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Univerzita Karlova V Praze Filozofická Fakulta Ústav Hospodářských a Sociálních Dějin

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Univerzita Karlova V Praze Filozofická Fakulta Ústav Hospodářských a Sociálních Dějin Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Ústav hospodářských a sociálních dějin Diplomová práce Eliška Pekárková Jüdische Identität im späten Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik. Jakob Steinhardt und sein Künstlerkreis Židovská identita v období pozdního císařství a Výmarské republiky. Jakob Steinhardt a okruh umělců kolem něho Jewish Identity in the Late Empire and in the Weimar Republic. Jakob Steinhardt and His Circle of Artists Praha 2018 Vedoucí práce: Dr. phil. Torsten Horst Lorenz Mein Dank gilt Herrn Dr. phil. Torsten Lorenz für die Betreuung dieser Arbeit. Herr Dr. phil. Torsten Lorenz stand mir jederzeit mit Rat und professioneller Unterstützung zur Verfügung. Ich möchte mich auch bei Jennifer Neßler und Gisela Heitz für das Korrekturlesen bedanken. Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala své rodině za podporu během celého studia. 2 Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně, že jsem řádně citovala všechny použité prameny a literaturu a že práce nebyla využita v rámci jiného vysokoškolského studia či k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu. V Praze dne 3.ledna 2018 3 Abstrakt Jakob Steinhardt (1887-1968) se řadí mezi nejvýznamnější německo-židovské umělce 20. století. Proslavil se díky svým dřevorytům s židovskou tematikou jako např. Svou pesachovou Hagadou a byl významným představitelem tzv. židovské renesance. Cílem této práce je zasadit jeho osobnost do kontextu německo-židovských dějin v prvních třech dekádách 20. století. Práce se snaží o rekonstrukci jeho okruhu umělců analýzu židovských konstrukcí identity. Metodologicky práce vychází z konceptu kulturního transferu, opírá se rovněž o historickou analýzu sociálních vazeb a práce z oblasti tzv. Visual turn. Pramennou základnu tvoří výtvarná díla umělců, knihy hostů Jakoba Steinhardta, jeho deníky, vzpomínky Minni Steinhardt a dobový tisk. Klíčová slova: židovství, identita, sionismus, židovská renesance, expresionismus, Jakob Steinhardt Abstract Jakob Steinhardt (1887 – 1968) has been ranked among the most significant German-Jewish artists of the 20th century. He became famous for his woodcuts depicting Jewish motives such as his Pessach-Haggada. He was also an important representative of the so-called Jewish Renaissance. The aim of this thesis is to present his persona in the context of German-Jewish history in the first three decades of the 20th century. The thesis tries to reconstruct his circle of artists and to analyse the Jewish constructions of identity. Methodologically, the thesis is based on the concept of cultural transfer; at the same time it also draws from historical analyses of social bonds and from the Visual Turn writings. The primary sources consist of individual pieces of visual arts, Steinhardts` guest books, his diaries, memoires of his wife and the then press. Key words: Judaism, Identity, Sionism, Jewish Renaissance, Expressionism, Jakob Steinhardt Abstract Jakob Steinhardt (1887-1968) zählt zu den bedeutendsten deutsch-jüdischen Künstlern des 20. Jahrhunderts. Er wurde durch seine Holzschnitte zu jüdischen Themen, wie zum Beispiel seine Pessach-Haggada bekannt und war ein wichtiger Vertreter der sog. jüdischen Renaissance. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, seine Person in den Kontext der deutsch-jüdischen Geschichte der ersten drei Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhundert zu setzen. Es wird versucht,seinen Künstlerkreis zu 4 rekonstruieren und jüdische Identitätskonstruktionen in ihm zu analysieren. Als Quellengrundlage werden die Werke der Künstlern benutzt, genauso wie Steinhardts Gästebücher, seine Tagebücher, Erinnerungen von Minni Steinhardt und die zeitgenössische Presse. Schlüsselwörter: Judentum, Identität, Zionismus, Jüdische Renaissnace, Expressionismus, Jakob Steinhardt 5 Inhalt 1 Einleitung.........................................................................................................................................7 2 Methodische Ansätze......................................................................................................................11 2.1 Transnationale Geschichte und Kulturtransfer........................................................................11 2.1.1 Zum Konzept des Kulturtransfers in der jüdischen Geschichtsschreibung....................13 2.2 Jüdische Identität und Untersuchung der kulturellen Prozessen............................................15 2.3 Bild als historische Quelle und „visual turn“..........................................................................17 2.4 Historische Netzwerkforschung..............................................................................................21 3 Jüdische Renaissance und Kulturzionismus...................................................................................23 3.1 Zionismus, Kulturzionismus und jüdische Kunst...................................................................24 3.2 Jüdische Renaissance und ihr Bezug zum Kulturzionismus...................................................26 3.3 Ostjuden: Begriff, Bild und Bedeutung..................................................................................30 3.4 Diskurse über jüdische Kunst im 19. und im frühen 20. Jahrhundert....................................34 4 Zur Person von Jakob Steinhardt....................................................................................................37 5 Der Künstlerkreis............................................................................................................................41 5.1 Die Lehrer...............................................................................................................................41 5.1.1 Lovis Corinth (1858 – 1925)...........................................................................................41 5.1.2 Hermann Struck (1876 - 1944).......................................................................................46 5.1.3 Zusammenfassung...........................................................................................................52 5.2 Die Pathetiker.........................................................................................................................54 5.2.1 Ludwig Meidner (1884 – 1966)......................................................................................54 5.2.2 Richard Janthur (1883 – 1856)........................................................................................56 5.2.3 Die Künstlergruppe.........................................................................................................57 5.2.4 Der Expressionismus und die jüdische Identität.............................................................61 5.2.5 Zusammenfassung...........................................................................................................65 5.3 Die Pessach-Haggada.............................................................................................................67 5.3.1 Franziska Baruch (1901 – 1989).....................................................................................67 5.3.2 Pessach-Haggada: Die Entstehung und die Interpretation..............................................69 5.3.3 Zusammenfassung...........................................................................................................71 5.4 Die Expressionisten................................................................................................................72 5.4.1 Bruno Krauskopf (1892 – 1960).....................................................................................72 5.4.2 Conrad Felixmüller (1897 - 1970)..................................................................................75 5.4.3 Rachel Szalit-Marcus (1892 – 1942)...............................................................................77 5.4.4 Zusammenfassung...........................................................................................................79 5.5 Die Juden................................................................................................................................80 5.5.1 Michel Fingesten (1884 – 1943).....................................................................................80 5.5.2 Friedrich Feigl (1884 - 1964)..........................................................................................82 5.5.3 Arno Nadel (1878 – 1943)..............................................................................................87 5.5.3.1 „Die jüdische Seele“................................................................................................89 5.5.4 Andreas Weißgerber (1900 – 1941)................................................................................92 5.5.5 Samuel Lewin (1890 – 1959)..........................................................................................93 5.5.6 Zusammenfassung...........................................................................................................94 6 Fazit................................................................................................................................................96 Quellen- und Literaturverzeichniss....................................................................................................99 Verzeichnis der Bilderbeilagen.........................................................................................................106 6 1 Einleitung Ich zeichne immer wieder Juden. Ich kenne sie am besten und liebe sie am meisten. Ich selbst bin schließlich ein Stück von ihnen. So wird es mein höchstes Ziel sein,
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