DOCSLIB.ORG

Characteristics of Hydrothermal Alteration in Cijulang Area, West Java, Indonesia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Characteristics of Hydrothermal Alteration in Cijulang Area, West Java, Indonesia J. SE Asian Appl. Geol., 2015, Vol. 7(1), pp. 1–9 CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION IN CIJULANG AREA, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA Myo Min Tun*1, I Wayan Warmada2, Arifudin Idrus2, Agung Harijoko2, Reza Al-Furqan3, and Koichiro Watanabe4 1Department of Geology, Mandalay University, Mandalay, Myanmar 2Geological Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 3PT. Eksplorasi Nusa Jaya/Freeport-McMoran Copper & Gold 4Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan Abstract advanced argillic, argillic and propylitic alteration outward from the silica core has resulted from the Characterization of hydrothermal alteration in the progressive cooling and neutralization of hot acidic Cijulang area (West Java, Indonesia) was carried magmatic fluid with the host rocks. out using shortwave infrared spectroscopy. Hy- drothermal alteration in the Cijulang area occurs in Keywords: Cijulang, High-sulfidation, Alteration the calc-alkaline volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. minerals, Shortwave Infrared Spectroscopy Shortwave infrared spectroscopic measurements of reflectance for altered rocks and minerals were car- 1 Introduction ried out by ASD-FieldSpec and the laboratory spec- Shortwave infrared reflectance (SWIR) spec- tra acquired were then analysed with “The Spec- troscopy has been widely used in hydrothermal tral Geologist” software program. Shortwave in- alteration mapping of various types of min- frared spectroscopy is capable of detecting most fine- eral deposits, such as high- and low-sulfidation grained alteration minerals from different hydrother- epithermal, mesothermal, porphyry, sediment- mal alteration zones. Characteristic alteration min- hosted gold and copper, uranium, volcanogenic erals identified from the SWIR technique include py- massive sulfide (VMS) and kimberlite. SWIR rophyllite, alunite, kaolinite, dickite, illite, montmo- spectroscopy involves detection of the en- rillonite, polygorskite, gypsum, epidote, paragonite, ergy generated by vibrations within molecular and muscovite. Most of the spectra show mixture of bonds in the 1300- to 2500-nm (SWIR) range alteration minerals and only a few display pure spec- of electromagnetic spectrum (Thompson et al., tra of single mineral. The crystallinity of kaolinite 1999). Most minerals exhibit characteristic spec- from the samples was also determined from the re- trum and major diagnostic absorption features flectance spectra and show moderately to high crys- in this SWIR region as a result of bending and tallinity. Alteration system of the Cijulang prospect stretching of certain molecules and radical, in- is similar to others documented high-sulfidation ep- cluding OH, H O, NH , and Cation-OH bonds ithermal deposits, such as Rodalquilar (Spain), Sum- 2 4 (such as AlOH, MgOH and FeOH) (Pontual et mitville (Colorado), and Lepanto (Philippines). A al., 1997a; Thompson et al., 1999). The spectral characteristic alteration sequence and zonation of absorption features associated with different sil- *Corresponding author: M.M. TUN, Department of icates occur at or near 1400nm (OH and water) Geology, Mandalay University, Mandalay, Myanmar. E- and 1900nm (water) whereas other important mail: [email protected] 1 TUN et al. and diagnostic spectral absorption features re- radiometer which collected the reflectance in lated to cation-OH bonds such as AlOH, FeOH the 350 to 2500nm spectral range. The re- and MgOH occur at or near 2200nm, 2250nm flectance spectra acquired by ASD device were and 2330nm respectively (Figure 1). The ab- then analyzed with “The Spectral Geologist™ sorption features that represent these bonds or (TSG)” software. The TSG provides automated mineral groups are characteristic of hydrother- assistance in the mineral identification and mal alteration and mineral groups belonging statistical analysis of the spectra. Mineral iden- to kaolinite, halloysite, pyrophyllite, smectite tification was conducted by spectral matching clays, dickite, micas, chlorites, alunite, jarosite, with reference library spectra. The Spectral calcite (Pontual et al., 1997). Assistant (TSA) in The Spectral Geologist uses Reflectance spectra can be acquired by field a library of 551 spectra of pure minerals and portable spectrometers, such as GER-IRIS, water. The software identifies a maximum of ASD-FieldSpec and PIMA or by airborne re- three minerals assigning relative weights and mote sensing. Application of spectrometers an error of matching. The relative weight does allows rapid identification of the fine-grained not represent the abundance of minerals in the hydrothermal alteration minerals which are samples but it reflects the relative proportion of generally difficult to identify by conventional one mineral to another which is influenced by macroscopic observation. SWIR spectroscopy grain size and distribution of the minerals. The not only detects the presence of minerals in the level of confidence in the mineral identification sample but also determines the relative abun- is indicated by the error of matching. dance of mineral within the samples. Moreover, Interpretation of spectral data from TSG soft- mineralogical and compositional variation in ware were cross-checked by spectral interpre- certain specific mineral species can also be rec- tation field manual and USGS library spectra. ognized by the SWIR technique (Thompson et Identification of the mineral is based on the fol- al., 1999). lowing spectral characteristics; wavelength po- Cijulang area is located in the Garut Re- sition, intensity and shape of the absorption gency of West Java, Indonesia (Figure 2) and the troughs and the overall shape of the entire spec- prospect has been explored by PT Aneka Tam- trum. Shifting of the wavelength positions of bang since 1994. This research aims to explore diagnostic absorption feature represents com- the characteristics of the hydrothermal alter- positional variation in minerals whereas varia- ation associated with pyrite-enargite-gold min- tion in depth or width of the absorption feature eralization in the Cijulang prospect by the ap- reflects the variation in crystallinity or the grain plication of reflectance spectroscopy. size of the relative abundance of mineral (Pon- tual et al., 1997). 2 Research methods Bulk rock powdered and clay fraction sam- ples were analyzed by Rigaku RINT-2100 Field investigation was carried out in the Ciju- Diffractometer at Laboratory of Earth Resources lang area of West Java, Indonesia during March, Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineer- 2013. A total of 70 altered rock and clay sam- ing, Kyushu University. X-ray diffraction anal- ples were collected from different hydrother- ysis was done using CuKa radiation at 40kV mal alteration zones. Study on alteration min- and 20mA. Microprobe examination of alter- eralogy was carried out by Shortwave Infrared ation minerals was carried out by SHIMADZU Spectroscopy (SWIR) aided by petrographic mi- SS-550 Scanning Electron Microscope equipped croscopy, X-Ray Diffraction and SEM-EDS anal- with a genesis-2000 EDX Spectrometer at the yses. Centre for Advanced Instrumental Analysis, Shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopic Kyushu University, Japan. Experimental con- measurement of reflectance for altered rocks dition for the analysis was performed at an and clay minerals was carried out by Analytical accelerating potential of 15kV, beam current Spectral Devices (ASD-FieldSpec), a spectro- about 10mA, and 3mm beam diameter. 2 © 2015 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION IN CIJULANG AREA, WEST JAVA Figure 1: Major spectral absorption features in SWIR range (1300-2500nm) (Pontual et al., 1997a). © 2015 Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University 3 TUN et al. Figure 2: Location map of Cijulang area, Garut Regency, West Java, Indonesia. 3 Results and Discussion tra with other mineral such as dickite, py- rophyllite and illite. Kaolinite spectra have 3.1 Alteration Minerals the following major absorption features: hy- Hydrothermal alteration minerals identified droxyl (OH) stretching doublet around 1400nm from reflectance spectra of altered rocks and and 1411nm, water (H2O) absorption feature at clay minerals include kaolinite, dickite, py- 1913nm and Al-OH diagnostic double absorp- rophyllite, illite, muscovite, chlorite, alunite, tion feature at 2168nm and 2208nm (Figure 3a). epidote, polygorskite, and goethite. Most of the spectra show a mixture of these alteration Dickite [Al2Si2O5(OH)4]. Dickite is one of the minerals and only a few show pure spec- kandite group minerals commonly found in the tra of single minerals. The common mineral Cijulang prospect. It occurs as pure mineral assemblages identified from the reflectance spectra or mix spectra with other minerals, such spectroscopy include pyrophyllite–kaolinite, as pyrophyllite and kaolinite (Figure 3a). Spec- dickite–pyrophyllite, alunite–dickite, alunite– tral characteristics of dickite are similar to those kaolinite, kaolinite–illite, illite–montmorillonite of kaolinite. It has hydroxyl doublet absorption and chlorite–montmorillonite (Figures 3a and features occurring around 1390nm and 1415nm. 3b). Al-OH diagnostic double absorption features exhibiting at 2172nm and 2208nm, which are 3.2 SWIR Spectral Characteristics of Alter- common characteristic of kandite group miner- ation Minerals als (Figure 3a). Kandite group minerals Pyrophyllite [Al2Si4O10(OH)2]. Pyrophyl- Kaolinite
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
    MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky.
    [Show full text]
  • The Taron One of the Hidden Groups of Hill Ethnic Groups in Myanmar.Pdf
    Title The Taron: one of the hidden groups of hill ethnic groups in Myanmar All Authors Nyunt Nyunt Win Publication Type Local Publication Publisher (Journal name, Mandalay University Research Journal, Vol.6, 2015 issue no., page no etc.) The Taron is one of the ethnic groups of Kachin National and they are descended of Rawang ethnic group. The majority of Taron groups are found in IKaround Village, which is also known as Arundan or Adonlong Village: in northern Kachin State. This village is situated in the northernmost part of Myanmar. It is a mountainous region and it is surrounded by snowcapped mountains and deep forest with valuable and rare flora and forna. Now, there are only (5) genuine Tarons in Karoung Village. The Taron’s life is poor and full of Abstract hardships. They have to work the whole day on the Taungya and hunt in the forest. Their household unit is Patrilineal extended Family. When the son get married they bring their wives to their homes to live with their family. When the daughters get married, they have to follow their husbands and live with their parents-in-laws. This is called patrilocal residence. In olden days, a Taron had three to five wives living together in the same home. Concerning the short height of the Tarons, it is believed that the Taron in Myanmar are short people due to a family gene. mountainous region, genuine Tarons, household unit, Patrilineal extended family Keywords Citation Issue Date 2015 The Taron: one of the hidden groups of hill ethnic groups in Myanmar Nyunt Nyunt Win*1 Abstract The Taron is one of the ethnic groups of Kachin National and they are descended of Rawang ethnic group.
    [Show full text]
  • Humanities Across Borders: Asia and Africa in the World
    The Newsletter | No.78 | Autumn 2017 46 | The Network Humanities across Borders: Asia and Africa in the World IN 2016, IIAS announced its new programme Bhotiya Tribal Heritage Museum, ‘Humanities across Borders: Asia and Africa in the Munsiari, India; explored as a World’. Now that the programme’s framework is ‘repository of nar- ratives’ in the HaB project ‘Identity fully in place and activities have started, we would and Mobility along a Trans-Himalayan like to provide you with an update about the Trade Route’. Photo courtesy of developments at various levels of activities on Surajit Sarkar. research and education, on programmatic events and tangible outcomes, and at the level of the collaborative network. The programme runs from 2017-2020 and is co-funded by The Andrew Objectives and method initiates methodological, pedagogical and curricular W. Mellon Foundation and the twenty-two partner The objective of the Humanities across Borders (HaB) interventions to surpass narrow disciplinary, institutional, Programme is to mobilise the development of a global ideological and individualistic agendas in the production institutes in Asia, Africa, Europe and the USA. consortium of universities, and their local partners of knowledge. in Asia and Africa, interested in fostering humanities- The programme facilitates border-crossing meetings, Titia van der Maas, Programme Coordinator grounded education. Its epistemological vision is that workshops and other collaborative pedagogical formats, of an expanded humanities along the Asia-Africa axis of
    [Show full text]
  • Clay Minerals Soils to Engineering Technology to Cat Litter
    Clay Minerals Soils to Engineering Technology to Cat Litter USC Mineralogy Geol 215a (Anderson) Clay Minerals Clay minerals likely are the most utilized minerals … not just as the soils that grow plants for foods and garment, but a great range of applications, including oil absorbants, iron casting, animal feeds, pottery, china, pharmaceuticals, drilling fluids, waste water treatment, food preparation, paint, and … yes, cat litter! Bentonite workings, WY Clay Minerals There are three main groups of clay minerals: Kaolinite - also includes dickite and nacrite; formed by the decomposition of orthoclase feldspar (e.g. in granite); kaolin is the principal constituent in china clay. Illite - also includes glauconite (a green clay sand) and are the commonest clay minerals; formed by the decomposition of some micas and feldspars; predominant in marine clays and shales. Smectites or montmorillonites - also includes bentonite and vermiculite; formed by the alteration of mafic igneous rocks rich in Ca and Mg; weak linkage by cations (e.g. Na+, Ca++) results in high swelling/shrinking potential Clay Minerals are Phyllosilicates All have layers of Si tetrahedra SEM view of clay and layers of Al, Fe, Mg octahedra, similar to gibbsite or brucite Clay Minerals The kaolinite clays are 1:1 phyllosilicates The montmorillonite and illite clays are 2:1 phyllosilicates 1:1 and 2:1 Clay Minerals Marine Clays Clays mostly form on land but are often transported to the oceans, covering vast regions. Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)2 Kaolinite clays have long been used in the ceramic industry, especially in fine porcelains, because they can be easily molded, have a fine texture, and are white when fired.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
    Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition.
    [Show full text]
  • 06 11 09 Separation & Preparation of Biotite and Muscovite Samples For
    06 11 09 Separation & Preparation of Biotite and Muscovite samples for 40Ar/39Ar analysis Karl Lang When dealing with detrital samples, sample contamination is a big problem. To avoid this at all costs be clean, this means handling samples one at a time and cleaning all equipment entirely after each sample handling. Only handle samples in a quite (i.e. not windy) environment, where there is little chance of spilling or blowing samples away. Handle samples over clean copier paper, and change the paper after each sample. Use compressed air (either canned or from a compressor) to clean all equipment in separation stages and methanol to keep equipment dirt and dust free in the preparation stages. This can be often be tedious work, I recommend finding a good book on tape or podcast to listen to. Estimate times to completion are stated. Detrital Samples Separation I. Sample drying (1-3 days) For detrital samples it is likely that samples will be wet. Simple let the samples dry in the open air, or under a mild lamp on paper plates. It may be necessary to occasionally stir up samples to get them to dry faster, if you do this, clean the stirrer after each sample. Split samples using a riffle splitter to obtain a quantity for the rest of the process, do this in the rock room. II. Sample Sieving (3-7 days) First locate a set of sieves that can be intensively cleaned. There are a set of appropriate sieves in 317 for this use, be careful using other's sieves as you will likely bend the meshes during cleaning.
    [Show full text]
  • 8Th Model ASEM
    8th Model ASEM 15-20 November 2017, Yangon & Naypyidaw, Myanmar In conjunction with the 13th ASEM Foreign Ministers‘ Meeting (ASEM FMM13) “Strengthening Partnership for Peace and Sustainable Development” Participants Organised by In Partnership with Supported by 8th Model ASEM (#ModelASEM8) Page 2/74 Participants SPEAKERS Country of Citizenship Name and Surname Institution Myanmar Dr Myo Thein GYI Union Minister of Education Ministry of Education, Myanmar Germany HE Ambassador Karsten WARNECKE Executive Director Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF) Switzerland HE Ambassador Paul SEGER Ambassador Embassy of Switzerland in Myanmar Germany Mr Achim MUNZ Resident Representative Hanns Seidel Foundation (HSF), Myanmar Myanmar Prof Chaw Chaw Sein Head of the International Relations Department University of Yangon, Myanmar MODERATORS Country of Citizenship Name and Surname Thematic Working Group India Ms Trishala SURESH Partnership #1 Innovation & ICT as Catalysts of ASEM Connectivity Pakistan Mr Aqeel MALIK Partnership #2 Education, Skills Training & ASEM Youth Netherlands Ms Lieke BOS Peace #1 Joint Efforts in Combatting Terrorism Malaysia Ms Shi Yin KIM Peace #2 Challenges & Opportunities of Migration Spain Ms María BALLESTEROS MELERO Sustainable Development #1 Ending all Forms of Poverty Germany Ms Kateryna DYSHKANTYUK Sustainable Development #2 Renewable Energy & Climate Change RAPPORTEURS Country of Citizenship Name and Surname Thematic Working Group Estonia Ms Triin BÕSTROV Partnership #1 Innovation & ICT as Catalysts of ASEM Connectivity Myanmar
    [Show full text]
  • Minutes NAT-Coor
    Minutes NAT-Coor. Meeting 2018, Prague MINUTES - ASEA-UNINET National Coordinators Meeting Prague, June 16th – 20th, 2018 Czech Institute of Robotics, Informatics and Cybernetics (CIIRC), Jugoslavskych partyzanu 1580/3, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic PARTICIPANTS - Univ.-Prof. Dr. DDDDr.h.c. Bernd Michael Rode, ASEA-UNINET Honorary President (Austria) - Assoc. Prof. Huynh Quyet Thang, ASEA-UNINET President (Vietnam) - Univ.-Prof. Dr. Gabriele Anderst-Kotsis, ASEA-UNINET Vice President and Regional Coordinator for Europe (Austria) - Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamad Farizal bin Rajemi, ASEA-UNINET Vice President and Regional Coordinator for South-East Asia (Malaysia) - Prof. Dr. Gamantyo Hendrantoro, ASEA-UNINET Coordinator for Technology, Innovation and Sustainability Projects (Indonesia) NATIONAL COORDINATORS - Prof. A Min Tjoa (Austria) - Lucie Koutková, Ph.D. (Czech Republic) - Prof. Rüdiger Korff (Germany) - Dr. Indah Suci Widyahening, MS, MSc-CMFM, PhD (Indonesia) - Prof.-Dr. Carla Locatelli (Italy) - Dr. Tin Tun Aung (Myanmar) - Gil S. Jacinto, Ph.D. (Philippines) - Prof. Maria de Fátima Marinho (Portugal) - Asst. Prof. Dr. Pattara Aiyarak (Thailand) - Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ngo Chi Trung (Vietnam) - Prof. Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary (Pakistan) excused INVITED GUEST: Prof. Wolfgang Obenaus (ASEA-UNINET Coordinator Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria) ASEA-UNINET STAFF (AUSTRIA): Dipl.-Ing. Niina Novak, BSc MSc (Minutes) Page 1 Minutes NAT-Coor. Meeting 2018, Prague Sunday, June 17th, 2018 – DAY 1 Welcome Addresses ASEA-UNINET President Assoc. Prof. Huynh Quyet Thang - Stresses ASEA-UNINET’s focus on Sustainability and highlights that we as a scientific community are in the special position to offer perspectives, suggest plans of action and find ways to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Muscovite Solid Solutions in the System K20-Mgo-Feo-A1203-Sio2-H20: an Experimental Study at 2 Kbar Ph2o and Comparison with Natural Li-Free White Micas
    MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, JUNE 1986, VOL. 50, PP. 257-66 Muscovite solid solutions in the system K20-MgO-FeO-A1203-SiO2-H20: an experimental study at 2 kbar PH2o and comparison with natural Li-free white micas GILLES MoNIER Laboratoire de P&rologie, Universit6 d'Or16ans, 45046 Orlrans Cedex, France AND JI~AN-LouIs ROBERT Centre de Recherche sur la Synthrse et Chimie des MinSraux, G.I.S.C.N.R.S.-B.R.G.M., 1A rue de la Frrollerie, 45071 Odrans Cedex 2, France ABSTRACT. This paper presents the results of an experi- K EY W OR O S : muscovite, phengite, solid solution, crystal- mental study of muscovite solid solutions in the system chemistry, experimental mineralogy, granites, hydro- K20-M~+O-A1203 SiO2-H20 (HF), with M2+= thermal alteration. Mg 2+ or Fe 2§ in the temperature range 300 700~ under 2 kbar P.~o, Muscovite solid solutions can be described, in this system, as the result of two substitutions. NATURAL lithium-free white micas are generally One is the phengitic substitution (x), which preserves the described as solid solutions between the muscovite pure dioctahedral character of the mica; the second is the end member K(A12R)(Si3AI)Olo(OH)2, where [] biotitic substitution (y), which leads to trioctahedral stands for an octahedral vacant site, and the micas and does not change the composition of the celadonite end member K(AIM z+ [3)Si4010(OH)2, tetrahedral layer Si3AI. The general formula of muscovite with M 2 + = Mg 2., Fe E+, thus, they are considered in this system is K(A12_~_2y/aM2+yOl_y/a)(Sia+~All_x) to belong to the so-called phengitic series.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Identification Chart – LECTURE
    Mineral Identification Chart – LECTURE NONMETALLIC MINERALS (listed in decreasing hardness) Review mineral formula to connect to family! H=Hardness; SG = specific gravity Mineral H SG Streak Color (and/or luster) Form Cleavage/Fracture Distinctive properties Garnet 7 3.5- White Red, black, or brown; can Dodecahedrons (12- No cleavage. Dodecahedron form, X3Y2(SiO4)3 where X and Y are 4.3 be yellow, green, pink. sided polygons) Brittle. Conchoidal red, glassy, conchoidal combinations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Al Glassy. Translucent. fracture. fracture, H=7. Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 7 3.3- White Pale or dark olive green Short prisms Conchoidal Green, conchoidal 3.4 to yellow or brown. (usually too small to fracture. fracture, glassy, H=7. Glassy. Transparent. see). Brittle. Usually granular. Quartz SiO2 7 2.7 White Colorless, white, or gray; Massive; or Conchoidal Glassy, conchoidal can occur in all colors. hexagonal prisms fracture. fracture, H=7. Hex. Glassy and/or greasy. that end in a point. prism with point end. Plagioclase Feldspar family: 6 2.6- White Colorless, white, gray, or Tabular crystals or 2 good cleavage Twinning. 2 cleavages Anorthite and Labradorite 2.8 black; can have iridescent thin needles planes at nearly at 90°. CaAl2Si2O8 to Oligoclase and play of color from within. right angles. Albite NaAlSi3O8 Translucent to opaque. Potassium Feldspar family: 6 2.5- White Pink. Or white, orange, Tabular crystals 2 good cleavage Subparallel exsolution Orthoclase and Microcline 2.6 brown, gray, green. planes at nearly lamellae. 2 cleavages KAlSi3O8 Translucent to opaque. right angles. at 90°. Pink color. Pyroxene family: Augite 5.5- 3.2- White, Green to black; opaque.
    [Show full text]
  • Cr3+ in Phyllosilicates
    Mineral Spectroscopy: A Tribute to Roger G. Bums © The Geochemical Society, Special Publication No.5, ]996 Editors: M. D. Dyar, C. McCammon and M. W. Schaefer 3 Cr + in phyllosilicates: Influence of the nature of coordinating ligands and their next cationic neighbors on the crystal field parameters I 2 2 A. N. PLATONOV , K. LANGER , M. ANDRUT .3, G. CALAS4 'Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation, Academy of Science of Ukraine, 252680 Kiev, Ukraine 2Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography, Technical University, D-10623 Berlin, Germany 3GeoForschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Deutschland "Laboratoire de Mineralogie et de Cristallographie, Universite de Paris 6 et 7, F-7525l Paris, France 3 Abstract- The electronic absorption spectra of Cr + -bearing clinochlore (I, kammererite), amesite (II), muscovite (III, fuchsite), dickite (IV), and montmorillonite (V, volkonskite) analysed by electron microprobe were obtained on single crystals. Microscope-spectrometric techniques and polarized radiation in the spectral range 10000-38000 cm " (I, II, III) or (on fine grained material) diffuse reflectance spectrometry in the spectral range 8000-50000 cm-I (IV, V) were used. The ligand field theoretical evaluation of the spectra showed the following: (i) The fl.o = 10Dq = f(1/R5) relation, wherein fl.o is the octahedral crystal field parameter and R the mean cation ligand distance, is valid within each series of layer silicates containing octahedral Cr3+ either in a trioctahedral layer (I, II and phlogopite) or in a dioctahedral layer (III, IV, V). Between the two functions, fl.o.trioct = f(1lR~ioct) and fl.o.di=t = f(1/R~ioct), there exists an energy difference of about 2200 em -I.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandalay University
    MANDALAY UNIVERSITY Dr Aye Thandar Htay, Physics Department Mandalay University,Myanamr FOUNDED - 1925 AREA - 253.3316 Acres STATUS - Government University STRUCTURE - 18 Academic Departments STUDY PROGRAM 48 Programs - 6 Diploma Programs - 15 Master Degree Programs - 4 Multi-disciplinary Programs - 8 Masters of Research - 15 Doctor of Philosophy NUMBER OF STUDENTS – 2450 ACADEMIC PERSONNEL – 398 Academic Departments Arts Departments 1. Myanmar 2. English 3. History 4. Geography 5. Psychology 6. Philosophy 7. Oriental Studies 8. International Relations 9. Law 10. Economics 11. Archaeology 12. Anthropology Science Departments 1. Chemistry 2. Physics 3. Mathematics 4. Zoology 5. Botany 6. Geology Research Projects • Chemistry - Natural Products Organic Chemistry • Physics – Strangeness Nuclear Physics, Material Science, Experimental Nuclear Physics, Electronics ( Solar Energy, Sustainable Energy, Wireless Communication and Data Transmission) • Zoology - Aquaculture, Biodiversity • Botany - Biofertilizer, Microbiology • Geology – Gemology, Primate Studies • Geography - Environmental Science Mandalay University Department of Physics Department of Physics Research Groups/Labs Theoretical Nuclear Physics Lab Experimental Nuclear Physics Materials Lab Research Lab Electronics Lab 8 Theoretical Nuclear Physics • Study on Few Body System – Structure Analysis • Study on bound state and resonance state problem of nuclei and hyprenuclei with variational and complex rotation methods. – Production Reaction • Hypernuclear (L,S) production with Green's
    [Show full text]