII of England, 149, 163, 187 Oratorio (Michel Sittow imported by, 154, Noah, History of, 150 and Juan de Flandes), 155–56 Paños de Oro/Triumph of 172 Henrye the VII,Koming into the Mother of God, 176, tennis, 154 England of, 156 201, Plate XVII Tetzel,Gabriel, 50–52 Hercules cycles, 70, 109–10, papal tapestries supplied Tewskesbury Abbey, 150 163 by Tornabuoni, 201 textiles, 104–25 Hunt of the Duke of Bur- Passion of Christ, 113, 114, altar hangings, see altar gundy, 201 150, 156 hangings importation of Burgun- political ideologies brocade, 121, 122 • 379 dian/Netherlandish expressed in, 106, clothing, see clothing goods, 257–59, 261 107–10, 113, 138 economic problems of Italian value placed on, portability of, 104–5 cloth industry, 114 185 religious themes in, embroideries, 116–21 Jason weavings, 110 110–12, 113, 114, 116 fairs and markets, sold at, Jerusalem, Siege of, 156 Samson, Story of, 201, 203 227, 232 Joseph and his brothers Sforza family, 197, 201 gold cloth and thread, 106, cycle, Palazzo Vecchio, Spain, 163, 176–77, 179, 107, 117–21, 121–24 Venice, 106 186–87 household, decoration of, Joys of the Virgin, 113 speculative production of, 122–23 Judgement weavings, 150 114 magnificence, political Lady and the Unicorn Swan Knight, History of, ideology of, 122–25 ensemble, 115 113 Margaret of York’s mar- Life of the Virgin, 113, 114 Thebes, History of, 150 riage to Charles the Lucretia stories, 71, 138 Three Coronations, 115–16, Bold, 136–38, 140, 142, magnificence, political Plate XII, Plate XIII 144 ideology of, 109, 110, Triumph of the Mother of political uses of, 122–25 114 God/Paños de Oro, 176, religious themes, use in Margaret of York’s mar- 201, Plate XVII depictions of, 118, riage to Charles the Trojan War cycles, 72–73, 123–24 Bold, 71, 111, 120, 107, 156, 189, 212, 213, s’Hertogenbosch, cloth 137–38, 139 222, Plate V, Plate VI market of, 227, Plate Marriage of Prince Arthur, Vatican, 177, 179 XXIII 156, 157 verdure types, 112–13, 114 silk cloth and thread, 106, Mass of St. Gregory, 176, Virgin and Child with the 107, 117, 118, 120, 121, 178 Duke of Burgundy, 201 122, 123 materials used in, 107 Virgin Mary,depicting, social relations, depicting, Medici family, 197, 201, 113, 114, 116, 176, 187, 121, 123–24 202–3 201, 212–13, Plate XVII tapestries, see tapestries Millefleur tapestries, Taranto, Federico, Prince of, vestments,see vestments 112–13, 113 64 wool trade between

index

textiles (cont.) Traité sur l’Oraison Dominicale Federigo da Montefel- Netherlands and Spain, (Tavernier), 87, 133–34, tro, 209 160 Plate VIII Guidobaldo, son of Fed- Thebes tapestries, 150 Très Riches Heures de Duc de erigo da Montefeltro, theology, see religion Berry, 210, 213 209, 211, 214 Thomas Aquinas, 48 triad of painting, architec- Montefeltro, Federigo da, Three Coronations tapestry, ture, and sculpture, 4, 72, 189, 196, 197, 115–16, Plate XII, Plate 13, 16, 78 208–18, 214, 220, 250, XIII academic tradition, 19 263, 264, 269 Throne of Grace, 96, 98 Bruges exposition, segre- Palace, 210, 211, 212 Tieck, Ludwig, 30 gation of art media at, studiolo, Palace, 216, Plate Tigranes, King of the Arme- 39 XIX nians, 70 modern taste and, 79 throne-room, Palace, 216, Tinctoris, Johannes, 132, 133, Northern European alter- Plate XX 188, 190 native to, 16 Urrede, Juan de, 172 la Toison d’or, see Order of the Triptych of the Virgin (van der Utrecht Golden Fleece Weyden), 163 Chambre d’Utrecht weav- 380 • Toledo Triumph of the Mother of ings, 120 Cathedral, 161, 163 God/Paños de Oro Philip the Good’s conflict Escalona Castle, 161 tapestries, 176, 201, Plate with, 99–100 Puerta de los Leones, 162, XVII 260 Trojan War epic, popularity vaiselle, see table vessels and San Juan de los Reyes, 162 of, 59, 72–73 plate SS Justo y Pastor, 163 Trojan War tapestry cycles, Vaissel,Guillaume au tombs, monumental, 134–35, 72–73, 107, 109, 156, (Guillem Ovexe?), 180, 159, 161–63, 221, 222, 189, 212, 213, 222, Plate 186 255–56, 260 V, Plate VI Valenciennes (château), 141 Tornabuoni, papal tapestries trumpets, 130, 134, 136, 139, Valerius Maximus, 67, 69, supplied by, 201 173 148, 158 Toro, Battle of, 162 Tullius, 67 Valkendorf, Erik, 169 Torrigiano, Pietro, 159 Tunis,siege of, 106 Valla,Lorenzo, 8, 158 Tournai as tapestry center, Tuscan phenomenon, Valperga,Ameo di, 56 114 Renaissance treated as, Vandelf (Van Delft?),John, tournaments, 42, 46, 142 see Florentine/Tuscan 154 armor and weaponry, 126 phenomenon, Renais- Vanderjagt,A. J., 74 Arthur son of Henry VII, sance treated as Vangrove, Dierke,150, 255 Katharine of Aragon’s Vasari, Giorgio, 1, 2, 7, 10–15, marriage to, 155 Uccello, Paolo, 215 44, 133, 185, 264, 271 Golden Tree, tournament unicorn horns (narwhal academic tradition and, 19 of (Pas de l’Arbre d’or), tusks), 96, 99 analysis of Lives of the 135, 140, 141–42, 155 university education, Bur- Artists, 10–15 Medici family, 207–8 gundian promotion of, Burckhardt, influence on, music at, 130 68–69 35 Spain, 172 Urbino Hegel, influence on, 29 Tractatus de architectura della Carda, Ottaviano pan-European response to (Filarete), 194 Ubaldini, nephew of writings of, 15–17 trade, see economics; fairs Federigo da Montefel- terminological origins of and markets; merchants tro, 209, 250 Renaissance (la and trade Giovanna, daughter of rinascita), 10

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Winckelmann’s debt to, Vimercato, Count Gaspare Warwick Chapel,Tewskes- 20, 22 de, 201 bury Abbey, 150 Vashti,story of, 71 Vincent of Beauvais, 255 Warwick,Church of St. Västeras Cathedral, Sweden, Vinci, Leonardo, da 7, 14, 40, Mary, 255–56, 258, 259, Brabantine altarpiece, 44, 185, 193–94, 238, 261 233, 233 263 Warwick,Richard Vatican viols and violas, 130, 134, 173 Beauchamp, Earl of, 63, library, 74 Virgil, 23 255–56, 258, 259, 261 studiolo of Nicholas V, Virgin and Child in a Land- Wassenhove, Joos van (Giusto 216 scape (Master of St. da Guanto, Joos van tapestries, 177, 179 Lucy Legend), 244, 248 Ghent), 215–19, 264 Vegetius, 69 Virgin and Child with Saints Wauquelin,Jean, 49 Velasco, Alonso de, 260 (Master of St. Lucy wax workers, 144 Venice Legend), 244, 249 Weale, James, 32, 39 Barbarigo, Marco, 250 Virgin and Child with Saints weaponry, see armor and Florence and Milan, tour- (Memling), 246, 251 weaponry nament celebrating Virgin and Child with the weddings and engagements, alliance with, 208 Duke of Burgundy tapes- princely • 381 Tafur on markets of, 231 try, 201 Agnès of Cleves’ marriage verdure tapestries, 112–13, 114 Virgin Mary to Charles Prince of Verino, Ugolino, 108 clothing and textiles used Navarre, 124 Verrocchio,Andrea del 238 in depiction of, 124 Arthur, son of Henry VII, Verona, Guarino da, 8, 108 embroideries depicting, Katharine of Aragon’s Vespasiano (da Bisticci), 211, 118, 120, 121 marriage to, 58, 72, 142, 215 sculptures of, 237 152, 155, 156, 157, 161 Vespucci, Simonetta, 208 tapestries depicting, 113, Borgia, Lucretia, and vessels,see table vessels and 114, 116, 176, 187, 201, Alfonso d’Este, 193 plate 212–13, Plate XVII Elizabeth of York,Henry vestments Virgin with Canon van der VII of England’s mar- Agnès of Cleves’ marriage Paele (van Eyck), 116, riage to, 157 to Charles Prince of 117, 126 Ferdinand and Isabella of Navarre, gifts of Philip Vischi, Giacomo dei, count Spain, marriages of the Good at, 124 of San Martino, 194 children of, 161 Florentine Baptistry vest- Visconti,Valentine, 85 Henry VIII,Katharine of ments depicting life of Vitruvius, 133 Aragon’s marriage to, St. John the Baptist, Volksgeist, 25, 28, 32, 34 161 261, 262 Voltaire, 2, 19–20, 21, 34, 37 international interchange, Order of the Golden Voragine, Jacopo da, 255 leading to, 144–45 Fleece, 118, 118–20, 119 votives,101–3, 103 Isabella of Portugal’s mar- Lambert cathedral, Liège, riage to Philip the 101 Waagen,Gustav Friedrich, Good, 65, 120 Victoria and Albert 26, 30–31, 32 Joanna of Aragon’s mar- Museum, London, 39 Wackenroder,Wilhelm riage to Philip the Fair, Vigneulles, Philippe de, 56 Heinrich, 25 155 Villa, Claudio de, 234 Walpole, Horace, 24 Juan and Juana, children of Villa family, 221 Walsh,R., 62 Ferdinand and Isabella Villani, Filippo, 8–9 War of the Common Weale, of Spain, double mar- Villani, Giovanni, 9 103 riage of, 161, 176 Villers, Jaques de, 143 Warburg, Aby, 35, 44 Manuel I of Portugal and

index

weddings and engagements Wewyck, Meynnart/May- Willem II of Oranje-Nassau, (cont.) nard, 159 30 daughters of Ferdinand Weyden, Rogier van der, William the Conqueror, and Isabella of Spain, Alfonso V of Aragon and 112 161 Naples, 182, 187, 189 Wilson, J. C., 225 Margaret of York’s mar- Annunciation, 221, 222 Wilton Diptych, 95 riage to Charles the Bruges exposition of 1902, Winckelmann, Johann Bold, see Margaret of 39 Joachim, 2, 20–23, 25, York’s marriage to Charles the Bold (van der 33 Charles the Bold Weyden’s workshop), 51 analysis of theories of, Margaret Tudor’s marriage clientele of, 238 20–23 to James IV King of Columba Altarpiece, 238, Burckhardt, influence on, Scots, 156, 158 239 34, 36 Marriage of Prince Arthur Crucifixion triptych, 209, Hegel, influence on, 27, tapestry, 156, 157 210 28, 29 Mary of Burgundy’s mar- eulogy by Giovanni Santi, historical treatment of art, riage to Maximilian I 269 development of, 26 382 • Hapsburg, 57, 58, 59, 64, Italian rulers’ appreciation taste, concept of, 80 95, 96 of, 184 Windsor, Edward IV’s build- Mary of Guelder’s wed- Lamentation, 238, 240, ing at, 150 ding to James II King 271–72 wine, fountains spouting, of Scots, 100 Last Judgment Altarpiece, 136 Montefeltro, Giovanna da, 249–50 Wohl,H., 81 and Giovanni della Philip the Good (van der Woodville, Elizabeth, 148 Rovere,209 Weyden’s workshop), 50 wool trade between Nether- Philip the Fair and Juana social distinction, noted lands and Spain, 160 de Loca, 161, 176 for, 186 Württemberg, Count Eber- Weerbeke, Gaspar van, 188, tapestries after, 187, 189, hard the Younger of, 63 200 212 Wytsman, Paul, 38 Welch,E. S., 187 Triptych of the Virgin, 163 Werner collection at Luton Zanetto Bugatto appren- Xenophon, 70, 148 Hoo, 39 ticed to, 194–95 Westminster Hall,London, Widener collection, 39 Zanetto (Bugatto), 194–97 155 Wielant, Philippe, 69 Zeitgeist, 28, 34