Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral International Journal of Molecular Sciences Journal of Endodontics 42.7 (2016): 1120- Pathology, Oral Radiology, and 17.7 (2016): 1161 1125 Endodontology 107.2 (2009): 295-298 Effectiveness of hypochlorous acid to Bactericidal Effect of Strong Acid Antimicrobial efficacy of 4.2% sodium reduce the biofilms on titanium alloy Electrolyzed Water against Flow hypochlorite adjusted to pH 12, 7.5, and 6.5 surfaces in vitro Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms in infected human root canals Microbe(s): Escherichia coli, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Microbe(s): Enterococcus faecalis Microbe(s): Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus sanguinis ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: Chemotherapeutic agents have been used as Introduction This study evaluated the Objective: The purpose of this study was to an adjunct to mechanical debridement for peri- bactericidal effect of strong acid electrolyzed determine the antimicrobial efficacy of implantitis treatment. The present in vitro water (SAEW) against flow Enterococcus sodium hypochlorite adjusted to pH 12, 7.5, study evaluated and compared the faecalis biofilm and its potential application as and 6.5 in human root canals infected by effectiveness of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a root canal irrigant. Methods Flow E. faecalis Enterococcus faecalis. Study design: One sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and biofilms were generated under a constant hundred sixty-five human single-rooted chlorhexidine (CHX) at eliminating Gram- shear flow in a microfluidic system. For teeth were prepared and inoculated with E. negative (E. coli and P. gingivalis) and Gram- comparison, static E. faecalis biofilms were positive (E. faecalis and S. sanguinis) bacteria. generated under a static condition on coverslip faecalis for 48 h. Teeth were divided into 3 The effect of irrigating volume and exposure surfaces. Both the flow and static E. faecalis experimental groups according to the time on the antimicrobial efficacy of HOCl was biofilms were treated with SAEW. Sodium irrigation pattern used: group 1, 4.2% evaluated, and a durability analysis was hypochlorite (NaOCl, 5.25) and normal saline NaOCl pH 12; group 2, 4.2% NaOCl pH 7.5; completed. Live/dead staining, morphology (0.9) were included as the controls. Bacterial and group 3, 4.2% NaOCl pH 6.5. Samples observation, alamarBlue assay, and reductions were evaluated using confocal laser from the root canals were collected, and lipopolysacLPS) detection were examined on scanning microscopy and the cell count bacterial growth was analyzed by turbidity grit-blasted and biofilm-contaminated titanium method. Morphological changes of bacterial of the culture medium. Results: None of alloy discs after treatment with the three cells were observed using scanning electron the irrigating solutions used in this study chemotherapeutic agents. The results microscopy. Results The confocal laser demonstrated 100% effectiveness against indicated that HOCl exhibited better scanning microscopic and cell count results E. faecalis. The antibacterial effectiveness antibacterial efficacy with increasing irrigating showed that SAEW had a bactericidal effect volumes. HOCl achieved greater antibacterial similar to that of 5.25 NaOCl against both the of 4.2% NaOCl at pH 6.5 was significantly efficacy as treatment time was increased. A flow and static E. faecalis biofilms. The increased (P = .03) compared with 4.2% decrease in antimicrobial effectiveness was scanning electron microscopic results showed NaOCl at pH 12 (chi-squared test: P < .05). observed when HOCl was unsealed and left in that smooth, consecutive, and bright bacteria Conclusion: Bactericidal activity of NaOCl contact with the air. All the irrigants showed surfaces became rough, shrunken, and even solution is enhanced by weak acidification antibacterial activity and killed the majority of lysed after treated with SAEW, similar to those of 4.2% NaOCl solution at pH 6.5. bacteria on the titanium alloy surfaces of in the NaOCl group. Conclusions SAEW had an biofilm-contaminated implants. Moreover, effective bactericidal effect against both the HOCl significantly lowered the LPS flow and static E. faecalis biofilms, and it might concentration of P. gingivalis when compared be qualified as a root canal irrigant for with NaOCl and CHX. Thus, a HOCl antiseptic effective root canal disinfection. may be effective for cleaning biofilm- contaminated implant surfaces. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY-SEOUL- 44.4 Dental materials journal 21.2 (2002): 93- Pathology, Oral Radiology, and (2006): 417 104 Endodontology 87.1 (1999): 83-87 Bactericidal effect of electrolyzed neutral Antibacterial effect of electrolyzed water Durability of bactericidal activity in water on bacteria isolated from infected on oral bacteria electrolyzed neutral water by storage root canals

Microbe(s): Total Microbial Count Microbe(s): Staphlycoccus Aureus Microbe(s): Total Microbial Count

ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: This study investigated the antibacterial Electrolyzed strong and weak acid waters Objective. The purposes of this study were to examine effect of electrolyzed water on oral have been widely used for sterilization in the time-related changes in pH, oxidation-reduction potential, and concentration of chlorine of bacteria both in vitro and in vivo. Tap water clinical dentistry because of their excellent electrolyzed neutral water and to evaluate the was electrolyzed in a water vessel using bactericidal activities. Electrolyzed neutral bactericidal effect of electrolyzed neutral water platinum cell technology. The electrolyzed water was recently developed with a new against bacteria from infected root canals. Study tap water (called Puri-water) was put in concept of long-term good durability in Design. Various properties of electrolyzed neutral contact with five major addition to the excellent bactericidal water pH value, oxidation-reduction potential, and concentration of chlorine were measured at different periodontopathogens or toothbrushes activity similar to acid waters. The present times after storage of the water in the open state, the contaminated with these bacteria for 30 study, evaluated the storage life of this closed state, or the closed-and-dark state. The sec. In addition, Puri-water was used as a water compared with the acid waters in bactericidal effect of the various electrolyzed neutral mouthwash for 30 sec in 16 subjects and terms of the changes in pH, oxidation- water samples was then tested against 17 strains of the antibacterial effect on salivary bacteria reduction potential (ORP), residual chlorine bacteria, including 15 strains isolated from infected canals, as well as against 1 strain of fungus. Each was evaluated. Puri-water significantly and bactericidal activity under several bacterial or fungal suspension was mixed with reduced the growth of all conditions using Staphylococcus aureus electrolyzed neutral water, and the 2 substances were periodontopathogens in culture and on 209P. The strong acid water showed a rapid reacted together for 1 minute. After incubation for 1 toothbrushes, and that of aerobic and deterioration of its bactericidal activity. The to 7 days, the bactericidal effect of the electrolyzed anaerobic bacteria in saliva, when weak acid and neutral waters exhibited neutral water was determined. Results. The pH value and oxidation-reduction potential of electrolyzed compared to the effect of tap water. It also excellent durability. Although all the neutral water remained almost unchanged when the significantly reduced mutans streptococci bacteria were annihilated by the contact water was stored in a dark, closed container. growing on mitis salivarius-bacitracin agar. with the waters even stored for 40 days in However, the concentration of chlorine decreased Our results demonstrate that the the uncapped bottle, the neutral water was from 18.4 ppm to 10.6 ppm. Electrolyzed neutral electrolyzed tap water is effective as a superior in further long-term duration water showed a bactericidal or growth-inhibitory effect against the bacteria. Conclusions. The results mouthwash and for toothbrush indicate that electrolyzed neutral water maintains a disinfection. constant pH and oxidation-reduction potential when kept in a closed container without light and that it exhibits a bacteriostatic/bactericidal action against isolates obtained from infected root canals.