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Study of Dissolved Oxygen Responses to Tropical Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal Based on Argo and Satellite Observations

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Study of Dissolved Oxygen Responses to Tropical Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal Based on Argo and Satellite Observations Science of the Total Environment 659 (2019) 912–922 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Study of dissolved oxygen responses to tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal based on Argo and satellite observations Huabing Xu a,c, Danling Tang a,c,⁎, Jinyu Sheng b,YupengLiua,c,YiSuib a Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ocean Remote Sensing, State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China b Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada c University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • Three different types of DO responses to tropical cyclones were observed in the central Bay of Bengal • Storm-induced temporal variability of DO was affected by the shallow oxycline, mesoscale eddies and bio- chemical processes • Tropical cyclones with slow transla- tional speeds can result in DO reduction and OMZ intensification over the Bay of Bengal article info abstract Article history: Effects of tropical cyclones (TCs) on dissolved oxygen (DO) in subsurface waters (20–200 m) over the Oxygen Received 20 October 2018 Minimum Zones (OMZs) in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are examined based on Argo and satellite data. Five TCs Received in revised form 19 December 2018 (Hudhud, Five, Vardah, Maarutha and Mora) during 2013–2018 are considered. Analyses reveal three types of Accepted 24 December 2018 DO temporal variability caused by the storm-induced mixing and upwelling. The first type features temporal Available online 26 December 2018 DO increases in subsurface waters (37–70 m) caused mainly by intense vertical mixing and downwelling. The Editor: Jay Gan second type features DO reductions in subsurface waters after the storms attributed to storm-induced upwelling. The third type features temporal DO increases at depths between 40 and 79 m and decreases at depths between Keywords: 80 and 150 m due to the combined effect of strong vertical mixing and upwelling. These three types of DO re- DO sponses can occur in different areas, depending on TC intensity, translational speed and Ekman pumping. The Tropical cyclone temporal DO variability is also influenced by the shallow oxycline (58.3 ± 16.7 m), mesoscale eddies and bio- Mixing chemical processes. Due to TC intensification, a pre-existing oceanic cyclonic eddy produced a large upwelling Upwelling and induced a long time of DO decrease in the subsurface layer. This study suggests three different types of DO Mesoscale eddy responses along the TC track in the OMZ, which is useful to evaluate the influence of TCs on the OMZ. Oxygen Minimum Zone © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 1. Introduction ⁎ Corresponding author at: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ocean Remote Sensing, State Dissolved oxygen (DO) is critical for sustaining marine animal life. Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China. Mobile macro-organisms are stressed or even die when oxygen concen- −1 E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Tang). trations drop below ~60 to 120 μmol kg (Stramma et al., 2008). Low https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.384 0048-9697/© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). H. Xu et al. / Science of the Total Environment 659 (2019) 912–922 913 DO restricts the maximum living depth of animals to the oxygenated level of QC is the delayed-mode quality control system (Thierry et al., near-surface layer (Stramma et al., 2012). The Oxygen Minimum 2016). Zones (OMZs) are known to contribute significantly to the oceanic pro- Based on Argo data, the following four indices were used. The iso- duction of N2O, a greenhouse gas which is more efficient than CO2 thermal layer depth (ILD) is defined as the depth at which the potential (Paulmier et al., 2011). water temperature is 1 °C lower than the near-surface temperature The OMZ is defined as vast areas of depleted oxygen (b20 μmol kg−1 (Vissa et al., 2013). The mixed layer depth (MLD) is defined as the of DO), due mainly to a combination of high primary productivity and depth at which the potential water density is 0.125 kg m−3 higher weak ventilation (Al Azhar et al., 2017). The Bay of Bengal (BoB) is than the surface density (Girishkumar et al., 2014; Levitus, 1983). The one of the four well-known tropical OMZs (Paulmier and Ruiz-Pino, barrier layer (BL) is defined as the layer between the bottom of the 2009). The immense freshwater influx from rivers and heavy precipita- mixed layer and the top of the thermocline (Thadathil et al., 2007). tion generate a strong salinity stratification and inhibit vertical ex- The oxycline depth is defined as a subsurface layer with the maximum change of oxygen in the upper ocean of the BoB (Thushara and gradient of DO in the vertical direction. Vinayachandran, 2016), creating a sharp and more intense OMZ in the BoB. The occurrence of the OMZ in the BoB was investigated in the past (Madhu et al., 2006; Sardessai et al., 2007; Sarma et al., 2013). Trop- 2.2. Tropical cyclones and satellite data ical cyclones (TCs) were found to induce intense vertical mixing of ocean waters and result in strong entrainment and upwelling (Price, There were 18 TCs passing through the BoB for the period – 1981). Several studies examined the main physical processes associated 2013 2018 (Joint Typhoon Warning Center). Only 6 TCs swept areas oc- with the TC-induced cooling of the sea surface temperature (Lin et al., cupied by the Argo DO sensors in the BoB. Since the focus of this study is 2003; Vissa et al., 2013; Warner et al., 2016) and phytoplankton blooms on the DO variability over the offshore ocean waters, TCs close to the fi (Madhu et al., 2002; Chacko, 2017; Vidya et al., 2017) in the BoB. Only a coast are not considered. As a result, only ve TCs (Hudhud, Five, few studies, however, were made on the DO responses to TCs in the sub- Vardah, Maarutha and Mora) were chosen to examine the DO responses surface waters of the OMZ over the central BoB. to TCs over the central BoB (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The intense TCs were found to play a very important role in DO dis- TC Hudhud originated from a low pressure system in the Andaman tributions over coastal waters and in the surface waters of deep oceans Sea on 6 October 2014. Hudhud became a severe cyclonic storm on 9 (Chen et al., 2012; Feng et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2017). October and reached its peak strength with the maximum sustained Chen et al. (2012) reported that the observed DO concentrations were wind speed (MWS) of ~185 km/h on 12 October (Fig. 1). TC Five, at a high level for about 6–8 days after typhoon Muifa due to mixing which is also named deep depression BOB 04 according to India Meteo- in the Changjiang Estuary. In the South China Sea (SCS), Lin et al. rological Department, formed over the central and adjoining southeast – (2014) documented that the DO concentrations increased one week BoB during 5 8 November 2014. It initially moved northwards on 5 No- after a typhoon. Prakash et al. (2012) found that a TC caused the DO de- vember 2014, took a loop on 6 November and turned westwards on 7 cline in the subsurface layer and shoaled the oxycline in the central Ara- November morning. TC Vardah originated as a low pressure system bian Sea. Over coastal waters of the BoB, Mitra et al. (2011) documented near the Malay Peninsula on 3 December 2016 and was designated as fi that the surface DO concentrations decreased in a short time due to the a tropical depression on 6 December. It gradually intensi ed into a cy- intrusion of saline waters. clonic storm on 8 December. Vardah had a westward movement and Although TCs have strong impacts on DO over coastal waters and in reached its maximum strength of ~130 km/h on 11 December as a the sea surface waters of deep oceans, knowledge is sparse on how the very severe cyclonic storm. It made a landfall close to Chennai and DO in the subsurface waters (20–200 m) responds to a TC in the OMZ degenerated into a remnant low on 13 December. TC Maarutha devel- over the central BoB. The primary objective of this study is to test the hy- oped over southeast BOB on 15 April 2017. It moved northeastwards fi pothesis whether DO responses to TC-induced mixing and upwelling and intensi ed into a deep depression over central BOB. Further moving depend on the intensity and translational speeds of storms and Ekman northeastwards, Maarutha reached its peak intensity on 15 April 2017. pumping velocities along the storm track in the subsurface waters of TC Mora developed from an area of low pressure over the southeastern the OMZ over the central BoB. The second objective is to examine the ef- BoB on 28 May. Mora reached peak strength with the MSW of fect of pre-existing oceanic conditions (such as the oxycline and meso- ~110 km/h, and then steadily weakened and dissipated early on 31 May. fi scale eddies) on the DO distributions under the influence of TCs.
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