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In Search of Word Accents in Estonian Swedish

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In Search of Word Accents in Estonian Swedish IN SEARCH OF WORD ACCENTS IN ESTONIAN SWEDISH Susanne Schötza & Eva Liina Asub aDepartment of Logopedics, Phoniatrics and Audiology, Lund University, Sweden bInstitute of Estonian and General Linguistics, University of Tartu, Estonia [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT has a two-accent system similar to that of central Swedish [16, 17]. This study focuses on the word accent opposition in The present study aims to investigate word accent a lesser known and endangered variety of Swedish – distinction in a variety of Swedish that has normally Estonian Swedish. The variety has been described as not been included in Scandinavian accent typologies not making the tonal distinction between Accent 1 – Estonian Swedish (ES). This highly endangered and Accent 2 words, but no systematic acoustic variety was historically spoken on the islands and phonetic investigation has been carried out North-Western coastal areas of Estonia, but most of previously to confirm these descriptions. As the speakers fled to Sweden towards the end of materials, disyllabic words from read sentences, WWII. Today the estimated number of ES speakers spontaneous dialogues and elicited speech produced is around one hundred. With their disappearance this by nine elderly Estonian Swedish speakers were variety will cease to exist. used. The comparison of tonal patterns of words The word accent distinction in ES has not been with Accent 1 and Accent 2 showed that there is no subject to earlier phonetic investigation, except [15] consistent word accent opposition in this variety. which dealt with accentuation in compound words. However, some variation was found in the In traditional accounts, ES is characterised as only realisation of pitch contours in different speech having one kind of word accent [e.g. 8]. An original styles, which might refer to possible traces of an opposition between Accent 1 and Accent 2 is, earlier accent distinction. however, almost certainly thought to have existed [10], but is said to have been lost due to the Keywords: word accents, Estonian Swedish, influence of the contact language Estonian [9]. This Scandinavian tonal typology. seems plausible, considering that according to some theories of the origin of the tonal accent [11, 5] the 1. INTRODUCTION Scandinavian accent opposition developed in the early Middle Ages, which is about the time when the Swedish is well-known for its (tonal) word accent first Swedish speakers started to settle in Estonia. opposition which is phonetically manifested as a It was found in [15] that the contours of short and timing difference of the pitch contour: the F0 peak in long compounds of ES resembled most those of words with Accent 1 is earlier than in those with Finland Swedish, where no word accent opposition Accent 2 [e.g. 7, 12, 3]. Bruce [3] showed that occurs. This paper focuses on accentuation in intonational prominence also plays a major role in disyllabic simplex words with stress on the penult. dividing regional varieties of Swedish into two Words of this type have been used in numerous groups based on whether or not they make a clear previous descriptions of word accents in regional distinction between focal and non-focal varieties of Swedish [e.g. 2, 7, 4]. With the view of accentuation. The central varieties of the East (e.g. earlier experimental work as well as descriptive Stockholm) and West (e.g. Gothenburg) make such a accounts of ES and the general typology of distinction while the other varieties do not. Scandinavian tonal accents, we would expect ES not There is considerable regional variation in the to exhibit the word accent opposition in simplex realisation of the word accents in Swedish, as well words. It is nevertheless possible that traces of the as more broadly in the area where Scandinavian word accent distinction can be found similar to, for languages are spoken. Typically, the word accent instance, those of the Närpes dialect of Finland opposition does not occur in the periphery of this Swedish [18]. area, including Faroese and Icelandic, some South The paper is divided into two parts. Study 1 Danish, and Finmark Norwegian dialects and some investigates the tonal patterns of read and West Norwegian dialects around Bergen [3]. Also, spontaneous stressed words produced with or in most Finland Swedish dialects there is no accent without focal accent, where the accent opposition is distinction with an exception of West Nyland which expected to appear. Study 2 uses a more controlled set of read and elicited speech materials consisting of (near) minimal pairs with the same segmental Accent 2. We therefore created additional mean F0 features and a phonological distinction only in the contours for each speech style using only the tokens tonal realisation of the word accents, e.g. Accent 1: judged by one of the authors to have focal accent. /ˈpoːlen/ (Poland) – Accent 2: /ˈpòːlen/ (the pole). Figure 1: Individual and average F0 contours for 2. STUDY 1 the read speech (vertical lines mark the vowel onsets). 2.1. Speech materials Accent 1 (read, focal, individual contours) Accent 1 (read, focal, mean contour) 12 Five female and four male speakers of the Ormsö- 9 Nuckö-Rickul dialect of ES were recorded between 6 F0 (st) 3 2008 and 2014 in quiet settings in the field. The 0 -3 recording equipment consisted of either a Sony Normalised time Normalised time Portable DAT recorder TCD-D8 or a Roland R- 09HR WAVE/MP3 recorder, both with a Sony tie- 2.3. Results and discussion pin type condenser microphone ECM-T140. Three speech styles were collected: 1) read words in the ES Figure 2 shows average F0 contours for the primary carrier sentence Jag sade X åter /jɑː sɑː X oːter/ (I stressed and focal Accent 1 and Accent 2 words in said X again), 2) spontaneous dialogues, and the three speech styles. 3) isolated words elicited from a word list adapted Figure 2: Average F0 contours for read, from the SweDia 2000 word list used for other spontaneous and elicited words (vertical lines mark Swedish dialects [6]. Some speakers participated in the vowel onsets). several recording sessions. A total of 51 read, 198 Accent 1 (read, primary stressed and focal) Accent 2 (read, primary stressed and focal) spontaneous, and 83 elicited isolated words were 12 12 A B extracted from the recordings. Table 1 shows the 9 9 6 6 number of speakers and word tokens of Accent 1 3 3 and Accent 2 in the three speech styles in the data. 0 0 -3 -3 Accent 1 (read, focal accent) Accent 2 (read, focal accent) Table 1: The number of analysed speakers and 12 12 C 9 D Accent 1 and Accent 2 tokens in the three speech 9 6 6 styles in the data used in Study 1 (the number of 3 F0 (st)3 F0 (st) words with focal accent within parentheses). 0 0 -3 -3 Accent 1 (spontaneous, primary stressed and focal) Accent 2 (spontaneous, primary stressed and focal) Speech style Speakers Accent 1 words Accent 2 words 12 12 E F Read 7 20 (8) 31 (8) 9 9 Spontaneous 2 88 (32) 110 (45) 6 6 Elicited 7 40 (40) 43 (43) 3 3 0 0 -3 -3 Accent 1 (spontaneous, focal accent) Accent 2 (spontaneous, focal accent) 2.2. Method and procedure 12 12 9 G 9 H All WAV files were sampled at 44.1 kHz, 16 bit and 6 6 F0 (st)3 F0 (st) 3 then downsampled to 16kHz. The F0 analysis 0 0 methods – implemented as a number of Praat [1] -3 -3 Accent 1 (elicited, accent) Accent 2 (elicited, accent) scripts – have previously been used to study 12 12 I J prosodic variation in Swedish [e.g. 13, 14, 15]. 9 9 Segment boundaries were manually placed at the 6 6 F0 (st) 3 3 onset of every vowel; individual F0 contours were 0 0 -3 -3 generated and each token was manually checked. To Normalised time Normalised time facilitate between-speaker comparison, the contours were normalised by setting the minimum F0 for The F0 contours for the read words (panels A–D) are every speaker to 0 semitones (st). Mean F0 contours all characterised by an early F0 peak near the onset were computed for each speech style by calculating of the first vowel followed by a fall throughout the the mean F0 in 100 evenly distributed points in each rest of the word. Similar contours are found for the test word. Figure 1 shows an example of individual primary stressed and focal words, although a slightly F0 contours and the corresponding mean F0 contour. later tonal peak can be observed in Accent 2. First, we compared the tonal patterns using the For the spontaneous words (panels E–H), the mean contours of all tokens of each speech style, contours are also very similar, with no noticeable and found no clear difference between Accent 1 and tonal differences between primary stressed and focal Accent 1 and Accent 2. What is striking, however, is identical) segmental features. These included that the contours for the spontaneous words have a /ˈanden/ (the duck) – /ˈànden/ (the spirit), /ˈjʉːden/ slightly later peak and a following fall as compared (the sounds) – /ˈjʉ̀den/ (the jew), /ˈpoːlen/ (Poland) – to those of the read words. This may be explained by /ˈpòːlen/ (the pole), /ˈtanken/ (the tank) – /ˈtànken/ the fact that the read words were often produced (the thought), and /ˈtɔmten/ (the building plot) – with a lower speech rate and the tonal targets were /ˈtɔ̀mten/ (the gnome). Additional words that did not more precisely reached. An analysis of word constitute minimal pairs in ES were used to increase durations would clarify this matter.
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