INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

PHYSIOGRAPHY “Fastest Continent”  India is the largest country in the Indian subcontinent lying India is entirely contained on the Indian Plate, a major tectonic entirely in the Northern Hemi- plate that was formed when it split off from the ancient continent Gondwanaland. About 50 to 55 million years ago, in the Eocene sphere. epoch of the Cenozoic Era, the plate collided with Asia after  The mainland extends from lati- covering a distance of 2,000 to 3,000 km (1,243 to 1,864 miles), tude 8°4’ north to 37°6’ north having moved faster than any other known” This plate. is causing India is thethus and from longitude 68° 7’ east “fastest continent. referred to as the to 97°25’ east. Eurasian Plate to deform, and the India Plate to compress at a  The southernmost point in In- rate of 4 mm/yr (0.15 in/yr). dian territory, the Indira Point is situated at 6°30’ north in the The Indian mainland can be divided into Nicobar Islands. five physiographic units namely  India stretches 3,214 km from i. The Great Mountains of the North north to south and 2,933 km ii. The North Indian Plains from east to west.  The total length of the main- iii. The Peninsular Plateau land coastline is nearly 6,100 iv. The Coastal Plains km and that of the land frontier v. The Islands is about 15,200km. The total length of the coastline includ- dence, the country was divided bicameral legislatures. Legis- ing that of the islands, is about into hundreds of small states lative power is distributed be- 7,500 km. and principalities. tween Parliament and state leg-  With an area of about 32,87,263  The princely states were reor- islatures. sq.km., India is the seventh ganized on the linguistic basis largest country in the world, in 1956 to form 14 states and 6 Northern Mountains accounting for about 2.4% of union territories.  The mountains of the north are young fold mountains. total world area.  Now, the Indian Union con-  The northern most point of the sists of 28 states, 6 union terri-  The Himalayas are the most country lies in the state of tories and one national capital prominent among these Jammu and Kashmir and it is territory (Delhi). mountain ranges. Besides known as Indira Col.  In 23 states, the legislature is this, the trans-Himalayan Administrative Divisions unicameral. Bihar, Jammu and ranges and the hill ranges of Kashmir, Karnataka, Maha Purvachal are the important  At the time of Indian indepen- rashtra and Uttar Pradesh have units. Deputy Collector Rank File The Himalayas Neighbours of India  It is one of the youngest  India shares her borders with China (Chinese Tibetan Autonomous mountain systems in the world Region), Nepal and Bhutan in north, Pakistan and Afghanistan in and comprise mainly north-west and Myanmar in east. sedimentary rocks.  Bangladesh forms almost an enclave within India on the eastern side.  The Indus valley in Kashmir  In the south, on the eastern side, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk and the Brahmaputra valley in Strait separate India from Sri Lanka. Arunachal Pradesh are  The boundary between India (Arunachal Pradesh) and China is known accepted as the western and as McMohan Line. the eastern limits of the  The boundary line between the imperial India and Afghanistan is Himalayas in India. known as Durand Line.  The Himalayan region is  The boundary between India and Pakistan is known as Radcliff Line. considered the largest snow  India is surrounded by the Indian ocean on its three sides, thus it is field in the world outside the a subcontinent. The Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea are its two polar ice caps. northward extensions. India and its neighbours Pakistan, Nepal and  The Himalayan chain measures Bhutan are known as the Indian sub-continent. about 2,500 km from west to east  The northern most tip, where the boundaries of China, India, Paki- and width of this fold system stan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan meet is known as ‘Wakh Corridor’. varies between 150 and 400km.  According to the plate The Himalayas is the high-  Kanchenjunga in Sikkim is the tectonics theory, the Indian highest peak of the Himalayas est mountain range in the plate moved northwards and its in India. (8598 m). world and also the young- forward edge penetrated below  Highest Mountain Peak in In- est mountain range. the southern edge of the dia is K2 (8611 m). Longest Mountain Range is Tibetan plate. This resulted in  It is in Pak occupied Kashmir. Andes in South America. the folding and uplift of the  The northernmost Himalayan Himalayas. ranges are called the Great or  The Himalayas consist of three Inner or Central Himalayas parallel ranges. (Himadri). Beyond this range  To the south of the Central (i) The southernmost range, lies another range called the Himalayas lies the second called the Siwalik is the Tethys or the Tibetan major range, the Lesser or lowest. Himalayas beyond which lies Lower or Middle Himalayas or (ii) The ranges lying north of the structural zone called the Himachal. It is separated from the Siwalik are known as Indo-Tsangpo Suture zone. the Great Himalayas by the the middle Himalayas or structural zone called the Main the Himachal. Central Thrust Zone. (iii) The northernmost ranges Mount Everest or  The Himalayan rivers have cut of the Himalayas, known as Sagarmatha, the highest deep gorges in the Himachal. the Himadri, are the high- mountain peak (8,850 m) in the  In the Lesser Himalayas, slate, est with an average height world belongs to Himadri. Other limestones and quartzites are of more than 6,000 metres important peaks of this range are the dominant rocks. above the sea level. Kanchenjunga (8,598m),  The southernmost range of  The Himadri contain some of Makalu (8,481m) and the Himalayan system is called the world's highest peaks. Dhaulagiri (8,172m). outer or sub-Himalayas or Si-  Mt. Everest (8848 m) in Nepal waliks. In between the outer is the world's highest peak. Himalayas and the lower Hima- layas lies the main boundary thrust. This valley zone is KARAKORAM RANGES known by the name of doons  The mountains extending between the Pamir plateau and and duars. the Indus river in Kashmir are known as the Karakoram. The abode of snow  The Karakoram mountains contain the Siachen, which is  Mountains between the Indus the world's largest mountain glacier. and the Brahmaputra are called  Extend from the Pamir, east of the Gilgit River, 600 km long 'the Himalayas' meaning 'the and the average width - 120-140 km. abode of snow.'  Ancient name was Krishnagiri.  Ladakh Range lies to the  Trans Himalaya, originally a part of Eurasian plate. south of the Karakoram Range  Abode of largest glaciers in India.  Siachin, Baltoro, Biafo, and Hisper glaciers. between the Indus and its  World’s second highest peak (in India): K2 or Godwin tributary the Shyok River and Austen (8611m). extends upto Mustang in  Other Important Peaks:Gasherbrum I or Hidden Peak, Broad Tibet, over a distance of about Peak and Gasherbrum II. 1,000km. The Trans-  The Siachin Galcier occupying the Nubra valley is about Himalayan Kailas Range is an 75 km long and it is considered the largest glacier outside offshoot of this range and the polar areas. Mount Kailas (6,500m) is the highest peak in it. is a classical example. It is right- boundary of India are called  Zaskar Range lies south of the ly described as 'paradise on the Purvanchal. Ladakh Range and the Greater earth'.  Nanga Parbat in Kashmir and Himalayas lie to its south. It is  The other important valleys are Nandadevi in U.P. are the other often considered the western Kulu and Kangra in Himachal two important peaks of the Hi- part of the Greater Himalayan Pradesh. malaya. Range. The Nanga Parbat  The doons in the Kumayun Hi- (8,126m) marks it culmination malaya of Uttar Pradesh are in the north-west. Kamet also well known. (7,756m) is the highest peak.  The Brahmaputra marks the  The Himalayas are known for eastern-most geographical lim- some of the beautiful valleys of it of the Himalaya. the world. The Kashmir valley  Mountains along the eastern

The Himalayas are regionally divided into Punjab Himalayas, Kumaon Himalayas, Nepal Himalayas, Assam Himalayas.

NAME LOCATION DISTANCE

Punjab Himalaya Between Indus and Satluj 5 6 0 k m

Kumaon Himalaya Between Satluj and Kali 3 2 0 k m

N epal Himalaya Between K ali and Tista 8 0 0 k m

Assam Himalaya Between Tista and Dihang 7 2 0 k m

Deputy Collector Rank File Important passes of Himalayas  Kashmir : Burzil and Zoji-la  The Eastern Ghats are irregular hill ranges that  Himachal Pradesh : Bara Lacha-la, Shipki-la. stretch from northern Orissa to the Nilgiris in  Uttaranchal : Thanga-la, Niti-la, Lipu-Lekhla Tamil Nadu across the coastal Andhra.  Sikkim - Nathula, Jelepla  Khybar pass is the most famous pass which leads  The Satpura range extends from the Narmada from Peshwar to Kabul. valley in the north to the Tapti valley in the south.  South of Khybar pass is the Gomal Pass (it is in  The 800 km range Aravallis stretching from the Pakistan). north-east to the south - west of India sepa-  The Bolan Pass leads from Kandahar to Quetta. rates the semi-desert regions of Rajasthan from  The Purvachal Hills in the north-east consist of the fertile Udaipur and Jaipur regions. the Patkai-Bum, the Garo-Khasi-Jaintia and Lushai Hills.  Aravallis is the oldest mountain range in India.  Vindhya mountains cut off the northern plain from  Sahyadri hills is a part of the Western Ghats. the south. Nilgiris is also a part of Western Ghats. Nilgiri is  The Peninsular mountains include The Western known as the Blue Mountains. Ghats (The Sahyadris), The Eastern Ghats, The  The southern most tip of Eastern Ghats is called Satpura Range and The Aravallis. Cardamom Hills.  The Western Ghats runs along the west coast from the south of Tapti river valley to  The Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats meet at Kanyakumari. Nilgiri Hills.

Peninsular Plateau  The plateau region includes a (The Deccan Plateau) number of other minor The Peninsular mountains besides the Aravalli  It extends over eight Indian Plateau (also called the and the Eastern and Western states and encompasses a wide The Deccan Plateau) is a Ghats. They include the range of habitats, covering large plateau in India. Deccan Vindhyas and Satpuras in most of central and southern Plateau is divided into three Central India. India. major units – the Western Ghats,  The Satpuras, which lie  It is separated from the the Eastern Ghats and the between the rivers Narmada Gangetic plain to the north by Deccan Trap. The Deccan and Tapi, have several hills the Satpura and Vindhya Plateau lies south of the including the Rajpipla Hills in Ranges, which form its Indo-Gangetic Maharashtra, and the Maikal northern boundary. plain. Range and Pachmarhi Hills in  The Eastern Ghats and the Madhya Pradesh. Western Ghats constitute its  The Western Ghats separate eastern and western Aravalli Ranges in the west, the Deccan Trap region from boundaries, respectively. Malwa region in the centre and the Western Coastal Plain  The river Narmada, which the Chotta Nagpur Plateau in while the Eastern Ghats lie flows through a rift valley, the east. between the Eastern Coastal divides the region into two  The Deccan Trap represents Plain and the Deccan Trap. parts: the Malwa Plateau in the the core of the plateau region  The Western Ghats form a north and the Deccan Plateau and it is in this part that the continuous range from south in the South. oldest rock systems of India to north and the highest range  The northern part of the are found. This region is made of this region is often called the plateau is occupied by the up of crystalline rocks. Sahyadri.  The Western Ghats are The Aravallis are one of  The Anai Mudi, the highest connected to the Eastern the oldest fold mountains peak, is 2,695 metres above the Ghats by the Nilgiri Hills (Blue in the world. The highest sea level. Udagamandalam is a Mountains). South of these well known hill station of the peak of Aravalli range is are the Annamalai Hills south located in Tamil Nadu. (Annaimudi is the highest peak Guru Shikhar near Mt. in the peninsular region) which Abu (1,158m) in Plains of India are separated from the former Rajasthan.  The vast plains of north India by the Palghat Pass. are alluvial in nature and the  Two branches of the this part draining southeastern western most portion is Annamalai Hills are known as part of Rajasthan. occupied by the Thar Desert.  The plains of south India i.e., the Palani Hills and the Yelagiri  The Thar Desert merges into coastal plains are also alluvial (Cardamom) Hills. the Rann of Kutch. Much of to a large extent.  The Sivasamudram Fall, the the Rann is a sandy area and  The northern plain is known as Gokak Fall and the Mahatma parts of it are marshy. the Ganga-Brahmaputra plain Gandhi Fall are important  The rocks of the Deccan Trap and is divided into smaller waterfalls in this area. are rich in deposits of a variety units like the western plain,  The most important waterfall of minerals. Granite, basalt, eastern plain, Bihar plain, formed by the Narmada is the gneiss and quartzite are the Bengal plain and Brahmaputra Dhuandhar Falls near Jabalpur. major rocks besides some plain. The river flows through marble limestone and sandstone. rocks in this region and hence  Some of the richest deposits Northern Plain the Dhuandhar Fall is also of manganese are found in  This plain lies to the south of called the Marble Falls. Madhya Pradesh. Iron and the northern mountain wall and  The Aravallis due to erosion gold are seen in Jharkhand and stretches in the shape of an arc over a long period of time their Karnataka respectively. from the western most part of height has been reduced and  The Western Ghats mark the the country to the they can be considered relict western boundary of the Brahmaputra valley in the east. mountains. Deccan Plateau and they  Indo-Gangetic plain is one of  River Chambal is the most separate the plateau from the the most extensive stretches of important river originating coastal plain. The famous the alluvium in the world. from the eastern slopes of the Palghat, Borghat and Thalghat  The Indo-Gangetic Plains also Aravallis. are important gaps that known as the Northern Plains  The Luni and the Sabarmati are facilitate passage over this and The North Indian River the most important rivers rising barrier. Plain encompassing most of from the Aravallis and flowing northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of in a westerly direction. The Western Ghats are known by Pakistan, parts of southern  The dry north-western part of different local names. In Rajasthan is part of the Maharshtra and Karnataka they Nepal and virtually all of extensive Thar Desert that are called Sahyadri. Further Bangladesh. extends into Pakistan. south, they are called the Nilgiris  The areas that are parts of the  East of Aravalli range, the area in Tamil Nadu. Still further south, plains are as follows- is less dry and there are lower along the Kerala and Tamil Nadu Bangladesh, Assam, Bihar, hills like Bundi Hills. Chambal border, they are known as Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, and its tributaries flow through Anaimala and Cardamom Hills. Rajasthan, Tripura, Uttar

Deputy Collector Rank File Pradesh, West Bengal, Nepal,  The foot hill zones of the Madhesh, Punjab, Sindh, eastern plain in the northern Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, parts of West Bengal and still Jharkhand, Orissa, Balo eastward are occupied by the chistan, North-West Frontier Bengal Duars and Assam Province, Kashmir region. Duars.  The total length of the Coastal Plains northern plain is about 2,400km  The coastal plains separate the and the width varies from 145 peninsular plateau from the sea. to 480 km.  The inner margins of the plains Western Plain are marked by the Eastern and  The western part of the and the delta plains of the the Western Ghats that northern plain is also called the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. separate the Deccan plateau Indus plain or Punjab plain.  It is customary to divide this region from the coastal low  It slopes gently towards west part into the Ganga plain and lands. and extends into Pakistan the Brahmaputra plain.  The Eastern and the Western through Punjab.  An important division of the Ghats that separate the Deccan  The plain is drained by the plain is made in terms of the plateau region from the coastal Indus and its tributaries. That khadar and the bangar zones. lowlands. part of the plain that extends The term khadar refers to the  The plain along the Bay of in India is drained into the new alluvium and the bangar Bengal coast is called the Arabian Sea by the rivers - to the old alluvium. Eastern Coastal Plain and the Sutlej, Beas and Ravi,  The lower part of the plain one extending along the tributaries of the Indus that adjacent to the rivers that is Arabian Sea coast of India is join the main stream after prone to frequent floods is called the Western Coastal entering Pakistan. The Indian called khadar. plain. part of the plain is also called  Bangar soils frequently have  The Eastern coastal plain of the Punjab and Haryana beds of kanker or hard pans. India stretches along the Bay Plain.  The western part of the plain, of Bengal from river Subernarekha to Kanya  Streams carrying water only from Haridwar to Aligarh is during the rainy season and called Upper Doab and from Kumari. with their beds choked with Aligarh to Allahabad is called  The northern part of this plain boulders are called chos in the Middle Doab. is often called the Utkal plain, Punjab.  The northern part of Ganga- the middle one is the Andhra Coastal Plain and the  The water becoming sub- Yamuna Doab and Uttar surface in this zone emerges on Pradesh is covered by southern most part is called the Tamil Nadu Coastal Plain the surface in lower areas Ruhelkhand Plain. This part (also called the Coromandel down stream and produces is drained by Ghaghra, Rapti coastal plain). marshy conditions. Such and Gomti rivers.  The rivers flowing into the Bay marsh areas in Punjab are  The plain is characterized by of Bengal from the plateau called mand. streams that flow as sub- region have contributed to the  The only river that remains surface channels in dry formation of this coastal plain. perennial in its upper course season. This area is called the  Part of the plain that lies in the in Haryana is Ghaggar. This bhabhar or the ‘bhabar zone’. upper course of the rivers is stream is lost in the dry area in  The marshy region at the foot called the upper plain and the Rajasthan. of the Himalayas is called the terai zone. Much of this zone part in which lie the deltas of Eastern plain has been drained out and the rivers, is called the lower  It comprises the flood plain reclaimed for agriculture. plain.  The major rivers flowing this plain is called the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. through the Eastern Coastal Gujarat coastal plain  The southernmost tip of India, Plain are the Mahanadi, the and the southernmost, Indira point is in Great Nicobar Godavari, the Krishna and the the Kerala coastal plain. islands which is the biggest Kaveri. The delta regions of In between these two island in Nicobar group. these rivers are very fertile and sections lie Konkan  The Lakshadweep in the Ara- support high densities of Coastal Plain in the bian sea comprises of a group agricultural population. north and the Malabar of 36 islands, about 300km to  The western coastal plain Coastal Plain to the the west of Kerala coast. forms a narrow strip of land South. Only 10 of the islands are in- along the western coast of habited. India. It stretches from Gujarat The Islands  Kavarathi is the capital of to Kerala. Lakshadweep.  Besides the mainland, India has  The Western Ghats  New Moore Island lies in Bay two groups of Islands namely forming the inner margin of Bengal near West Bengal the Andaman and Nicobar Is- of this plain are a much also belongs to India. lands in the Bay of Bengal and higher mountain range  Coco Islands North of the Lakshadweep Islands in the than the Eastern Ghats Andaman belong to Myanmar. Arabian Sea. that are more of a series  The Andaman and Nicobar Is-  Andamans consists of a north- of discontinuous hills. lands are close to the Indo- ern cluster of 204 small islands  The rivers flowing down Australian Plate Boundary. and Nicobar islands consists the escarpment like slope  Barren Island became active in of a southern cluster of 19 Is- of the Western Ghats are 1991 after being (inactive) for lands. rapid streams and they do over two centuries.  Ten degree channel separates not form any deltas.  Minicoy islands is separated Andaman from Nicobar.  The northernmost part of from Maldives by 8o channel.  Port Blair is the capital of

Deputy Collector Rank File RIVER SYSTEM OF INDIA The river system of the country can be classified on the basis of their origin in to two categories: i. The Himalayan Rivers and ii. The Peninsular rivers The Himalayan rivers Kulu hills of Himachal The Himalayan rivers has three Pradesh. principal systems  The Chenab is the largest of In Hindu tradi- 1. the Indus system Indus tributaries. It has a total tion Triveni Sangam 2. the Ganga system and length of 1,800 km in India. is the "confluence" of 3. the Brahmaputra system  The Jhelum, an important three rivers, two physical tributary of the Indus flowing rivers Ganga, Yamuna, and 1. Indus system through the state of Jammu and the invisible or mythic It is one of the largest river Kashmir (Srinagar Valley is the Saraswati River. The site is near Allahabad, India. A place systems in the world. River valley of the Jhelum) rises in a of religious importance Indus rises from Kailas spring at Verinag. and the site for historic Range in the Tibetan Plateau  The Beas rises at Beas Kund Kumbh Mela held ev- region and is joined by a near the Rohtang Pass in ery 12 years. number of tributaries in Himachal Pradesh. Jammu and Kashmir. 2. Ganga System It is the largest drainage  The most important tributaries and Bangladesh and finally en- system of India carrying the of Indus include the Sutlej, the ters into the Bay of Bengal. run off of about 25 percent of  Ganga is known by the name Chenab, the Ravi and the Beas the total land area of the ‘Padma’ in Bangladesh. that join it after entering into country. Pakistan.  The river has been declared as  The River Ganga is the long-  Sutlej is the largest amongst India's National River. est river (2640 km) in India. Its the tributaries of Indus.  It has been considered the ho- source is at Gangotri glacier in  After flowing through Pakistan, liest of all rivers by Hindus. the Himalayas. Indus falls into Arabian Sea.  Some of the most important  Ganga, the main stream, is  River Indus is an antecedent Hindu festivals and religious constituted by two major head congregation (worship) such river as it is considered as older streams, the Alakananda and than the Himalayas. as the Kumbh Mela every Bhagirathi. These two twelve years at  River Sutlej rises beyond the headstreams of the Ganga join Media:Allahabad and the Himalayas and has cut a gorge at Devprayag. Chhath Puja. through the Central Himalayan  The source of the Alakananda  The Ganges Basin drains Range. is near the Tibetan border and 1,000,000-square-kilometre  The Ravi is the smallest river that of the Bhagirathi near (390,000 sq mi) and supports of Punjab and is well-known as Gangotri. one of the world's highest den-  The Ganga is joined by the the 'River of Lahore.' It rises sity of humans. near the Rohtang pass in the Yamuna near Allahabad.  Only two rivers, the Amazon  Yamuna, Gomti, Ghagra, and the Congo, have greater Gandak, Ramganga, Son, discharge than the combined Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Chambal, Betwa and Ken are flow of the Ganges, the Jhelum are the five tributaries of the main tributaries of Ganga. Brahmaputra and the Surma- Indus. Mount Kailash in Tibet is  Ganga flows through Uttar Meghna river system. the source of Indus river. It falls Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal into the Arabian sea. 3. Brahmaputra system dia. The source of the river lies peninsular India. It rises from in the Nasik district of Maha- Trambak in Nasik district in the Brahmaputra is the third major antecedent river of rashtra and it traverses over a Western Ghats. India flowing from the course of more than 1,400km.  Rajahmundry, is the largest Himalayan region towards It is commonly known as ‘Vrid- city on the banks of Godavari. the northern plains. dha Ganga’.  The Peninsular rivers are gen- Krishna System erally rain-fed and, therefore,  The 2,688 km Brahmaputra is fluctuate greatly in volume. A  It is the second largest east longer than the Ganges, but very large number of them are flowing system of the penin- only one third of the river non-perennial. sular region. passes through India.  Peninsular rivers contribute 30  The river rises in Western  Brahmaputra originates from percent of the total outflow in Ghats near Mahabaleshwar the Manasarovar lake in India. and flows in a north-easterly Western Tibet. It flows for a  The major Deccan rivers are direction to Divi in Andhra long distance parallel to the the Godavari, Krishna, Cau- Pradesh. It is commonly Himalayan ranges in an very, Pennar, Mahanadi, Damo- known as ‘Dakshina Ganga’. easterly direction. Here, it is dar, Sharavati, Netravati, Bhar- known as the Tsangpo. Kaveri system athapuzha, Periyar, Pamba,  It takes a southward turn and  The river Kaveri is the most Narmada and Tapti. enters India in eastern southerly among the major riv-  There are three major rivers – Arunachal Pradesh under the ers of the peninsular region Narmada, Tapti and Sabarmati name Dihang. flowing into the Bay of Ben- flowing into the Arabain sea  When it enters Bangladesh, it gal. from the Peninsular region. is named as 'Meghna.'  It rises in the Brahmagiri Hills Narmada and Tapti are the  The Ganga and the in Coorg district and flows to- major west flowing rivers of Brahmaputra join in Bangladesh and form the wards the coast. India. They drain into the Gulf extensive delta of Sunderbans.  It descends from South Karna- of Cambay in the Arabian Sea. It derives the name from the taka Plateau to the Tamil Nadu  The river Narmada rises in the Sundri tree that grows widely Plains through the famous Amarkantak plateau, flows in this region. Sivasamudram waterfalls. through a rift valley and makes a number of waterfalls. The Mahanadi system Peninsular rivers Marble Falls near Jabalpur is It drains a large part of Orissa. It is a river that flows a famous fall on this river.  The Mahanadi is one of the  The Tapti (Tapi) rises near through the peninsular major rivers of peninsular pla- Betul district. The Parna, part of a country.( a penin- teau region flowing into Bay flowing from the Gawilgarh sula is a patch of land cov- of Bengal. Hills, is the most important  The Seonath, the Hasdeo and ered by water on three sides tributary joining the Tapti near the Mand join it from the north and connected to a land on Bhusawal. and the Jonk joins from south. the fourth side)  Satpura Mountain range lies  The river forms its delta in the  Peninsular rivers (The Deccan between Narmada and Tapti. Cuttack district of Orissa be- rivers) are generally rainfed  The Sabarmati rises in the fore flowing into the Bay of and comprises the rivers of Aravallis in Rajasthan and Bengal. peninsular India. They are flows into the Gulf of Cambay Godavari System shorter and seasonal in nature. in Gujarat.  Godavari is the largest among  River Godavari is the largest  River Krishna rises from the the rivers of the Peninsular In- river system (1465 km long) of north of Mahabaleswar in the Deputy Collector Rank File The Main Rivers in India Name Length Originates Ends in Passes through (km) from

Ganga (Bhagirati) 2,507 Gaumukh Bay of Bengal Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and W.Bengal

Yamuna (Jamuna) 1370 Garhwal in Yamunotri Bay of Bengal Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh

Brahmaputra 2,850 Chemayung-Dung glacier, Bay of Bengal North Eastern states of India between lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash Kaveri (Dakshina Ganga" or 765 Hills of Coorg, Karnataka Bay of Bengal Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Ganges of the south) Godavari 1,465 Trimbakeshwar near Nasik Bay of Bengal South-easterly direction, through Hills in Maharashtra Maharastra and Andhra Pradesh Krishna 900 Near Mahabaleshwar in Bay of Bengal Maharastra, Karnataka and Andhra Maharashtra Narmada 1,300 Amarkantak hill in Arabian Sea Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Tapti 724 Pachmari, Madhya Pradesh Arabian Sea Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat

Gomti 805 Himalaya Range of Nepal Bay of Bengal Uttar Pradesh

Ghaghara Shivalik mountain range of Disappears into Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan Himachal Pradesh the Thar Desert Mahanadi 860 Satpura Range Bay of Bengal Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa and Maharashtra

Western Ghats. It enters into quent flood. sandy areas of Rajasthan. the Bay of Bengal. Krishna  Sabarmati rises from the Jai  Some of Peninsular rivers such basin forms the third largest Samand lake of Udaipur, as Narmada and Tapti form es- river basin in India. Rajasthan. tuaries. Other rivers such as  River Cauvery rises from the  The Luni originates from Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Brahmagiri hills in the Coorg Annasagar in the Aravallis and Cauvery form deltas. district of Tamilnadu. It is ends on the Sahni marshes, Drainage of the Thar known as Dakshina Ganga. North of Rann of Kutch. Desert Region About 55 percent of the  The Third river system is also  The greater part of Rajasthan Cauvery basin lies in called the ‘Rivers of Inland and Gujarat is dry land, which Tamilnadu, 41 percent in Drainage Basins’ which con- forms a part of the Thar desert. Karnataka and three percent in sists of small rivers in the Kerala. Sunderban  The Cauvery water Dispute Tribunal gave its final verdict The world’s largest delta, Sunderbans is formed by the Ganges in 2006. It ordered Karnataka and Brahmaputra in West Bengal and Bangladesh, in the Bay of to release 192 TMCFT water to Bengal. The Sundarbans is the largest single block of tidal halo- Tamil Nadu every year. phytic mangrove forest in the world. The forest lies in the vast  River Pennar rises in the Kolar delta on the Bay of Bengal formed by the confluence of the district of Karnataka. Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers across southern  River Damodar is called as "Sorrow of Bengal and Bangladesh and West Bengal. It became inscribed as a UNESCO Jharkhand", because of fre- world heritage site in 1997. Difference between the Himalayan (Andhra Pradesh). Wular is the second largest fresh water lake. and the Peninsular Rivers  The largest saltwater lake :  Rivers such as Indus, Sutlej, Brahmaputra etc., are antecedent Lake Chilka (Orissa) rivers i.e., they are older than the landforms over which the  The second largest salt water Himalayan rivers flow. lake is Sambhar in Rajasthan.  Due to their sources in the snowfields, the Himalayan rivers It is the largest inland salt lake are perennial and carry large amounts of water. Their erosional in India. capacity is immense and they carry large amounts of silt.  Dal Lake is famous for house  Most of the rivers of the peninsular plateau are consequent boats. streams and they follow the general slope of the plateau region.  The lakes of India generally Their valleys are well developed and they do not change their classified as fresh water and course frequently. brakish lakes.  Further, the peninsular rivers are seasonal in character as they are rainfed. Important lakes in India  Due to a lesser amount of flow, the hydroelectricity generation Chilka (Orissa) potential of the peninsular rivers is much lower than the Sambar (Rajasthan) Himalayan rivers. Pulicat (Andhra Pradesh) Vembanad (Kerala)  The Thar Desert (also known is the river Luni. Wular (J & K) as the Great Indian Desert), is  The river Luni rises in the a large, arid region in the Aravalli Ranges and enters the Dal (J & K) northwestern part of the Indian Arabian Sea through the Rann Uday Sagar (Rajasthan) subcontinent. of Kutch. Pushkar (Rajasthan)  The Cholistan Desert adjoins  For most of the year, Luni is Loktak (Manipur Hills) the Thar desert spreading into dry. Bhimtal Lake (Nainital) Pakistani Punjab province. Lakes Roopkund Lake  It is an area of internal drainage (Uttaranchal) and the only river rising or  The largest fresh water lake Osman sagar lake flowing through this territory in India: Lake Kolleru (Andhra)

Deputy Collector Rank File MULTI-PURPOSE RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS  India stands fifth in the world Pradesh. Falls, the highest in India. after Congo, Russia, Canada  The Nagarjunasagar project  Its total capacity is 891 MW. It and the United States in po- is built on the river Krishna in feeds Bangalore industrial re- tential of water power re- Andhra Pradesh irrigates gion and is also taken to the sources. 8,67,000 hectares of land. states of Goa and Tamil Nadu.  Damodar River Valley project  The dam has been named after  The Sabarigiri project in Kerala was the first multi-purpose river the Buddhist scholar has an installed capacity of 300 valley project in Free India. Nagarjuna. MW while the Idukki project  The project-irrigates half a mil-  The Chambal project helps ir- has a capacity of 390 MW. lion hectares of land in West rigate parts of Madhya  The Balimela project in Orissa Bengal and parts of south-east Pradesh and Rajasthan. has an installed capacity of 360 Bihar.  The project consists of Gandhi MW and in Gujarat Ukai  The Bhakra Nangal Project is Sagar Dam in Madhya Project has a capacity of 300 an example of water manage- Pradesh, and Kota Barrage and MW. ment on scientific lines on the Jawahar Sagar Dam in  In Jammu and Kashmir Salal largest scale. Rajasthan. Hydel Power project provide  The project serves the states Hydel power projects over a thousand MW of power. of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab,  In the year 1902 the first water  Tehri Hydel Power project is a Haryana, Rajasthan and the power house was set up on the joint project of the Govt of In- National Capital Territory of river Kaveri at Sivasamudram dia and Uttaranchal. Tehri Hy- Delhi. in Karnataka. dro Development Corporation  Indira Gandhi or Rajasthan  Tata Hydro electric scheme was was set up in 1988. Canal is the longest irrigation introduced in the western ghats  Narmada Valley Development canal in the world of Maharashtra to furnish Authority (NVDA), is an or-  Indira Gandhi Canal Project in power to the city of Mumbai. ganization of Govt. of M.P. Rajasthan utilized water of  In Tamil Nadu, Pykara was the constituted for planning wa- Satluj, Beas and Ravi to irrigate first water power station. ter resources development in north-western parts of the  In the north, Mandi power Narmada basin country house was the first to be de-  Narmada is the fifth largest  The Kosi project in Bihar has veloped in the Himalayan re- river in India and largest west been taken up in cooperation gion. The next one to be taken flowing river of Indian penin- with Nepal. up was the Upper Ganga Ca- sula originating from Maikala  Its main aim has been to con- nal Hydroelectric Grid System. ranges at Amarkantak in trol floods brought by the river  The Rihand project is the larg- Madhya Pradesh Kosi, known as the 'River of est manmade lake in India on Sorrow' for north Bihar. the borders of Madhya  The main canal is taken off Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. DAM and RIVER from Hanumannagar barrage  The Koyna project in on the Kosi. Maharashtra is on the east Bhakranangal Dam ...... Sutlej  Another important joint ven- flowing tributary of the Hirakud ...... Mahanadi ture of India and Nepal is the Krishna. Its capacity is 880 Tehri Dam ...... Bhageerathi Gandak Project. MW. It feeds power to Uri Power Project ...... Jhelum  The Hirakud dam in Orissa is Mumbai-Pune industrial re- Nagarjunasagar Dam...... Krishna the longest dam in the world. gion. Kosi Project ...... Kosi  The Tungabhadra Project  The Sharavathy project in serves Karnataka and Andhra Karnataka is located at the Jog Koyna Project...... Krishna • Garland Canal Project linked Peninsular rivers of South India and Himalayan rivers through Canals. • The Farakka Barrage Project is designed to serve the need of preservation and maintenance of the Kolkata Port by improving the regime and navigability of the Bhagirathi-Hoogly river system. • The Grand Anicut also known as the Kallanai, was built by the Chola king Karikala Cholan in AD 26. It is considered as one of the oldest water-diversion or water-regulator structures in the world, which is still in use. • Uttar Pradesh occupies the First place with the total length of rivers and canals as 31.2 thousand km, which is about 17 percent of the total length of rivers and canals in the country. Other states following Uttar Pradesh are Jammu & Kashmir and Madhya Pradesh.

MULTI-PURPOSE PROJECTS

PROJECT RIVER STATE PURPOSE

Bhakra Nangal Multipurpose Sutlej Joint venture of Punjab, Irrigation, hydro electricity Project (A tributary of Indus) Haryana and Rajasthan. Bhakra dam: One of the highest gravity dam in the world. Govind Sagar Lake (H.P.) is a reservoir.

Thein Dam project Ravi (A tributary of Indus). Punjab Irrigation, hydroelectricity.

Dulhasti project Chenab (A tributary of Indus) Jammu and Kashmir Part of the programme of cascade development for irrigation..

Salal project Chenab (A tributary of Indus). Jammu and Kashmir Irrigation

Beas project Beas (A tributary of Indus). Joint venture of Punab, Hydro electricity Haryana and Rajasthan.

Sharda Sahayak Project Ghagra (left bank tributary of Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Ganga).

Ramganga multipurpose project Chuisot stream near Kalabagh Uttar Pradesh Irrigation, hydroelectricity.

Banasagar project Son M.P., Bihar and U.P. Irrigation

Rihand Scheme Reservoir: Rihand Uttar Pradesh Hydroelectricity for the Govind Ballabh Sagar (U.P.). development of south eastern industrial region of U.P.

Deputy Collector Rank File Upper Krishna Project Krishna Karnataka Irrigation (Almatti dam is being constructed).

Tungabhadra multipurpose Tungbhadra (A tributary of Joint venture of Andhra Irrigation, hydroelectricity. project. Krishna) Pradesh and Karnataka.

Ghatprabha project Ghatprabha (A tributary of Andhra Pradesh and Irrigation, hydroelectricity. Krishna). Karnataka

Malprabha project Malprabha (A tributary of Karnataka Irrigation Krishna).

Bhima project Bhima Maharashtra Irrigation

Mettur project Cauvery Tamil Nadu Hydroelectricity

Shivasamudram scheme Cauvery Karnataka Hydroelectricity

Kundah project Kundah Tamil Nadu Hydroelectricity

Sharavati Project Sharavati (near Jog falls) Karnataka Hydroelectricity

Chambal project Chambal (a tributary of Rajasthan, Madhya Irrigation, hydroelectricity. (Gandhi Sagar Dam (M.P., Yamuna). Pradesh. Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar Dam or Kota Dam.

Kakrapara Project Tapi Gujarat Irrigation

Ukai project Tapi Gujarat Irrigation

Sardar Sarovar Project Narmada Gujarat, M.P., Rajasthan Irrigation, hydroelectricity Maharashtra.

Tawa project Tawa (A tributary of Madhya Pradesh Irrigation Narmada).

Mahi project (Jamnalal Bajaj Mahi Gujarat Irrigation Sagar)

Matatila project Betwa Uttal Pradesh, Madhya Irrigation, hydroelectricity. Pradesh. INDIAN CLIMATE  The nation has four seasons:  Indian climate is greatly influ-  Thunder storms cause upto 25 winter (January and February), enced by the presence of cm of rainfall along the Kerala summer (March to May), a Himalayas in the north and and Karnataka coasts and monsoon (rainy) season (June the Indian Ocean in the south. about 10 cm. in the interior of to September), and a post-  The climate of India is mon- South India. Such rains are monsoon period (October to soonal type, fed up by two rain called 'Cherry Blossoms' in December). bearing winds. Karnataka where they prove  The climatic conditions in In-  Latitude and the monsoon immensely beneficial to coffee dia are affected the most by the winds are the major factors af- plantation. They are called as tropical monsoon. Due to the fecting the Indian climate. 'Mango Showers' in South overwhelming influence of the  The Tropic of Cancer divides India, due to their salutary ef- tropical monsoon on Indian India into two almost equal cli- fect on mango crop. climate, India is called a tropi- matic zones namely the north-  The normal date of the onset cal country. ern zone and the southern zone. of the rains is 20th May in

Deputy Collector Rank File Andaman & Nicobar Islands  The North East Monsoon (Oc-  Hot Dry Season : It is marked and by the end of June, it is tober - November) brings rain by the rising temperature usually established over most mainly to Tamil Nadu. during the latter half of the of the country.  The North - East Monsoons month of March. The highest  Normal duration of the mon- are comparitively minor mon- temperatures in the south are soon varies from 2 to 4 months. soons confined to a smaller experienced in April and in the  The Trans-Himalayan and area of the country. They are northern plains in May and Greater-Himalayan regions, the winds blowing out from the June. Drass and Kargil of Ladakh re- landmass of north-western In-  This part of the year is marked gion are the coldest regions in dia towards the Indian Ocean. by a dry spell and the north- the country.  Monsoon is a wind system of western parts of the country  Mawsynram in Meghalaya the tropical regions under experience hot, dry winds (1141 cm) is the which the direction of the called loo. rainiest place in the world. winds is reversed seasonably  Hot Wet Season : The trough  Jaisalmer in western and it results in summer Rajasthan is the driest place in rainfall and dry winters. of low pressure over the Indo- India which receives the low-  During the summer season, the Gangetic plain causes the est rainfall. winds blow from sea to the equatorial winds of oceanic  El-Nino is a complex weather continents so that the moist origin to move over to India. system that appears once in winds cause rainfall in this  This is the onset of southwest every 3 to 7 years bringing season. monsoon and also the drought, floods and other  During winter, the direction of beginning of the hot wet weather extremes to different the winds is reversed so that season. parts of the world. El-Nino is they blow from continents  The peninsular landmass of used in India for forecasting towards the sea. India divides the southwest long range monsoon rainfall.  The onset of monsoon in India monsoon winds into two Monsoon implies the onset of the branches, one each blowing southeast monsoon (winds  India receives 90% of the total from the Arabian Sea and the blowing from the Indian Ocean rainfall from monsoons. Mon- Bay of Bengal. to the Indian subcontinent) in soons are the seasonal winds  The Arabian Sea branch first the beginning of the summer which blow during six months strikes the Western Ghats and season so that the months of summer from ocean to land from June to mid-September are causes heavy rainfall in the and for the six months of win- rainy. Western Coastal Plains. ter from land to sea.  The south-west monsoon  On the eastern side of the  On the basis of monsoonal winds are replaced from Ghats, the rainfall is much lower variations there are four sea- October onwards by the due to the rain-shadow effects sons in India namely the cold north-east monsoon blowing of the Ghats and interior Tamil (winter) season (December to from the continental area Nadu remains dry during this February), the hot (summer) towards the sea to the south. season. season (March to May), the Hence the winter season  The direction of the winds south west monsoon (the rainy remains by and large dry. during this season over the season) (June to September) Seasons Bay of Bengal is modified by and the season of retreating the presence of the low monsoon (October to Novem-  The climatic year of India can pressure over the Ganga Valley ber). be divided into four seasons: and the physical barrier of the  The South West Monsoon the hot dry season, the hot wet Arakan mountains. Hence their forms the main monsoon sea- season, the cool dry season direction over this region son in India (June to August). and the cool wet season. becomes south-easterly.  Cool Dry Season : This season  Rajasthan and Gujarat regions and parts of Maharashtra. lasts from mid-September to remain dry during this season Temperature remains between mid-December. It is the period also. 200C and 23.80C. of retreating south-west Climatic Regions  Parts of Kutch and the western monsoon in India. parts of Rajasthan are included  The period is characterized by  The wettest areas in the in the category of tropical low temperature, low northerly western coastal plain and parts deserts. It receives a rainfall of winds, clear skies and low of Assam fall under the less than 25cm and the humidity. category of tropical rainforest temperature may rise up to  Although the season is climate. This region receives 500C. dominated by subsistent more than 400 cm of rainfall  A humid subtropical climate easterly or northeasterly winds and Mawsynram near with dry winters covers most over the peninsula, winds Chirapunji, which receives the of the northern plains from generally blow from a westerly highest average annual Punjab to Assam along the direction in the northern part rainfall in the world, lies here. Himalayas. of the country.  The tropical savanna climate   Cool Wet Season : By October, The Himalayas and the covers most of the peninsular Karakoram Range are included the southwest monsoon region except for the semi- arid withdraws from most parts of in areas identified as having a zone east of the Sahyadris. In India and the northeast mountain climate. Here, the this region, the temperature monsoon establishes itself temperature and rainfall vary remains above 18.20C and the over the entire area from which according to altitude and the range of temperature is also the southwest monsoon has aspect of the slopes. high. It is seasonal in character. withdrawn.   The western remains dry up to Tropical and sub-tropical SOILS IN INDIA the end of November in most steppe climate extends over parts. large areas in Punjab, Haryana, Alluvial Soil  The western disturbances are Kutch, parts of the Gangetic cyclonic systems that develop plains and some parts of the  Alluvial soil contributing the in the belt of the westerly Peninsular region. Temperature largest share, is formed by the winds and they bring unsettled in this region falls below 180C deposition of sediments by riv- weather in their wake. These in the winter season but may ers in the interior parts of India disturbances cause rain or rise above 300C in summer. and by the sea waves in the snowfall in Jammu and Kashmir  Tropical semi-arid steppe coastal areas of the country. and north Indian Plains and climate covers the rain-  Alluvial soil is the best agri- break the dry spell. This period shadow area of the Sahyadris cultural soil because of the year is called the cold- wet season.  The winds blowing towards The Indian Council of Agricultural Tamil Nadu from the northeast Research has divided the Indian soils into 8 pick up some moisture as they blow over the Bay of Bengal categories. Alluvial soil, Black soil, Red soil, Later- and they cause rainfall in Tamil ite soil, Forest soil, Arid and Desert soil, Saline and Nadu and parts of Andhra Alkaline soils, Peaty and organic soils. Black soils Pradesh due to the obstruction (29.69%), Alluvial soils (22.16%), Red and posed by the Eastern Ghats yellow soils (28%). and the eastern face of the Western Ghats. Deputy Collector Rank File (i) They contain a variety of  Red soils are poor in nitrogen, conditions in the north -west- salts derived from Hima- phosphorus, potassium and ern parts of the country. They layan rocks. organic matter. are rich in phosphate though (ii) They are light and porous,  They are more suitable for the poor in nitrogen. therefore easily tillable. cultivation of rice, ragi, to-  These soils often have a high (iii) They are good for canal bacco and vegetable. soluble salt content and very irrigation because of high  The colour is red because of low humus content. water table and an easily the presence of iron oxides.  These soils are made fertile by penetrable stratum.  Mainly found in the Peninsu- adding gypsum.  Alluvial soils are suitable for lar India and hilly states of cultivation of almost all kinds North East India. Saline and Alkaline Soils of cereals, pulses, oil seeds, cotton, sugarcane and veg- Laterite Soil  Saline and Alkaline soils are etables. salt impregnated and infertile.  Alluvial soils are rich in pot-  Laterite soils are formed by the These soils are found espe- ash and poor in nitrogen and weathering of laterite rocks. cially in the dry tracts of the organic matter. Laterite soils are deficient in north.  Immature soils with weak pro- nitrogen. They are chiefly files – Azonal found in Karnataka, Kerala, Peaty soils Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and  Alluvial soils are devoted to Malabar areas.  Peaty soils are developed un- the cultivation of wheat rice, der humid conditions as a re-  These soils are agriculturally pulses, sugarcane, jute, oil- sult of the accumulation of unimportant because of inten- seeds, fodder etc. large amounts of organic mat- sive leaching, low base ex- ter. These soils are highly sa- Black Soil change capacity and their line and rich in organic matter. acidic nature.  Black soil is found largely in  This soil is found in Kottayam  These are the typical soil of the the Deccan plateau. and Alappuzha districts of tropical regions with heavy  Black soil is suitable for the Kerala, where they are called seasonal rainfall and alterna- cultivation of cotton and there- kari. tive dry season. fore it is called black cotton soil.  When the rain cease they are  These soils provide valuable  Also known as regur soils. put under paddy cultivation. building materials.  Regur soils varies in colour  It also occurs in the northern from black to chestnut brown. Forest Soil Bihar, Southern Uttaranchal  Black soils are rich in iron, lime  Forest soils are formed by the (Almora district) and coastal and aluminium content. deposition of organic matter areas of West Bengal, Orissa  Black soils have high moisture derived from forests. They are and Tamil Nadu. retention capacity. rich in organic matter and hu- Soil erosion and mus. They are found mainly in Red Soil Punjab, Karnataka, Manipur Conservation  Red soil is formed by the and Jammu & Kashmir.  Soil erosion by water, wind and weathering of ancient meta-  These soils are used for plan- tillage affects both agriculture morphic and crystalline rocks. tations of tea, coffee, spices and the natural environment.  They are airy and need irriga- and fruits.  Soil erosion is just one form of tion support for cultivation. Arid and Desert Soils soil degradation. Other kinds Red soil is suitable for the cul- of soil degradation include tivation of pulses and coarse  Arid and Desert soils are salinisation, nutrient loss, and grains. formed under arid and semi arid compaction.  Soil erosion means removal of  Tropical Evergreen forests are Sunderbans after the sundari the top layers of the soil at a dense forests of luxuriant trees in these forests. rate higher than the rate of ac- growth found in areas where  Evergreen forests (Tropical) crual of new fertile top part of rainfall ranges between 200 to are found in the Western ghats the soil is removed. 300 cm. eg; Western Ghats and and Sub-Himalayan region. sub-Himalayan regions. They provide hardwood like  Soil conservation is a set of  Dry Tropical forests are mostly teak, rosewood, ebony etc. management strategies for pre- prevalent in regions with an  Social forestry aims at not vention of soil being eroded annual rainfall of 90 to 130 cm. only providing fuelwood, from the earth’s surface.  Swamps or Littoral forests are fodder and other forest prod-  The most common methods of also called tidal forests which ucts, but also to meet the re- soil conservation include affor- occur in and around the tidal quirement of ecological bal- estation, contour cultivation, creeks and along the deltas of ance through large scale affor- keeping land covered by crops river Ganges, Mahanadi, estation on community lands and other plants, mulching, Krishna and Godavari. and waste lands.  Alpine forests cover the alpine construction of embankments  Energy plantations are plan- areas in the Himalayas, at a and flood channels and scien- tations of softwood and grass height of 2880 m to 3700m. tific methods of cultivation to meet the energy needs of  Siwaliks are covered with tropi- households. keeping in view landform char- cal moist deciduous flora such acteristics. as sal and bamboo.  World Environment Day : June 5.  Cultivation on the steep slopes  Planting of trees is known as and excessive grazing should afforestation.  Government of India adopted also be avoided.  Deforestation is the destruc- a forest policy in 1952 and fur- tion of trees. ther modified it in 1988. Ac- NATURAL VEGETA-  Forests also help to prevent cording to new forest policy, soil erosion and land slides. It the Government will TION (Forests) maintains the ecological bal- emphasise sustainable forest ance and provides forest prod- management.  Natural vegetation in India var- ucts such as timber and indus-  Forest policy aimed at 1. bring- ies from region to region due trial raw materials. Forests ing 33% of geographical areas to variations in climatic condi- helps to protect wild life and under forest cover, 2. maintain- tions, soil types and relief fea- rare species of trees and plants. ing environmental stability, 3. tures.  Madhya Pradesh has the larg- conserving natural heritage of est area under forest among Some major types of the country, 4. checks soil ero- the Indian states. sion, 5 increasing forest cover vegetation found in India  Haryana has the least area etc. under forest. are Evergreen forests,  Out of a total of 593 districts,  Arunachal Pradesh has the Deciduous forests, Dry 187 have been identified as largest percentage of area un- tribal districts. The tribal dis- forests, Hill forests and der forest. tricts account for about 59.8% Tidal forests.  India provides about 8% of the of total forest cover of the coun- world’s hardwood and ranks try.  Nearly 19.39% of the total third after Brazil and Indone- land area in India is under for- sia.  The National Commission on est. The National Forest policy  Mangrove forests are found in Agriculture (1976) classified has laid down a target of rais- the coastal plains. social forestry into 3 catego- ing the area under forest to  The forests on the Ganges ries - Urban forestry, Rural for- nearly 33.3%. delta in Bengal are called estry, Farm forestry. Deputy Collector Rank File INDIA’S WILD LIFE National Parks  India,a country of diverse wild- India’s first national park (an IUCN category, IInow protected known area)as Jim was life & it is the second largest Hailey National Park established in 1935 as country on the planet to have . By 1970, India only had five national parks. Corbett National Park such diverse life forms. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger  India is home to several well to safeguard the habitats of conservation reliant species. Further known large mammals includ- ing the Asian Elephant, Ben- federal legislation strengthening protections for wildlife was gal Tiger, Asiatic Lion, Leop- introduced in the 1980s. There are 96 national parks. All national ard, Sloth Bear and Indian Rhi- park lands encompass a combined 38,029.18 km², 1.16% of India’s noceros. total surface area. Biosphere Reserves  Other well known large Indian tional Trade in Endangered mammals include ungulates Species (CITES) of wild flora Biosphere reserves are multi such as the rare Wild Asian and fauna, to which India is a purpose protected area to Water buffalo, common Do- signatory. preserve the genetic diversity in representative eco system. mestic Asian Water buffalo,  Some of the endangered spe- Nilgai, Gaur. cies are Asiatic Lion, One So far fourteen biosphere  India displays significant Horned Rhinocerous, Hangul, reserves have been set up. biodiversity. One of eighteen Royal Bengal Tiger, Wild Ass They are: megadiverse countries, it is etc. Nilgiri, Nanda Devi, Nokrek, home to 7.6% of all mammalian,  The Animal Welfare Board of Great Nicobar, Gulf of 12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all India was established in 1962. Mannar, Manas, Sunderbans, reptilian, 4.4% of all amphibian, Research programmes in wild- Similipal, Dibru Saikhowa, 11.7% of all fish, and 6.0% of life are carried out by the Wild Dehong Debang, all flowering plant species. life Institute of India, Dehradun Panchmarhi, Kanchenjunga  The wild life reserves of India and the Salim Ali Centre for and Agasthyamala and are of two types - the Wild life Ornithology and Natural His- Achanakmar Amarkantak. sanctuaries and National tory, Coimbatore. parks.  Project Tiger is the centrally  Presently, the country has 490 National animal sponsored scheme launched Wildlife Sanctuaries, 96 Na- on April 1, 1973 to save the ti- Royal Bengal Tiger tional Parks and 27 Tiger Re- National aquatic animal serves. Dolphin  Wild life protection in India was given statutory status National bird with the adoption of the Wild- Indian Peacock life (Protection) Act, 1972 by National tree all the Indian states except Banyan tree Jammu and Kashmir.  Keibul Lamjo is the only float- ing National Park in the coun- Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is try, is located in Manipur in established in 1982. It is an interna- Loktak Lake. tionally acclaimed Institution, which offers training program, academic  Trade in endangered species World's rarest monkey, the golden is subject to strict rules under langur typifies the precarious survival courses and advisory in wildlife re- the Convention on Interna- of much of India's megafauna. search and management. the first week of October ev- ery year. There are about 2546 species of fishes (about 11% of the world species) found in Indian waters. About 197 species of amphibians Flora of India (4.4% of the world total) and more than 408 reptile species (6% of  The Flora of India is one of the the world total) are found in India. There are about 1250 species of richest of the world due to a birds from India (12% of the world species). There are about 410 wide range of climate, topog- species of mammals known from India which is about 8.86% of the raphy and environments in the world species. country. There are over 15000 gers from extinction on India. in 1992. species of flowers in India. It has become the most suc-  Today, there are 39 Project Ti- cessful conservation ventures ger wildlife reserves in India. in modern history.  Project Elephant was  At present Madhya Pradesh launched to protect the wild with 912 tigers tops the state life and elephant population. with greater number of Tigers.  Most of India's rhinos today Madhya Pradesh is known as survive in the Kaziranga Na- the tiger state of India. M.P tional Park. was followed by Uttar Pradesh  A wild life week is observed in Lotus, National Flower of India

Deputy Collector Rank File AGRICULTURE  India is the world’s largest producer of milk, cashew nuts, coco- IN INDIA nuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and black pepper.  Crops in India can be classi-  It also has the world's largest cattle population (281 million). fied into subsistence crops,  It is the second largest producer of wheat, rice, sugar, groundnut commercial crops, plantation and inland fish crops and horticulture crops.  It is the third largest producer of tobacco.  India's total geographical area  India accounts for 10% of the world fruit production with first is 328.7 million hectares of rank in the production of banana and sapota. which 140.8 million hectares is Crop season in India can be classified into three the net sown area, while 192.80 such as Kharif, Rabi and Zaid. million hectares is the gross cropped area.  Kharif (rainy) crops are sown in June/July and harvested in  Agriculture contributes about September / October. Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Ragi, Maize, Cotton 17.8% to national Gross Do- and Jute are the important Kharif crops. mestic Product (GDP) and  Rabi (winter) crops are sown in October/ December and har- nearly 16% to export earnings. vested in April/ May. Wheat , Barley , Peas, Rape-seed, Mustard Types of Cultivation and Grams are the important Rabi crops.  Zaid (Summer) crops : Zaid crops are grown in the short peri- 1. Sedentary Cultivation ods after the harvest of the Kharif and Rabi crops. Sown in 2. Crop rotation 3. Shifting cultivation April, May and June. Products are mostly fruits and vegetables. 4. Mixed cropping Areas of Cultivation Green Revolution 5. Relay cropping  To increase yield per hectare 6. Terrace cultivation Temperate Himalayan Region government of India intro- 7. Mixed farming Eastern Himalayan Region & Western Himalayan Region. duced a programme called  Operation flood I was The Eastern Himalayan Region Green Revolution. launched in 1970, which aimed Assam, Sikkim and Mishmi Hills  The Green Revolution (first) at capturing a commanding The Western Himalayan Region was launched in 1967-68. share of the liquid milk mar- Kulu, Kangra and Kashmir Valleys,  The second Green Revolution ket. Garhwal, Kumaon and Simla Hills was launched in 1983-84.  A centrally sponsored Com- Northern Dry Region Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Gujarat,  Father of Green Revolution - Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West- Dr. Norman Borlaug ICAR ern Madhya Pradesh  Father of Green Revolution in Eastern West Region India - Dr. M.S. Swaminathan Indian Council of Agri- West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar,  Green Revolution focused the cultural Research (ICAR) is Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil development of high-yielding an autonomous body under Nadu, Chattisgarh, Assam, varieties of cereal grains, ex- the Ministry of Agriculture. Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura and pansion of irrigation infrastruc- Headquarters: New Delhi. The Mizoram. ture, and distribution of hybrid- council is the apex body for co- Western Wet Region ized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, ordinating, guiding and man- Kerala, Karnataka aging research and educa- Southern Region and pesticides to farmers. tion in agriculture in- Parts of Madhya Pradesh, Andhra  Punjab pioneered green revo- cluding horticul- Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, lution among the other states ture. Gujarat, Karnataka and Uttar transforming India into a food- Pradesh surplus country. Crop Areas of Production Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana Barley Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh To achieve 4% annual growth during the Cotton Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya 11th Five Year Plan a new scheme namely Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) was Tamil Nadu, Karnataka. Jute West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa, launched during 2007-08. The funds under the Tripura scheme are provided to the states as 100% Groundnut Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh grant by the Central Government. The broad Mustard & objectives of RKVY is to incentives the state rape seed Rajasthan to increase public investment to achieve 4% Sunflower Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, growth rate in agriculture and allied sectors in Karnataka the 11th Five Year Plan. The States have been Pulses Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, provided flexibility and autonomy in the proc- Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh. ess of selection, planning, approval and ex- Coffee Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra ecution of schemes. Pradesh. Rubber Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka States first in production Silk Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Saffron ...... Jammu Kashmir Pradesh, Assam, Bihar (tassar) Tobacco Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tea ...... Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Bihar. Spices Garden ...... Kerala Cardamom Karnataka, Sikkim, Kerala, Tamil Nadu Coffee ...... Karnataka Cashewnut Kerala, Andhra Pradesh Sandalwood ...... Karnataka Castor seed Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh Cotton ...... Gujarath Chillies Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa Tobacco ...... Andhra Pradesh Cloves Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka Plantain ...... Maharashtra Cocoa Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu Wheat ...... Uttar Pradesh Ginger Kerala, Meghalaya Sugar cane ...... Uttar Pradesh Pepper Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu Paddy Crop (Rice)...... West Bengal & Andhra Poppy Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab Ragi Karnataka, Tamil Nadu Coriander ...... Rajasthan Saffron Jammu and Kashmir Banana Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala Pineapples Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal, White Revolution Tripura Mango Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh,  The White Revolution Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu. in the country has been Apple Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, achieved by means of Uttaranchal Operation Flood. It was Arecanut Kerala, Karnataka, Assam, Meghalaya, carried out in three Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. phases. Coconut Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Operation Flood I .... 1970 - 1981 Pradesh, Goa. Operation Flood II ... 1981 - 1985 Grapes Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Operation Flood III ... 1985 - 1996. Karnataka, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh  White revolution launched to increase the quality Orange Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and quanity of milk and dairy products. Meghalaya, Sikkim.  The Father of the White Revolution in India is Turmeric Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Dr. Varghese Kurien. He is also known as Orissa, Maharashtra. Milkman of India. Deputy Collector Rank File mand Area Development Programme was launched in National Food Security Mission 1974-75 with the main objective 'National Food Security Mission', has been launched from 2007-08 of improving utilization of irri- to increase the production of rice by 10 million tons, wheat by 8 gation potential and optimizing million tons and pulses by 2 million tons by the end of the Elev- agricultural productivity. enth Plan (2011-12). The National Food Security Mission will have  Irrigation in India can be clas- 3 components (i) Rice (ii) Wheat & (iii) Pulses. The Mission is sified into Wells, Tanks and functioning under the control of Ministry of Agriculture. Canals.  Wells account for about 48% of the total irrigated area in the country. Punjab is known as the Granary of  Tanks account for about 10% India or India’s bread-basket. of the total irrigated area, are Punjab (Land of the five rivers) is one of the most fertile regions on earth. The region is ideal for wheat-growing. used in Central and Southern Rice, sugar cane, fruits and vegetables are also grown.It pro- India. duces 14% of India’s cotton, 20% of India’s wheat, and NABARD 9% of India’s rice. The Firozpur District is the largest NABARD (National Bank for producer of wheat and rice in the state. Agriculture and Rural Devel- opment) is set up as an apex Development Bank with a Green Revolution ...... High Yielding Variety of Seeds mandate for facilitating credit White Revolution ...... Milk & Dairy products flow for promotion and devel- Silver Revolution ...... Egg and Poultry opment of agriculture, small- Silver Fibre Revolution ...... Cotton scale industries, cottage and Yellow Revolution ...... Edible Oil village industries, handicrafts Blue Revolution ...... Fisheries and other rural crafts. It is an Pink Revolution ...... Prawns apex development bank based in Mumbai, Golden Revolution ...... Honey Maharashtra. It was estab- Golden Fibre Revolution ...... Jute lished on 1982. Brown Revolution ...... Cocoa Animal Resources Sericulture . India has the largest number  Natural silk is produced from the cocoons of the silk worms. Rearing of livestock in the world. of silkworms and production of silk from them is called sericulture. . The rearing of various animals  Sericulture is the biggest village industry in India after handloom and and obtaining different prod- khadi. ucts from them is called ani-  India is the second largest silk producer in the world. mal husbandry.  Karnataka is the leading producer of silk in India.  The Central Semen Production  Bihar and Jharkhand are the leading producers of tasar silk. and Training Institute at  India has the unique distinction of being the only country producing Hessarghatta is one of the all the five kinds of silk – Mulberry, Eri, Muga, Tropical Tasar and premier organisation in the Temperate Tasar. country engaged in  Mulberry silk is the most popular variety in India, contributing more multiplying high pedigree than 87% of the Country’s silk production. animals.  Cultivation of mulberry plants is referred to as Moriculture. MINERAL of coal & lignite, 2nd in bar- ONGC ites, 4th in iron ore, 5th in baux- Oil and Natural Gas Corpora- RESOURCES ite and crude steel, 7th in man- tion Limited (ONGC) (incorpo-  India's major mineral resources ganese ore and 8th in alu- rated on 23 June 1993) is a include Coal (third-largest re- minium. state-owned oil and gas serves in the world), Iron ore,  Iron Ore is the backbone of company in India. It was set Manganese, Mica, Bauxite, Ti- modern civilisation. Varieties of up as a commission on 14 tanium ore, Chromite, Natural iron ore: August 1956. It contributes gas, Diamonds, Petroleum, Magnetite - the best quality 77% of India's crude oil Limestone and Thorium of iron ore and contains 72% production and 81% of India's (world's largest along Kerala's pure iron. natural gas production. Indian shores). Haematite - contains 60 to 70% government holds 74.14%  India's minerals range from pure iron. equity stake in this company. both metallic and non-metallic Limonite - contains 40 to 60% types. The metallic minerals pure iron. from where iron ore is exported comprise ferrous and non-fer-  Jharkhand has the largest re- to Japan through Vishakha rous minerals while the non serves accounting for about patnam. metallic minerals comprise min- 25% of the total reserves of  Japan is the biggest buyer of eral fuels, precious stones, iron ore in India. Indian iron ore. among others.  India’s richest haematite de-  India has the second largest  India produces 89 minerals out posits are located in manganese ore reserves in the of which 4 are fuel minerals, 11 Barabilkoira valley in Orissa. world after Zimbabwe. metallic, 52 non-metallic and 22  The Bailadila mine is the larg-  India is the fifth largest pro- minor minerals. est mechanised mine in Asia ducer in the world after  India also exports iron ore, ti-  India has the world’s largest reserves of Iron. tanium, manganese, bauxite, granite, and imports cobalt,  India is the largest producer of mica in the world. mercury, graphite etc.  India possesses the largest reserves of monazite known in the world.  India ranks 3rd in production  India ranks third in the world in the production of manganese.

Deputy Collector Rank File Minerals Areas of Production Antimony Punjab, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Bihar Asbestos Karnataka, Rajasthan Beryllium Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh Barytes Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra Diamonds Madhya Pradesh (Panna mines) Graphite Orissa, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh Granite Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh Magnesite Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal Marble Rajasthan (Makrana) Nickel Orissa, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu Rock Salt Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh Sea Salt Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh Sulphur Tamil Nadu Tin Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan Coal Jharkhand, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa Lignite Neyveli Gold Andhra Pradesh (Ramagiri), Karnataka (Kolar, Hutti) Gypsum Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat Silver Karnataka (Kolar), Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu Chromite Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Tamil Nadu Dolomite Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Orissa, Gujarat, Karnataka, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Maharashtra Thorium Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh Uranium Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh. Ilmenite Tamil Nadu, Kerala Rock phosphate Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh.

Brazil,Gabon, South Africa and  Leading salt producer in India Australia. is Gujarat. It produces 60% of Geological Survey of India  The main reserves are found salt of the country. GSI, established in 1851 is a in Karnataka, followed by  State with the largest mineral government organization in In- Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, deposit is Jharkhand. dia for conducting geological Maharashtra and Goa.  Jharkhand is the state with surveys and studies. It is one of  Orissa is the leading producer highest mineral output in India. the oldest of such organizations of manganese in the state.  Chottanagpur plateau is the in the world. There are two geo-  Raniganj (West Bengal), Jharia richest mineral belt of India. logical parks maintained by GSI. (Bihar), Singrauli (Madhya  India’s contribution to gold Saketi Fossil Park, Saketi, Pradesh) and Korba production across the world is Himachal Pradesh and Nehru (Chhattisgarh) are the major less than one percent (0.75%). Park, Hyderabad, Andhra coal fields in India.  Karnataka is the largest pro- Pradesh. The park displays life  Marble is found largely in ducer of gold followed by size figures of dinosaurs like T- Rajasthan. Andhra Pradesh. Rex.  There are mainly three gold Major Cement companies duce mica. fields in India: Ambuja cement, Aditya Cement,  Japan (19%) and USA (17%) Kolar gold field in Karnataka JK Cement and L & T Cement. are the major buyers of our Hutti gold field in Karnataka Steel Companies mica. Ramgiri gold field in Ananta Steel Authority of India (SAIL),  Limestone with more than 10% pur district of Andhra Pradesh Bbilai Steel Plant, Durgapur Steel magnesium is called dolomite,  Silver is mainly produced from Plant, Rourkela Steel Plant, Bokaro when the percentage rises to Zawar mines of Udaipur Steel Plant. 45, it becomes true dolomite. district in Rajasthan.  Iron and Steel industry is the  Orissa has the largest  India has the world's largest chief consumer of dolomite. deposits of Nickel. deposits of coal. Bituminous  About 90% dolomite reserves  Lignite also known as brown coal is found in Jharkhand and are concentrated in Madhya coal. It is a lower grade coal Bihar and Ranigunj in West Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Orissa, and contains about 40 to 55% Bengal. Lignite coals are found Gujarat, Karnataka, West carbon. in Neyveli in Tamilnadu. Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and  It is found in Rajasthan,  Coal has been described as the Maharashtra. Neyveli of Tamil Nadu, Assam bridge into the future.  Rajasthan is the largest and Jammu and Kashmir.  India ranks third in the world producer of Asbestos  Jharia in Jharkhand has been after China and USA in coal followed by Andhra Pradesh recognised as the store house production. and Karnataka. of the best metallurgical coal  The Panna diamond belt is the  Gypsum is mainly used in in the country. only diamond producing area making ammonia sulphate  Coal India Ltd produces the in the country, which covers fertilizer and in cement largest quantity of coal in In- the districts of Panna, industry. Rajasthan is the dia followed by Singareni Chatarpur and Satna in Madya main producer followed by Collieries Comp Ltd. Pradesh, as well as some parts Jammu and Kashmir.  Assam is the oldest oil produc- of Banda in Uttar Pradesh.  Major deposite of magnesite ing state in India.  Bauxite deposits are found in are found in Uttranchal, Tamil  Digboi in Assam is the oldest western Bihar, southwest Nadu and Rajasthan. oil well of India. Kashmir, Central Tamilnadu,  Jharkhand is the largest  Natural gas fields are and parts of Kerala, U.P, producer of Kyanite in India Ankleshwar and Cambay in Maharastra and Karnataka. followed by Maharashtra and Gujarat, Bombay high and  With the recent spurt in world Karnataka. Assam. demand for chromite, India has  In Sillimanite production,  The first successful oil well was stepped up its production to Orissa contributes 55.87% of sunk at Digboi in 1889. reach the third rank among the the total production, followed  Bombay High is the offshore chromite producers of the by Kerala and Maharashtra. oil field located in the coast of world.  Diamond is found at Panna in Maharashtra.  Recent discoveries of Krishna- Madhya Pradesh.  Oil Refineries with the largest Godawari off-shore basin and  In salt production, rock salt is refining capacity- Rava field will have big taken out in Mandi district of Reliance Petroleum Ltd, constribution in the field of Himachal Pradesh. Sambhar Jamnagar gas production in India. lake in Rajasthan produces Indian Oil Corp Ltd, Koyali Non - Metallic Minerals about 10% of annual produ  Bauxite is exported to countries  Jharkhand is the leading pro- ction. And Gujarat coast such as China, Korea, Ukraine, ducer of mica. Bihar, Rajasthan produces nearly half of our Saudi Arabia. and Andhra Pradesh also pro- salt. Deputy Collector Rank File List of Public Sector Undertakings of India Air India Limited, Airports Authority of India Lubrizol India Limited (LIL) Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO) Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Limited (BPCL) Manganese Ore (India) Limited (MOIL) Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), Jharkhand Mazagon Dock Limited, Mumbai Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), Andhra Pradesh MECON Limited Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML) Metro Railway, Kolkata Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), Bangalore Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited (MECL) Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation Limited (MMTC) Bharat Refractories Limited (BRL) Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI) Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) MSTC Limited Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI) Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation Limited (MRVC) Biecco Lawrie Limited National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO), Orissa Bramhaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Limited (BVFCL), Assam National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited (NBCC) Broadcasting Engineering Corporation of India Limited (BECIL) National Fertilizers Limited (NFL), Noida, Uttarpradesh Cement Corporation of India Limited (CCI) National Film Development Corporation (NFDC), Mumbai Central Coalfields Limited (CCL) National Handloom Development Corporation Limited (NHDC) Central Cottage Industries Corporation of India Limited National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited (NHPC) Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited (CMPDI) National Insurance Company Limited (NICL) Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) National Mineral Development Corporation Limited (NMDC) Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS) National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation (NMDFC) Coal India Limited (CIL), Kolkata National Projects Construction Corporation Limited (NPCC) Cochin Shipyard Limited, Kerala National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) Container Corporation of India Limited (CONCOR) National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporatioin (NSFDC) Cotton Corporation of India Limited (CCI), Maharashtra National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation Dredging Corporation of India (NSTFDC) Educational Consultants India Limited (EDCIL) National Small Industries Corporation Limited (NSIC) Engineers India Limited (EIL) National Textile Corporation Limited (NTC) Ennore Port Limited, Tamil Nadu National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC) Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Limited (ECGC) Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (NLC), Tamil Nadu FCI Aravali Gypsum and Minerals India Limited (FAGMIL) North Eastern Electric Power Corporation (NEEPCO) Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited (FSNL) Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL) Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Limited (FACT), Kochi Nuclear Fuel Complex Food Corporation of India (FCI) Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) Garden Reach Ship Builders and Engineers Limited (GRSE) Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), Dehradun Gas Authority of India limited (GAIL) Oil India Limited (OIL), New Delhi Goa Shipyard Limited Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited (PHHL) Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation (HHEC) Power Finance Corporation Limited Heavy Engineering Corporation Limited (HEC) Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID) Heavy Water Board (HWB) Power Trading Corporation of India Limited (PTC) Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Bangalore Praga Tools Limited Hindustan Antibiotics Limited (HAL), Maharashtra Projects and Development India Limited (PDIL) Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL), Kolkata Pyrites, Phosphates and Chemicals Limited (PPCL) Hindustan Insecticides Limited (HIL) RailTel Corporation of India Limited Hindustan Latex Limited (HLL), Trivandrum Railway Electrification Project Circle (REPC) Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) Rajasthan Atomic Power Station / Project Hindustan Newsprint Limited, Kerala Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited (RCF), Mumbai Hindustan Machine Tools Limited (HMT), Bangalore Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL) Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, Vishakhapattanam RITES Limited, Gurgaon, Haryana Hospital Services Consultancy Corporation (I) Limited (HSCC) Rural Electrification Corporation Limited Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO) Semiconductor Complex Limited (SCL) India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO) Shipping Corporation of India Limited (SCI), Mumbai Indian Airlines Limited (IA) South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL) Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), New Delhi Sponge Iron India Limited (SIIL) Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited (IRCTC) State Trading Corporation of India Limited (STCI) Indian Rare Earths Limited, Mumbai Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA) Telecom Factory, BSNL Indian Telephone Industries Limited (ITI) Telecom Stores Organisation Instrumentation Limited, Kota, Rajasthan Telecommunications Consultants India Limited (TCIL) IRCON International Limited Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) Konkan Railway Corporation Ltd, Navi Mumbai Water and Power Consultancy Services (India) Limited (WAPCOS) Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited (KIOCL) Western Coalfields Limited (WCL), Nagpur,Maharashtra  Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is a quasi governmental institu- woolens in India and is also tion for drawing up standards for the products of Indian industry. Known as the Manchester of It was established in 1947. India.  National Productivity Council (NPC) is an autonomous body  Tirupur has gained universal formed to inculcate productivity in industries, established in 1958. recognition as the leading source of hosiery, knitted gar-  Uranium deposits occur in microwave ovens, and wash- ments, casual wear and sports- Jadugoda of Singhbhum and ing machines. wear. Hazaribagh districts of  Industry accounts for 28% of  India is the only country pro- Jharkhand. the GDP and employ 14% of ducing all the five known com-  Thorium, a likely future substi- the total workforce. mercial varieties of silk, viz. tute for Uranium as a fission  The Industrial policy adopted Mulberry, Tasar (Tropical), material in atomic reactors, oc- by the Government of India Oak Tasar, Eri and Muga. curs in considerable quantities envisages a mixed economy,  Karnataka is the largest pro- ducer of silk. Second position as ThO2, in the beach sands of i.e., the co-existence of public Kerala coast. and private sectors. goes to West Bengal.  First modern silk factory - was  Monazite deposits of commer-  Textile Industries includes cot- set up at Howrah in 1832. cial value are found in about 160 ton, jute, wool, silk and syn-  India is fifteenth in services kms between Cape Comorin thetic fibre textiles. It accounts output. It provides employ- and Kollam in Kerala. for 24.6% in total exports. ment to 23% of work force, and  Thorium is also derived from  Cotton textiles is the oldest it is growing fast. monazite. Zirconium is also industry in India. It has the  In 2009, seven Indian IT firms found in Kerala coast. largest number of workers were listed among the top 15  Uranium compounds occurs in employed in an industry. technology outsourcing com- Singhbhum - copper belt of  Kanpur is famous for textiles panies in the world. Jharkhand, Aravalli's and cen- and clothing, large modern  In 1870, the first steel tral Himalaya. tanneries, leather works and industry,‘Bengal Iron Com- shoe manufacturing. pany’ was set up at Kulti, West MAJOR INDUS-  Sholapur is famous for impor- Bengal. TRIES IN INDIA tant textiles based on cotton  Three integrated steel plants grown in local regur soils. were set up at Bhilai, Durgapur  The first Industrial Policy was  The first modern cotton textile and Rourkela. Later two more brought in 1948. mill was established in Bombay steel plants, at Bokaro and  Major industries include tele- in 1851. Vishakhapatnam, were set up. communications, textiles, jute  Dharwar Belgaum are known Private sector plants, of which and sugar industries, chemi- for cotton textiles, railway and the Tata Iron and Steel Com- cals, food processing, steel, general engineering goods. pany (TISCO), Jamshedpur is transportation equipment, ce-  The first modern cotton mill the biggest. ment, mining, petroleum, ma- was established in 1818 at  Bhilai plant was set up in col- chinery, information technol- Ghoosury (West Bengal). laboration with Russia on the ogy enabled services and phar-  The first jute mill was started Kolkata - Nagpur Railway maceuticals. in 1855 at Rishra near Kolkata. line in the Durg district  Some of the major items manu-  The modern woollen textile in- (Chhatisgarh). factured in India are comput- dustry was started with the  Rourkela steel plant in Orissa ers, communication equipment, establishment of Lal Imli at was set up under the second broadcasting and strategic Kanpur in 1876. five year plan in association electronics, television sets,  Ludhiana produces 90% of with Germany. Deputy Collector Rank File Industry Area of Production Woollen textiles : Punjab, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir Copper smelting : (Khetri) Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra Heavy machinery : Ranchi,Visakhapatanam, Durgapur Machine tools : Bangalore, Pinjore, Kalamassery, Hyderabad, Srinagar Heavy electricals : Bhopal, Hyderabad, Tiruchirapalli, Haridwar. Railway equipment : Chittaranjan (electric engines), Varanasi (diesel engines), Jamshedpur and Bhopal (electric engines), Integral Coach Factory Perambur (Tamil Nadu), Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala (Punjab) Shipbuilding : Visakhapatnam, Mumbai Cars : Mumbai (Fiat), Calcutta (Ambassador), Gurgaon (Maruthi) Buses, trucks : Chennai, Mumbai Jeeps, tempos, trucks : Mumbai, Pune, Gurgaon Two-wheelers : Pune, Mumbai, Faridabad, Chennai, Mysore, Ludhiana, Tirupati Cycles : Mumbai, Asansol, Sonipat, Delhi, Chennai, Jalandhar, Ludhiana Tractors : Faridabad, Pinjore, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai Fertilisers : Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh Pharmaceuticals : Hyderabad, Rishikesh, Gurgaon, Chennai, Muzaffarpur Pesticides : Delhi, Alwaye Cement : Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand. Leather goods : Agra, Kanpur, Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi. Glass : Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal Paper : West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashstra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar.

 Bokaro, the biggest plant in  Indian Copper Corporation  Kirloskar Brother Ltd is the Asia was set up under the was set up in 1924 which was pioneer company in the fourth five year plan in asso- taken over by Hindustan Cop- maufacturing of machine tools. ciation with the Russian Gov- per Ltd (established in 1967),  Hindustan Machine Tools ernment. It is located in in 1972. (HMT) is the largest manufac- Jharkhand.  Presently, there are four zinc turer of machine tools in the  The public sector steel plants smelters in the country - country. are managed by the Steel Au- Alwaye (Kerala), Debari and  Locomotives: Chittaranjan Lo- thority of India (SAIL). SAIL Chanderi (Rajasthan) and comotive Works, Diesel Loco- was established in 1973. Vishakha patnam (Andhra motive Works (Varanasi), Tata  India is now the eighth largest Pradesh). Engineering and Locomotive producer of steel in the world.  Among the Third-World coun- Works (Jamshedpur).  The first on-shore steel plant tries, India is a major exporter  The Integral Coach Factory at in India was setup at of heavy and light engineering Perampur near Chennai was Vishakhapatnam. goods. The engineering indus- set up in 1955 with Swiss col-  Indian Aluminium Coporation try has shown its capacity to laboration. Ltd was formed in 1937. manufacture large-size plants  Top four automobile compa-  BALCO came into being in and equipment for various sec- nies with the highest sales: 1965, NALCO in 1981. tors like power, fertilizer, and Tata Motors  Aluminium companies with the cement. Maruti Udyog Ltd. highest sales in descending  Heavy Engineering Corpora- order - HINDALCO, NALCO, tion Ltd was set up at Ranchi Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. INDAL, MALCO. (Jharkhand) in 1958. Ashok Leyland Ltd.  In medium and heavy commer- brass utensils with engraving  Firozabad in Agra district is cial vehicles, Tata Engineering and polishing. the largest producer of glass. and Locomotive Company  Indian Explosives factory is  The first synthetic rubber fac- (TELCO) is the leading pro- located at Gomia in Hazaribagh tory was started in Bareilly in ducer. (Jharkhand). 1955.  There are four main centres of  First fertilizer plant was set up  The first successful effort was ship building industry at at Ranipet of Tamil Nadu in made in 1870 with the setting Vishakhapatnam, Kolkata, 1906. up of the Royal Bengal Paper Kochi and Mumbai.  First public sector fertilizer Mills at Ballyganj near Kolkata.  Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, plant is at Sindri (Jharkhand).  The important centres for pa- Vishakha patnam set up in  The first super-phosphate fac- per products are Lucknow, 1941, is the first ship building tory was set up at Ranipet in Titagarh, Raniganj, Pune, yard in the country to receive Tamil Nadu in 1906. Naihati etc. ISO-9001 certification.  India is now the third largest  Maharashtra is the largest pro-  Cochin Shipyard Ltd, Kochi producer of nitrogenous fertil- ducer of paper followed by was incorporated in 1972. It izers in the world. Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat. also manufactures ships for  Fertilizer companies with the  Uttar Pradesh has the largest Indian Navy. highest sales are - National number of paper mills.  Mazgaon Dock at Mumbai Fertilizer Ltd, Tata Chemicals  Paper companies with the high- builds cargo ships, passenger Ltd, Rashtriya Chemicals & est sales are Ballarpur Indus- ships, dredgers etc. for Indian Fertilizers Ltd. tries Ltd, Orient Paper & Indus- navy.  The first successful attempt tries Ltd and Tamil Nadu News-  The first aircraft industry was was made in 1912 - 13 when the print & Paper Ltd. set up at Bangalore in 1940 Indian Cement Co Ltd set up a  West Bengal is the leading under the name of Hindustan plant in porbander (Gujarat). state in paper manufacturing. Aircraft Ltd. Later, Hindustan  The Indian Cement industry is  In India, Jharkahand is the Aircraft Ltd was merged into the second largest in the world largest producer of Lac (50%), Aeronautics India Ltd in 1964 after that of China. followed by Madhya Pradesh to form Hindustran Aeronau-  Madhya Pradesh and and Chhattisgarh. India is the tics Ltd, Bangalore. Chhattisgarh, are the leading largest exporter in the world.  Major companies in integrated producer of total cement pro-  Lac is obtained from an insect refining and marketing are duction in India. named Cerria lacca wihich lives HPCL, BPCL and IOC.  Leather industry is divided into on trees.  Godavari - Krishna delta is two parts - tanning and leather  Sugar Industry is the second known for local tobacco, sug- goods. largest agro-based industry in arcane, rice, oil, cement and  For tanning, Kanpur, (1st tan- India after cotton textile indus- small textiles. nery centre), Chennai, and try.  The industry associated with Kolkata are three largest Cen-  India is the largest sugar pro- sports materials mainly located tres. ducing country with over 15% at Agra, Meerut (UP),  The Central Leather Research share of the global output. Ludhiana, Jalandhar (Punjab) Institute at Chennai is the larg-  India is world’s largest pro- and Delhi. est of its kind in the world. ducer of sugarcane and sugar  Pinjore in Haryana and Jalahalli  Uttar Pradesh is the leading as well. in Bangalore are associated producer of glass in India fol-  Maharashtra is the largest with watch industry. lowed by West Bengal and sugar producer followed by  Moradabad is famous for Maharashtra. Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Deputy Collector Rank File