A Journal of th MAP AND GEOGRAPHY ROUND TABLE OF THE AMERICAN LlBRARY AsSOCIATIO
0.14 998 T BLE OF CO TE TS
Artiel
RichardHakJuyt, Elizabethan Voice ofDiscovery page 5 By Lows De Vorsey, Jr.
American SchoolA tJases andGeographies with Mapsin theBarnardCollection page 13 By Jeffrey H. Kaimowitz
Institut Geographique ationaJ -France page 23 ByJean-Philippe Grelot
Ma t Complete Collection ofSanbom Maps Will beA vailable On-Line page 29 By Marla Krauss
Et Cetera
Calendar page 2
Editorial page 3
brdexto Advertisers page 2
Announcements page 32
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The John Carter Brown Library will award approximately twenty-five short- and long-term Research Fellow ships for the year June 1, 2000 - May 31, 2001. Short-term fellowships are available for periods of two to four months and carry a stipend of $1,200 per month. These fellowships are open to foreign nationals as well as to U.S. citizens who are engaged in pre-and post-doctoral, or independent research. Graduate students must have passed their preliminary or general examinations at the time of application. Long-term fellowships, primarily funded by the National Lndowment for the Humanities (NEH) and the Andrew W. Mellon l'oundation, are typically for five to nine months and carry a stipend of $2,800 per month. Recipients of long-term fellowships may not be engaged in graduate work and ordinarily must be U.S. citizens or have resided in the U.S. for the three years immediately preceding the term of the fellowship. It should be noted that the Library's holdings are concentrated on the history of the Western Hemisphere during the colonial period (ca. 1492 to ca. 1825), emphasizing the European discovery, exploration, settlement, and dl'velopment of the Americas, the indigenous response to the European conquest, the African contribution to the dl'veloptnl'nt of the lll'misphere, and all aspects of European relations with the New World, including the impact of till' Nl'W World on the Old. Research proposed by fellowship applicants must be suited to the holdings of the Library. All fellow" ;'Ire expected to relocate to Providence and be in continuous residence at the Library for the entire term of till' fellow.. hip. Sl'\'eral shorHl'rm fellowships have thematic restrictions: the Jeannette D. Black Memorial lellowhsip in the hi .. lor~' of c.1rlography; Cl'nter for New World Comparative Studie.. lellowship'i for rl'''l'arch in the comparative hi .. lorv of the colonial r\ml'rica.,; the Alellander O. Vietor !\1emorialldlowship in early maritime history; the Ruth .1nd Lincoln Lkslrom lellowship in the history of women and the family in the Americas; the William Reese Company I ellow.,hip in bibliography and the history of printing; and the Toum National Heritage Trustl'ellowship for research on "nnll' .l"pl'cl of the Jl'wi.,h ('''peril'nce in thl' !'oil'W World beforl' 11;25. Maria L1l'na Cassiet Iellowships are re "lricll'd 10 .. dllll<1r.. who an' permanent rl' .. id('nh of countrie.. in Spanish America. TIll' .1prlJc.ltinn deadline for fellowships for 2000-2001 is January 15, 2000. lor application forms and fuller 1I1tnnn.llinn. wrill' tn: Ihreclor, fohn Clrlrr Hron'n LibrJr.I~ flo, lIN-I, Prol'idrnct', RIO:!91:!, Td.: -liJl-lIh3-:!7:!.i l;n: -1111-,\1>;- ;-1,--' I -111.1il: fCHCI dlol1 ~"ip~~ibmwn.t'du. 'reb .~il(': btlp://II'II'I1'.jCIIL.or,l;
4 MERIDIAN 16 ~ Richard Hakluyt, Elizabethan Voice of Discovery
Louis De Vorsey, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Geography, University of Georgia
"For he who proclaims the praises The globe-girdling reach of the of foreigners/ rouses his own English language today is a much countrymen, jfthey be not dolts. 1'1 discussed topic. English is the language of aviation's airspace, the Richard Hakluyt of Oxford, lingua franca of cyberspace and Englislimul1, 1587. tongue of globalized commerce and industry. The "English Speaking How different conditions were only 'Thy Voyages at/enli World" seems destined to expand four centuries before the launching Industrious Hakluy/! more rapidly than cartographers can of Voyager One when Richard Hakluyt met with one of Europe's Whose reading sha/l inflame chart its spread. leading cartographers, Abraham Men to seek fame/ How different conditions were Ortelius. Andmuch commend only four centuries before the To after limes thy wit." launching of Voyager One when, in 1577, Richard Hakluyt 0551?-1616), To tile Virginian Voyage, a young Oxford graduate with a
Michael Draytoll l 1605. passion for geography, met with one of Europe's leading cartographers, Abraham OrteJius0527-98), the Flemish publisher of the first atlas, Spacecraft "Voyager One" Thealrum Orbis Terrarum (Theater of blasted off on its heralded mission to the World). That their conversation Jupiter and beyond on September 5, was carried on in Latin will come as 1977. Realizing that Voyager was no surprise, the England of Oxford destined to soar beyond our solar don Richard Hakluyt was peopled system, space scientists instal1ed a by a tight, inward-looking island recorded greeting from the people of society where fewer than five planet Earth. Preceding a brief million spoke the lilting language of message, in fifty-five different Shakespeare. On the Continent and For all intents the "English Speaking World"ofthe sixteenth languages, addressed to any possible in more remote parts only a relative centurywas England. denizens of distant space, a gold handful of non-English merchants plated disc played an introductory and diplomats would have made statement from the then Secretary any effort to master the English General of the United Nations; he language. For all intents the "En was, you may recall, Kurt glish Speaking World" of the six Waldheim, an Austrian speaking on teenth century was England. No behalf of the then 147 member matter how we view it, the rise and states. He spoke in English! spread of English is a remarkable Many readers will react to this success story. It should, however, be revelation with little jf any surprise. kept in mind that its rise to the level
ea MERIDIAN 14 5 of global lingua franca was in no way never returned from the voyage and inevitable nor the product of acci his fate remains unknown. Many dent or good fortune. experts have argued, however, that To understand how the language the Juan de la Cosa map of 1500 and influence of the English came to bears evidence of Cabot's explora Unfortunately, he never rt'turned from the voyage, and spread over the world like the paint tion of the coast south of Newfound his fate remains unknown. shown in the Sherwin and Williams land. Of course la Cosa, like Cabot corporate logo, it will be useful first and Columbus, was unshaken in his to review a few highlights of the Age belief that the roast he captioned of European Discovery as they "mar descubrieto por inglese" (Sea transpired in the century preceding discovered by the English) and Elizabeth Tudor's ascendancy 10 the arrayed with English standards was English throne in 1558. For our that of eastern Asia. review the birth in 1451 of the man With such an early start in the who launched the world into that race for overseas possessions, it is Age, Christopher Columbus, will surprising to find just how indiffer provide a good beginning. Although ent the English were toward over severely and unfairly maligned seas exploration and colonization during the recent quincentenary of during the half century following his first landfall in the Bahamas, COlhors discovery in 1497. As Columbus's accomplishment ranks Samuel Eliot Morison pithily ob as one of the truly signal events in all served, Henry VII and his successors Perhaps the better vrplana of world history. frequently claimed sovereignty over tion lin in the steady and During the period when he was North America but did nothing to long-termTudorpol icy of seeking royal backing for his scheme, "nail it down." This English indiffer avoidingconflictwith Spain, the sixleenth-eentul)' Columbus had made overtures to ence remains without a satisfactory Superpowerof Europe. England's King Henry VII. Although explanation to the present day. nothing came of those negotiations Some historians have tried to explain Henry subsequently licensed another it with the spurious argument that a eenoese navigator named John Protestant England had fewer fast Cabot to undertake a similar scheme days and thus was less concerned to sail west to the islands and coasts with the rich fisheries that drew the of Asia. In 1497 Cabot became the southern Europeans to Cabot's "New first to sail across the Atlantic by the Found Land." On first hearing it northern route since the days of the sounds plausible but closer scrutiny Vikings five hundred years earlier. fails to support this contention. A No significant store of portable study of Frobisher's manifests for his wealth accompanied Cabot on his 1578 voyage, for example, reveals return but King Henry awarded a that he provisioned for an average of handsome 10 pounds, "to hym that fourteen fast days per month. In geopoliticallenns, England found the new isle." Perhaps the better explanation lies in was a1anninglyinsecurt' with an unfriendly Sc:otland In February, 1498, Cabot received the steady and long·term Tudor hovering on hernorthern a second patent from the English policy of avoiding conflict with bounduy_ monarch allOWing him to lead an Spain, the sixteenth-eentury Super expedition to the "Loande lIandl and power of Europe. It was a policy Isles of late found," According to a firmly cemented into an alliance by contemporary report Cabot intended the marriage, in 1554, of Mary Tudor to sail south along the coast he had to Philip of Spain. Nor did the death found until he reached Cipangu of Catholic Mary and accession of {Japan) where he felt the jewels and Protestant Elizabeth in 1558 signal a spices of world trade originated. break with Spain. Once in Japan he would set up a Elizabeth t "Gloriana" to poets trading enterprise that would make and courtiers, was every inch her London "a more important mart father's daughter and, in stormy than Alexandria." Unfortunately he council meetings, she could use oaths
• /IIERIDIAN 14 ~ that would have made Henry VIII both Oxford and Cambridge Universi proud. She is reported to have told ties, and to tile citiulls of London, and one councilor, whose advice was you will produce a map /lmt will self condescending to her sex, "Had I better ill every European city tlmn any been born crested, not cloven, you other kind. would not speak thus to me." Not From hisch~belS in London's that she didn't play the sex card for Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his lawyerly prrcinct, the elder all the political leverage it could associates are known to have been Richard Hiliuythad emerged.u what we today might term a command. She garnered ten serious making use of the great world map geognphicill consultmt. proposals of marriage including one published by Ortelius in 1564. It was from Philip of Spain himself. And very large, about five feet across, and who could blame her for steering a drawn on a heart-shaped or cordi cautious course? In geopolitical form projection. Because of this terms, England was alarmingly projection the 1564 map greatly insecure with an unfriendly Scot distorted shapes and directions, land hovering on her northern hence lawyer Hakluyt's request for a boundary, while toward the wider map based on a cylindrical projec continental front and world over tion that could be mounted on seas she looked out at a frequently vertical rollers for easier handling hostile France nanked by the and study. Hapsburg dominions of Philip II Although Ortelius's elegant and those of his neighboring colo cordiform world map left something nial power, Portugal. to be desired by the elder Hakluyt .•. the 1564 map greatly distorted But this is not to imply that and his commerce-driven clients, it shap" and dirrctions, hence England's wool merchants and proved to be inspirational when lawyer Hakluyt's request for a map adventurers had taken no interest in viewed by his young cousin and bued on a cylindrical projection overseas commerce. They certainly namesake who first saw it during a that could be mounted on vertical rollelS_ had, and this is where the name visit to his chambers in 1568. That Hakluyt first enters the mainstream cousin was, of course, the man of this essay. whose works are celebrated in this The Hakluyt to whom I allude essay, Richard Hakluyt the younger, was Richard Hakluyt, a lawyer, and, clergyman and geographical publi as we shall see, the elder of two cist - the "Elizabethan Voice of Elizabethans bearing that name. Discovery" of our title. In the From his chambers in London's "epistle dedicatory" to the 1589 lawyerly precinct, the Middle edition of his Principal Navigations, Temple, the elder Richard Hakluyt the younger Hakluyt wrote of had emerged as what we today remembering when, as a youth and might term a geographical consult Queen's scholar at Westminster ant. He was an important adviser School: to both Frobisher's and Sir That cousin was, ofcourse, the Humphrey Gilbert's northern it was my lIappe to visit tile elwm man whose works are celebrated voyages. One of the more fascinat ber of Mr. Riclwrd Hakluyt my cosin, a in this essay, Richard Hakluyt the younger, c1ergyman;and geographi ing surviving documents from his gentleman of tile Middle Temp/e, ... cal publicist. hand is a letter to the cartographer whet! / found lying upon his boord Ortelius outlining a suggested certeine bookes of Cosmographie, with a format for an improved world map. universall Mappe: he seeing me Our limited space will not allow for somewhat curious in tire view therof, a full review of the elder Hakluyt's began to instruct my ignorance, by suggestions to Ortelius, but his final shewing me tile division of tire eilrth sentence is worthy of quotation: into three JXlrls after tire olde aCCOUnt, and then according to the fatter, & In this way you will perform a most better distribution into more: he acceptable service to a number of pointed with his wand to all tire knowen English lawyers, to tile students of Seas, Gulfs, Bayes, Straights, Capes,
~ M[IUDIAN 14 1 Rivers, Empires, Kingdomes, French, Dr English languages, Qnd in Dukedomes, and Territories of ech part my publicke lectures was tile first, that witll declaration also of tlleir speciall produced and shewed both the a/de commodities, & particular wants, which imperfectly composed, and new lately by the benefit of traffike. & entercourse reformed Mappes, Globes, Splleares, In m;lny r'npKls the C;lr«rof Rich;lrd HBluyt theyounger of merchants are plentifully supplied. and other instruments of this Art for C;ln be seen;lS;l continu;l!ion From tfle Mappe he brought me to the demonstration in the common schooles, in the p;lth pioneered by his Bible ... to tile sillgulQr pleasure alld get/erall I;lwyucousin who hu ~en contentment of my Quditory. honored u "the first profession..J geographerin In many respects the career of Engl;md', history." Richard Hakluyt the younger can be Leaving the academic precincts seen as a continuation in the path of Christchurch in no way damp pioneered by his lawyer cousin who ened Hakluyt's love affair with has been honored as "the first geography, As he continues in his professional geographer in England's "epistle dedicatory": history." Rather than the law, however, young Hakluyt took holy ... and by reason principally of my orders and was ordained deacon and insigllt in tllis study, I grew familiQrly priest by the Bishop of Salisbury in QcquQinted with tile elliefest Captaines 1578, the year after his interview Qt sea, ti,e greatest Merelwnts, Qnd the with Ortelius that was mentioned best Mariners of Ollr IIati01l: by whicll above. As he wrote in the epistle meQlles !laving gotten somewlUlt more than common hlowledge, I passed Qt While biognphic..J dettib on dedicatory quoted above, Richard the younger H;lkluyt He the younger attended Westminster lengtIJ the "Qrrow seas into France witll sketchy, he ;lppears toh;lve School in London during the period sir Edward Stafford, I,er Majesties been born in c. 1551, in 1560·1570. cQrefull and discreet Ligier (ambassn London. While biographical details on the dod, wllere during my five yeeres younger Hakluyt are sketchy, he Qbroad with him in his dQngerous Qt/d appears to have been born in c. 1551, chargeable residetlcie in her Higlmes' in London where his father was in seroice, I botll heard in speeell, and the leather business. From 1570 to read in books otller nations ... extolled 1578 he attended Christchurch, for their discoveries Qnd llOtQble Oxford, receiving B.A. and M.A. enterprises by sea, but tIJe English of degrees. In the words of his epistle Qll others ... eW,er ignominiously dedicatory, the geographical enlight reported, or exceedingly condemned. enment he experienced in his cousin's chambers: This last was a stinging prick to a growing national ego but, launched tooke in me so deepe au impression, from Hakluyt who had recently tlwt J constantly resolved, if roer I were returned from a long sojourn in Paris Leaving the .lIc;ldemic preferred to ti,e University, where where he had served as chaplain precincts ofCluilitchurdl in better time, aud mort conumient place and intelligence agent in Queen no w;lyd;lQ\pened H;lkluyt', love ;lfbirwith geogr;lphy. might be ministered for (geograpllical/ Elizabeth's embassy, it had the ring studies, I would by God's assistance of truth and merit about it. As he prosecute tlwt iuowledge and kinde of wrote, "he who proclaims the literature, praises of foreigners, rouses his own countrymen, if they be not dolts." Once admitted to Christchurch In 1582, Hakluyt brought out the College he: first of his many publications designed to shake the English from fell to my intended course, and by their lethargy in the arena of over degrees read over whatsoever printed seas expansion and colony building. or written discoveries and voyages J Titled, Divers Voyages Touc1ling the found extant eitller in tile Greeke, Discoverie of AmericQ, and fi,e Islands Latine, ItQlian, Spanish, Portugall, AdjQcent, it aimed at putting on
8 MEIUDIAN 14 ~ record all that was available to considered himself lucky for not Englishmen describing eastern sailing since it was an adventure North America, beginning with King that took many lives including Henry VII's patent to John Cabot Hakluyt's former Oxford room and carrying through to Ribaut's mate, Stephen Parmenius, and Gilbert himself. Had the Queen not In 1582, Hakluyt brought out the accounts of Florida. In his preface first ofhis many publications dedicated to Sir Philip Sydney, assigned Hakluyt to the Paris drsigned toshake the English from Hakluyt begins in his characteristic embassy he would have, in all lheirlethafg)' in the arena of vein by stating: likelihood, accompanied Gilbert to oversu.s expansion and colony the New World and possibly met buildins. I ltIaruaile 110t a little ... tlwt since his death. tlte first discoverie of America (which While in London Hakluyt, on is now full fourscore and te1Ule yeares) behalf of Gilbert's half-brother, Sir after so great conquest alld plantings of Walter Raleigh, presented the the Spll1liards & Portillgales there, tlwl Queen his famous essay "The we of England could tlever have lite Discourse on the Western Plant grace to set fast footing ill such fertill ing." It has been characterized as a and temperate places, as are lefl as yel logical and persuasive pamphlet unpossessed by tlleItI. ... I conceive gret not meant for the public eye but hope, that tile time approacheth and rather to win over the Queen and nowe is, tlwt we of England may share provide her chief advisor, Sir and part stakes ... bolll with the Francis Walsingham, with a text Spaniarde alld tile Porti"gale i" part of book on colonization. In the words Hakluytsuspected that Ortelius America, and other regions as yet of George B. Parks, doyen of Ameri had come to Engl ~ MERIDIAN 14 9 continent; in 1534·35 Jacques Cartier he intended to be a permanent explored the Gulf and River St. record of English achievement in the Lawrence; and, in 1562-65 Jean arena of discovery and exploration. Ribaut and Rene Laudonniere Writing of this yearlong effort established colonies on Port Royal Hakluyt revealed: The Queen presented Sound and the lower St. Johns River Ho1.kluyt with a p~bendary in only to inspire Spain to settle SI. WluJi restless nigllts, wlwt painfull Bristol Cathednl, a SinKU", Augustine and consolidate her hold dQYS, wlmt heat, wlmt cold t IWlJe well chosen to forward both his Kdesiutic and geo on northern La Rorida. Paris was endured; frow many long and c1uwgeful gnphic (.;ll~en. also an excellent base from which to journeys I IUlVC travelled; Ilow mallY tap Spanish and Portuguese sources fQmous librQries I have searched into; of New World intelligence. [t was W/lOt variety of ancient and modem the focal point for intrigues by Dutch writers I have pursued...a/beit thyself and Portuguese rebels seeking to CQllst hardly imagine, Yet I daily throw off the Spanish yoke, experience do find and feel. While in Paris Hakluyt funded local publishing enterprises includ It was, to say the least, an effort ing Martin Basanier's L'lIistoire crowned with success for at the end notable de IQ Floride. As Hakluyt of the year 1589, Hakluyt brought himsel£ wrote, HI had caused the four forth his first edition of Tire Prillcipal voyages of Ribaut. Laudonniere and NQvigatiolls, TrQlfiques, VOYQges & Cargoes to Florida, at mine own Discoveries of the English NatiOtI charges to be printed in Paris." He (FIGURE 1). ].A. Froude, author of also sponsored Basanier in publish Ti,e History of England from tile FQll of Paris was also an excellent base from which to tap ing a French translation of Espejo's Woolsey to tile defeat of tile Spanish Spanish and Portuguese voyage to New Mexico. In 1587 ArmadQ, spoke for historians when sources ofNew World Hakluyt translated into English and he termed Hakluyt's Principal intelligence. published in London, Laudonniere's Navigations, "the great prose epic of accounts under the title, A Notable the modern English nation," Hakluyt Historie ContQining Foure VOYQges had joined the ranks of Marlowe, Made By CertQyne Frenc" OIptQynes Shakespeare, Johnson, Spenser, unto FloridQ, as well as his own Latin Raleigh and Bacon in trumpeting the version of Peter Martyr's De Orbe cry that the English under Elizabeth NmKl ... DecQdes, dedicated to Sir I were "searching the most opposite Walter Raleigh. The impressive corners and quarters of the world, "Map of the New World" by Filips and, to speak plainly, encompassing Galle appeared with Peter Martyr's the vast globe of the earth more than DecQdes. Based on a Spanish original once, have excelled all nations and and compiled in Antwerp it includes peoples of the earth." data from Frobisher's north-western In 1598·1600, I-Iakluyt brought Upon his pennanenl return to EngJand, Ho1.kluyt devoted voyages, Drake's circumnavigation, out a second edition of his Principal himself for the next yeuto and Raleigh's colonial adventure on Navigations ill three volumes with coliKting and editing what he the Outer Banks (the name "Vir additional material designed to bring intended to be a permanent ginia" makes its first appearance on the chronicle to the end of the rte:ord ofEnglish ilChieve ment in the a~na of discovery a printed map here). In his dedica sixteenth century. Although he and exploration. tion to Dtcildes, HakJuyt stated that included medieval sources and this map contained "all the chief contemporary published accounts, places in the book, to serve as a the bulk of the work consists of plumb·line, mindful of the true previously unpublished narratives saying, that geography is the eye of which he collected and edited in the history." prodigious effort he described above. Upon his permanent return to This is not to say that Principal England, near the end of 1588, NQvigations is simply a record of Hakluyt devoted himself for the next geographical exploration, it is more year to collecting and editing what thanks to the considerable amount of 10 IUERIDIAN 14 ~ THE PRINCIPALL NA VIGATIONS,VOIA- GES AND DISCO VERIES OF THE Englilh nation,made by Sea oroller Land, to tlJe moil remote and fartbifl diflallt ~I'terfof the earth at any time within thecompalTe .flh~ft f J~~-Jur~J: D~.uJd""I1,br(( (ClloraU pu",accordint: w ,t..: po- r.ionool ....II~ Wl.eru... "' JmprintedatLondonltJ G EO RGE B ISH 0 P and RALPH NEWBERIE. Depudesto CllaIS'TOPtl ... B.nc.a, Princcrtothc ~Il"IOft (:l FIGURE 1. Title Page. Tile Principall NavigatiOtI5 ... By permission of the Houghton Library. Harvard University. ~ MERIDIAN 14 II source malerial Hakluyt included in extraordinary collection." the form of merchant's leiters, This essay began with a view of reports on trade, and political how, thanks to the energies and correspondence. Clearly he was genius of those Eli:zabethans like endeavoring to stimulate interest in Hakluyt, Raleigh, Drake, Gilbert, ThUi u not to ny that overseas trading opportunities and Principii} Nn;8~/jonsis Frobisher, Hawkins and simplya rKord ofgrognphi extending markets, as well as the Shakespeare, the English language ulrxplonlion. It is more utilization of foreign products, all for was carried to the farthest comers of thanks lothr considrnblt' the benefit of England's domestic the world where it grew and spread ~ounlofsouret' malt'rial H..kluyt includrd in thr fonn economy, As Hakluyt urgently to become today's global language. of mrrch;mt'.lrltrrs, ~ports phrased it "the time approacheth We saw how, in our own lifetimes, on mdr, and politiu.l and is now, that we of England may English has leapt the shackles of con't'Spondence. share and pari slakes (if we will gravity to reverberate through the ourselves) both with the Spanish and cosmos. the Portingale in part of America Like so many of the lesser histon· and other regions as yet undiscov cal figures of the Eli:zabethan Age, ered." Hakluyt left no likeness or portrait, It was not without good cause so it is impossible to put a face to his that the highly regarded compiler of words. Nor can we pay homage at that indispensable reference, his last resting place. He lies in Bib/iotlzeca Americana: A Dictionary of Westiminister Abbey in an un Hakluyl's chiefmemorial is the 150-yur-old"Hakluyt Books Relating to America from its marked grave. Hakluyt's chief Soddy," dedicaled 10 canying Discovery to tire Present Time, Joseph memorial is a living one. It takes its on the publishing tradition he Sabin, wrote"A fine set of this grand form in the 150-year-old "Hakluyt pionee~d400 yt'U$ ago. series of voyages is one of the Society" dedicated to carrying on the desiderata in an American publishing tradition he pioneered collection...!t is difficult 10 overrate 400 years ago. the importance and value of this ., ... n" MAP 1.1 N K We provide one-stop shopping for all your domestic and international travel maps. We carry a complete line of Ordnance Survey. IGN, Rand McNally, Nelles Verlag. Michelin, Hema Maps. Universal Map Enterprises. DeLorme, ..._-....~_ ___-'"'-noo ..,,' and National Geographic maps and much. much more, (800) 962-1394 For a free copy of our catalog, 30 S. La I~alera Lane. #5 phone or write us at: Santa Barbara. CA 93117 12 MERIDIAN 14 ~ ·subset , convert formats, and files from one location to another download selected portions of the and translating data from one dataset; and, format to another. These facilities ·launch new queries based on will be located in both library and selections. laboratory settings. Local and The Harvard Map Collection's remote reference staff will assist Massachusetts Electronic Atlas users with the data and the analysis systems. Users who have tasks that represents a prototype of this service The Liboratory will provide access that runs on a single (albeit large) are especially complex or that to full-fledged analysis products geospatial data object. require large resources will find such as ArcView, ArcInfo, and solutions here. This combination of ERDAS Imagine. Distributed Laboratory centralized data, query, and map Environment servers with powerful managed clients will enable users at Harvard For users with more extensive to create state of the art maps and analysis needs, the Liboratory will geospatial analyses. provide access to localized analysis There will be three "point of facilities with full-fledged analysis presence" categories for the distrib products such as ArcView, ArcInfo, uted laboratory environment: ERDAS Imagine, and robust non ·Supported points of presence are commercial tools. The path between public workspaces equipped with a the data repository and the analysis geospatial data analysis workstation product will be preprogrammed, so and supported by on-site staff that that patrons can focus on the sub can assist users with the mechanics stance of their analysis instead of of using the data and software. mundane technical issues of moving Figure 2: Components ofthe Geospatial Information Resources Catalog ! FGDC WWW Geospatial Geospatial Profile User Metadata Metadata Z39.50 Client ~ Cataloging Server Gateway 1-----+ Environment ~ Geospatial l Metadata i I XMLIMARCIFGDC ImportlExport I l ~ MERIDIAN 16 13 scale: Cornell's Companion at/as to delphia: H. Cowperthwait & Co., Conrell's High School geography 1858, cl857), which includes hand comprising a complete set of maps, colored maps in the text and par designed for tile student to memorize, tially color·printed maps on separate toget/ler willi Ilumerous maps for plates. (New York: D. All the colored maps in ...hersimplified system of referellce, etc. Guyot's maps "daguerreotypes on the Appleton and Company, 1857, grammar-scll001 geograp/ty by Arnold memory a lively and accurate (1856).1 Cornel1 notes in her Guyot (New York: Charles Scribner's impression of the map, which Preface that her simplified system of Sons, 1880) are color-printed, can never be effaced..." maps "daguerreotypes on the reflecting progress in the printing memory a lively and accurate arts. Guyot, European trained and a impression of the map, which can professor at Princeton, takes an never be effaced and in half the time objective scientific approach to his usually allotted to the study, imparts material. Still more impressive from a greater amount of well digested a production standpoint, but more geographical knowledge than can be tendentious, is Alex Everett Frye's obtained by any other course." Grammar sc1lool geograplly (Boston: Another solution, which was Ginn, 1902). Frye comments in his cheaper and more convenient for Preface: "In this book, man is the customers, was an integrated atlas central thought. Every line of type, and geography. An early represen every picture, every map, has been tative of this type is Luke Drury's A prepared with a single purpose, geography for scllOol: Upoll a plan namely, to present the eartll as tile A little later in the century, elltircly new, consistillg of all analyti /lome of man,-to describe and locate with the widespread use of cal arrangemellt of all tile great the natural features, climates and wood engravingand other features nature, particularly adapted products that largely determine his relief processnlike of cerography, it became 10 all atlas of forty luminous and industries and commerce, as well as possible toprint chea~r concise maps... (Providence, R.I.: his civic and other relations, -thus unified productions combin Printed by Miller &: Hutchens, 1822, bringing reason to bear on the ing letterpress text with milps c1821). Its convenience, however, and iIluslr:ltions. work." was hampered by the printing practices of the day, whereby the Levels and Series maps were produced by intaglio Geographies and atlases were engraving and the text by letter written to accommodate children at press, and thus all the maps are various levels in their educational gathered together in the back. A development. Typical of the most little later in the century, with the elementary is one by Samuel G. Widespread use of wood engraving Goodrich: Peter Parley's melhod of and other relief processes like telljng about geography to children; cerography, it became possible to Wit/I nine maps and St!Vcllty-five "In this book, man is the print cheaper unified productions engravings, principally for tile use of central thought. Every line of combining letterpress text with ty~, every picture, every schools (Hartford: F. J. Huntington, milp, has been prepilred with maps and illustrations. Francis 1835; c1829). The book is very small asingle purpose, namely, to McNally's An improved system of in format (14 em.). the print is large, present the earth as the home geography, designed for scllools, ofm~_" and the maps are very simple. Each academies and seminaries (New York: lesson is followed by a series of A. S. Barnes &: Co., 1855), includes questions. In 1850, Goodrich issued 30 maps facing the text with appro A primer of geography (New York: priate questions and has at the back George Savage, c185O). It has a statistical tables. Similar, but with fuller text and is somewhat larger in more attractive maps and illustra format (20 em.), with much more tions, is David M. Warren's The sophisticated illustrations and maps common-scllOOl geography: all elemen· outlined in red. For presentation of lary treatise on matllematical, pllysi material, it employs the catechetical cal, and political geography... (Phila· method of question and answer so MEIlIDIAN 14 ~ 14 CORNELL'S INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY. SEOOND BOOK OF THE SERIES. G~]NEJlAL DEFINI1'IONS. LESSON L What i.o ..e'Dl by 1'01;,1••1 J)i~i.io ... of the ...,ll'I.,,~1 What i. G«>g..ph~'1 'i'hOllO divisious which luwc been made by man. Geography is a science which trellts of the "anout natuml. bon ;,lonJ." 1I.-lu,AI, <>t .. f",li';e.1 dh"i,i<>n I polilicnl, and lIlathematical dil"isions of the earth's BUrface. It is a lIatnn.! division. In..t i, lll~ Eo .." I What kind ,,' a diTi,i,," u a atalo' It is the plallet which \"e inhabit. A political dil"i"ion. 'of "'I,ot i. ,I,. un],', ."tf..... """'1~ I Wh.ol kind or. di-·bio" i•• tiTO.1 A 100"inou10' II is composed of l:md and water. \n.1 kind of • di.i.i,,,, i. 0 .""lm.nl' AJu., In ,,'hl 1''''1'''1'1.;0'' .r~ ,I,... ekmMl.O diolrib"tflIl Wbotl FIGURE 1. Sarah S. Cornell. CorneWs intermediate geography: forming p ~ l"IEIUOiAN 14 15 ~IITCll"l.l,'S 1'111)1.\11\' G~:UOll\I'IlY :fo:ASY IXTHonrCTlO~ STUDY OF GEOGJLU'IIY: ...... r". tOO INS'I'HUCl'ION 0.· CIIII.J)ltEl\ I" 8(:11001.11 .\Ml f.UUUt.~ 'LH"••••• H XOIIt TILlS OSI Ill;~Dr.ID t:~·(lll.ln~(ls. aT s. AUGUTVS JlITCIlELL. Pllll.,Il)r.Ll'rrU TnO)IA!:'. COWPERTI{\\'AIT.t: co 18$1 FIGURE 2. Sa~ue1 A~gustus .Mitchell. An easy introductiOIl to the strldy of geograplly, desiglled for tile instnlctiOIl of cllildrell ill sclloo/s alld famllres (Philadelphia: Thomas, Cowperthwait & Co., 1853). Title page. popular in the 19th century. with special reference to the wants and A typical full series'of geogra· capacities of pupils ill tile senior classes phies would include a primary, of public and private schools; aCCOIn?l intermediate, and high school atlas. lIied l1y a large and complete atlas, A good example is that of Sarah S. drawn and engraved expressly for this Cornell: Cornell's primary geography, work (New York: D. Appleton and The Roswell C. Smith formiug part first of a systematic series Company, 1856). The first two gl!'OgRphy includes 1I numMr of school geographies (New York: D. volumes in the series include maps, ofsmll1l maps ofmajor Appleton & Company, 1&55, c1854), but not the last which would have metropolitlllloUeu from uound the world. Cornell's intermediate geograplly: been supplemented by Cornell's atlas fonning part second of a systematic listed earlier. Other series authors series of school geographies; designed represented in the Barnard Collec for pupils who lrave completed a tion are David N. Camp, George W, primary or elementary course of Fitch and C. Woolworth Colton, instruction in geography... (New York: Samuel G. Goodrich, James D. Appleton, 1856, el&55.) (FIGURE Monteith, Jesse Olney, William C. 1), and Cornel/'s high Sc11001 geogra· Woodbridge and Emma Willard, and plly, fanning part t1lird of a systematic Samuel Augustus Mitchell, whose ~ries of school geographies, compris extended series merits examination ing a description of tile world; arranged in a little more detail. '6 IUERIDIAN 14 ~ Samuel Augustus Mitchell and A System of modern geography, According to John A. Nietz, the and it was probably a matter of geographies of S.,muel Augustus teacher preference that determined Mitchell 0792-1868) had the widest which would be selected. From the circulation of any published in the point of view of marketing, "II is well known that no method United States before 190 17 ~ lUERlDlAN 14 maps: Key for exercise on Mitd/ell's series of outline maps, for tlle use of academies and schools (Hartford: Mather, Case, Tiffany & Burnham, 1841) in 106 p. Marketing Geographies CEOCRAPHY. There seems to be no question ,.> that competition in the geography textbook field was continuous and intense. It is therefore useful to observe the ways in which authors and publishers attempted to gain an advantage over their competition. One tactic was good design, such as to be observed in Joseph H. Cohon's large atlas Colton's common school geograpl/y: illustrated by numerous engravings and twenty-two study maps, drawn expressly for II/is work, and specially adapted to the wants of tile class-room (New York: Sheldon and Co., 1879, c1877). Taking advantage of progress in printing technology, the book is beautifully embellished with crisp illustrations and fine color-printed maps, and at the same time is carefully and tastefully laid out and presented. Another common method employed . oiL l.>,o,Kul/\ !ol,'>$ION by authors and publishers to attract 'f .....UUB:' 18 jUERIOIAN 14 eue • z FIGURE 4. Samuel G. Goodrich. A national geography for schools (New York: Huntington &: Savage, 1846, el84S) "Globe map." ~ MERIDIAN 14 19 and engraved expressly for this work The addition of special maps or from the latest authorities and embel charts was another method of lished with numerous engravings. making books more appealing. Rev. Ed. (Philadelphia: E.H. Butler & Samuel G. Goodrich's A national Co., 1869, c1859). On the cover it is geography, for Sc1100ls (New York: Thus we find a French identified as the "Connecticut Huntington & Savage, 1846, el84S), version ofone of Samuel G. edition," and it does indeed provide besides being illustrated with 220 Goodrich's geographies...and a translation into the Sioux a special supplement on Connecti engravings and 33 maps, had a flat language ofone ofArnold cut. Similarly, Harper's school "globe map" mounted on a stick in a Guyot's books. geography, with maps and illustrations pocket in the front cover (FIGURE 4). prepared expressly for this work by The Roswell C. Smith geography eminent American artists (New York: already noted includes a number of Harper & Bros., 1886, c1885) in small maps of major metropolitan cludes an extended section entitled: areas from around the world. The "Geography of New England, At/as on a new plan, exhibiting the designed to accompany Harper's prevailing religions, forms of govern school gt.'ography, with maps of the ment, degrees of civilization, and tlte states and illustrations prepared comparative size of towns, rivers, and expressly for this work." Also mountains (Hartford: Oliver D. Cooke directed toward a specific market, in & Co., 1831) by William C. this case the Confederacy, is Kensey Woodbridge includes six small maps Johns Stewart's A Geograplly for showing the environs and the cities Beginners...Palmetto Series. Illustrated (including some roads) of Philadel It is a reflection of the with maps and engravings (Rich phia, Boston, Washington, New difficulties the South was mond, Va.: J. W. Randolph, 1864). It York, Charleston (S.c.), and Balti encounteringwith its is a reflection of the difficulties the more. In Olney's sc1l001 atlas, issued industries that this book, which has high production South was encountering with its in a number of editions from 1830 values, had to be printed in industries that this book, which has into the early 1840's, there is "A England. high production values, had to be chart exhibiting the comparative printed in England. It is also inter size, population, form of government esting to note that though the text and number of square miles in each does give greater attention to the of the principal Empires, Kingdoms, states of the South, the map of North &c. of the Globe" and also four America, apparently a stock item vignettes displaying the "manner of provided by the English printer, does building among different Nations, not show the Confederacy as a according to their civilization," separate political entity. "Savage"-an Indian village, "Half Another clientele was repre civiIized"-Morocco or Canton sented by those individuals using a (Chinal, "Civilized" language other than English. Thus Constantinople, and "Enlight In William C. Woodbridge's we find a French version of one of ened"-New York or Philadelphia school atlases... there is in the Samuel G. Goodrich's geographies, (FIGURE S)! Similarly, in William C. form of a map a "Moral & Woodbridge's school atlases from political chart of the inhabited Giographie dimentaire, al'usage des world." ecoles et des families, iIIustrie par 15 the 1820's to the 1850's, there is in cartes et 30 gravures (Philadelphie: the form of a map a "Moral & E.H. Butler, 18S7, c185S) and a political chart of the inhabited translation into the Sioux language world, exhibiting the prevailing of one of Arnold Guyot's books, religion, form of government, degree Maka-oyakapi: Guyot's elementary of civilization, and population of geography in tlte Dakota language by each country." It has five levels of S.R. Riggs and A.L. Riggs. Published civilization, adding "Barbarous" for the Dakota Mission (New York: between "Savage" and "Half civi Scribner, Armstrong, 1876) (FIGURE lized." 3). 20 MERIDIAN 14 ~ A -H.•.-tP...:lJ::C' I."" " ~.L ".u"." ,_,,.. --. , "" _~ ,.,,, _, ,.., ,_ _ ",." ~.~ •• ,." ~ _" ~" "",,,, ~-"'''''''''''' ,,, " _ _ ,,, _ ~..;"o".." • ~ ' nno. , ..,,,...... _. ... ••.m •. '." •·..',n"..'... ., "." .. " • ,. ' , , , ~~ ---'"--n ....._,~._~ FIGURE 5. Jesse Olney. Ollfey·.~ school atlas (New York: Robinson, Pratt & Co., c1841). Chart. Other Types of Atlases, etc. geography of the ancient world...tlie Atlases with a more specialized wllOle accompanied by a descriptive focus were also published. Greek geography. The Barnard Collection Itincludes twelve plates with lines ofLttitude and longitude and Roman civilization was a has copies ranging from 1838 to on which specific maps were central feature of the 19th century 1866. 10 be constructed. curriculum. William C. Woodbridge Emma Willard also published an and the well-known educator Emma historical atlas of the United States: Willard issued a popular Ancient Atlas to accompany Willard's History atlas to accompany tile universal of tlie United States (ca. 1830) geograplly by William C. Woodbridge consisting of 12 leaves of plates, and Emma ~illard ...(Hartford: ranging in coverage from "Loca Belknap & Hamersley, 1828) with 6 tions and wanderings of the ab hand-eolored maps. Even more original tribes" to a .....Map of the successful was the classical atlas of present day (826)." She also issued Samuel Augustus Mitchell: an Atlas, to accompany a system of Mitdlell's Ancient atlas, classical and universal history... (Hartford: J. sacred containing maps illustrating the Hungtington, 1836) with a chart ~ MERIDIAN 14 21 providing "A chronological picture (Brooklyn, N.Y.: A.M. Wilder; New of nations or perspective sketch of York: D. Felt & Co., 1848). It includes the course of empire" and displaying twelve plates with lines of latitude "The progressive geography of the and longitude on which specific world in a series of [101 maps, maps were to be constructed. Ernest The map of the earliest era adapted to the different epochas [sid Sandoz followed the same approach, shows only the Middle East, of the history:' The series of histori but provided 8 reusable drawing while the rest of the world is cal maps is particularly revelatory, completely mantled in heavy cards in Guyot's slated map drawing douds. The map of the earliest era shows cards drawn by E. Sandoz under the only the Middle East, while the rest direction of Arnold Guyot (New York: of the world is completely mantled Charles Scribner, cl862). The blurb in clouds. As historic time marches notes that "these maps are printed toward the modern era, more and on a newly-invented smooth, sili more of the world is revealed. A cious surface, from which slate somewhat later general historical pencil marks can be effaced with a atlas is f.H. Colton's historical atlas: a wet sponge... " A simpler method is practical class-book of tile Iristory of tlte expounded by E. A. and A. C. Apgar world, comprising in a series of induc in Apgar's geographical drawing book tive lessons, tlte origin and progress of (Philadelphia: Cowperthwait, nations, tlleir history, chronology, and c1873), which employs geometrical ethnology... By F.W. Hunt (New York: diagrams for drawing the maps. Ivison, Phinney & Co., 1860). Like the last atlas, the focus once again is Map drawing required a Final Comments different type of atlas... on the western world, but the Colton It should be clear from this brief atlas conveys much more informa survey, which could cover only tion by combining maps facing highlights of a much larger field, detailed timelines. that atlases and geography textbooks Physical geography was also the offer important avenues for research subject of textbooks. Typical is into a variety of topics relating to David M. Warren's A system of 19th century America. The history pllysical geography, containing a and philosophy of pedagogy as it description of the natural features of relates to the teaching of geography, tlte land and water, Ille phenomena of the development of geographical tile atmosphere, and tire distribution of knowledge, contemporary social and vegetable and animal life, to whicll is political attitudes and trends, the added, A treatise on tlte physical history and development of the geograplly of the United States (Phila printing arts, and the nature of delphia: H. Cowperthwait, 1856). publishing and marketing are areas The book is illustrated and includes that come readily to mind. The 20 maps and charts. As its title Barnard Collection constitutes a rich Itshould be dear that atlases indicates, it covers geology, hydrol vein of primary source material and geoyaphy textbooks ogy, meteorology, and organic life, offer important avenues for available for exploration. research into a variety of with a special section on the United topics relating to 19th century States. Authors of other physical I. To indicate the first appearance ofan edition, America. geographies include Arnold Guyot, the copyright date. prcfac.!d by the letter "c" is Matthew F. Maury, and William C. sometimesindudt.>d. 2. John A. Nietz, Old texlrooks: spelling,grtlmmar, Woodbridge. rellding, arithmelic, grogrtlphy, American history, Map drawing required a different chrilgolJemmelrl, physiology, petrmanship. art, mu type of atlas. Mitchell's outline maps sie---lls lauglll ill the common school from colonial have already been noted. A more day to 1900 ([Pittsburgh): University of Pills burgh PT\.'SS, 1961), p. 229. traditional approach is followed by 3. Mitchell,Samuel Augustus. AsyslmJofmodern George W. Fitch in Fitch's cllOrogra grogrtlphy comprising adescription of the present plly, designed for learners in geogra state of ti,e world, and its five grMt dillisiolls: plry, being a collection of plates pre America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Ckellnica, with Iheir several empires. killgdoms. staleS,territories, pared for delineating maps of tile world &c.. (Philadelphia: Thomas. Cowperthwait, ...with an introduction to tile same 1839. 22 MERIDIAN 14 ~ Institut Geographique National- France Jean-Philippe Grelot Director, Sales and Marketing, IGN Brief History Institut Geographique National _ bodies. The Chair of the Board is France (IGN) is the French govern named by the Minister of Public mental mapping agency responsible Works. IGN's Director General is for geodetic and topographic surveys appointed by the Council of Minis. resulting in the base map of France ters. at 1:25,000 scale and related prod The budget is 700 million French ucts. The IGN was created as a civil francs funded through a five year When ne~led in 1940, IGN agency on July 1, 1940 as the succes contract with the state. The state opented on (onlinenl~1 Fran(e and ib overse.l5«)lonies. sor of the French Military Survey contributes 400 miJlion directly. Of which had completed the 1:80,000 the other 300 million, 110 million geometric map of France dUring the francs are derived from the public 19th century. at large, ]45 million from the When created in 1940, IGN professional market (SO percent of operated on continental France and which is public sector), and 35 its overseas colonies, a total of million francs are generated from 12,000,000 square kilometers. This overseas activity. was reduced to 550,000 square kilometers in the 19605, but at the Facilities same time, IGN developed sales and The staff is approximately ],950 marketing activities in Africa and people. The main locations are in the Middle East. lGN now has Paris and its suburbs with technical activities in Central Europe, Russia, facilities 0,200 people), a school Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and (Ecole Natiotlale des Scie11Ces Latin America. Geograplliques - National School for Geographical Sciences), four Organizational Structure research laboratories, a large store IGN has a statutory mission to named Espace IGN (650 square carry out research, teaching, produc meters), the National Airphotos OtherlOO:iltions indude Ihe .urlield tion, public dissemination of infor Library with more than 4,000,000 a produ(tion line fOrSpil(l' maps, • and fifteen regionaJ sales offi(t's. mation, and management of infor airphotos, and a comprehensive mation. It functions under the map library with more than Ministry of Public Works but has a 1.500,000 maps. Other locations link to the Ministry of Finance. The include the airfield with five IGN Board of Directors is essentially photographic planes, a production a steering committee and includes line for space maps close to the staff representatives and others from French Space Agency, Centre various ministries including Agricul. Nationale d'Etudes Spoliales in lure and Defense, from the French Toulouse, five regional production Space Agency, and from other centers, and fifteen sales offices. ~ MERIDIAN 14 23 Operations and Production From the photos is produced a ICN covers all survey and database named BD TOPO with one cartographic techniques. It has built meter accuracy, which is equivalent a geodetic network with 70,000 to a 1:10,000 scale map. This data points which is upgraded with a new base is available over twenty percent of the territory covering sixty 00 TOPO and traditional CPS-compatible network based on surveying t('(;hniques are 1,000 stations. It has built and percent of the population. That used 10 produce and update maintains a leveling network with database and traditional surveying the 1:25,000 OlueSeries. 300,000 points; their coordinates are techniques are used to produce and available through a telematics update the topographic base map at service. Since the 19505, all places in 1:25,000 scale named the Blue Series. France are covered every five years From the 1:25,000 map series is with airphotos which are at 1:30,000 derived a 1:50,000 series mainly used scale in panchromatic and are now for military and thematic applica at 1:25,000 scale in color. tions. FIGURE 1. Frallce ROlltes. lIuformlft'S. Scale 1:1,000,000. 1994, Ed. 21. By permission of the Harvard Map Collection. ., . -- --': ) • ~ .. , , . , . • " 24 l\olERlDlAN 14 ~ At smaller scales, IGN has built rope, and Countries and Cities Over BD CARTO, a database with ten the World (Pays et Vil/es du Monde). meter accuracy updated frequently In 1998 two new series were (every year for the road network). It published: city maps and regional publishes a number of map series maps covering each french depart· from 1:100,000 scale to 1:1,000,000 ment, the administrative level The BJueSeries...is updated every scale, including the ICAO Charts at covering continental France with sUr to twelve years. 1:500,000. 96 units. The production of databases and maps uses stereographic plotting Indexes and Catalogs and topographic surveys with digital The list of leN maps available equipment, conventional carto to the public is part of the leN site graphic drawing. computer-aided on the Internet (Jillp://tuww.ign.fr), drawing. and leN printing and with access by region and/or place folding units. name (36,000 names). In addition to all production lines, IGN school Ecole Nalionale des Sales Sciences Geograp/liques undertakes The main points of contact for education and training for IGN staff acquiring leN products are: and others in all surveying and mapping disciplines, from techni Espace fGN, the leN map shop cian level to masters of sciences and in the very center of Paris, where all PhOs. Four research laboratories are leN maps and products are sold: dedicated to geodesy (LAREG), In coopention with loe,] authori Espace IG ties, various associations, and survey instruments, image process ]07 rue La Boetie private publishers, IGN has ing (MATIS), and database and 75008 Paris - France developed the Sp«iidM"p5eries cartographic processing (COCID. for leisure activities. fGN Sologlle, a distribution Products service by correspondence for The Blue Series is the topographic retailers and for end-users (ad base map for France and was com vance payment is required): pleted in the mid-1980s. It is up· leN Sologne dated every six to twelve years. Administration des Ventes From its initial 2,000 map sheets, 275 41200 Villefranche-sur-Cher have been upgraded with tourist france information and are known as the Fax: +33254 88 1466 TOP 25 Series. These two series are leN Distribution Division, for quite popular for walking and foreign distributors through annual cycling. agreements: Other series are published as road A fulliat ofofficial IGN interna IGN - Departement Diffusion tional dislributors is available on and tourist maps: the Green Series at 107 rue La Boetie the IGN web page at ]:]00,000 scale with 75 map sheets 75008 Paris hUp:l/www.ign.fr being upgraded into TOP 100 Series France with tourist information, TOP 250 Fax: +33 1 43 98 85 05 Series at 1:250,000 scale with ]6 map sheets, and road and thematic maps leN international official at 1:1,000,000 scale. In cooperation distributors are shown on the leN with local authorities, various internet site (1Itlp:/fwww.ign.fr) associations and private publishers, Australia: IGN has developed the IGN Special Hema Maps MJJp Series for leisure activities with 24 Allgas Stree more than 200 maps: Outdoor (Pleill Slacks Creek 4127 Air), Regional Discovery P.O. Box 2660 (Decouvertes Regionales), Culture and Logan City D.C. 4114 - Brisbane Environment, Events (Evenements), Fax: +61 729004 78 France Overseas (Outre-mer). Eu- ~ ~lERlDIAN 14 25 States of America. Official distribu Germany: tors having contracts with IGN GeoCenter ILH receive a discount on French public Schockenriedstrasse 44 a prices excluding VAT (VAT on maps D 70565 Stuttgart in France is 20.6%) and determine ...IGN tries toensure that it Fax: +49 711 78893 54 their own price lists. addresses the needs of the largest numberof users. One aim of leN is that its carto United Kingdom: graphic products form the reference World Leisure Marketing frame for planning and land man 9 Downing Road agement policies. As a result, IGN Wet Meadows Industrial Estate tries to ensure that it addresses the Derbyshire - Derby DE21 6HA needs of the largest number of users, Fax: +44 1 332 340 464 Yet the basic characteristics of goo· Internet site: referenced data imply that, for a Ilttp://www.map-world.co.uk given region, the number of potential users is limited. Technical as well as USA, human resources for making digital MapLink Inc. data available to users are still 30 S. La Patera Lane - Unit 5 costly, especially because this still· Santa Barbara, CA 93117 emerging activity requires continu Fax: +1 805 692 6787 ous and time-consuming technical Internet site: support. The «onomie relationship http://www.map/ink.com leN, as a government organiza between users and the lGN tion, takes the role of initiator, facilitates the creation ofa Distribution and Pricing facilitator, and regulator. As an balance between supply and initiator, it has to ensure the setting demand in terms ofspecifica IGN international distribution tions, updating.. and the currently covers Australia, Belgium, up of the production facility; as a evolution ofproducts. Denmark, Germany, the Nether facilitator, it completes the produc lands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, tion up to a defined minimal content; the United Kingdom, and the United as a regulator, it guarantees the homogeneity of the cartographic infrastructure all over the French territory in spite of differences FIGURE 2. Sales and DistriblltiOIl Statistics, 1997 between regional economic starus. And since digital data are intended NUMBER OF for both national and/or local users, SERIES SCALE COPIES MAI'SHEETS the French government has defined, through leN budget, a mechanism Blue Series 1:25,0XI 1,650 950,000 combining national funding and TOP 25 Series 1:25,0XI 27S 1,225,0XI funding by the users, consistent with the logic of public service, An Outdoor Series 1:25,0XI - 1:50,0XI 50 90,000 important decision made by the Green Series 1:100,0XI 75 7SO,0XI French government was that the cartographic infrastructure is TOP 250 Series 1:250,0XI 16 400,000 considered globally and not product Regional Discovery l:IOO,OXI - 1:250,0XI 30 80,000 by product since this results in a Culture and smoothing of investment and 1:100,0XI - 1:250,0XI 2lI 35,000 EnvirortIllCnt operational cycles. The direct economic relationship 250,000 Road Map of Frana:: 1:1,0XI,0XI 1 between users and the leN facili France Overseas Varies 2lI 80,000 tates the creation of a balance between supply and demand in Europe Varies 56 lOO,OXI terms of specifications, updating and COlmtries and Varies 44 70,000 the evolution of products. This aties of the World technical and economic compromise 26 MERIDIAN 14 ~ FIGURE 3. Portion of 1:25,000 Le Havre. NOllf/ellr topographic map. 1992. Ed. 4. By permission of the Harvard Map Collection. has to conform with the constraints The price lists for maps are provided by the need of a national determined in order to cover infrastructure. Its value is assessed reproduction costs, storage, and in relation to all services given to distribution. They also now cover end~users, most frequently through part of data collection and map an evaluation of costs avoided by the maintenance. national taxpayer by the charging mechanism. Copyright and Royalty According to this policy, lGN Geographic maps are expressly The licensingsyslem includes a distributes its topographic and mentioned in the (French) Code on basic fee...an optional maintenance cartographic digital databases with a intellectual property (Law n 92-597 and updating annual fee, and a licensing system and a price list of 1" July 1992, section L.112-2) as royalty when maps are derived from the dataset and reproduced in updated and published every year. works of the mind likely to profit by quantities. The licensing system includes a basic the legal protection established by fee depending on the number of the said Code, as well as "plans, users and the type of data, an sketches and plastic works related optional maintenance and updating to geography and topography." annual fee, and a royalty when maps This is an extension of the previous are derived from the dataset and law n 57-298 of H~ March 1957 on reproduced in quantities. The user is literary and artistic property, and is not allowed to produce maps from strictly in keeping with section 2·1 IGN material which could compete of the Bern Convention on literary with existing lGN map series with and artistic works protection. out IGN's prior specific consent. However, the French Code does not eGe ~tEIUDiAN 14 27 give a precise definition for geo 1:100,000 Green Series and TOP 100 graphical maps. Let us try to ex Series are updated by conventional plain. techniques. The 1:250,000 TOP 250 leN is a public government Series has been scanned at very high agency. One can legitimately resolution and is updated on a The IGN is not seen as a pari wonder if the legal status of public hybrid raster-vector system. The ofthe administration, but as a organizations has some effect on the 1:1,000,000 road map of France is company which produces and status of the data it produces. First produced through a vector database disseminates... of all, it should be noted that, in updated annually. French law, the author of a work of The new series Departements is the mind is invested with the same produced at 1:125,000 or 1:140,000 rights, regardless of legal status. scale in digital form from the carto Thus in Ihe judgement made on 8th graphic database BD CARTa. The July 1992 by the Nanterre Court for city maps are produced aI1:10,000 the case IGN vs. Grey COlnJNl"Y, IGN in digital form from the database has been declared "eligible for Georoute designed for car navigation exercising its rights under articles 3, systems. 9 and 13 of the [intellectual prop One can see a very direct link erty! law on joint creations." These between those professional data three articles respectively define a bases and various map series, these list of intellectual creations, joint being more and more derived from creations, and owners' rights for the databases. joint creations. The particular texts concerning Field data collection and stereognphic plotting of leN (decree n 81-505 of 12'h May Future aerial photographs are 1981 and amendments) authorize it leN has made large investments performed through computer explicitly to receive royalties. They to build consistent and high quality iled production lines. assign it the mission of distributing databases: BD Tapa, BD CARTa, its own maps and databases without Georoute. Although they have been fixing any particular term or con designed for professional applica straint on technical, economic, or tions in land planning, land manage financial aspects. Thus IGN is not ment, road management, traffic seen as a part of the administration, control, urban planning, etc., they but as a company which produces have considerable potential for map and disseminates, as other compa production and map products. leN nies do, although having to under has now acquired significant experi take its activities as a public service. ence in digital mapping and will use leN, however, has great flexibility in Ihis opportunity for adapting its the determination of its pricing maps to changing customers. strategies. The 1:1,000,000 road map of France is produced through a Technological Changes and vector database updated Digital Cartography iUUlually. Digital processing is the main challenge facing IGN. Field data collection and stereographic plotting of aerial photographs are performed through computerized production lines. New 1:25,000 map sheets from both the Blue Series and the TOP 25 Series are produced in digital form from the topographic database BD Tapa through processes in vector format. The 1:50,000 map series and 28 MERIDIAN 14 ~ Most Complete Collection of Sanborn Maps will be Available On-Line Marla Krauss Archivist, EDR Sanborn, Inc. The Sanborn Company (now a Sanborn Maps stems from their subsidiary of E Data Resources, Inc., usefulness in conducting environ 4 Southport, en is the oldest continu mental research. This project will ally operating mapmaking company enable EDR Sanborn to offer a wide in the United States. It has been range of on-line fee based services. surveying.. drawing, and updating Scanning will be performed by maps since 1867. Today. approxi staff of EDR Sanborn, Inc., using a In an effort to improve accessibil mately one million extant Sanborn large-format natbed scanner. ity to this important historiu) l'l'$Ource, EDR Sanborn, Inc., also dots-per~ Maps attempt to represent an Images are created at 300 a subsidiary of E Data Resources, eyewitness description of over inch and then converted to TIFF Inc., has made an agreement with 12,000 communities across the formal. The TIFF files average about the Library ofCongre" to sun the Sanborn Map collections of both country. Sanborn Maps exist for 130 MB each. They are then com 4 organi:r.ations. every state and, in some cases, for pressed with Multi-Resolution their territories prior 10 receiving Seamless Image Database (MrSlD) state status. software. MrSID, a product of In an effort to improve accessibil LizardTech, Inc., enables Internet ity to this important historical users to zoom in on the image to resource, EDR Sanborn, Inc., also a view increasing amounts of detail. subsidiary of E Data Resources, Inc., Viewers will be able to zoom in on has made an agreement with the any portion of the Sanborn Map they Library of Congress to scan the wish to see. The Library of Congress Sanborn Map collections of both will work with EDR Sanborn to organizations. Approximately one create a site devoted to the history million maps will be made available and use of fire insurance maps, electronically over the next several including explanations of how to use years through the Library of Con this unique form of American gress web site. According to James cartography. H. Billington, Librarian of Congress, D.A. Sanborn founded what This project will enable EDR "We already have more than one became the Sanborn Company in S available on4 line now, and this industry's need (or accurate, detailed project represents a substantial information (or determining risk and addition to the educational and establishing premiums. Increased research yalue of our Web site."1 urbanization in the nineteenth Not only will the scanning century created more opportunities project improve access to Sanborn for fires, many of which were Maps, but it will also help preserve devastating. More fires, coupled the fragile originals by reducing the with the trend towards larger fire number of people handling them. insurance companies, made the EDR Sanborn's interest in traditional individual inspection of ~ I'tIERIDIAN 14 29 every property unfeasible. This and updating skills have been created the need for the Sanborn combined with GIS technology to Company which provided the create new products and services, information fire insurance compa including turnkey GIS consulting nies required distilled down into a services. This has helped increase Fi« insurance companies convenient and standardized form. efficiency in many areas of prOOuc· needed an extraordinary tion. The Sanborn Company also amount ofhighly detailed Sanborn quickly grew to dominate information_. the fire insurance map industry. By conducts special surveys according the late nineteenth century, it was to specified requirements in addition the recognized leader of the field. to the standard map surveys. These Fire insurance companies changes have benefited such groups needed an extraordinary amount of as government municipalities, highly detailed information, includ· architects, planners, engineers, and ing: the size, shape and layout of a consultants-another change from structure, the materials used in its the past when fire insurance compa construction, and its address. The nies represented their sole customer use of any structure within a base. The traditional map surveying mapped area was almost always process, however, remains the same. indicated, such as for theaters, If you look out your window, you saloons, stables, restaurants, schools, just might see a Sanborn surveyor churches, residences anet hotels. The drawing up plans of your commu maps record factory names and nity. indicate the materials produced Sanborn maps are widely recog This necessitated a visit from within the factory's buildings. The nized as one of the most valuable a SanbornComp,lny surveyor who would travel tothe town maps often note the type of goods resources for tracing the develop with measuring tape, pad;md and/or services prOVided in a store, ment of America's cities and lowns. pencils to survey and dnw such as dry goods, carpentry, and According to Rebecca Lintz and the ,Ina. blacksmith shops. Other features Clark Secrest in Colorado Heritage shown include lot lines, street magazine, "Many libraries and widths, water pipes, railroad tracks, historical societies which are fortu· and fire hydrants and cisterns. nate to own Sanborn Maps discover Essentially, fire insurance compa that the Sanborns are the most nies needed a community to be heavily consulted maps on the reproduced on paper as closely as premises."2 possible to how it appeared in real Sanborn Maps are used for life. This necessitated a visit from a many different types of research, Sanborn Company surveyor who including: genealogy, environmental would travel to the town with hazards, zoning. architecture, measuring tape, pad and pencils to archaeology, economic history, and In addition to the stand,lrd survey and draw the area. The historical research. They are used by map surveys, the S,Inbom surveyor then sent the notes back to students, government officials, Companyalsoconducts the company and the map was businesses, environmental research special surveys according to specified nquinmenb. reconstructed, by hand, from the ers, preservation advocates, geogra notes. Surveyors regularly returned phers, fire and police departments, to the communities for updates on and individuals with any of a new construction and changed multitude of interests. For example, building usage. In the late nine· homeowners often consult Sanborn teenth and early twentieth centuries, Maps to help determine when their updates usually occurred about once homes were built and how they every five to seven years. The changed through time. Perhaps the Sanborn Company still makes maps greatest appeal of a Sanborn Map is in largely the same way it has since the way it provides a window onto 1867. past communities. Things are beginning to change, Furthermore, Sanborn Maps however. Traditional map making adhere to a uniform system of 30 MERIDIAN 14 ~ mapping standards laid down by the many an old agency" to locate what fire insurance industry. This tends to he hoped to be a complete set of normalize any bias in what was Boston Sanborn Maps for Ihe included in or excluded from the Boston Planning Board. He pointed maps. Researchers benefit from this oullhe irony of creating such consistency because they can directly valuable maps without making any Perhaps the greatest appeal of a compare communities over space Sanborn Map is the way it effort to preserve them. He said, provides a window onto past and time. "We should realize that Sanborn communities. As a consequence, Sanborn Maps Maps are more than just insurance are currently found in many histori plans, They are nearer a complete cal societies and libraries, including report on each and every building the Library of Congress where the at the time they represent. Some Sanborn Company has been deposit day their worth will be appreci· ing its maps for copyright since 1883. aled.") The current scanning project is an Mr. Doane would be pleased to outgrowth of the Library of Congress see that day has arrived. Geography and Map Division's He pointed out the irony of Center for Geographic Information. I. Billington, James H. in "Library ofCongress creating such valuable maps Announces Digital Map Project Nearly One without making any effort 10 EDR Sanborn, Inc., and the Library preserve them. of Congress look forward to the Million Maps to be On-line," [press releasel November26,1997. benefits that the general public will gain from access to this important 2. Lintz, Rebecca and Secrest, Clark. "Mr. historical research collection. Sanborn's Maps." Colorado Hcritl'lge. Seventy-three years ago in the (Spring, 1997) 42. Sanborn Company's newsletter, 3. Doane, Chas E. "Old Copies of Sanborn Charles E. Doane discussed how he Maps:' TheSanborn Survey. 5: I (925) 10. had to search in "cellars and attics of SAT. & SUN., FEB. 6 - 7, 1999 or Collectors. HobbyislS & Map Dealers Workshops. Lectures. Expert Opinions I Maps for Sale by Top Dealers oott~imroRlCALMtmiM-- _OF SO!!I!!III!! n.atIDA'; lOt We.t FlapSt.wfl Mia~ FL SSIsct-J~ USA1...... ~...._ ~ MERIDIAN 14 31 Announcements INTERNATIONAL MAP COLLECTORS FIRST HELEN WALLIS FELLOWSHIPS SOCIETY (IMCoSl HELEN WALLIS AWARD AWARDED ATTHE BRITISH LIBRARY This is awarded each year to the individual who, in The first recipient of the fellowship named after the the opinion of the Selection Committee, has been former Map Librarian of the British Library is to be responsible for cartographic contribution of great Professor Henry J. Steward, Graduate School of merit and wide interest to map collectors world Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachu wide. Fifteen former winners include Valerie Scott, setts. The research that Professor Steward will be Kenneth Nebenzahl, Rodney Shirley, Catherine carrying out in the British Library during 1999 Delano Smith and Norman Thrower. concerns the parallel careers of two surveyors, William Mayo 0684-1744) and Francis Louis This year (998) the winner is Susan Cole, who was Barrallier 0773-1853). Both were military colonels presented with the Society'S silver salver and who spent four years producing notable maps of receives a cheque for 300 pounds. The presentation Barbados, although much of their careers were spent, was made by lMeoS President, Oswald Dreyer· respectively, in Virginia 32 MERIDIAN 14 ~ judged in an open competition by the prize commit copy submitted is in English. Two paper copies of the tee to have made the most significant contribution to dissertation, one in bound form and one unbound, the study of the history of cartography. The prize inclusive of all illustrations, must be submitted along will be awarded on the basis of the dissertation's with three letters of recommendation and appropri originality, scholarship, and writing quality. ate documentation from the Ph.D. granting institu tion. Authors will be notified of the results of the An outright prize of $l.soo will be presented to the competition after January 1, 1999. author at the time of the award. Prize winners will also receive a fellowship to support research related The eben7..ahl Prize for Dissertations in the History to revision or expansion of the dissertation to be of Cartography is made possible by the generous done in residence at the Newberry Library. The support of Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth Nebenzahl. For fellowship carries a stipend of $800 per month, and further information about the prize, contact: James will be prorated for periods of two weeks to two Akerman, Director, Herman Dunlap Smith Center months. Prize winners will be offered a review of for the History of Cartography, the Newberry their dissertations by the University of Chicago Library, 60 W. Walton Street, Chicago, IL 60610 Press. 3380, USA; phone 312~255-3523; email [email protected]. Doctoral dissertations in any field may be submitted to the competition no later than November L 1998, provided a significant portion of their content is JOHN CARTER BROWN LIBRARY concerned with the history of cartography. The RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS dissertation must have been approved by an accred The John Carter Brown Library will award approxi ited Ph.D. granting institution during the 24 month mately twenty-five short and long term Research period prior to the competition deadline (November Fellowships for the year June 1, 1999 - May 31, 2000. 1,1996 - October 31, 1998). Submissions from Short-term fellowships are available for periods of outside the United States are welcome, so long as the ''A model of its kind.'" The Southeast in Early Maps WILLIAM p, CUMMING T},ird ~djtjo", "vis~d and nllnrg~d by Lo"is D~ lIont)', Jr. lnis Iong-"",,,il«l s!Unning nlW ~ilion ofthe dmi<: ...,(erence Qfl Ihe anog",phy ofIhe e"rly Amerian $OUlhe:l.51 falures" new g"lIery of25 oolor rCJlroduClions "nd "n "nnoul~ checklisl of m3ps from Ihe coloni,,1 period. "An mr"erivdy design~ "nd produe~ volume eOlllaining a weallh of c"nogr:.phic ""d historical malcr;'!."-AB Bookma"j W1rk(y "Il is form~L UKI "nd objecrive in its preselllal;on, bUl is everywhere illumined wilh lhe rom~nec of lhe map and lhe m~pm~kcr.-_7imN Litmary Suppltmmr '"A modd of il$ kind."-GuzTltphicall,,,.,,,al "An indispmS"-b1e rcfCTCncc 1001.... A eonuibUlion of {he flul imponancc 10 lhe c:mogr:.phic hislory of(he New World."_Imap M....Ji 504PI.• 9;r 12. 24 rPJ.r 96b6w maps S90 d.th JS8N Q.-8078-2371-6 FmI W. M"muUl Snm tn !WUt,,"" StwJin The University of North Carolina Press http://sunsite.unc.edu/uncpress CHAPEL Hill .. PHONE [800J 848.6224 .. FAX [8001272.6817 ~ MERIDIAN 14 33 two to four mDnths and carry a stipend of $1,100 per of the Library. All fellows are expected to relocate to month. These fellDwships are open to foreign nation Providence and be in continuous residence at the als as well as tD U.S. citizens who are engaged in Library for the entire term Df the fellowship. pre-- and post-doctoral, or independent, research. Graduate students must have passed their prelimi Several short-term fellowships have thematic nary or general examinations at the time of applica restrictions: the Jeannette D. Black MemDrial Fellow· tion. Long-term felJowhips, primarily funded by the ship in the history of cartography; Center for New National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and World Comparative Studies Fellowships for research the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, are typically for in the comparative histDry of the colonial Americas; five to nine mDnths and carry a stipend of $2,800 per the Alexander O. VietDr Memorial FellDwship in month. Recipients of IDng-term fellowships may nDt early maritime history; the Ruth and LincDln be engaged in graduate wDrk and ordinarily must be Ekstrom Fellowship in the history of women and the U.S. citizens or have resided in the U.S. for the three family in the Americas; and the Touro NatiDnal years immediately preceding the term Df the fellow Heritage Trust Fellowship for research on some ship. aspect Df the Jewish experience in the New World before 1830. Maria Elena Cassiet Fellowships are It should be noted that the Library's holdings are restricted to scholars who are permanent residents concentrated on the history Df the Western Hemi of countries in Spanish America. sphere during the colonial period (ca. 1492 to ca. 1825). emphasizing the European discovery, explo The application deadline for fellowships for 1999 ration, settlement, and the development of the 2000 is January 15, 1999. For application forms and Americas, the indigenous response to the European fuller information, write to: Director. John Carter conquest, the African contribution to the develop Brown Library, Box 1894, Providence, R1 02912. Tel.: ment of the hemisphere, and all aspects of European 401-863-2725. Fax: 401-863-3477. E-Mail: relatiDns with the New World. including the impact [email protected]. Web Site: http:// of the New World Dn the Old. Research proposed by www.brown.edu/Facilities/ feJlowship applicants must be suited to the hDldings John_Carter_Brown_Library THE MAP AND GEOGRAPHY ROUNDTABLE OF THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION presents... Occasional Paper Series No. 1 Exploration and Mapping of the American West, Selected Essays 1986 $20 ISBN 0-932757-01-4 No.2 A Guide to Historical Map Resources for Greater New York 1988 $15 ISBN 0-932757-02-2 No.3 Mapping the TransMississippi West, 1540-1861: An Index to the Cartobibliography 1992 $35 ISBN 0-932757-03 No.4 The Mapping of National Parks 1993 $40 ISBN 0-932757-04-9 A vaiIable from: JimCoombs Maps Library Southwest Missol.lri State University 901 S. National, Box I 75 Springfield, MO 65804-0095 3. M.ERlDlAN 14 ea