GOVERNMENT OP INDIA PLANNING COMMISSION
A report by the Study Group on Irrigation and Power of the( National Planning Council on
THECHAMBELPROJECT · Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthao GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PLANNING COMMISSION
A report by the Study Group on Irrigation and Power of the National Planning Council on
THE CHAMBAL .PROJECT Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
AUGUST 1967 CONTENTS
PAGB Purpose and scope of the report . 1 The Project . -1- Particulars ofdams,canalsandpowerhouses • l Particulars of canals • • 3 Costs in crores of rupees 4 Progress of construction • • • 5 Hydrology 6 River fiow record 8 Meteorological data 8 Reservoir operation at Gandhisagar 8
Operation of Kotah barrage • 11 Development of power . 11 DeVelopment of irrigation • • 13 (A) Rajasthan • • 13 (B) Madhya Pradesh • • 14 Water use • • • 15 Water rates • 17 Water logging • 18 Salinity • • • • 21 Rajasthan 21 Madhya Pradesh • • • • 22 Water management • • • • • 23 Water courses. • • • • • 23 Government control • • • • 24 Rl:search and demonstration • • • • 25 Soil conservation • • • • • • 31 Catchment abow Gandhisagar • • • • • 31 Catchment bolow Gandhisagar • • • • • 33 i ii PAG& The reservoir ·. ' •· 34 Capacity surveys 34 ·Cultivation in tile reservoir area 15 Development of fisheries 35. Tile Weed prQblem 3() Infer-State relations. • - Allocation of costs 37 ·· Allocation of benefits 38 : Maintenance and operation 39 Comments and recqmmep.datiqns 39- Hydrology . . :. . • • • •· ,.. 39 Quantull) of waters availaple fo~ w.. 42 Reservoir operations at Gandhisaga; 44 Irrigated· agriculture· 16· Watef logging • .. • ~~ Salinity • 51 Soil comervation • 5t Inter-State relations. 53< General.. • • • • • .. • 54 CiiAMBAL,. 1 . PROJEcT ' . I\ report by the Study.·Group on Irrigation ·au:d Power of. the, National Planning Council ' I. • - , Purpose and scope of the report L At a meeting of the Study Group on llTlgatton ana power of the National Planning COuncil, held in May 1965, it was decid ed to undertake case studies of a few typical multi-purpose pro jects with a view, .ultimately, to ensure general criteria or norms in 'respect of the use of available waters for various purposes. To start with, it was proposed that the Chambal Project in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and · the Hirakud Project in Orissa be taken up for such studies, in association with the officers concern ed of the State Governments. The Chief Ministers of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh approved of the proposal and the following report.represents the result of the studies·made in respect of the Chambal Project in the two States. · ' .- . . .. The study excludes from its purview all problems relating to the construction of the project which is nearing completion. It concerns itself mainly with the. operation of the project, all developments flowing from it and .the measures relating to maxi mising benefits from the project. The factual data in the report are as obtained by the Group from published reports, from the officers of the States, or from the Secretary, Chambal Control Board. The comments and recommendations of the Group have been clearly indicated. · The Project 2. The Chambal Valley Development has been sanctioned in three stages as follows : Stage I, sanctioned in 1954, includes a dam and power house at Gandhisagar, necessary transmission lines and sub stations for utilising the power to be generated, a diver.J sion barrage at Kotah and two canals for the irrigation of 11 lakh acres in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh .. Stage II, sanctioned in 1961, provides for .a dam and power house at Rana Pratap Sagar; with the additional storage at this dam, the annual irrigation was expected to in crease from 11 to 14 lakh acres. • I 2
Stage III, sanctioned in 1962, is for a ~ ~d P?Wer house at Jawaharsagar. with a short transllllSsiOn line to con nect the Jawahar sagar power station with the transmis sion system between Gandhisagar and Kotah. 3. Apart from the project in three stages, as described above, . some additional estimates relating to the developments on the Chambal have been sanctioned separately. Brief particulars of the development, as sanctioned so far, are shown below. (a) Particulars ·of dams, canals and power houses Gandhi Rana Pra· Jawabar Kotah. Sagar tap Sagar ' Sagar .: 1 2 3 . 4 'J'ypc of Dam storage storage lifting diversion barrage , Location Madhya Rajasthan Rajasthan · Rajasthan Pradesh Maximum height above · foundations (feet) • ., 209 177 ... 157 Catchment area (sq~are - ' miles)' . r '. · • ~.7~0' 9,560 l0,350 0,400 Madhya Pradesh !,150 8,620 8,820 8,820 Rajasthan• 600 940 1,530 1,~80 Gross storage (M.A.F.) 6.28"* 2.35' 0.055 0.08 Live storage (M.A.F.) ~.60 1.~7 ).021 Nil Dead storage (M.A.F.) 0.68 1.08 ).034 0.08 Carry over (M.A.F.) . not defined nil nil nil Annual reservoir losses 0.623 0.207 (M.A.F.) Lake area at F.R.L. 265.6 76.56 : (square miles) 3.72 Muimum Water level 1,312.0 1,162.0 987.0 856.0 Full reservoir level 1,312.0 1,157.5 980.0 852.0 Dead storage level 1,250.0 1,125.0*"* 970.0 812.0*0 ** .:As furnished )'Y the ~tral Water & Power Commission. Based on revtsed capac tty. table prepared in 1961 from aerial survey maps of the Survey of lndta_ .:::ori.gi~y 1107.~ but subsequently raised to 1125.0. Tj.lts ts only nomtnal; ~he normal· fluctuation nf. level is w'thin 3 to 4 .cct. r •. 1 1 3 4 Tail water level (normai) 1132-1136 913-9n 8S6-860 762 Maximum tail water le- ' . vel(under flood con-· 1 dition) • : 1,160 1,035 915 825 Spillway capacity at F.R.L. (cusecs) 450,000 650,000 780,000 150,000 Spillway details : Crest gates 10x60'x28' 17.x60'x28' 12x50'i<44' 19x40"x40' Openings •· 9><10'x2S' · 4x9'xl1' nil 2x9'x11' Power units (kW.) S x23,000* , , ,4x43,oo0** h:33,000 ' '/ ·~. airiais .. · • · ' · One left . Oneright · · (b) Particulars of. amals
Right Left ;t
1 I 2' '0 Location First 81 miles in Rajasthan, lo- werpartinMadhya Pradesll . 'Rajasthan Discharge at head (cusecs) 6,6S6t,' 3,900 at entzy into Madhya· Pradesh • . .. . 1.270' . Culturable commanded area 5·39***.. ·in ·Rajasthan'. · 3 .26•u• - (Iakh acres)* .. 11.44•••••• in Madhya Pradesh. Annual irrigation anticipated 4.4tt in Rajasthan 2.6tt (1akh acres). 7.0 in Madhya Pradesh *Originally 3 units with provision of 2 more to be installed later; 4 units were installed under the 1958 Revised Estimate and the Sth under a separate estimate, as shown on next page. ..Originally 4 units of 28,000 kW. each. ·•• *The project also mentions 57,000 acres of culturable area to be developed by lift, but there is no provision in the estimate for such development • ....On detailed check found to be 239,000 acres • ..... On detailed cloeck found to be 314,000 acres. • •• •••On detailed check found to be 845,000 acres. tSome doubt has been expressed whether the canals, as constructed, can take 6,656 cusecs. This needs verification. ttFor C. C. A. of SS3,000 acres, as now found on check with 76 per cent intensity, the annual irrigation will be4.19lakh acres. The oue.tion of raising the intensity is under consideration. 4 -- (c) Costs in crores of Rupees ~ . ~ , , c" \\: --. Stage I : ~S\llge n, Stageiil TouiiT As per original estimates 48.03 17·.21* · 1 ·'r9:67 7f-9i: (1954). . (1960)! ~-. (1962) ' ' " As revised 63.59** 18.91 . 1'3.54. 9(,04.. (1958) ~ .. ,(1966) ' (1966)' As anticipated Gandbisagar dam and power . houso and· transmission lines · '29.36 ' JWastlian (Kotah . barrage, · and canal system)'· • 30.19*** M8dbya ' Pradesh· · (canal 23.16@ '' system) TOTAL 82.71 '-22-0 ili.o~ \i2.0.n Water courses:•••• IWastban • •• 0.42 .. 0.42 Madhya Pradesh • 0.17 (up to Sabalgarh)@@ 0.17 Stb poWer unit in Gandbisagar power house, as originally ostimated ~ . ' • 0.38 (1963) As anticipated .- . • 0.53 0.53 Extension of transmi~lon lines in Rajasthan 11.6, •• 11.6 GRAND TOTAL 133.43 *Includes Rs. 4.17 crores for clttension' of transmission lines in both States but provision deleted from revised estimate (1966). A separate estimate for the purpose was sanctioned in Rajasthan, as shown above. - · **Gandhisagardam Rs. 13.60 crores; powerhouse Rs. 4. 79 crores; trans· mission lines Rs.l 0.97 crore8; canal system in Madhya Pradesh Rs.17. 74 crores, Kotah barraga Rs. 3 .83. crores; canal system in Rajasthan Rs. 12. 65 crores. , •••As per Second Revised Estimate (1964), not yet sanctioned, which pro· vides forKotah barrage Rs. 4.83 crores, canal system in Rajasthan as in cluded in original estimates Rs.l6 .00 crores,lift irrigation Rs. 2.10 cror· e8, Bundi Branch E.~tension Scheme Rs. 1.42 crores, Drainage Scheme Rs. S .81 crores and survey etc. of water courses Rs. 0.02' crores. ••••chargeable to 'Loans' to be recovered from the land-owners •. @Rs. 21.91 crores as per Second Revised Estimate (1964); not yet sanc tioned; (including Rs. S lakh for drainage); now eltpected to be Rs. 23.16 croras. @@~low Sabalgarh, tho water courses are eltpected to be construCted by the cultivators. · s Progress of construction .· ·· 4. Stage 1-of tile pr.oject. was completed, in part;··in Novem ber; 1960 wheiL the .Gandhisagilr power house went into · partial production and the two canals at Kptah also started to provide irrigation facilities in their upper reaches. Since then, the area provided with irrigation facilities has been increasing gradually every year.. By. the end of 1966 only a few ·minor works remain to: be-carried out in Rajasthan part of the canal system but there is quite a ·large amount ·of work still· to be done· in Madhya Pradesh. - 5. The Rana Pratap Sagar Dam (Stage. II) has been comp leted except .for .the manufacture and installation of gates; the power house equipment is being installed. It is anticipated that the· 'power house at Rana Pratap Sagat: will go into production in December 1967. · The construction of the Jawahar Sagar Dam (Stage liD has also been taken .in hand and local officers expect it to be comple ted and the power house below it to go into partial production by October 1970. 6. To. end of November, · 1966, the actual expenditure• in· -curred on different components of the project was as follows : :Stage I Rupees (Lakhs) Gandhisa gar Dam • ·• • • 11,44t Gandhisagar· power house • .• '. 3,79 Transmission system (Madhya Pradesh) 4,41 Transmission system (Rajasthan) S,36 Kotah Barrage • 4,08 Left Main Canal 2,71 Right Main Canal (Rajasthan) • lO,SI Right Main Canal (Madhya Pradesh) 22,72
*Basedon information kindly furnished by the Secretary, Chambal Control Board, New Delhi. . . :tFigure appears to ~uue veri1ication. · 6
Stage n J'g Fifth power unit at Gandhisagar • Rana Pratap Sagar Dam and Power house 17,86 18,24 Stage m Kotah Dam and Power house 2,71 Extension of transmission lines in Rajasthan . 4,30 GRAND TOTAL 90,27
7. It may be stated her~ that an ato~ic energy power station is also under construction in the. Chambal Valley, a few miles upstream of Rana Pratap Sagar which will provide the cooling water for the station. As anticipated at present, the. first stage at this station (2,00,000 kW.) will go into production by 1969 and the second stage (also of 2,00,000 kW.) in' 1971: ·The' esta· blishment of this station, with a large· block of firm power; will influence considerably the future ·operation :of the three hydel power houses of the Chambal Project; these will have to be operated largely to take the peaks, subjec~ to such limitations as. may pe imposed on account of the. requirements' of irrigation. , . Hydrology 8. There is no record of any obeservation having been mad~ of river flow or river levels at any point on the Chambal system prior to 1945. In that year, a discharge site was established at Sujanpura, about 10 miles upstream of Gandhisagar dam site. Between 1945 and 1959, discharge measurements were ·made on the basis of velocity measured at one point only at mid-stream,. by using surface floats, and a single cross section of the river at Sujanpura observed in 1945. Except during the. rainy season, the work was entrusted to a mistry. No flow data are available for 1956-57 and, from 1957, whenever it was not possible to observe the discharge at Sujanpura because of obstructions to flow by the; works at Gandhisagar, the river was gauged down-stream of the dam site. From 1959, these observations ceased. No flow records are available for the period November 1959 to April 1961 after which river flow is being estimated on ·the basis of flow through the turbines and that escaped through the spillway etc.·at Gandhi sagar, calculated from gate openings with. the usual formulae. 7 9. In 1961, five new gauging stations were set up on the fringes of the Gandhisagar lake, at Catchment area (Square miles) Barkheda on the Chambal 2,SSS Kalukheri on Shipra tributary 2,007 Chanmahala on Chhoti Kali-Sindh tributary 1,061 Nahargarh on Shima tributary . 895 ' Tumri oli Retum tributary 125. ToTAL 7,243'
At these sites also, the velocities are being observed only at the centre of the stream, by surface floats, and the cross sec~on originally ·observed is the. bjlsis of discharge estimation. · · . . -'• .- '· . ' 10. Apart from the observations at Gandhisagar, as· mention ed above, the only other record available of river gauging on the Chambal is of irregular observations of river levels made during monsoon months in some years, befween 1950 and 1959 at three places near Kotah (Akelgarh, Khejra Cowki and the barrage site) and of river levels below Rana Pratap Sagar Dam since 1956. No discharges were observed. There is thus no information at all of the inflow between Gandhisagar and Kotah, from 1,650 square miles of the catchment area contributing to the Chambal Project. 11. At Kotah, discharges let into the canals are being estima ted on the basis of a gauge discharge curve, established during 1964, for the canal on the left and on the basis of gate openings and empirical formulae for the canal on the right. The supplies escaped below the barrage are also computed on the basis of gate openings and related formulae. At Parvati aqueduct, where the Right Canal enters Madhya Pradesh. discharge observations are being made from a standing wave flume fitted with an automatic gauge. At other places, all record of discharges is based on gate openings and empirical for- mulae. - · · · 8 River· flow record 12. As shown above, the ·only record of river flow in the Chambal is as at Gandhisagar; no data are available for any other site on the river. Statement I shows the recorded flow, by months; arranged by the hydrologic year, July to June. Compiete data are available for only 17 years but, for the monsoon penod, figures are available for 20 years. In using this statement, it. has to be recognised that the flow, as recorded up to ·1959-60, .·was considerably overestimated, as it was based on the velocity obser ved at only one point in the mid-stream. · ·: . 13. It'will·be seen that the months from November to June are almost dry.· Apart from this, the flow pattern is ·very irregu lar, both on a monthly and on an annual basis. For the 20 years, for which inflow data are available for July, August and Septem ber, the average total flow in these months was 4.529 M.A.F. ; however, for three consecutive years 1964-65 to 1966-67 this average was only 1.267 M.A.F. For 7 out of 20 years, the flow in the rainy season was less than 2 M.A.F.; in 4 years it was al most 1 M.A.F. The maximum to minimum: ratio is more than 10. Meteorological data .. 14. There are 28 rain-gauge stations in the catchment area above Gandhisagar but a large number of these were established after 1948. Between 1931 and 1948, the number of rain-gauge stations was only 19 and, prior to 1930, about 10 or even less between 1907 and 1891. There do not seem to be more than one or two rain-gauge stations between Kotah and Gandhisagar for the intermediate catchment of 1,659 square miles. 15. An evaporation measuring station has been established at Rana Pratap Sagar since 1956 where daily observations are taken both from an open pan evaporimeter and a Pichie evaporimeter. Reservoir operations at Gandhisagar 16. The ~andhisag~r Dam has been designed and construct ed on the bas1s of a des1gn flood of 7,50,000 cusecs with a maxi mum discharging capac_ity ?f the spillway and sluices of 4,50,000 cusecs at RL 1,312, which IS both the designed full reservoir level and the maximum reservoir level. There seems however to be no provision for the flood moderation assumed fu design. ' . . . · 9 17. After a review of the 1961 flood, the Central Water and Power Commission recommended the adoption of a design flood of 1,197,000 cusecs, subsequently modified to 1.172.000 cusecs. To accommodate this flood in the reservoir itself, the Central Water and . Power Commission felt that the full reservoir level would have' to be kept at about R.t. 1,300. It suggested that the F.R.L. should be kept at R.L. 1,298.5 with floods going right up to the 1Daximum level of R.L. 1,316,. This should take care of .the revised maximum design flood plus 20 per cent. According to studies carried out by project authorities, a flood of 1,197,000 cusecs can be passed with an initial reservoir level of 1,306 rising up to 1.316.91 with a peak out-flow of 540.000 cusecs. 1 ' _' I ,• :. No decision has yet been taken. The matter was consider ed at a meeting of the Chambal Control Board, held ·on 18th May, 1966; who desired that the Central Water and Power Com mission, in consultation with the Chief Engineer, Rana Pratap Sagar and Chief Engineer, Madhya Pradesh, should prepare a memorandum on .the subject and .submit the ·same to the Minis" try of Irrigation and Power. for examination by the Board of Consultants, whose reports should be made available to the Board at its next meeting,; ·':fhis has not yet .been llone. · 18. Meanwhile, since July 1964,· loCal officers· have instruc tions that the lake level should not be allowed to rise above R.L. 1,306.0 until the end of August and presumably also thereafter. For regulating floods, the .orders are that the maximum water level in the reservoir should be kept below R.L. 1,312 or as little above it as may be possible. The lake should be depleted in advance of a rising flood on receipt ·of wireless .messages of heavv rainfall from above. 19. The only information about heavy rainfall being received. at present, by the Executive . Engineer inl:hargC..:.of : regul;ition. apart from the warnings issued by the Meteorologicat- Department. however, consists of 24 hourly rainfall. as observed every morn ing. during the rainy seas<;>n. at five places in the catchment: Indore, Mandsaur, and Ujjain,. Neemuch. Ratlam, 10 . . These are reported to the Executive· Engineer, by telephone, and the information gets to him early in the afternoon i.e., about five hours after the morning observations. . No attempt has yet bee!\ made to esW:blish correlation, if any, between the rainfall at these stations and the inflow into .the_ reser~ voir, 20. Statement II shows the principal particulars of reservoir operations, as at Gandhisagar, on a monthly basis. The evapora tion losses are being calculated on the same .basis as in the Pro ject Report. Apart from the instructions regarding reservoir levels, as set out in paragraph 18 above, there seems to be no instructions regarding releases etc. from the reservoir or the amount of carry-over to be maintained from a good supply year to the next. ' 21. No records are available of reservoir operations for the first few months ana the Gandhisagar power house was opened for operation. On 1st July, 1961, the beginning of the 1961 •filling season', the reservoir had about 0.69 MA.F. as liv~torage. At the end of the 'filling period', the live..stora!!e was, re~nec. tively, 4.683 M.A.F. on 1st October, ·1961
4.41 M.A.F. on. 1st. . October,1962,. and. ' . 4.99 M.A.P. on .1st· October; 1963;. '· . ' ' . ' · The reservoir spilled about 7.00 M.A.F. of water' in l96l and about 3.1 M.A.F. in 1962. 1n 1963 it had o!1ly 0.36 .M.A.F.' tO spill and, thereafter, there has been no spill at all during the three years 1964, 1965 and 1966. In these years, there. was not enough water even to li1l the reservoir and the live-storage was only : 2.24 M.A.F. on 1st October, 1964. · ·
1'0.58 M.A.F. on 1st' October,196S,'and,. ,D.-68 ~. (In tlst Octo~er. 19.66, , .. · t2. The supplies passJd through th~ hirbineli iriereas'ed from 1.29 M.A.F. in 1961-62 to 2.39 ·M.A.F:·in 1962-63 and to·;, 3.89 M_.A.F. in 1963-?4. :, ~ that, on account of inadequat9.river sup pbes, the quantity availabl~ for power generation was only, 3.35 M.A.F. in 1964-65 lind 1:22· M.A.F. in 1965-66. Durini! 1966-67. this quantity may be still smaller. 11 Operation of Kotah barrage · 23: No records are available. of tlie operation at Kotah bar· rage until May 1962; the important particulars' from June 1962
" 149. ' " l63 ;J -~ ~~.llOi 187--117 185--142 110-40 I ',48 .1 d:,·_s4 36 "so ' -:go· 12 26. As stated in paragraph 4 above. the Gapdhisagar power station, included in first phase of the project, has been in opera tion since November 1960; the other two are still under construe, tion. At the Gandhisagar power house, three of the five units were commissioned on 19th November 1960, the fourth on 16th August, 1963 and the fifth oli 31st October, 1966. One of these is to be regarded as spare and the peak demand which this power plant can normally be expected to carry,. for the · present, would be 92,000 kW at a load factor _ of approximately
48 x 100=52 per cent 92 . . on the assumption that sufficient water would be available to en sure a continuous generation of 48,000 kW. (about 3.0 M.A.F. excluding evaporation losses). · · · 27. The annual power generation envisaged in the project was· 420 million kwh. (48,000 x 365 x 24)" against which the actual generation and peak demand have been as follows :
Year Annual Peak (July to June) power- .demand generation (mW) . (million ,kwh.)
1960-61 61.1 . 22.1 '.'~ • 1961-62 149.7. 32.5 • • • • c I 1962-63 322;3 68.3 1963-64 • • . • • . . 540.8 92.~ 1964-65 • • • • • 401.2 .96 1965-66 • 102.7 37 Month-wise particulars of the units generated and the peak· demand are given in Statement IV. It will be observed that the actual power generation exceeded the ·designed. figure during 1963-64 even though the fifth Unit had not yet been commissioned; This was possible by working all the four generating sets, then illStalled. ' . ' , 28. The high rate of power generation 'continued partially during 1964-65 also. · As will be ,seen from Statement IV, the position began to deteriora!e from October _1964 and subsequent months show a continuous fall in generation. This unsatisfactory position continues up to now. During the year 1965-66 the total power generation was only 102.7 million kwb. or less than l/4th of the project anticipation. During 1966-67 the position will not be any better. Both Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh • have had to impose large scale cuts in power consumption over a prolonged period until the situation could be rectified by assis tance. from other power projects. 29. The situation described above appears to have arisen mainly because of three factors : (i) Over-estimation, initially, of the power potential of the project; (ii) lack of proper instructions regarding water utilisation from the project vis-a-vis reserve for carry-over; and (iii) continuously low river since August 1964. Further com ments of the Group and recommendations will follow in a subsequent paragraph. · 30. The power houses at Gandhisagar, Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar will be ultimately operated in conjunction with the 400 mW. atomic power station under construction at Kotah (see paragraph 7 above). In the integrated operation, the hydro-plants at Gandhisagar and Rana Pratl\p Sagar, which have storages upstream, will. run as peak load stations subject only to such limitations as may have to be imposed by the require ments of irrigation. With the reduced annual load factors on these stations under this mode of operation, it will be possible to make full use of the total installed capacity. (A) Rajasthan Development of irrigation 31. Most of the project area in Rajasthan was already under rain-fed cultivation, about one-third in kharif and two-third in rabi. In kharij, the principal crop (about 60 per cent) was jowar and in rabi, the principal crops were wheat (30 per cent), linseed (22 per cent) and gram (11 per cent). 32. The project envisaged an annual irrigation of 7.0 lakh acres, about 76 per cent of the then anticipated C.C.A. A kharif rabi ratio of 30: 70 was anticipated. In other words, 22.8 ptr cent of the total C.C.A. was expected to be irrigated in kharij and 53.2 per cen in rabi. The rabi crop was expected to be mostly 2-1 Plan. Com./67 14 wheat and the kharif crop (inclusive of perennials) to comprise. about 67 per cent rice, about 17 per cent cotton and 16 per cent. under sugarcane and other perennials. 33. Statement V shows the development of irrigation from the Chambal Canals in the Rajasthan part of the culturable com manded area, now found to be 5,53,000 acres against 8,65,000 acres for which works were constructed and 922,000 acres men tioned in the project. It will be noticed that there was a steady but relatively slow increase in irrigated area up to kharif !965; thereafter there has been a set back on account of insufficient storage in the reservoir. 34. The crop pattern, as developed up to 1965-66, shows the following trend (calculated on a C.C.A. of 5,53,000 acres). crop per cent ofC.C.A Perennial (sugarcane and gardens) 2.7 Rice 0.9 Other kharlf • 1.9 Wheat . . 17.7 Gram • 12.0 Other .rabl 3.3
ANNUL 38.5 35. It would be clear that the cultivators are not taking to irrigation during kharif. Against a project expectation of about 22.8 per cent of the C.C.A. to be irrigated in kharif, the actual (including sugarcane and gardens) is only 5.5 per cent of the C.C.A. It seems that, unless some special measures are taken, the development of irrigation on the Chambal Canals in Rajas than would be largely in rabi. (B) Madhya Pradesh 36. The pre-project cropping pattern in the profect area in Madhya Pradesh is not known. On the basis of available district wise information, it appears that in the upper part of the Chambal Canal in Madhya Pradesh, in the district of Morena about two-third of the area was sown in kharif and about one: third in rabi. The kharif crops were paddy (about 60 per cent jowar and bajra and the rabi crops were mostly gram and wheat. 15 In the lower part, in the district of Bhind, however, the crop· pat tern was about the same as in Rajasthan, about one-third in kharif and two-third in rabi. The kharif crops were largely jowar, bajra and pulses, while the rabi crop was mostly gram and wheat. 37. The project envisaged an annual irrigation of 7 lakh acres, about 60 per cent of the then anticipated C.C.A The kharif rabi ratio proposed was 30: 70; mostly wheat in rabi and during kharif the crops proposed were rice (67 per cent of kharif), cotton (17 per cent) and sugarcane and gardens (16 per cent). 38. Irrigation water was received in Madhya Pradesh for the · first time in the year 1960-61 and by 1966 water had reached up to about 20 miles of the Lower Main Canal. The development of iirigation has been as follows :
!" igated area in thousands of Year acres kharif rabi Total 1961-62 0.5 5.6 6.1 1962-63 0.2 10.3 10.5 1963-64 . 0.2 17.0 . 17.2 . 1964-65 1.1 33.4 34.5 1965-66 : 2.7 30.7 33.4 39. As in Rajasthan,: the area irrigated in kharif is a very small proportion of the area developed-in 1965-66, about one third was sugarcane and about 45 per cent rice. Rabi comprises mainly wheat and gram. Water use 40. The project envisages a water allowance of 6 cusecs per thousand acres of annual irrigation with the following capacity factors: April 0.4 October 0.9 May 0.6 November 0.8 June 0.6 December o.s July 0.2 January o.s August 0.2 February 0.7 September o.s March o.s !6 This was expected to give a total depth, at canal head, of 24 inches for rabi crops and 36 inches for khari/ crops. With an aggregate discharge of both canals of 7,926 cusecs, the total water use, with capacity factors defined above, would be 0.434 M.A.F. during the 'filling period', from July to September, and 2 · 640 M.A.F. during the 'depletion period', from October to June, of an annual use of 3 ·074 M.A.F. 41. As the Right Main Canal has so far operated only par tially, it is too early to examine its working; but the Left Main Canal, wholly in Rajasthan, has been in operation sufficiently long to examine its operational trends. The following statement shows the total water use and the area irrigated on this Canal. separately during kharif and rabi, since 1963-64.
kharif (Apr. to Sep.) rabi (Oct. to Mar.) Water Area* Delta Water Area* Delta used irrigated (feet) used irrigated (feet) Year (thou- (thou- (thou- (thou- sand sand sand sand acre- acres) acre- acres) feet) feet) 1963-64 84 3.8 22.2 312 71.4 4.4 1964-65 203 10.4 19.5 276 90.1 3.1 1965-66 269 13.9 19.4 199 79.1 2i.5 1966-67 80 5.2 15.2 *Area under perenials (sugarcane and gardens) has been included under both kharif and rabl acreages. It would appear from the above that, against a three feet delta envisaged for the kharif crop, the actual delta has been as high as 19.5 feet during 1964-65, the latest year in which there was sufficient water in the river. The delta of 15.2 feet obtain- . ed in kharif 1~66, ~ith inadequate river supplies, is also very much on the ~1gh. s1de. It would seem that a considerable part of the supply IS bemg wasted on account of a very low demand in kharif. _During rabi, the de~ta attaine~ during 1964-65 was 3.1 feet agamst 2 feet assumed m the proJect; even with short sup plies in the river in 1965-66, the delta was 2.5 feet. 42. Taking 1964-65 (kharif 1964 and rabi 1964-65) as the latest year in which adequate river supplies were available and 17 taking again the Left Main Canal, the capacity factors, as actualiy ()btained, were as follows : April 0.4 October 0.8 May 0.3 November 0.3 June 0.4 December 1.0 July 0.5 January 0.8 August 0.5 February 0.6 September 0.5 March 0.5 The capacity factors actually obtained are thus considerably different from those assumed in the project (see paragraph 40 above). It is interesting to observe that the highest capacity factors were in October, December and January. The water let into the canals in July and August was not really necessary for 1he crops standing in those months. · Water rates 43. For Rajasthan, figures of yearly assessment and recove Ties made, correct to the nearest thousand. for irri,gation from thr. Chambal Project, are as follows:
Year Assessment Recoveries Rs. Rs.
1960-61 3,40,000 Nil 1961-62 6,13,000 1,25,000 1962-63 7,28,000 7,49,000 1963-64 12,66,000 8.54,000 1964-65 18,05,000 14,03,000 1965-66 18,27,000 16,74.000 1966-67 1,89,000• 13.61,000• 67,68,000 61,66,000
•Partial.
44. The corresponding figures for Madhya Pradesh are : 1963-64 79,000 ' 73,000 1964-65 191,000 187,000 1965-66 242,000 220,000 18 45 It would be seen that the recoveries made represent about 91 per cent of the total amount assessed in Rajasthan and about 94 per cent in Madhya Pradesh. Water logging 46. In considering the problem of water logging on .the Chambal Canals, it has to be noted that the Kotah barrage raises the winter water level in the river by as much as 90 feet to main tain a pond level of R.L. 852.0 It was therefore, not surprising that some of the low-lying areas below Kotah, in Rajasthan, should have shown signs of water logging soon after the barrage came into operation. For these areas. four pilot projects have been, undertaken-three on the left side of the-river and one on the right side. Important particulars of these projects are as follows:
General Distance Area with level or from Kotah watertable Name or Scheme the area Barrage within 5 feet of surface (June 1964)
(Reduced (Miles) (Acres) level) Left Main Canal : Ballop . 820-800 8 1,200 Bhanwaria Kua 800-810 16 1,240 Matunda 800-775 25 1,600 Rigllt Main Canal Raipura 820-815 6 1,09()
. With the coming into operation of the drainage projects men tioned above, there has been considerable improvement in the low lying lands. The area with sub-soil water table within 5 feet of the surface . has since decreased considerably and, provided the seepage drams newly constructed in these tracts are properly maintained, the schemes are likely to be successful. · 47. Four new drainage schemes are being taken ~p in 1966-67 t~ serve about 6,600 acres of the area which has been or is likely to be effected by water logging. 19 48. On the basis of observations on a large number of wells in the Chambal command in Rajasthan, the general condition of the water table is found to be as follows : Extent of area in danger of water-loru:ing (Rajasthan) (thousands of acres) June October Depth below natural surface 1963 1964 1965 1966 1963 1964 1965 . 1966 Left Main Canal :. · Within S feet N.A. 14 3S 3 22 39 S4 S to 10 feet . N.A. 89 80 46 67 80 6S Right Main Canal : Witbin S feet N.A. 4 6 7 8 32 56 S to 10 feet . N.A. 89 lOS 80 68 43 64 The general lowering of the water table, during June 1966. as indicated by the figures in the above table, is due probably to the drought conditions and low irrigation use in the preceeding rabi. 49. According to the Second Revised Estimate of the Cham hal Project, Stage I, as prepared by Rajasthan, for purposes of estimating cost of drainage, the commanded area has been classi fied as follows, on the basis of well observations made in April June 1964: Acres Type I Sub-soil water table within 18,000 (4,000 on right side S feet of natural surface. and 14,000 on the left side of the river).
Type II Sub-soil water table within 177,000 (89,000 on right and S to 10 feet below natural surface. 88,000 on left). Type III Sub-soil water table more 256,000 than I 0 feet below natural surface. Type IV Well-drained land and land 139,000 near rivers or nallahs (mostly gullies and ravines) .. TOTAL 590,000 With the heavy clay soils of the commanded area, the banks of all irrigation channels consist mostly of clay nodules. With 20 little silt in the water flowing in_ these channels, there is plenty of seepage through the banks. All borrow-pits along chan~els and roads have standing water. A perusal of the map show~ng sub-soil water depths reveals that large parts of the area to whtch irrigation water had been made available earlier had by 1964 a high water table. SO. The Second Revised Estimate, referred to above, includes a sum of Rs. 5.81 crores mainly for the training of natural drain ages, providing drains along channels and roads of connecting them to the natural drains. Only areas of types I, II and III above will be covered by the drainage programme and the sum of Rs. 5.81 crores does not include anything for type IV areas. 51. In Madhya Pradesh, on the basis of observations made by the Geological Survey of India during 1961-62 to 1963-64, about 1,064 square kilometres (263,000 acres) of the area to be irriga ted was demarcated as liable to water logging on the advent of irrigation. This included about 40 square kilometres (about 10,000 acres) already under 'partial water logging conditions' under the old Bhind Main Canal. A separate Drainage Division has recently been created and a drainage project is being pre pared. 52. Since 1965, sub-soil water table observations have been initiated on a number of wells spaced along ten cross section lines across the area to be irrigated by the Chambal Canal in Madhya Pradesh but the results were not readily available. 53. On the basis of the observations made on wells during September-October 1966, when the canal was running, and visual observation during rains and the running of the canal, the fol lowing information has been furnished in respect of water lo"ging and its threat in the Chambal Command in Madhya Pradesh:
Reach Particulars 2 Mile 0 to 20 of the Right Main Canal The sub-soil water table is within (Baroda area). 5 feet of the surface over 2,400 acres and from S to 10 feet over 8,600 acres. The sub-soil water level has risen by 4 feet since the introduction of irri gation. 21 1 2 .Mile 21 to 40 of the Right Main Canal The sub-soil water table is within (Premsar-Dhoti area). S feet of the surface over 2,000 acres and from S to I 0 feet over 8,000 acres. The water depth (in June J prior to the introduction of irrigation was 24 feet . .Mile 40 to 89 of the Right Main Canal No danger of water logging becaw;e of a number of natural drainages with steep ground slopes. Mile lOS to 112 ofthe Right Main Canal . About 8,000 acres of the C.C.A. are likely to be water-logged. Arnbah Branch Canal first 35 miles About 12,000 acres are likely to be water-Jogged . . Lower Main Canal first 33 miles About 26,000 acres are likely to be water-logged. Rajasthan Salinity 54. A broad-based soil survey was carried out during 1953- 57. On the Right Main Canal, one soil profile was examined for every four square miles of the C.C.A. and on the Left Main Canal, one soil profile for every 25 square miles. Soil samples were taken from some of these profiles up to a depth of about six feet and analysed; other profiles were classified by visual examination and matching. 55. Nearly 95 per cent of the area was found to have deep soil, the remaining moderately deep soil with kankar; texture medium to heayy generally, the clay content ranging about 25-35 per cent. Soluble salt content of soils was found to be below 0.15 per cent with pH varying from 7.8 to 9.5, in majority of . cases below 8.5. The soils were classified as mostly calcium sa . turated; the drainability of sub-soil as moderate to low. About 65 per cent of the C.C.A. was found to have no prob . Iem of high salt or high pH; for 12 per cent of C.C.A. the soils were characterised as having low percolation, high salt and pH : and for the rest low percolation and moderately high salt, more . particularly in lower depths along the profile. 22 56. While the sub-soil water from a major part of the area was found to have salt content of less than 1,500 parts per million, in some cases the salinity was found to be high, ranging between 1,500-6,320 p.p.pm.; the latter condition prevailing in parts of the area with high water table during monsoons. 57. The pre-irrigation soil survey thus indicated salinity/ alkalinity in certain areas, coupled with impeded drainage, more particularly of the sub-soil. The dangers inherent due to seepage from canals and from relatively high ground were thus brought out. No attempt has so far been made to extend the soil survey work done in the pre-project stage by carrying out a more intensive survey.
Madhya Pradesh 58. A preliminary broad-based soil survey of the Chambal commanded area, comprising parts of the Bhind and Morena districts of Madhya Pradesh, was carried out in 1953-57. One profile for each ten ·thousand acres of the C.C.A. was examined up to about 10 feet depth. As a result, the soils were grouped in seven classes as follows : Soils of class I and class Il(a), sandy loam to loam, with low total soluble salt content and pH, were found to cover about 60 per cent of the C.C.A. in the tehsils of Bhind, Ambali, Morena, Sabalgarh, Jora, Mehgaon, Bijaipur, Sheopur and Gohad. These were regarded as suitable for irrigation, not likely to present any prob lems of salinity or drainage. Soils of class Il(b) and Il(c) were characterised as havino a high clay content in the surface and sub-surface hori zons, with low salinity and pH. The high clay content was taken as indicating danger of water logging under improper use of water and consequent development of harmful salinity and alkalinity. About 25 per cent of the C.C.A. was found to fall under these classes in the tehsils of Ambah, Jora, Morena, Sheopur, Sabalgarh, Gohad, Mehgaon and Bijaipur. Soils of Ambah tehsil falling under class Il(c), being relatively heavy. were indicated as needing special attention. 23 Soils with high salt content and clayey loam texture, grouped under class III, covered about 3.5 per cent of the C.C.A., particularly in the south west of the Gohad tehsil. These were considered likely to deteriorate fur ther and to extend to adjacent areas under continued and improper irrigation. Class IV soils with high pH were found to cover another 3.5 per cent of the com manded area in the tehsils of Sheopur and Jora. Soils of class V, with both high salinity and high pH, pri marily in the tehsils of Mehgaon and Gohad, comprised about 7.5 per cent of the C.C.A. These soils of classes III to V would require reclamation before being deve loped for irrigated agriculture. Some areas in the Mehgaon and Gohad tehsils indicative of high water table conditions would require · pumping for lowering the water table. 59. A more intensive soil survey, then carried out earlier, is stated to have since been taken up and the C.C.A. in Morena tehsils has been covered by it. This survey is based on profiles 6 feet deep in a grid of one mile, supplemented by surface soil samples with a two furlong grid. Water management Water-courses 60. In Rajasthan, all water-courses have, by now, been con structed by the Irrigation Department under separate estimates; the cost (about Rs. 42 Iakhs) is to be recovered in due course, from the cultivators. The construction of water-courses, however. proceeded at a relatively slow pace. Out of a total length or about 7,800 miles of water-courses on the Chambal Canal~ in Rajasthan, the yearly progress was as follows :
By March 1961 I ,666 miles 21.3 per cent .. 1962 2,380 .. 30.4 per cent .. 1963 3,342 .. 42.7 per cent .. 1964 4,880 .. 62.4 per cent By Jan. 196S 6,000 .. 77.0 per cent 24 61. There are about 3,000 outlets on the Left Main Canal for a C.C.A. of 239,000 acres, or one outlet each for about 80 .acres of C.C.A.* On the Right Main Canal, in Rajasthan, there are 4,687 outlets for a C.C.A. of 315,000 acres, or one outlet for each 67 acres of C.C.A., on the average.** All outlets are pipes of 4 inches or 6 inches diameter. Proposals are being worked out to revise the chakbandi and increase size of outlet~. 62. In the Madhya Pradesh part of the Chambal Right Bank Canal, water courses have been constructed up to Sabalgarh <>ver 1,25,000 acres of C.C.A. In the lower part of the canal -system, the cultivators are expected to construct the water c.our ses on alignments to be indicated by the project officers. In the first forty miles of the Upper Main Canal, there are 588 outlets for an irrigable area of 72,000 acres-the average capa -city being 0. 74 cusecs. 63. Because of the large number of outlets and the fact that all the outlets are non-modular, equitable distribution of water between outlets on the Chambal Canals in Rajasthan is almost impossible. Under present conditions, during periods of keen demand, it is possible to feed the tail outlets with hardly about one-third of their due share, even by adopting tatiling · (operat ing outlets in rotation). Government contro: 64. Both in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, the maintenance and operation of dams, canals, distributaries etc., is under the control of the State Irrigation Departments. As already indicated, the construction of water-courses has been and is being carried out by this department. The assessment of water rates is also under the charge of the Irrigation Department. In each State, a superintending engineer, with the requisite divisional and sub divisional organisations, is in charge of all activities, both engineer ing and revenue. 65. Governmental activities relating to the development of irrigated agriculture and connected research are under the con trol of the Agriculture Department and the extension services are under the control of Block Development Officer, Zila .Pari shads, with technical guidance provided by the Agriculture De partment. • Average discharge 0·36 cusecs. •• Avera11e discha!'lle 0·3 cusecs 25 In Rajasthan, the Joint Director (A!rriculture) deals with the departmental activities in the Kotah and"' Bundi districts, both for ir~igated. and un-irrigated areas. In each district, there is a dis trict agricultural officer who attends to extension work; research activities are under the direct charge of the Joint Director who has separate staff for this work. In Madhya Pradesh, a Canal Agriculture Development Offi cer was appointed for speedy development. He was assisted by an agronomist and a horticulturist. The post of Canal Agricul ture Development Officer was abolished during 1963 and has again been revived from 1965. In addition, a Pilot Project Offiecr has been appointed to conduct demonstrations on com plete holdings.
Research and demonstrations 66. Based on the pre-irrigation soil survey, referred to in paragraphs 54-57 above, the commanded area of the Chambal Project in Rajasthan has been demarcated into four soil classes,. according to the nature and properties of the soil. To study the· impact. of irrigation on these classes, the following four research cum-demonstration farms have been established _in Rajasthan : At Kotah, on Kotah-Bundi road (1965) for class I lands. At Sultanpur (1961-62) representative of class II lands. At Digod (1965) for class III and IV lands. At Barkhera (old farm) for class II lands. The farm at Kotah on the Left Main Canal will be an irriga tion research centre where crop-soil-water relationship will be studied in respect of irrigated agriculture, drainage etc. ,Two farms have been opened in class II lands. At Bar khera, the problem to be studied is water-logging and the pre sence of high water table while at Sultanpur, high calcium con tent in the soil with a layer of murram underneath may present different problems. · 67. At the farms at Nanta, Sultanpur and Barkhera, suitable crop patterns are being developed and experiments are being con ducted to find irrigation water requirements. Experiments are 26 also being made with fertilizer application in various doses. At the Digod farm, trials are being made on various methods of reclamation of saline and alkaline lands mainly by the use of amendments in kharif or rabi, surface washings, after soil stir ring in standing water, different types of sowing (trench or drill) and use of green manure and fertilizers. 68. A scheme of Pilot Project Demonstration of improved agricultural practices has been taken up under which ten demons tration farms of 200 acres each have been set up in the farmers' fields. Five of these farms have been in operation since 1963-64 and five since 1965-66. At these farms, agricultural prac tices suitable under irrigated conditions are being tried or demons trated. Fertilizer is given free; improved seed and plant protec tion is provided. One such pilot project in Tirath village was visited. At this project, a subsidy of about Rs. 15.00 per acre •. per year, is given to cultivators, in kind, in the form of fertilizers and seeds etc. This project, along with three others, is under the control of one agricultural assistant who has one field-man under. him for each project. During rabi 1965-66, 143 acres of wheat were irri- · gated in the project area in Tirath village. During kharif 1966, however, no irrigated crop was sown mainly, it was stated, be cause no irrigation waters were available during the kharif sow ing period; only 14 acres were planted with jowar, unirrigated. During the current rabi season (1966-67), as many as 177 acres had been put under wheat, 14 acres under coriander and 11 acres under gram. In other words, the entire C.C.A. in the project area had been sown . in rabi. In the neighbouring area, how ever, the intensity of cultivation during the current rabi is 50-60 per cent. It would thus be seen that the pilot project area must have received much more irrigation water per unit of C.C.A. than available to the cultivators in the neighbourhood and, in this respect, the pilot project cannot be regarded as representa tive of developments possible on the Chambal Project. 69. To further promote irrigation development, water rates were reduced since the beginning of irrigation, up to 1965-66. An amount of Rs. 20 lakhs has been spent on bullock taccavi and a team of 100 progressive farmers from the Chambal area was sent to Ganganagar for study of irrigation practices in that area. 27 70. The Agriculture Department has also taken up a few pilot projects of reclamation and development in co-ordination with the Irrigation Department. On two of the projects referred to in paragraph 46 above, where the Irrigation Department has constructed seepage drains viz.• Ballop and M..ttunda, the Agricul ture Department has undertaken reclamation, as an experimental measure. 71. At Ballop, the work undertaken by the Agriculture De partment comprises land levelling, construction of shallow drains and application of gypsum, as a preliminary to the cultivation of the area by land owners. Shallow drains about two feet deep were seen to have been constructed parallel to and at right angles to the seepage drains; some of the shallow parallel drains were adjacent to the deep seepage drains constructed by the Irrigation Department. It is understood that soil at Ballop is characterised by high salinity but not high alkalinity.· To reclaim this land, gypsum had been applied to 40 acres, at the rate of 5 tons per acre, at a total cost of Rs_ 14,000. . The application of such an excessive dose of gypsum, without leaching out the excessive soluble· salts present in the soil, apart from the high cost incurred, cannot be expected to ·help in soil amelioration. 72 At the Matunda pilot project, it is proposed to provide shallow drain$ at . the .border of individual fields .and to adopt an intensive progrl!mmt< of ~oil testing, bo~h rather elaborate. 73. It is understood that water problems in the area are pro posed to be studied under a project sponsored by the United Na tions Special Fund. 74. Based on the work so far done by the Agriculture De partment, a conclusion appears to have been reached that cotton cannot successfully be grown in this area. It was stated that balls failed to open or got pre-maturely shed. This was attributed to cold during November. The possibility that this might be due to the presence of excessive salts in the root-zone had not been examined. Efforts to use green manure had also not so far been success ful. For daincha, the land is not dry enough to permit its plough ing in before rabi and berseem, it was stated, did not give a good yield in the first and second year of its cultivation. 28 A crop of gram can profitably be taken after jowar under irrigation and this practice is being popularised.
75. According to the latest recommendations of the Agricul ture Department in Rajasthan, the following crop pattern is be ing advocated on the Chambal Project (C.C.A. 5,53,000 acres, presently provided with irrigation facilities) :
Perennial (irrigated) : Sugarcane • 30,000 Fruits and vegetables 8,000 38,000 Kharif (irrigated) : Paddy • • • • • • • 50,000 Maize . 10,000 Groundnut 10,000 Fodder. • • • • 7,000 Other crops . • 5,000 82,000 Rabi (Irrigated) : Wheat. • 160,000 Gram • • 45,000 Linseeds 35,000 Coriander 23,000 Mustard • 10,000 Peas . 15,000 Fodder. 5,000 Berlcy . 7,000 Other crops . 2,000 302,000 Un-irrigated :
Kharif. 187,000 Rabi . 115,000 302,000 29 76. It will be seen that according to these recommendations, the cropping pattern is approximately : Irrigated : Perennial 7 per cent Kharif. 1S per cent• Rabi • SS per cent Un-irrigated Kharif. 34 per cent Rabi • 21 per cent *Of which about 9 per cent is paddy.
77. For the GCop pattern, as set out in paragraph .75 above, the monthly water requirements now worked out by Rajasthan are as follows : Month thousand acre-feet
Filling Period : July 22 Aug. 22 Sep. 37 TOTAL 81 Depletion period : Oct. 73 Nov. 78 Dec. 89 Jan. S8 Feb. 69 Mar. • • 66 Apr. 33 May 87 June 118 TOTAL • 671 3-1 Plan Com./67 30 These water requirements are based on a total delta of about 6.0 feet for sugarcane and perennials, 3.5 feet for paddy, 15 feet for kharif fodder, 1.25 feet for wheat, 3.25 feet for r.abi fod der, 0. 75 feet for barley and gram, and 0. 75 feet for other rabi crops.. · 78. If will be noticed that the annual water use on 5,53,000 acres of C.C.A. in Rajasthan, as developed so far, is .only 0.754 M.A.F. Presumably, this is at the field and to this must be added conveyance losses. · It will also be noticed that, during the depletion· period, these water requirements do not vary much from month to month except in April when they are relatively low and in June when they are relatively high. 79. In Madhya Pradesh, three farms have been set up at Baroda, J ora and Bhind. Experiments on different crop varieties, double cropping, manurial cultural practices and irrigation aspects have been undertaken during the last four years. Also economic doses of fertilizers for different crops have been evolved. The farm at Baroda also serves as a demonstration farm for lund forming by bullock driven implements and improved irriga tion and drainage practices. 80. As a part of extension .work, improved strains of wheat have been introduced and the use of !ertilizers bas been ·encourag ed. The personnel of Agriculture and Development Depart ments, including vi!lage level workers, have been imparted train ing in irrigation and water use practices by the U.S. Farm Irriga tion Adviser stationed at Sheopur. Similarly, five training camps for cultivators have been arranged. · Composiie demonstration programme in the· form of pilot projects has been introduced since 1963-64 for improved agricul tural practices. Three ·units of about 60 acres each are operating in Sheopur. Results are stated to be encouraging. · 8 I. Apart from the above, a pilot pr.oject scheme has been proposed for. "Ayacut .Development". About. 6,000 acres in the upper reach of the canal will be divide~;! int!) three blocks of ~bout 2,000 acres each.with.a vii!W tq deal wit~ the: problems aris- mg from: · (a) water-logging· and salinity as a result of irrigation; 31 (b) water-logging and salinity even though the area has not yet received irrigation; and (c) land forming. 82. A joint study team was constituted in November, 1964 to prepare an intensive agricultural development programme for -the Chambal area in Madhya Pradesh. Its terms of reference were: (a) to make a study of the problems of development in agri cultural and allied fields; (b) to make an assessment of the progress made so far; and (c) to suggest measures for quick utilisation of irrigation potential and accelerated development in the agricultu ral and allied fields. The team has since prepared a draft report which is presum- ably under consideration. Soil conservation Catchment above Gandhisagar 83. Out of the total catchment area of 8,750 square miles above Gandhisagar, 8,150 square miles lie in Madhya Pradesh. the remaining 600 square miles are in Rajasthan. 84. In Madhya Pradesh, the catchment has been classified as follows:
Forests 313,000 acres Uncultivated area 1,454,000 acres Area under cultivation 3,000,000 acres Area under roads, habitations, bare rocks etc. . 3,73,000 acres The soil conservation work of cultivated lands is under the Agriculture Department of Madhya Pradesh, that of forest areas under the Forest Department. The uncultivated area of 1.454 million acres, stated to consist of small parcels of lands, is not receiving any attention at present. Most of the cultivated area lies in a series of plateuxs, with -elevation ranging from 1,100 to 1,775 feet above sea level. The 32 general picture of the catchment is lo~g stretc~es of ~entle slop ing uplands and medium to deep gulhes on eJther s1de of the streams which traverse these areas. 85. Some soil conservation work has been going on in ~he area since 1957-58, under the State Plans; during the Thud Pia; period about one lakh acres of cultivated land are stated to have been contour-bunded in the districts falling in the catch ment. Apart from this, a special programme was taken up in 1962-63 under the scheme sponsored by the Central Government. Under this scheme, an area of about 38,000 acres has been covered by contour bunding in the Third Plan period, grazing has been controlled over 1,100 acres of pasture lands and 3,400 acres of land along nallahs have been provided with vegetal cover, at a cost of about Rs. 22 lakhs. Thus, during ·· the Third Plan, about 1,42,000 acres in all were covered by soil conservation; measures out of a total of three million acres of cultivated lands in the catchment. All the work done so far lies in the districts of Ujjain, Dewas and Indore in the upper watersheds of the Kshipra, the Khan, the Gambhir and the Chambal, as these were considered to have a relatively large soil erosion hazard. 86. Under the Centrally sponsored scheme, afforestation has been carried out in Madhya Pradesh over about 4,100 acres dur ing the Third Plan and about 5,300 acres have been closed as pasture lands at a total cost of about Rs. 14 lakhs. The work has been done mostly in areas adjoining to those on which work has been undertaken by the Agriculture Department. In the first year of the Fourth Plan, the Forest Department is covering about 3,000 acres (afforestation over 1,000 acres and closing pas ture lands 2,000 acres) at a cost of about Rs. 4.5 lakhs. It is stated that out of 3,13,000 acres of forest lands, a large part is already well-wooded and, apart from the work already done in the Third Plan, only about 25 square miles need to be covered. This work could be completed in the Fourth Plan itself if a provision of Rs. 40 lakhs could be made for it. It is understood that from the 5,000 acres of pasture lands, which have already been closed to grazing, the State Government gets an annual revenue of Rs. 40 per acre or Rs. 2 lakhs in all. It is stated ~at, in Mad_hya Pradesh, Government meets the ~ull cost o~ all soil conservatJon work, afforestation, nailah bund mg, enclosmg pasture lands etc., and only SO per cent of the 33 cost of contour bunding; the remaining 50 per cent is borne by the cultivators.
87. In Rajasthan, against an area of 600 square miles above Gandhisagar, some soil conservation measures are stated to have been taken up in an area of only 3! square miles. Catchment below Gandhisagar 88. No work of soil conservation bas so far been undertaken in the catchment area of the Chambal Project lying in Madhya Pradesh, below Gandhisagar. Of the remaining 1,000 odd square miles of the catchment area of the Chambal Project up to Kotah, lying in Rajasthan, a large part is under forests. Accordingly, the entire soil conservation work for this area, both for forest lands and of agriculture lands, has been entrusted to one officer. 89. The catchment area below Gandhisagar, falling in Rajas than, has been classified as follows : Square miles Forests . 610 Agricultural land 28 Unclassified forests and waste lands 283 Land expected to get submerged on completion of all Dams 84 ToTAL I,OOS
90. During the Third Plan, a sum of Rs. 29 lakhs has been spent on soil conservation work and an area of 47,500 acres has been covered-44,400 acres are being maintained as grazing pad docks, 1,290 acres have been protected by vegetal cover along streams banks and 1,840 acres of agricultural land has been treat ed. The details of work done in different portions of the catch ment follow. 91. In the catchment area lying between the Kotah dam and the Kc•tah barrage, the principal work of -soil conservation lies in the formation and maintenance of grazing paddocks, tire pro tection and small engineering works. Almost all the engineering 34 works have been completed but stream bank protection and aff~re station work have not been very successful. Attempts are bemg made to improve the technique .. In the catchment area above Rana Pratap Sagar dam, lying in Rajasthan, strict fire protection measures, setting up and main tenance of grazing paddocks and afforestation are in progress. On agricultural lands, soil conservation measures have been carried out on 680 acres; another 1,276 acres have been surveyed. Sediment investigations on main nallahs and their tributaries have been taken up since 1964-65. Four sets of Cockston type wheel silt samplers have been installed on four plots, of one acre each, representing existing conditions and proposed improvements of different types. An analysis of results is stated to have re vealed a reduction in soil erosion by 40 per cent by providing fencing and contour dykes etc. 92. During 1966-67, the first year of the Fourth Plan, there has been considerable uncertainty about availability of funds. However, the allotment has been approved recently-Rs. 12 lakhs for Rajasthan and Rs. ll lakhs for Madhya Pradesh. The pro gramme for the remaining years of the Fourth Plan does not ap pear to have yet been formulated. The reservoir Capacity surveys 93. No capacity survey has been carried out at the Gandhi sagar reservoir after the initial survey prior to construction. Ar rang~ments are, however. being ma?e to do so and it may be posstble to carry out such a survey m 1968-69. Silt analysis is, however, being made of the waters entering the reservoir at the five sites mention~d in paragraph 9 above and of waters escaping through the turbmes. Accordmg to the results of this ana lysis the silt deposited in the reservoir is stated to be as follows : •
Year Silt deposit in Monsoon inflow in acre-feet million acre-feet 1962 8,896 S.81 1963 • 6,383 3.68 1964 1,383 1.60 196S 767 1.02 35 Cultivation in the reservoir area 94. Quite a significant part of the reservoir area is under cultivation, mostly by original owners, who sign leases with the Executive Engineer, Gandhisagar dam, annually from May 15 each year. The following is the extent of this cultivation. year by year:
Year Cultivation in kflarif Cultivation in rabl (acres) (acres)
1962-63 . nil 10,500 1963-64 3,300 7,100 1964-65 . ' 4,000 19,800 1965-66 23,400 13,600 1966-67 About 50,000 acres under agreement and about 10,000 acres un-authorised.
During kharif, · the ·chief crop is jowar and, during rabi wheat is grown on areas submerged in the previous monsoon and gram elsewhere.
Development of fisheries 95. A scheme for the development of fisheries in the Gandhi sagar reservoir was initiated in October 1958. Since then, up to the end of 1965-66, a total expenditure of about Rs. 8.5 lakhs has been incurred under three different schemes specifically cal led: (i) Fisheries development in Chambai Valley; (ii) Fisheries development in multi-purpose river project scheme; (iii) Crash programme (1955-1966 only). About 5 lakh fish seeds were stocked in the reservior during the two years 1959-60 and 1960-61 and about 15 lak.hs during the next two years, 1961-62 and 1962-63. During the following three years 1963-64 to 1965-66 only about 8 lakh fish seeds were stocked. 36 An ice-plant and two mechanised boats for quick transport of fish to the landing centres have been provided under the crash programme. 96. Fish extraction commenced during 1962-63 when 341 quintals were extracted. In the following three years, the extrac tion has been 642 quintals, 3,123 quintals and 3,099 quintals, respectively. Four co-operative societies (two of which are re gistered), with a membership of about 120, are allowed to ex tract the !ish. The total revenue to end of 1965-66 has been Rs. 2.62 lakhs. The target for fish extraction from the reservoir is 1000 M. tons per year, with an anticipated annual revenue of Rs. 5-6 lakhs. Most of the fish extracted are being marketed at Delhi and Calcutta through the Central Fisheries Corporation. The weed problem 97. A somewhat serious problem which exists presently 011 the Right Main Canal is the occurrence of weeds in its upper portion in Rajasthan. So far, however, the supplies let into the canal are relatively low, with a corresponding low velocity of flow in the canal con ducive to the growth of aquatic weeds with the completion of the lower part of the canal in Madhya Pradesh, the velocity of flow in the canal will equal the designed velocity and this should be less favourable for weed growth. In its head reach, however, the Right Main Canal has been aligned through a number of lakes formed by old dams across tributaries of the Chambal. In these lakes, the velocity of flow is only nominal and weeds and other acquatic growth are inevit able . . The satisfactory solution of the weed problem would appear to he in running the canna!, as far as possible, with full sup ply discharge with intervening closures, taking steps to prevent the weeds in the lakes mentioned above from getting into the canal below, and clearance of the weeds. 37 The problem is receiving attention from the project authori- ties in Rajasthan. Inter-State relations Allocation of costs 98. The Chambal Project is a joint venture of the States of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. By agreements reached through the Chambal Control Board in September 1961 and May 1964, it has been agreed : (a) to allocate between the two States the capital costs of the following common works on a fifty-fifty basis : (i) the Gandhisagar dam and power house, (ii) the Rana Pratap Sagar dam and power house, (iii) the Jawahar Sagar dam and power house, (iv) the Kotah barrage, and (v) the transmission line from Gandhisagar to Kotah. (b) to allocate to each State the full capital costs of works wholly in the interest of that State. (Under this, the costs of the Left Bank Canal and distributaries and of the distributaries of the Right Bank Canal in Rajasthan are wholly borne by Rajasthan; and the costs of the Right Bank Canal and distributaries in Madhya Pradesh are borne wholly by Madhya Pradesh. Also, the costs of the transmission line from Sawai Madhopur to Gwa lior and the Southern Grid are borne by Madhya Pra desh and the Northern Grid wholly by Rajastham. (c) to divide the capital costs of the Right Bank Canal iu the proportion of 24.6 to Rajasthan and 75.4 to Madhya Pradesh.
No decision has yet been taken regarding the division bet ween the two States of the capital costs of the transmission lines from Kotah to Sawai Madhopur and from Gandhisagar to Neemuch. 99. It has also been agreed to share equally between the two States the cost of maintenance and operation of the Gandhisagar 38 power house. No decision has. however, yet been taken regard ing the sharing of the costs of maintenance and operation of the other common works.
100. As rega'rds soil con~~rvation, the main expenditure. is from Central assistance, as · ·.en to each State for the specific catchment area. In addition; each State may spend in the c"~ch ment such sums as it may decide as part of its own programme of soil conservation in the State.
AUocaion of benefits 101. According to the agreements mentioned above, the power benefits from the three power houses are to be shared equal ly between the two States. Each State is, therefore, en titled to take free of cost such power as it may need up to 50 per cent of the generating capacity at that time. Should any State utilise more than this share, it shall pay for the excess to the other State at rates to be mutually agreed upon. These· rates will be determined on the basis of the cost of production at the common take off points.
I 02. Irrigation benefits will also be shared equally. Each State is entitled to irrigate 7 lakh acres of its area. Working rules have, however, yet to be framed regarding the sharing of waters in a year of short supply. (Prior to the current rabi sea son, Madhya Pradesh was not in a position to utilise its full share of water. Rajasthan was, therefore, allowed Juring rabi I 965·66 to irrigate 1,70,000 acres against 30,000 acres by Madhya Pradesh). .
103. The gains and losses in the river between Gandhisagar and Kotah and in the Right Bank Canal in Madhya Pradesh are not taken into account in calculating the shares of waters. Rajas than may, therefore, withdraw supplies on the basis of an aggre gate share capacity of 3,900 cusecs at the head of the Left Main Canal and at the heads of its distributaries on the Right Main Canal whereas Madhya Pradesh is entitled to receive supplies on the basis of a share capacity of 3,900 cusecs at the Parvati aqueduct where the Right Bank Canal enters Madhya Pradesh. 39 Administration 104. ~ch ~ta~e looks aft~r the mamtenance and operation of works ~ymg m tts own terntory. Thus the running of the p~~er stat10n at Gandhisagar is at p~e~ent the exclusive responsi bility of the Madhya Pradesh Electnc1ty Board and the main tenance and operation of the Gandhisagar dam the responsibility of the Madhya Pradesh Irrigation Department. The Rajasthan Government does not have a share in the management except that budget proposals and accounts are shown to that Govern ment for comments, if any. The Rajasthan Irrigation Department looks after the Kotah barrage and the Right Bank Canal in Rajasthan. 105. It is presumed that the works at Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar will also be the exclusive responsibility of Rajas than. 106. Because of the shortage in river supply, it was decided in 1965, to set up a Standing Committee consisting of the Chair man, Central Water and Power Commission or his nominee. as chairman, and the Chief Engineer Irrigation and Chief Engineer Electricity Board of each State as members and Secretary, Cham hal Control Board as member-secretary. This Committee for mulates proposals for the operation of the Gandhisagar reservoir for the approval of the Chambal Control Board. Comments and reco~endations Hydrology 107. It is unfortunate that on a project which has been under execution since 1954 (and under consideration for many years earlier) and on which about Rs. 90 crores has already been spent, the hydrologic aspects should have received scant attention. The river flow data collected so far are inadequate and the observations have been made in a crude fashion; it is indeed surprising that these slipshod methods should have continued to be followed until now and that no attempt should have been made to improve the coveragr:. In this connection, the following facts emerge from this study: (a) While some rough idea is available of the river flow at Gandhisagar for the last 20 years or so. there is no in formation at all of the inflow between Gandhisagar and 40 Kotah, a catchment of 1,650 square miles, which inflow can be utilised in the Chambal power houses and the canals. Even the rainfall data for this part of the catch ment is not being observed adequately. (b) The five stations, at which the inflow into the Gandhi sagar is at present being observed in the same old crude fashion as originally adopted on this project, cover a catchment area of 7,243 square miles against a total catchment up to Gandhisagar of 8,750 square miles. Statement VI shows a comparison of the total observed inflow at Gandhisagar (the aggregate discharge measur ed at the five stations and adding a proportionate vo lume for the ungauged catchment of 1,507 square miles) and the inflow as computed at Gandhisagar from reser voir operations. The large difference in most months reflect the inaccuracy of the methods and the technique adopted. ~cl The Chambal Canals can utilise almost the entire depend able flow of the upper catchment (about 10,400 square miles up to Kotah). Below Kotah, up to the confluence of the Chambal with the Yamuna, there is a catchment of about 45,000 square miles for which, so far as it has been possible to ascertain, no discharge measurements are being made anywhere to assess the available flow for utilisation in the millions of acres of dry land adjoining the lower Chambal. ·(d) With the completion of the Rana Pratap Sagar dam and, in due course, of the Jawahar Sagar dam, successive re servoirs will stretch to the toes of the upper dams thus drowning, at least for part of the time, any possi ble discharge site between Gandhisagar and Kotah.
I 08. In order to assess accurately the quantum of waters available for use, from year to year. and to ensure safety of re servoir OP.erations, the Group recommends the following : (a) The supplies let into the Left Main Canal and the Right Main Canal should be estimated daily from gauge discharge curves to be established and kept up to date. 4! (b) Daily observations at the five stations mentioned in paragraph 9 should be continued for the entire period of flow, from June to November.
(c) ~teps should be _taken to check the discharge formulae m use for supplies let through gate openings etc. at Gandhisagar and Kotah (and in due course below Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar dams) by actual obser· vations, from time to time, over the entire range of operations. (d) All discharge observations should be made and the gauge-discharge curves maintained in accordance with latest Indian Standards. (e) The India Meteorological Department (Hydrology Divi sion) should be requested to depute a special officer to carry out, immediately,. a study of die rain gauge sta tions and rainfall pattern in the Chambal catchment, up to Kotah and advise on : (i) new stations to be established to provide a proper coverage for the catchment up to Gandhisagar and that between Gandhisagar and Kotah.
(ii) the key stations from which data of actual rainfall should be communicated (by wireless) to the Exe cutive Engineers in charge of regulation at the three dams and the Kotah barrage.
(iii) the establishment of a comprehensive system of rainfall warnings (from a study of the approaching storms) in order to get a 2-3 days notice 109. Immediate steps should also be taken to se~ up a ~ew river-gauging stations on the lower Chambal, up to Its JUnction with the Yamuna. 42 Quantum of waters available for use 110. With an average annual availability at Gandhisagar ot about 3.6 M.A.F. (as assessed in the project report and again in 1965)*, this figure would represent the theoretical maximum an nual gross (including evaporation) use at Gandhisagar. In prac tice, it would be significantly less because of the impracticability of holding and making use of the very high floods which occur occasionally. From an examination of the available data, it would appear that the optimum annual use for power generation at Gandhisagar would be between 3.0 M.A.F. and 3.5 M.A.F., less the evaporation losses in the reservoir. If the latter be taken as 0.7 M.A.F. (as in 1962-63), the actual use for power generation would lie between 2.3 and 2.8 M.A.F. 111. The annual supply available for irrigation at Kotah would be more than the annual use for power at Gandhisagar by the extent of the additional yield from the catchment between Gandhisagar and Rana Pratap Sagar that can be conserved by storage at Rana Pratap Sagar. It would appear that the optimum annual irrigation at Kotah would be of the order of, say, 3.0 M.A. F. 112. The figures of optimum annual use for power and irriga tion mentioned in paragraphs llO and 111 above must be regard ed as approximate indications. Until more reliable river-flow data have been collected for a sufficient period, the existing data must be used for preparing detailed working tables for an integrated operation of the three dams and the barrage, for deve lopment of both irrigation and power. For this purpose it is necessary to fix the pattern of canal withdrawals a little more 0 The average run-off at Gandhisagar was assessed in the project report as 3.65 M.A.F. on the basis of Strange's co-effident applicable to 'average' catch ments. The actual mean annual run-off as ob>erved (crudely) since 1945-46 is 5.277 M.A.F.; but there are several years when it is considerably less. For seven years, the flow was 2.0 M.A.F. or less; for the last three consecutive years the average monsoon flow was only 1 . 3 M.A.F. According to a long term study, made in 1965 by the Chief Engineer, Rana Pratata Sagar and Jawah'll" Sagar dams, the averageannualyieldfor54years from 1891-92 to 1944-45 has been assessed as 3.62 M.A.F. During this period, the annualflow was, however,lessthan3.0 M.A.F.in25 out of 54 years. 43 definitely than indicated in paragraph 77 above. Suitable modi fications can be made later with experience of operations and with more and reliable flow data. · 113. In Statement VII, an approximate study has been made of the possible annual use for the years 1891-92 to 194445, on the basis of assessed inflow data (as worked out by the Chief Engineer Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar dams in 1965) and for the period 194546 to 1966-67, on the basis of the crudely observed inflow data (see figure); This study assumes, in the first place. an annual use limited to 3.2 M.A.F. and live storage at Gandhisagar limited in one case to 4.0 M.A.F. and i!1 the other to 5.6 M.A.F. On the basis of this approximate study, which also assumes uniform releases for power generation at Gandhi :sagar throughout the year, the following facts emerge : With live storage at Gandhisagar 4.0 M.A.F. S.6 M.A.F. Period 1891-92 to 1944-4S : Average annual use . 2.93 M.A.F. 2.94 M.A.F. Number of years in which the annual use fall shortof3.2M.A.F. by more than 10 per cent 12 11 Period 194S-46 to 196S-66 : Average annual use . 3.14 M.A.F. 3.20 M.A.F. Number of years in which the annual use would be less than 3.2 M.A.F. by more than 10 per cent . 1 0 During 1966-67, the utilisation would be less than 3.2 M.A.F. by more than 10 per cent in either case, whether the live storage is kept at 4.0 M.A.F. or 5.6 M.A.F. 114. It will be seen from the above that, roughly speaking, an annual gross use of 3.2 M.A.F. (including evaporation losses from the reservoir) is all that can reasonably be developed from Gandhisagar and, for this purpose, the reservoir need not have a live storage of more than 4.0 M.A.F. 44 115. In view of the above, it is recommended that : (a) A careful check be made of the assessed inflow data (as worked out by the Chief Engineer Rana Pratap Sagar· and Jawahar Sagar dams in 1965). (b) The inflow data for Gandhisagar, as recorded. for the period 194546 to 1959-60, be examined and suitably modified after carrying out a series of observations made both in accordance with the practice in vogue at Gandhi sagar and in accordance with the latest Indian Standard with current meter. (c) Detailed studies be made of the possible utilisation, on a long term basis, by the integrated system of three dams and barrage taking into account : (i) the pattern of power development, likely to evolve from the three hydel power houses integrated with the atomic power station, under construction at Rana Pratap Sagar; and (ii) the pattern of canal withdrawals for the crop pat tern to be worked out on the basis of experience already gained on the project. Reservoir operations at Gandhisagar 116. The following facts relating to reservoir operations and water utilisation emerge from this study : (a) There are no established rules for the operation of the Gandhisagar reservoir : the quantum of maximum annual utilisation for power development has not been laid down and the amount of carry-over has not been speci fied. (b) Even though the designed flood at Gandhisagar was initially estimated at 7,50,000 cusecs, the maximum dis charging capacity of the spillway is only 4,50,000 cusecs, without any specific provision (for the full* monsoon season) of reservoir capacity for flood moderation. The problem has been further complicated by a revision since of the estimate of the maximum flood to 1.150.000 cusecs. *It was intended that the reservoir level should be kept at R.L. 1,308 In July and August, thus providing a cushion of 4 feet for flood moderation in these months. Floods occur, however, also in September. 45 {c) While proposals for dealing with the situation set out in (b) above are being worked out, in practice, the effec tive live storage at Gandhisagar has, for .the present, been reduced to 4.67 M.A.F. 125. Instead of leaving the choice of crops to be grown under irrigation entirely to the cultivators, as under the system now be ing followed on the Charnbal Project in both Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, it appea~s that the Maharasbtra pattern would,, 50 be more appropriate for the conditions existing on the project_ Under this system, the Irrigation Department, through the Execu tive Engineer, determines not only the areas to be irrigated but also broadly the crops to be grown. The possibility of introduc-· ing this system should be explored. Water logging 126. There is a clear indication, in the entire project arear of a relatively high sub-soil water table and the danger of a· fur ther rise of the water table to within the root zone. In view of this, the Group recommends the following : (a) Removal of obstructions from all natural drainage chan nels and their notification so that all future Dbstructions to flow therein can suitably be prevented. [For instance. near Sabalgarh (M.P.) it appears that the natural sur face drainage has become ineffective due to cultivation of the low-lying lands.] (b) A careful watch be maintained on the behaviour of the sub-soil water table by regular observation, twice a year in October and June, of the depth of sub-soil wa-· ter below the ground. For this purpose, wells (perfer ably village drinking water wells) suitably spaced pre ferably along cross section lines, should be selected.*' A permanent measuring point should be fixed in the steining of each well, in the form of a well-plate, made· of cast iron, showing the number of the well, number of cross section line and the measuring point which: should be at or near the natural surface in the vicinity· of the well. (c) Funds should be made available, on a priority basis, for the construction of seepage drains to drain off all low lying pockets, in the first instance. If such pockets can: be drained ef!'ectively, the relatively high areas may not need any dramage measures. Shallow-field drains along the margin of fields (as are at present being constructed in some places by the Agriculture Department) cannot serve much useful purpose. *Far too many walls, many close to each other, are at present being; observed in Rajasthan. 51 (d) In so far as possible, all irrigation channels should either run full supply or remain closed. This is neces sary not only for economy in the use of waters and equit able distribution but also as an anti-water logging measure. (e) Contour maps, to the scale of one inch to a mile should be prepared for the entire command on which all natu ral drainage channels should be marked. These maps are necessary for planning such artificial drainages as may have to be 'provided. · (f) Geological investigations should be made in the river above the Kotah barrage to locate if there are any faults in the bed-rock through which water from the pond above Kotah barrage might be seeping into the commanded ·area along the upper reaches of the 'two canals. (g) All borrow pits along . irrigation channels (and along roads etc.), which have standing water, should be drain ed by parallel shallow drains into the nearest natural ·drainage. The shallow drains along irrigation channels should be constructed at some distance from the toe of the bank, about 1,000 feet in the case of main canals and, say, 500 feet in the case of smaller channels. If necessary, short cross drains can be made to lead water from the toe of the bank of the main canals to the parallel drains, par~ ticularly where the Right Main Canal passes through old tanks and there is large accumulation of almost standing water. It is unfortunate that the canal was aligned through these old tanks. 127. The Group would emphasize that suitable prov1s1on must be made for the maintenance of the drains, both seepage and surface. It is important to keep these drains effectively in action. Salinity 128. As shown in paragraphs 54-58 above, in about a third of the C.C.A. in Rajasthan, the soils are characterised by slight ly high to high soluble salts content, medium to high pH and a low infilteration rate. In the remaining area, though the soil has a low soluble salts content and a low pH, in some parts, at lower depths, it has a high pH and moderate rates of infilteration. Also 52 such ground waters · as. have a high salt content! l,soq to 6,320 parts per million, are characterised by low c~lcmm/sodn~m ratio and a high sodium percentage; such sub-sml water, w1th its periodic fluctuation in the upper part of the soil (as a result of rains and/or heavy irrigation) tends to move and accumulate the salts in the top soil._ In Madhya Pradesh part of the command, even though the soils vary in texture and colour, the greater part is alluvial in nature and for this 'reason the eluviation. of finer soil particles towards the sub-soil imparts a relatively heavier texture to the latter in comparison with' the top soil. While the ·top soils· have generally a low soluble salt content, at depths below three feet and lower, the salt content tends to be higher. Likewise, while the pH of surface soils is of the order of 7.0 to '8.0, at lower depths, the pH is usually. higher; so ·also is the calcium carbo nate content which, in certain areas, is as high as 10 to 30 per cent at lower depths along the profile. , 129. In view of the above, since soluble salts are inherent in the soil of the Chambal command, particularly in· the lower depths along the profile, if unfavourable conditions .of drainage (surface and sub-surface) are allowed. to persist and irrigation waters used indiscriminately, land deterioration, will be ·.hastened. (n order to prevent such deterioration and to undertake measures for the amelioration of deteriorated lands, as expeditiously as possible, the Group recommends that soil surveys" .more in tensive than carried out: so far, should be· undertaken imme diately. These intensive surveys should- aim· ·at classifying the commanded area into specified categories e.g:, good; saline non-alkaline. non-saline-alkaline and saline-alkaline. These surveys will also help' to demarcate areas having poor or impeded natural and sub-surface drainage. Year Pilling Period Depletion period July Aug. Sep. Total Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Juno Total Annual 1945-46 4·045 2•481 1•531 8·~57 0•341 0•167 0•113 0•092 0·061 0 0 0 0·346 1·120 9·1n 1946-47 1·939 4•:!02 1·361 7·S02 0·277 0•318 0•209 0·146 0·039 0•024 0•011 0·008 0·007 1·039 8•541 1947-48 0·415 1·481 2•366 4·262 0·344 0·107 0·067 0·046 0•027 0·016 0·003 0•001 0•230 0·841 5•103 19~9 0·805 1·895 2·825 5·525 0·254 0•121 0·068 0•039 0·022 0·013 0•008 0·002 0·048 O•S7S 6•100 1949-SO 0·304 0•193 0·682 1•179 0·188 0·032 0•022 0•014 0•009 0•007 0·004 0•002 0•002 0·280 1·459 1950-51 2·134 0· 316 3· :!00 5·6SO 0·175 0·065 0•038 0•030 0•017 0·015 0•010 0·006 O·O:W 0·376 6·026 1951-52 0·768 0·322 0·043 1·133 0·015 0·011 0·009 0·007 0·001 0 0 0 0 0·043 1·176 1952-53 2•643 2•351 0·108 5•102 0·035 0·020 0•015 0·001 Not available Incomplete 1953-54 0•218 1·537 0•213 1·968 0·038 0·016 0·009 0•006 0•005 0·004 0•002 0 0•013 0·093 2•061 1954-SS 1•119 0•402 5·355 6•876 1•273 0·139 0·094 0•063 0•047 0•037 0·027 0•019 0•250 1·949 8•825 1955-56 0•218 0•629 3·237 4·084 3·824 0·165 0·084 O·OSO 0•028 0•008 0 0 0 4•159 8·243 1956-57 • . NOT AVAILABLE 1957-58 0•542 1•107 0•330 1•979 0•021 0•0:!0 0·008 0•011 0•011 0•004 0 0 0 0·075 2·0~4. 1958-59 0•969 0•884 1·677 3•530 0·128 0·087 0·097 0•049 0•023 0·013 0) 0·399 3•929 1959--60 1·752 2•219 6·604 10•575 0·794 Not Available Incomplete 1960-61 NOT AVAILABLE 0•019 · 0;013 Incomplete 1961-62 • o·566 0·515 8·779 9·860 o·330 o·l54 o·067 o•o58 o·031 0·046 0·045 o·016 --O•OI6 0·731 10·591 1962-63 0•853 1•036 3·925 5·814 0•200 0•073 0•046 0•035 0•026 0•035 0•058 0•036 O• 186 0·695 6·509 1963·64 • 0·694 2•318 0·667 3•679 O·lll 0•068 0•043 0•021 0•039 0·041 0·024 0·038 0·233 0·618 4~297 1964-65 0•517 0•608 0·471 1•596 0·081 0·020 0·038 0·046 0•009 0•018 0•033 0•028 0·007 0·280 1·876 1965-66 0•330 0•316 0•372 1·018 0·019 0·001 0·003 0•020 0·005 0·017 0•013 0 0·040 0•118 1·136 1966-67 0·347 0·589 0•250 1·186 0•009 0·007 Averae:c• • I• 059 1•270 2•200 4•529 0•423 0·084 0•057 0·041 0·024 0·018 0•014 0•010 0·077 0·748 5·277 •Avcraco for each column is for the number of years for which data aro available. STATEMENT II Reservoir opera dons at Gandhlsagar (All figures in columns 2 to 9 are in million acre-feet) Year and R.L. of Live Inflow Utilisation during the month Quantity Quantity Outflow Remarks month reservoir storage during stored escaped into the on 1st of in reser .. the For Evapo- Total (+J or during river the month voir on month,.. power ration del}1eted the below 1st of (6)+(7) gener.. losses (- ur- month Gandhi- the +(8) ation ing the sagar== month month (8)+(4) (I) (2) (3) (4) (S) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) VI 00 1960-61- July. Aug. Sep; TOTAL • Oct. Nov. 3 units commission Dec. ed on 1 Jan. Nov. 1960 Feb. Mar •. April ''" . STATEMENT D-(contd.) (I) (2) (3) (4). (5) ' (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 1962-63 : ' July 1286·80 2:326 0·853" 0·127 0·043 0·170 +0·683 0·127 Aug. . 1293·20 3·009 1·036 0·155 0·047 O·t02 +0·389 0·445 0·600 Sep. 1296·50 3·398 3·925 0·172 0·054 9•t26 +1·012 2·687 2·859 ----· ------TOTAL 5·814 0·45,4 0·144 ~-~98 +2·084 3 ·132 3·586 ----~----~------Oct. 1304·30 4·410 Q-200 il-168 0·058 O·ll6 -0·026 0·168 Nov. 1304·10 4·384 0·073 0·189 0·046 0·235 -0·162 0·189 0 Dec. 1302·90 4·222 0·046 0·21l 0·045 0·257 -:0·.211 0·212 "' Jan. 1301 4·011 0·035 0:211 0·043 0·260 -0·~25 0·217 ' I Feb. 1299·65 3·~86 1)·026 0·196 0·042 0·238 -0·212 0·196 ' , \' Mar. 1297·95 3·574 0·035 0·208 0·071 0·219 .....0·244 0·208 Apr,. 1296·00 3·330 0·058 0·222 0·096 0·318 -0.200 0·222 May 1293·70 3·069 0·036 0·262 0·091 0·353 -0·317 0·262 June 1290;80 2·753 0·186 0·262 0·078 0·340 -0·154 ____0·262!!""""" ______ TOTAL. 0·695 1·936 0·570 2·506 -1·811 Nil 1·936 Annual 6·509 2·390 0·714 3·104 +0·273 3·132 5·522 '. (I k ' '1 , ., ' .. STATEMENT ll-(contd.) I "' (I) (2) (31 4- \5! (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) r 1963-64 : July 1289·40 2·599 0·694 0·265 O·OB 0·308 +0·386 0·265 Aug. 1293·00 2·935 2·318 0·254 0·053 0·307 +1·990 0·021 0·275 4th unit !Cl> commis .. " sioned on 16th August 1963. Scp. 1308 ·00 4·975 0·667 0·258 0·050 0·318 +0·015 0·334 0·592 TOTAL 0 3·o79 0·777 0·156 0·933 +2·321 0·355 1·132 Oct. 1308·10 4·990 0·111 0·~88 0·062 0·350 -0·239 0·288 Nov. 130)·60 4'·751 0"·058 0·300 0·0~8 0·3-\8 -0·280 0·300 "' D:c. 130t·75 4·471 0·013 0·327 0·016 0·373 -0·330 .. 0·327 J.m. 1302·23 4·141 0·021 0·350 0·044 0·394 -0·373 0·350 F~~. 1211·51 3·769 0·039 0 334 0·0-11 0·375 -0·336 0·334 1\f,r. 1296·76 3·.433 0·011 0·.373 0·058 0·441 -0·440 0·373 At>r. 1293,10 3·033 0·024 0·-354 0·089 0·443 -0·419 .. 0·354 M,y. 123?·~4 2·614 0·038 0·336 0·032 0·468 -0·430 0·386 Juq! 1285·27 2·184 0·233 0·397 0·068 0·465 -0·232 0·397 TPTII.L • 0·618 3·109 0·548 3·657 -3·039 Nil 3.109 A;li'J.ll 4·297 3 ·886. 0·704 4·590 -0·648 0·355 4·241 STATEMENT ll-{contd.) (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 1964·65: 1uly 1282•69 1•952 0•517 0•404 0·037 0·441 +0·076 0·404 Aug. 1283·53 2·027 0•608 0•396 0·038 0·434 +0·174 .. 0·396 Sep. 0·392 ---·1285·46 2•201 0·471 0•392 0·039 0·431 +0·040 TOTAL , - - 1•596 1·192 o:u4 1·306 +0·290 Nil 1·192 Oct. 1285·90 2·241 0·081 0·343 0·038 0·381 -0·300 0·343 Nov. 1282·57 1•941 0·020 0·246 0·028 0·274 -{)·254 0·246 a. ~ Dec. 1297·53 1·687 0·038 0·258 0·026 0·284 -{)·246 0·258 San. 1276·42 1·442 0·046 0·264 . 0·024 0·288 -{)·242 0·264 Feb. 1272·92 1·199 0•009 0•256 0·022 0·278 -{)·269 0·256 Mar. 1268·92 0·930 0•018 0·262 0·034 0·296 -{)·278 0·262 Apr. 1264·32 0·653 0·033 0·218 0·043 0·261 -{)·228 0·218 May 1259•88 0·425 0•028. 0·159 0·039 0·198 -0·170 0·159 I uno 1256·00 0•255 0·007 0·148 0·032 0·180 -0·173 0·148 TOTAL - 0·280 2·154 0·286 2·440 -2·160 Nil 2·154 Annual .. 1·876 3·346 0·400 3·746 -1·870 Nil 3·346 ------STATEMENT 11-(contd.) (1) (2) (3) (4) . (5) {6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 1965·66 : July 1252·08 0·082 0·330 0·156 0·017 0·173 +0·157 0·156 Aug. 1255·75 0·239 0·316 0·160 0·019 0·179 +0·137 0·160 Scp. 1258·76 0·375 0·372 0·147 0·022 0·169 +0·203 0·147 ------TOTAL • 1·018 0·463 0·058 0·521 +0·497 Nil 0·463 Oct. 1262·94 0·578 0·019 0·159 0·021 0·180 -{)·161 0·159 Nov. 1259·72 0·417 0·001 0·117 0·016 0·133 -{)·132 0·117 "'... Dec. 1257·00 0·285 0·003 0·108. 0·014 0·122 -{)·119 0·108 Jan. 1254·33 0·167 0·020 0·094 0·013 0·107 -{)·087 0·094 Feb. 1251·98 0·079 0·005 0·091 0·012 0·103 -{)·098 0·091 Mar. 1242·42 -{)·019 0·017 0·097 0·017 0·114 -{)·097 0·097 Apr. 1246·15 -{)·116 0·013 0·060 0·022 0·082 -{)·069 0·060 May 1243·55 -{)·185 0 0·005 0·021 0·026 -{)·026 0·005 June 1242·49 ~·211 0·040 0·026 0·018 0·044 -{)·004 0·026 TOTAL. 0·118 0·757 0·154 0·911 -{)·793 Nil 0·757 Annual 1·136 1·220 0·212 1·432 -{)·296 Nil 1·220 STATEMENT II-{contd.) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 1966-67 : July 1242·30 -o·215 0·347 0·035 0·012 0·047 +0·300 0'035 Aug. . 1252·20 0·085 0·589 0·125 0·019 0·144 +0·445 0·125 Sep. 1262·00 0·530 0·250 0·081 0·023 0·104 +0·146 0·081 TOTAL • 1·186 0·241 0·054 0·295 +0·891 Nil 0·241 Oct. 1264·75 0·676 0·009 0·136 0·023 0·159 -o·l50 0·136 5th unit commis- sioncd on 31st October, ~ 1966. Nov. 1261·92 0·526 0·007 0·139 0·017 0·156 -o-149 0·139 Dec. 1258·80 0·371 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June TOTAL • ---- Annual 65 STATEMENT lll (Sheet I of 7) Cbambal River Project-Particulars of operation at Kotah (All figures are in million acre-feet) Withdrawals by Canals at Year and month Kotah · Water Water Total released Right Left Total released discharge below below at Gandhi Kotah Kotah sagar Barrage (5)+(6) (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 1960-61 : July Aug. Sep. TOTAL Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May o.J06 June o.J06 TOTAL Annual 66 STATEMENT III (Sheet 2 of 7) Chambal River Project-Particulars of operation at Kotah (All figures are in million acre-feet) Year and month Withdrawals by Canals at Kotah Water Water Total released Right Left Total released discharge- below below at Gandhi- Kotah Kotah= sa gar Barrage (5)+(6) (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 1961-62 : July 0.108 Aug .. 0.100 Sep. . 5.551 TOTAL 5.765 Oct. 1.678 Nov.. 0.098 Dec. 0.105 Jan. 0.106 Feb. 0.101 Mar.. 0.113 Apr.. 0.121 May . 0.123 June 0.122 0.094 0-~22 0.116 0.008 0.124 TOTAL 2.567 Annual 8.332 67 STATEMENT III (Sheet 3 of 7) Cbambal River Project-Particulars of operation at Kotah (All figures are in million acre-feet) Withdrawals by Canals at Kotah Year and month Water Water Total released Right Left Total released discharge below below at Kotah- Gandhi- Kotah (5)+(6) sagar Barrage (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 1962-!i3 : July . 0.127 0.054 0.012 0.066 0.235 0.301 Aug.• 0-600 0-044 0.014 0.058 . 0.277 0.335 Sep. 2.859 0.063 0.009 0.072 3-353 3.425 TOTAL 3.586 0.161 0.035 0-196 3.865 4.061 Oct. 0.168 o.i33 o.oos 0.138 0.041 0-179 Nov•. 0.189 0.104 0-025 0.129 0-037 0-166 ·Dec.• • 0-212 0-146 0-037 0,183 • 0.027 0-210 Jan. . • 0.217 0.167 o.028 0,195 • o.o~ 0-215 Feb. 0.196 0.123 0.042 0.165 • 0.029 0.194 Mar.. 0.208 0.208 0.011 o,219 . o.OQ6 0-225 Apr. 0.222 0.183 0.183 . 0-022 0.205 May • 0.262 0.189 o.oos 0.194 0.034 0-228 June • ·- 0.262 0.201 0.012 0.213 0.043 0.256 TOTAL 1.936 1.454 0.165 1.619 0.259 1.878 Annual 5.522 1-615 0.200 1.815 4.124 5.939 68 STATEMENT III (Sheet 4 of 7) Cbambal River Project-Particulars of opel'lltion at Kotah (All figures are in million acre-feet) Withdrawals by Canals at Kotah Year and month Water Water Total release Right Left Total released discharge below below at Kotah= Gandhi· Kotah (S)+(6) sagar Barrage (I) (2) (3) (4} (5} (6) (7} 1963-64 : July . 0.265 0.110 0.022 0.132 0.103 0.235 Aug •• • 0.215. 0.082 0.019 0.101 . 0.307 0.408 Sep. 0.592 0.098 0.019 0.117 . 0.342 0.459 TOTAL ].132 0.290 0.060 0.350 0.152 1.102 Oct. . 0.288 0.133 0.044 0.177 0.061 0.238 Nov.• • • 0.300 0.185 0.022 0.207 . 0.051 0.264 Dec. • • • 0.327 0.146 0.065 0.211 • 0.046 0.251 Jan. • • • 0.350 0.151 0.060 0.211 . o.OS5 0.266 ·Feb •• • • 0.334 0.248 0.047 0..295 . 0.015 0.310 Mar.• • • 0.373 0.264 0.042 0.306 0.009 0.315 Apr.• • • 0.354 0.264 0.028 0.292 . 0.044 0.336 May. 0.386 0.176 0.026 0.202 0.076 0.278 June 0.397 0.255 0.031 0.286 o.o31 0.317 TOTAL 3.109 1.822 0.365 2.187 0.394 2.581 ANNVAL. 4.241 2.112 0.425 2.537 1.146 3.683 69 STATEMENT Jli (Sheet 5 of 7) Cbambal River Project-Particulsrs of operation at Kotab (All /i!JUres are in million acre-feet) Wi tbdrawals by Canals at Kotab Year and month Water Water Total released Right Left Total released discharge below below at Kotah- Gandhi- Kotah (5)+(6] sagar Barrage (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 1964-65 : July 0.404 0.222 0.038 0.260 0.235 0.495 Aug .• 0.396 0.162 0.039 0.201 0.226 0.427 Sep. 0.392 0.125 0-037 0.162 . 0.218 0.380 TOTAL 1.192 0.509 0.114 0.623 0.679 1·302 Oct. 0.343. 0.142 0.063 0.205 0.057 0.262 Nov.• 0.246 0.162 0-028 0.190 0.013 0-203 Dec. 0-258 0.169 0.078 0.247 0-006 0.253 Jan. . 0.264 0.188 0.062 0.250 0.003 0.253 J;'eb. . 0.256 0.184 0.050 0.234 Nil 0.234 Mar- • 0.262 0.186 0.036 0.222 0.013 0.235 ~pr. 0.218 0.134 0-027 0.161 0.026 0.187 May • 0-159 0.091 0.041 0-132 0.004 0.136 June 0-148 0-100 0.044 0-144 o.oo1 0.14$ TOTAL 2.154 1.356 0.429 1.785 0.123 1.908 ANNUAL. 3.346 1.865 o.S43 2.408 0.802 3-210 70 STATEMENT III (Sheet 6 of 1) Cbambal River Project-Particulars of operation at Kotah (All figures are in million acre-feet) Withdrawals by Canals at Kotah Year and month Water Water Total released Right Left Total released discba- below below rge at Gandhi- Kotab Kotah= sagar Barrage (5)+(6) (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)' (7) 1965-66 : July • 0.156 0.105 0.052 0 .. 157 0.039 0.196 Aug •• 0.160 0.114 0.061 0 ..175 . 0.038 0.213 Sep. 0.147 0.100 0.047 0.147 0.043 0.190 TOTAL 0.463 0.319 0.160 0.479 0.120 0.599 Oct. 0.159 0.104 0.052 0.156 Nil 0-156 Nov .• . 0.117 0.078 0.044 0.122 Nil 0.122 Dec. 0.108. 0.079 0.03~ 0.114 .Nil . 0.114. Jan. . 0.094. 0.066 . 0.023 0.089 . Nil . o.o89 Feb •• 0.091 0.063 0.023 0.086 Nil 0.086 Mar•• 0.097. 0.066 0.022 0.088 . 0.001 0.089 Apr. 0.060. 0.056 0.001 0.057 . 0.002 0.059 May • 0.006 Nil 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 Jun~ . 0.026 0.003 0.024 0.027 0.017 0.044 , TOTAL 0.758 0.515 0.225 0.740 0.021 0.761 ANNUAL 1.221 0.834 0.385 I .219 0.141 1.360 71 STATEMENT Ill (Sheet 7 of 7) Chambal River Project-Particulars of operation at Kotab (All figures are in million acre-feet) Withdrawals by Canals at Kotah Year and month Water ------Water Total released Right Left Total released discharge below below at Kotah Gandhi- Kotah (5)+(6) sagar Barrage (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) .1966-67 : July • • • 0.035 0.049 Nil 0.049 0.031 0.080 Aug •• • 0.125 0.086 0.029 0.!15 0.152 0.267 Sep • • 0.081 0.083 0.025 0.108 0.010 O.II8 TOTAL 0.241 0.218 0.054 0.272 0.193 0.465 Oct. 0.136 0.108 0.024 0.132 Nil 0.132 Nov•• 0.139 0.110 0.033 0.143 Nil 0.143 Dec. Jan, Feb. Mar. Apr. May June TOTAL • ANNuAL • • ------STATEMENT IV Units generated and maximum demand at Gandhi Sagar power station 19~1 1961~2 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 1965-66 196&67 Monlb mW million mW million mW million mW million mW million mW million mW minion kwb kwb kwh kwh kwh kwb kwb July 22•0 10•6 35·5 15·9 68•7 38·4 91·5 51•4 32·5 14•8 26·5 2•8 Auawt 23·6 11•0 43•2 18•9 71•0 38•3 92•5 50•4 35·0 15·8 33•5 12'4 September 24•2 10•6 48•0 21•7 78•2 38·6 91•0 50•6 35·5 15•2 46•5 7·5 October 24·8 10·7 51•3 21• 8 84·0 40•2 96·0 43•7 37·0 16•4 47•5 u.s November 9•0 0•3 26•7 11·4 60·5 25·6 88•3 41•6 67·5 30•6 28•5 10'6 50•0 12·5 Decembor 17•5 4•5 28·0 12·4 63•2 29•5 91•8 45•9 68•5 30•6 26•0 8•9 January 19•5 8•0 29•0 12•8 63•0 30•1 91•0 49•1 63·5 31•3 19•0 6•8 tj February 21•1 8·6 28•8 12•3 62·5 27•0 91•0 46•4 63•5 30•2 21•5 6•8 March 22•0 9•2 30·8 13·7 62•6 27•7 92·5 51·4 61•0 29•1 21•5 6•9 April 21·0 9•4 32•5 14·3 66•6 31·7 91•0 50•7 54•0 23•0 21•0 3•9 May 21•5 10•5 31·3 15•3 65•1 36·4 90•2 50·0 33•5 16•0 14•0 4•4 IUDO . .. .21•5 10•6 32•4 14·6 68•3 .36•0. ?O·q 50•2 30•5 14·3 15•5 2•2 TotBI unUt a:enerat•d 61·1 149·7 322•2 . • 540•8 401·2 102•7 48•7 STATEMENT V Area Irrigated from Cbambal Canals in Rajasthan (crop-wise) (thousands of acres) Yoat' Perennial Kharif Rabi Annual Sugar- Rico Ground- Others Total Wheat Gram Others Total cane nut and gardens 1960-61 23·5 3·9 9·5 36·9 36·9 1961·62 0·7 1·0 0·6 1·6 47·1 4·3 10·7 62·1 64·4 ..... 1962-63 0·8 1·0 0·8 1·8 56·3 7·8 12·5 76·6 79·2 "' 1963-64 1·8 1·2 0·4 3·2 4·8 96·6 25·7 15·3 137·6 144·2 1964-65 7·2 4·S 1·2 3·3 9·0 115·5 66·8 18·4 200·7 216·9 1965-66 14·8 4·8 3·7 7·0 15·5 97·8 68·8 15·9 182·5 212·8 1966-67 2·7 3·2 5•3 9·8 18·3 74 STATEMENT VI Comparison of obse"ed and calculated Inflow Into Gandhi..,gar (Referred to in paragraph 107-b) Based on obser- As calculated Ratio of calcu- ved inflow at from lated to observed five stations reservoir (per cent) described in operations paragraph 9 (Statement I) (Million acre feet) July, 1961 0.485 0.566 117 August, 1961 0-730 0.515 71 September, 1961 8.921 8.779 98 October, 1961 1.417 0.330 23 November 1961 0-179 0.154 86 II -732 10.344 88 July, 1962 . 0.788 0.853 108 Aug., 1962. 0.892 1.036 116 September, 1962 . 5.972 3.925 66 October, 1962 o.J8o 0.200 111 7.832 6.014 77 July, J 963 • 0.798 0.694 87 August, 1963 2.667 2.318 87 September, 1963 • 0.683 0.667 98 October, 1963 0.014 0.111 793 4-162 3.790 91 June, 1964 • 0.139 0.233 168 July, 1964 • 0.394 0.517 131 August, 1964 0-504 0.608 121 September, 1964 • 0.424 0.471 111 October, 1964 0.016 0.081 506 I -477 1.910 129 July, 1965 • 0.150 0.330 220 August, 196S 0-396 0.316 80 September, 196S • 0-407 0.372 91 October, J96S 0.007 0.019 271 0.960 1.037 108 75 STATEMENT VII (Sheet 1 of 4) Cbambal River at Gandhisagar Assessed inflow (million acre-feet) Inftow during Annual use li- Annual utilisa- Year mited to 3.2 tion limited to Filling Depletion M.A.F. and 3.2 M.A.F. and period period live storage to live storage 5.6 (July- (Oct.- 4.0 M.A.F. M.A.F. Sep.) June) Possible Carry- Possible Carry- use over use over 1 2 3 4 s 6 1891-92 - 2.29 O.S6 2.8S 2.8S 92-93 4.34 o.s3 3.20 1.67 3.20 1.67 93-94 2.86 0.47 3.20 1.80 3.20 1.80 94-95 2.02 0.40 3.20 1.02 3.20 1.02 95-96 1.35 0.36 2.73 2.73 •• 96-9i i.UO o.4i 2-U!I 2.09 .. 97-98 ... 2.49 0.46 2.9S 2.95 98-99 - v • 2.81 0.32 3.13 3.13 1899-1900 . 0.15 0.57 0.72 0.72 1900-01 S.80 o.so 3.20 2.10 3.20 3.10 01-02 1.06 0.41 3.20 0.37 3.20 !.37 02-03 - 3.04 0.56 3.20 0.77 3.20 !.77 03-04 3.68 0.40 3.20 l.6S 3.20 2.65 04-0S 0.95 0.35 2.9S 3.20 0.7S 05-06 - 1.78 o.so 2.28 3.03 06-07 3.49 0.42 3.20 0.71 3.20 o. 71 07-08 1.32 0.36 2.39 2.39 08-09 1.46 0.36 1.82 !.82 09-10 2.17 0.41 2.58 2.58 1910.11 2.26 0.61 2-87 2.87 1911-12 1.41 ~-37 1.78 !.78 12-13 1.66 0.42 2.08 2.08 13-14 2.48 0.43 2-~1 2.91 76 STATEMENT VU-(Contd.) 1 2 3 .4 5 6 14-15 I .97 0.32 2.29 2.29 15-16 0.70 0.6~ 1.35 1.35 16-17 5.02 0.71 3.20 2.31 3.20 2.53 17-18 3.89 0.81 3.20 2.41 3.20. 4.01 18-19 o.51 0.50 3.20 0.22 3.20 1.82 19-20 4.87 0.48 3.20 2.08 3.20 3.68 1920-21 1.28 0.41 3.20 0.57 3.20 2.17 21-22 2.69 0.55 3.20 0.61 3.20 2.21 22-23 3.99 0.71 3.20 2.11 3.20 3. 71 23-24 5.61 0.65 3.20 2.25 3.20 3.85 24-25 3.69 0.30 3.20 2.10 3.20 3.70 25-26 0.63 0.40 3.13 3.20 1.53 26-27 3.20 0.46 3.20 0.46 3.20 1.99 27-28 2.16 0.55 3.17 3.20 ·1.-50 28-29 3.66 0.49 3.20 0.95 . 3.20 2.45 . .29-30 2.00 0.51 3.20 0.26 3.20 1.76 1930.31 2.65 2.09 3.20 1.80 3.20 3.30 31-32 7.35 0.82 3.20 2.42 3.20 4.02 32-33 4.14 0.66 3.20 2.26 3.20 3.86 33-34 5.19 0.73 3.20 2.33 3.20 3.93 1934-35 5.40 o.58 3.20 2.18 3.20 3;78 35-36 2.81 0.42 3.20 2.21 3.20 . 3.81 36-37 1.63 0.49 3.20 1.13 3.20 2.73 37-38 4.32 0.48 3.20 2.08 3.20 3.68 38-39 1.51 0.52 3.20 0.91 3.20 2.51 39-40 2.64 0.54 3.20 0.89 . 3.20 2o42 l94Q-41 4.04 0.72 3.20 2.32 3.20 3.92 41-42 5.82 0.71 3.20 2.31 3.20 3.91 42-43 4.57 0.64 3.20 2.24 3.20 -3.84 43-44 4.25 1.01 3.20 2.61 . 3.20 4.21 44-45 10.54 0.85 3.20 2.45 3.20 4.05 Average 3.06 0.56 2.93 2.94 77 STATEMENT VII-(Concld.) I 2 3 4 5 6 1945-46 8.06 1-12 3.20 2-12 3.20 4.32 46-47 7.50 1.04 3.20 2.64 3.20 4.24 47-48 4.26 0.84 3-20 2-44 3.20 4.04 48-49 5.58 0.57 3.20 2.17 3.20 3.77 49-50 1.18 0.28 3.20 2.43 3.20 2.03 1950-51 5.65 0.38 3-20 1.98 3.20 3.58 51-52 1.13 0.04 3.15 3.20 1-55 52-53 5-10 (0.84) 3.20 2-74 3.20 4.04 53-54 1.97 0.09 3.20 1.60 3.20 2-90 54-55 6.88 1.95 3-20 3.55 3.20 5.1s 55-56 4.08 4-16 3-20 4.00 3.20 5.60 56-57 Not Available 57-58 1.98 o.os 3.20 3-20 58-59 3.53 0.40 3.20 0.73 3.20. 0.73 59-60 10.58 (1. 75) 3.20 3.35 3.20. 4.95 1960-61 Not Available 61-62 9.86 0.73 3.20 2.33 3.20 3.93 62-63 5.81 0.70 3.20 2.30 3·20 3.90 63-64 3.68 0.62 3.20 2.22 3.20 3.82 64-65 1.60 0.28 3.20 0.90 3.20 2.50 65-66 1.02 0-12 2-04 3.20 0.44 66-67 1.19 Average 4.53 0.75 3.14 3.20 NoTB.-Figures in brackets are assumed values; these have not been included in calculating the average.