RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 REPUBLIC OF RWANDA Public Disclosure Authorized

RWANDA TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT AGENCY

Public Disclosure Authorized FEEDER ROADS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (FRDP)

UPDATED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA)

FOR Public Disclosure Authorized

REHABILITATION, UPGRADING AND MULTI-YEAR MAINTENANCE WORKS OF INDICATIVE FEEDER ROADS GAKENKE DISTRICT, 69 KM (3 LOTS)

FEEDER ROAD DEVELOMENT PROJECT (FRDP) (P126498, P158092)

Public Disclosure Authorized June 2020

0 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Government of Rwanda (GoR) through Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI) and different Development Partners have initiated and intensified their effort to support feeder roads infrastructure development to minimize post- harvest loss and high transport cost across the country. A significant proportion of Rwanda rural population whose livelihoods depend on agriculture lacks access to rural transport facilities, including feeder roads that strongly hampers the agricultural development and prevent them to increasing access to markets, enhancing their competitiveness and improve their incomes and livelihoods. To overcome the above and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals Specifically Goal 9 which is about “to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation”, Rwanda Vision 2020, the Government of Rwanda launched the Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project (FRDP) to develop agricultural marketing roads and reduce transport cost in the areas. Therefore, The Government of Rwanda (GoR) in partnership with International Development Association (IDA), acting as an Administrator of the Rwanda Feeder Road Development Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) has received a grant toward development of feeder road in six districts including Gakenke. In this regards, Gakenke District has signed the contract with CHICO and with JV CS&EC and Fair Construction towards the Design, upgrading, rehabilitation and multi-year maintenance of Selected feeder roads with a total distance of 69 Km that will be rehabilitated in Gakenke District; FR1: Buranga-Kamubuga-Rutabo-Base (50 km), FR 3: Gashenyi-Karambo-Kinoni (11 km) FR10: Ruhanga- Biziba (8 km). The major activities associated with the rehabilitation/upgrading of selected feeder roads in Gakenke District include rehabilitation/upgrading of carriageway pavement with a standardized width, bridges and drainage work as well as maintenance of rehabilitated infrastructures. The existing average carriageway width of the selected feeder roads will be upgraded to 6m width in line with the road standards in Rwanda. Therefore, under this project about 69km of feeder roads of in the district will go through rehabilitation/upgrading activities in an environmentally friendly and socially acceptable manner. Given the nature and scope of the selected feeder road project and the associated activities, the FRDP has been assigned environmental assessment category of “category A” which means that the project is expected to have potential negative environmental impacts, and thus the preparation of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment/ Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESIA/ESMP) is mandatory. In order to comply with the Organic law 04/2005 of 08/04/2005 determining the modalities of protection, conservation and promotion of environment in Rwanda and Ministerial Order N° 004/2008 of 15/08/2008 establishing the list of works, activities and projects that have to undertake an environmental studies and the Ministerial Order No 003/MINIRENA/2015 of 24/04/2015 determining modalities for application, issuance and use of mineral and quarry licenses, Environmental and Social Impact

i UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 Assessment/ Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESIA/ESMP ) was prepared and publicly disclosed in 2018 for Feeder Road project in Gakenke district for fourteen (14) feeder road sections. However, to make sure sound implementation of the project, following the recent design change, which focuses on three feeder roads (FR1, FR3, and FR10), updating the updating of the 2018 ESIA/ESMP is necessitated before commencing civil works. Therefore, With the new contract approach used for Gakenke Feeder roads, updating the ESIA/ESMP is the responsibility of the contractors (CHICO and Fair Construction), and the updated ESIA should be cleared by the World Bank before any Civil works. Although most project impacts are expected to be beneficial in terms socio economic development, there is a growing concern that many development activities may lead to some adverse impacts to existing biophysical and social environment through the potential damage to natural resources upon which the economies are based. The major challenge is how to attain sustainable development. The positive impacts include employment opportunity, skill transfer, enhanced economy in rural areas, increase and improvement in social and economic conditions and improved transport system among others. Potential negative impacts likely to occur include lose and change in land use, lose and damages of biodiversity (fauna and flora), landslides, relocation of households, increase in erosion rates, soil pollution due to spill of oil, grease and other chemical/material on road, disruption of natural drainage, water pollution due to construction activities in or nearby water bodies or disposal of wastes; air pollution due to dust and gases emissions from the construction machineries, increase in water demand, risk of health and safety, risks to health due to poor wastes disposal and outside labor employment; increase in noise increased road congestion, and damage of public utilities. The current figures identified for negative impacts are of 31.05 ha of additional land to have 10.5 m right of way, loss of 16,076 trees, one (1) water taps, etc., which will be relocated and 69 HHs to be total relocated. Much can be done to avoid, mitigate, or compensate for the negative environmental and social impacts of a road project, but it is important to identify potential impacts early in the road planning process and to make provisions for avoiding or mitigating these effects wherever possible. Failure to identify potential impacts may result in delays and cost increases later on in the project’s development. Neglecting to account for impacts may also cause the road agency to adopt solutions that compromise the environment. This ESIA study has produced different mitigation measures that will be applied to cope with the identified negative environmental and social impacts. Among the mitigation measures, the compensation of the PAPs for their affected or lost properties is envisaged; and it is the responsibility of the client or the Government of Rwanda in General. However, the contractors are also responsible for compensating the affected or lost properties of the PAPs for their interest (Acquiring land for quarries, borrow pit and dumping sites) or due to their incompliance to environmental and social regulations. In this regard, the upgrading, rehabilitation and maintenance works of proposed 69 km feeder road project will require different

ii UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 construction materials (hardcore, gravel, sand, and soil) which fulfill the required standards for quality assurance. These constitute the project subcomponents which are borrow pits, quarries, dumping sites and campsites. The exploitation of identified sites must be economically viable, socially acceptable, and environmentally sound. It is proposed that road construction materials be sourced from existing borrow pits located in the vicinity or new construction materials should be created. As mentioned previously, the utilization of the materials sources required for the project will be undertaken in accordance with environmental organic law. In terms of the exploitation of these subcomponents an ESMP for the utilization of quarries, borrow pits, dumpsite and campsite will be compiled in accordance with the mentioned laws and regulations. The monitoring plan should be set up to ensure the negative impacts are attenuated. The Contractor and Supervising firm will respectively implement management, mitigation, and monitoring measures stipulated under this report and follow up its compliance with national and world bank environmental and social safeguards policies under the direct supervision of different institutions and Gakenke District. RDB will approve the report while REMA will oversee the project implementation and conduct environmental audit during the project implementation. In addition to the mitigation measures for negative impacts summarized in ESMP, the contractors are expected to prepare a detailed Contractor Environmental and Social Management Plan (C- ESMP) and Management Strategy and Implementation Plans (MSIPs) to breakdown required actions for the proposed mitigation measures, especial for critical issues. The lists of MSIPs to be prepared have been also discussed in this report. To ensure that the feeder roads development project in Gakenke District is in an environmentally friendly; the implementation and monitoring of the proposed mitigation measures should be integrated in the overall project implementation period and should be a team responsibility between the contractors, monitoring consultant, the client and other stakeholder as listed in the ESIA report. Different stakeholders (Local authorities, C ommunity, People and Road Users and Cooperative and church leaders) were consulted to explain the project and give them the opportunity to express their views and concerns. All consulted stakeholders are in favor of the project but requested for the compensation of their properties likely to be affected. MININFRA/ RTDA, MoE, RLMUA, RWFA, RMB, RDB and Gakenke District are key implementers of this ESIA. Grievance redress committees have been created at the Subproject and road level to supervise the safeguards compliance throughout the project period and resolve related issues raised by the Project Affected Person (PAPS). A strong monitoring system will also be put in place to monitor the PAPs livelihoods during and after the project activities. A detailed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) together with Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan have been prepared for all identified negative impacts. The total estimated budget for environmental and social management along with monitoring plans are estimated at about 412,582,500 FRW or USD1 436,596; Out of which 377,932,500 FRW or USD 399, 929 is

1 1 USD= 945 FrW

iii UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 estimated for implementation of environmental and social management plan and about 34,650,000 FRW or USD 36,667 is for implemntation of environmental and social Monitoring plan. Other costs for certain items associated with environmental and social management and monitoring will be an integral part of specific items incorporated in overall project budget. The Rwanda Transport will disclose this updated ESIA/ESMP report after Bank’s clearance by making copies available at its head office and in District / Sectors/ Cell project is situated. The copies shall also be made available to the Government’s agencies (REMA, RDB, RTDA, etc), the Environmental and Social Group and other stakeholders. The Government of Rwanda will also authorize the World Bank to disclose this ESIA/ESMP electronically through its External Website. In view of the ESIA/ESMP results, it could be concluded that the project will bring substantial benefits to the Gakenke District community. The identified negative impacts can be mitigated with the proposed Environmental and Social Management Plans. However, for the successful implementation of planned development activities, the timely implementation of the proposed mitigation measures is required.

iv UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... I TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... V LIST OF TABLES ...... IX LIST OF FIGURES ...... X LIST OF PHOTOS ...... X LIST OF ANNEXES ...... XI ACRONYMS ...... XII 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT ...... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA ...... 3 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ...... 4 1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...... 4 2 LEGAL, POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 6

2.1 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA 2003 ...... 6 2.2 VISION 2020 FOR RWANDA ...... 6 2.3 POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR RWANDA ...... 7 2.3.1 National Policy on Environment for Rwanda ...... 7 2.3.2 National Land Policy ...... 9 2.3.3 National Transportation Policy ...... 10 2.3.4 Integrated Water Resources Management Policy of 2011 ...... 11 2.3.5 Environmental Health Policy ...... 11 2.3.6 Mining Policy, 2010 ...... 11 2.3.7 National sanitation policy ...... 12 2.3.8 The National Forestry Policy, 2010 ...... 12 2.3.9 The National Gender Policy, 2010 ...... 13 2.4 THE GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA STRATEGIES ...... 13 2.4.1 National Development Strategy 2 ...... 13 2.4.2 National Strategy for Transformation (NST1/2017-2024) ...... 13 2.4.3 National Wetlands Conservation Program ...... 14 2.4.4 Road Maintenance Strategy...... 14 2.4.5 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan ...... 14 2.5 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) ...... 15 2.6 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK...... 15 2.6.1 Law N° 70/2013 of 02/09/2013 governing biodiversity in Rwanda ...... 15 2.6.2 Law N°55/2011 of 14/12/2011 governing roads in Rwanda ...... 15 2.6.3 Law on Environment No 48/2018 of 13/8/2018 ...... 15 2.6.4 Environmental impact Assessment legislation in Rwanda ...... 16 2.6.5 Law No. 43/2013 of 16/06/2013 governing land in Rwanda ...... 18 2.6.6 Law N° 32/2015 of 11/06/2015 Relating to Expropriation in the Public Interest ...... 18 2.6.7 Law N° 13/2014 of 20/05/2014 on mining and quarry operations ...... 18 2.6.8 Ministerial Order No 001/2019 of 15/04/2019 establishing the list of Projects that must undergo environmental impact assessment, instructions, requirements and procedures to conduct environmental impact assessment ...... 19 2.6.9 Ministerial Order N°004/16.01 of 24/05/2013 determining the list of water pollutants...... 19 v UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 2.6.10 Ministerial Order N° 001/16.01 of 03/01/2012 on explosives used in mining, quarrying and infrastructure activities ...... 19 2.6.11 Ministerial Order N°003/MINIRENA/2015 of 24/04/2015 determining modalities for application, issuance and use of Mineral and Quarry Licenses ...... 19 2.6.12 Ministerial Order N°02 of 17/05/2012 determining conditions for occupational health and safety ...... 20 2.6.13 The Law No 59/2008 of 10/09/2008 on prevention and punishment of gender-based violence ...... 20 2.6.14 The Law N° 66/2018 of 30/08/2018 regulating labour in RWANDA ...... 20 2.6.15 EIA Guidelines for Rwanda, 2006 ...... 20 2.6.16 General EIA Guidelines for Rwanda, 2009 ...... 21 2.6.17 Sector guidelines for EIS for road development projects in Rwanda ...... 22 2.7 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 22 2.8 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 24 2.8.1 Environmental Assessment (OP /BP/ 4.01) ...... 25 2.8.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) ...... 26 2.8.3 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) ...... 27 2.8.4 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) ...... 27 2.8.5 Forest (OP 4.36) ...... 27 2.9 INTERNATIONAL MULTILATERAL CONVENTIONS, AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS ...... 28 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 32

3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION OF THE PROJECT ...... 32 3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT ...... 33 3.3 ROADS STATUS IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 34 3.4 PROJECT DETAILS ...... 34 3.4.1 Location of the first priority feeder roads ...... 35 3.4.2 Brief Description on Feeder Roads ...... 36 3.4.3 Present Traffic Survey ...... 43 3.4.4 Feeder Road Design Standards ...... 44 3.5 PROJECT ANCILLARY ACTIVITIES ...... 47 3.5.1 Camp sites ...... 47 3.5.2 Quarry, borrow pits and dumping sites ...... 51 3.6 QUANTITY OF MATERIAL FOR CONSTRUCTION ...... 55 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT/BASELINE DATA ...... 56

4.1 GENERAL ...... 56 4.2 STUDY AREA ...... 59 4.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 59 4.3.1 Topography ...... 59 4.3.2 Climate ...... 60 4.3.3 Land Use ...... 60 4.3.4 Geology and Soils ...... 61 4.3.5 Air quality ...... 62 4.3.6 Ambient Noise ...... 64 4.3.7 Soil loss ...... 66 4.3.8 Water Environment ...... 68 4.3.9 Water quality considerations in Rwanda ...... 72 4.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 74 4.4.1 Flora ...... 74 4.4.2 Fauna ...... 75 4.5 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 76 4.5.1 Demography ...... 76 vi UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 DEMOGRAPHY ...... 76 4.5.2 Gender and child context ...... 77 4.5.3 Population on the right of way ...... 78 4.5.4 Socio-economic Conditions of the District ...... 82 A) AGRICULTURE ...... 82 4.5.5 Socio-economic profile of PAPs within right of way ...... 85 4.5.6 Resettlement Implications of the Project ...... 91 5 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 94

5.1 BACKGROUND ...... 94 5.2 OBJECTIVES ...... 94 5.3 METHODS AND PROCESS ...... 95 5.4 STAKEHOLDERS ...... 96 5.5 LOCATION OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND ATTENDANCE ...... 96 5.6 FINDINGS FROM PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETINGS ...... 97 6 ENVIRONMENTA L AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 105

6.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 105 6.2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT, IDENTIFICATION, AND ANALYSIS ...... 106 6.2.1 Impact Assessment ...... 107 6.2.2 Impact Identification ...... 112 6.2.3 Impact Analysis ...... 112 6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 113 6.3.1 Beneficial/Positive impacts at all phases of the proposed project ...... 114 6.3.1.1 Employment Opportunities ...... 114 6.3.1.2 Enhanced Social Interaction ...... 114 6.3.1.3 Boost to Industrial Activities ...... 115 6.3.1.4 Improved Transport System, Accessibility and Communication ...... 115 6.3.1.5 Enhancement of Rural Economy (Agriculture and Trade) ...... 115 6.3.1.6 Reduction in Length and Travel Time from Origin to Destination ...... 116 6.3.1.7 Potential to Improve Drainage and its Environmental Benefits ...... 116 6.3.1.8 Skills Transfer and Training ...... 116 6.3.1.9 Road Safety ...... 117 6.3.1.10 Reduction in Green House Gases ...... 117 6.3.1.11 Reduction in Fuel Consumption ...... 117 6.3.1.12 Induced impacts of the project ...... 117 6.3.2 Negative impacts at all phases and Mitigation Measures ...... 117 6.3.2.1 Air quality impact ...... 117 6.3.2.2 Noise and Vibration Impact...... 122 6.3.2.3 Impact from generation of solid waste, Spoil disposal and quarry and borrow pits activities ...... 123 6.3.2.4 Land use change and loss of vegetation and biodiversity ...... 125 6.3.2.5 Increased risk of Soil Erosion and Soil pollution ...... 127 6.3.2.6 Disruption in Drainage Pattern ...... 130 6.3.2.7 Water pollution ...... 131 6.3.2.8 Increased Water Demand ...... 132 6.3.2.9 Public and Occupational Health and Safety ...... 133 6.3.2.10 Encroachment of protected area and loss of Biodiversity ...... 135 6.3.2.11 Road congestion or closure ...... 136 6.3.2.12 Displacement of PAPs and Social Dispute ...... 137 6.3.2.13 Loss of water points ...... 138 6.3.2.14 Road/Traffic safety ...... 138 6.3.2.15 Impacts on HIV/AIDS , STDs and COVID-19 ...... 140 vii UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

COVID-19 prevention measures to be implemented ...... 141 6.3.2.16 Impacts on GBV, VAC, SEA ...... 143 6.3.2.17 Chance finds procedures ...... 147 6.3.3 Resettlement Action Plan ...... 147 7 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 163

7.1 GENERAL ...... 163 7.2 “DO NOTHING”/WITHOUT PROJECT ALTERNATIVE ...... 164 7.3 WITH PROJECT ALTERNATIVE ...... 164 7.3.1 Limiting works within the existing carriageway ...... 165 7.3.2 Preference of hillside cut over valley side cut ...... 165 7.3.3 Sourcing of construction materials and location of borrow pits ...... 165 7.3.4 Limiting works within the existing carriageway ...... 165 7.3.5 Preference of local labour over imported labour ...... 166 7.4 ANALYSIS/EVALUATION OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 166 8 ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL MANAGMENT PLAN ...... 167

8.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATION ...... 167 8.2 CESMP AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION PLANS PREPARATION ...... 168 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 169

9.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ...... 169 9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL TRAINING ...... 171 9.3 REPORTING AND DISCLOSURE ...... 172 10 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS ...... 176 11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING COSTS...... 181 12 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 183 13 REFERENCE ...... 185 14 ANNEXES ...... 187

viii UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2-1: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ARTICLES AND STATEMENT...... 16 TABLE 2-2: KEY INSTITUTIONS IN ESIA IMPLEMENTATION AND MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS IN FEEDER ROADS DEVELOPMENT IN RWANDA ...... 22 TABLE 2-3:WORLD BANK PROJECT CATEGORIZATION ...... 25 TABLE 2-4: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN WORLD BANK OP 4.12 AND RWANDA LEGISLATION ...... 29 TABLE 3-1: LENGTH OF SELECTED FEEDER ROADS AND CROSSED SECTORS ...... 35 TABLE 3-2: DETAILS ON SELECTED ROADS AND STRUCTURES TO BE BUILT ...... 43 TABLE 3-3:SUMMARY OF TRAFFIC COUNT SURVEY RESULTS ON FEEDER ROADS IN GAKENKE DISTRICT ...... 43 TABLE 3-4:STRUCTURE OF THE SURVEYED TRAFFIC ...... 44 TABLE 3-5: SUMMARY OF THE GEOMETRIC DESIGN STANDARDS ADOPTED FOR THE PROJECT ...... 45 TABLE 3-6: PROJECT FACILITIES THAT WILL BE USED DURING THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ...... 50 TABLE 3-7: NUMBER AND LOCATION OF DIFFERENT SITES ...... 52 TABLE 3-8: QUANTITY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL ...... 55 TABLE 4-1: SCOPING MATRIX FOR THE PROJECT ...... 57 TABLE 4-2:AMBIENT AIR EMISSION LIMITS ...... 62 TABLE 4-3: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY TOLERANCE LIMITS ...... 63 TABLE 4-4: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN RESPECT OF NOISE ...... 65 TABLE 4-5: NOISE LEVELS DURING CONSTRUCTION, DB (A) ...... 65 TABLE 4-6: NOISE DUE TO CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY ...... 66 TABLE 4-7: WATER BODIES ALONG SELECTED FEEDER ROADS ...... 69 TABLE 4-8: SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION IN RWANDA ...... 72 TABLE 4-9: TOLERANCE LIMITS FOR DISCHARGED DOMESTIC WASTEWATER ...... 73 TABLE 4-10: DOMINANT TREES AND SHRUBS ALONG THE INDICATIVE FEEDER ROADS ...... 74 TABLE 4-11: TREES ALONG SELECTED FEEDER WITHIN THE ROAD CORRIDOR ...... 75 TABLE 4-13: POPULATION IN GAKENKE DISTRICT ...... 76 TABLE 4-14: NUMBER OF PAPS PER SECTOR CROSSED BY SELECTED FEEDER ROADS ...... 78 TABLE 4-15: SEX OF PAPS IN THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYED ...... 79 TABLE 4-16: AGE OF THE PAPS OF HOUSEHOLD SURVEYED ...... 79 TABLE 4-17: LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF RESPONDENTS ...... 80 TABLE 4-18: FAMILY SIZE OF THE HOUSEHOLDS ...... 81 TABLE 4-19: MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS IN HOUSEHOLD SURVEYED ...... 81 TABLE 4-20: VULNERABILITY IN THE PAPS ...... 81 TABLE 4-21: CROP PRODUCTION IN GAKENKE DISTRICT ...... 83 TABLE 4-22: MARKETED CROP PRODUCTION IN GAKENKE DISTRICT FOR 2015 A AND B SEASONS ...... 84 TABLE 4-23: NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK IN THE FAMILY ...... 85 TABLE 4-24: NO. OF SCHOOLS, HHEALTH AND COMMERCIAL CENTERS, CCHURCHES, MARKETS AND PUBLIC OFFICES BY ROAD ...... 86 TABLE 4-25: EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF PAPS ...... 87 TABLE 4-26: NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK IN THE FAMILY ...... 88 TABLE 4-27: ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND SOURCE OF INCOME AMONG THE PAPS ...... 89 TABLE 4-28: HOUSING CONDITIONS ...... 90 TABLE 4-29: CONVENIENCES IN THE SURVEYED HOUSEHOLD AND THEIR CONDITIONS ...... 90 TABLE 4-30: DETAILS OF HOUSE ON ROAD SIDE ...... 91 TABLE 4-31: LAND ACQUISITION FOR ROAD WIDENING ...... 91 TABLE 4-32: LOSS OF OTHER STRUCTURES ...... 92 TABLE 4-33: LOSS OF CROPS AND TREES ...... 92 TABLE 4-34: SUMMARY OF LOSSES ...... 93 TABLE 5-1: ZONE OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING AND CORRESPONDING ATTENDANCE...... 97 TABLE 5-2: AUTHORITIES CONSULTED IN GAKENKE DISTRICT ...... 98 TABLE 5-3: DETAILS ABOUT CONSULTED CHURCH LEADERS ...... 99 TABLE 5-4: DETAILS ABOUT CONSULTED COOPERATIVE LEADERS ...... 100

ix UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

TABLE 5-5: SUMMARY OF FEEDER ROADS’ PUBLIC CONSULTATION IN GAKENKE DISTRICT ...... 101 TABLE 5-6: SAMPLE OF CONCERNS AND QUESTIONS ROSE DURING PUBLIC CONSULTATION IN GAKENKE DISTRICT ...... 102 TABLE 6-1 SYNTHESIS OF ENVIRONMENT IMPACT MATRIX ...... 109 TABLE 6-2: IMPACT SEVERITY ANALYSIS ...... 113 TABLE 6-3: VEHICLES EMISSION FACTORS ...... 118 TABLE 6-4: EMISSION DURING CONSTRUCTION (12 MONTHS) ...... 119 TABLE 6-5: LAND ACQUISITION FOR ROAD WIDENING ...... 126 TABLE 6-6: ESMP DURING PROJECT PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION PHASES ...... 149 TABLE 9-1: ENVIRONNEMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 173

LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1-1: MAP OF RWANDA SHOWING THE LOCATION OF GAKENKE DISTRICT ...... 1 FIGURE 2-1: EIA PROCEDURE IN RWANDA ...... 22 FIGURE 3-1: ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF GAKENKE DISTRICT SHOWING DIFFERENT SECTORS ...... 33 FIGURE 3-2: DISTRICT MAP WITH PROPOSED FEEDER ROADS ...... 33 FIGURE 3-3: KFR1: BURANGA- KAMUBUGA- RUTAHO- BASE TOPOGRAPHY AND LOCATION MAPS (50 KM) ...... 38 FIGURE 3-4: GKFR3: GASHENYI- KARAMBO- KINONI TOPOGRAPHY AND LOCATION MAPS (11 KM) ...... 40 FIGURE 3-5: GKFR10: RUHANGA- BIZIBA TOPOGRAPHY AND LOCATION MAPS(8 KM) ...... 42 FIGURE 3-6: DESIGN OF THE ROAD SECTION ...... 46 FIGURE 3-7: DESIGN OF THE CROSS SECTION FOR EARTH AND MASONRY DITCHES ...... 46 FIGURE 3-8: CHICO‘S CAMPSITE MAP ...... 49 FIGURE 3-9: FAIR CONSTRUCTION CAMPSITE MAP ...... 50 FIGURE 3-10: TYPICAL SITE LOCATION OF BORROW PITS ...... 53 FIGURE 3-11: SOME PROPOSED BORROW PITS AND DUMPING SITES LOCATION MAPS ALONG FR1...... 54 FIGURE 4-1:MAP SHOWING THE ALTITUDE OF THE FEEDER ROADS PROJECT AREA IN GAKENKE DISTRICT ...... 59 FIGURE 4-2:RWANDA HISTORICAL AVERAGE RAINFALL 1982-2011 ...... 60 FIGURE 4-3: MAP SHOWING THE TOPOGRAPHY OF GAKENKE FEEDER ROADS AND SUSCEPTIBBILTY TO LANDSLIDE ...... 67 FIGURE 4-4: SELECTED FEEDER ROADS WITH BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ...... 71 FIGURE 6-1 : METHODOLOGY OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 107 FIGURE 6-2: FLOW CHART FOR GBV VAC, SEA AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT (SH) REDRESS MECHANISM IN FRDP ...... 146 FIGURE 10-1: THE GRIEVANCE REDRESSES MECHANISM STRUCTURE ...... 180

LIST OF PHOTOS PHOTO 3-1: TYPICAL FR1 ALIGNMENT FEATURES ...... 39 PHOTO 3-2: TYPICAL FR3 ALIGNMENT FEATURES ...... 41 PHOTO 3-3: TYPICAL FR 10 ALIGNMENT FEATURES ...... 42 PHOTO 3-4: TRADING CENTERS CROSSED BY THE FEEDER ROADS ...... 47 PHOTO 3-5: PROJECT CAMPSITE FOR CHICO UNDER CONSTRUCTION ...... 49 PHOTO 4-1: TYPE OF SOIL ON A PROPOSED BORROW PIT ...... 61 PHOTO 5-1: CONSULTATION MEETING WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY TO EXPLAIN THE PROJECT ...... 104 PHOTO 5-2: CONTRACTOR PARTICIPATION IN GRCS TRAINING SESSION BY RTDA ...... 104 PHOTO 10-1:ELECTION OF GRC IN GAKENKE ...... 181 PHOTO 10-2: TRAINING OF GRC IN GAKENKE DISTRICT ...... 181

x UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

LIST OF ANNEXES ANNEX 1: TOLERANCE LIMITS FOR DISCHARGED OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER ...... 187 ANNEX 2: PERMISSIBLE LIMITS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER DISCHARGE ...... 187 ANNEX 3: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY TOLERANCE LIMITS...... 187 ANNEX 4: NOISE EXPOSURE LIMITS ...... 187 ANNEX 5: MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED NOISE DOSE-EXPOSURE LEVEL ...... 187 ANNEX 6: PERMISSIBLE LIMITS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER DISCHARGE ...... 187 ANNEX 7: PRIORITIZATION MATRIX FOR THE INDICATIVE FEEDER ROADS ...... 187 ANNEX 8: INTERIM CHECKLIST - REVIEW OF E&S IMPLEMENTATION IN T&I BANK-FINANCED WORKS CONTRACTS...... 187 ANNEX 9: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF HOUSEHOLDS ...... 187 ANNEX 10:MINUTES OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 187 ANNEX 11: ATTENDANCE LISTS FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 187 ANNEX 12: TYPICAL PICTURES TAKEN DURING VARIOUS CONSULTATION ...... 187 ANNEX 13: CHANCE FINDS PROCEDURE ...... 187

xi UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

ACRONYMS

AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BP : Bank Procedure CBD : Convention on Biological Diversity CEA : Cumulative Effect Assessment CHICO : China Henan International Cooperation DBST : Double Bituminous Surface Treatment DC1 : Districts roads class 1 DC2 : Districts roads class 2 DPR : Detailed Project Report DPs : Displaced Persons EA : Environnemental Assessment EA : Environmental Assessment EDPRS : Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EIA : Environnemental Impact Assessment EMP : Environnemental Management Plan EMP : Environnemental Management Plans ESIA : Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP : Environmental and Social Management Plan FS : Feasibility Studies GBV : Gender Based Violence GDP : Gross Domestic Product GOR : Government of Rwanda HH : Household HIV : Human Immune Deficiency Virous IDA : International Development Association

xii UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 IEC : Information Education Campaign IEE : Initial Environmental Evaluation IL : Impact Level IWRM : Integrated Water resources Management LCV : Light Commercial Vehicle LHS : Left Hand Side MASL : Mean Sea Above Level MDG : Millennium Development Goals MINAGRI : Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources MINALOC : Ministry of Local Government MININFRA : Ministry of Infrastructure MINIRENA : Ministry of Natural Resources NAP : National Action Plan NAPA : National Plan of Action NBSAP : National Bio-diversity Strategy and Action Plan NCC : National Consultative Committee NFP : National Forest Policy NGOs : Non-Governmental Organizations NMT : Non-Motorized Transport NMVs : Non-Motorized Vehicles NR : National Road NWP : National Water Policy OP : Operation Policy PAPs : Project Affected Persons PAPs : Project Affected People PCRMP : Physical Cultural Resources Management Plan PCT : Project Compliance Team PPE : Personal Protective Equipment QA : Quality Assurance

xiii UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 RAP : Resettlement Action Plan RDB : Rwanda Development Board REMA : Rwanda Environment Management Authority RNRA : Rwanda Natural Resource Authority ROW : Right of Way RSB : Rwanda Standard Board RTDA : Rwanda Transport Development Agency SACCO : Savings and credit cooperatives SEA : Sexual Exploitation Abuse STDs : Sexually Transmitted Diseases TSP : Total Suspended Particles VAC : Violence Against Children WB : World Bank

xiv UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the project

th Rwanda, the World's 149 largest Country, has an area of 26,338 square kilometers (10,169 sq. mi). Rwanda has four provinces (East, West, North and South) and Kigali city. Rwanda’s Vision 2020 and its medium-term development strategy National Strategy Transformation (NST1) seeks to encourage a market-oriented production and to encourage diversification to non-traditional crops of high potential for exports, as well as food security and import substitution. This is to be accomplished by investing in rural infrastructure and increasing agricultural productivity. This strategy identifies improving District roads as a catalyst for rural development. Further, agricultural initiatives stress the need to develop agricultural marketing roads to reduce both postharvest loss and the price of delivering agricultural inputs in the project areas. Gakenke District is one of the five Districts that make the Northern Province Northern Province, and it is located in the south western part of this Province with a surface area of 704.06 Km2. The District has 19 Sectors, which are Busengo, Coko, Cyabingo, Gakenke, Gashenyi, Janja, Kamubuga, Karambo, Kivuruga, Mataba, Minazi, Mugunga, Muhondo, Muyongwe, Muzo, Nemba, Ruli, Rusasa and Rushashi. Gakenke District is about 25 km from the Capital City of Kigali, and it can be approached from Kigali via National Road RN-4. Figure 1-1 indicates the location of Gakenke District within the map of Rwanda.

Figure 1-1: Map of Rwanda showing the location of Gakenke District

1 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

The Gakenke District has a population of 338,234 inhabitants2 of which 53%are female and 47%are male. More than a half (53%) of the population is composed of female individuals and the majority of the population is young, with about 83% still under 40 years of age. It is the second least densely populated district in the Northern Province and sixteenth least densely populated district in Rwanda among thirty districts in total. The population density accounts for 480inhab/sq.km, ranking the District fifteenth highest country-wide; density is 16% higher than the national average (415 inhab/sq.km) but9% lower than the Northern Province average (527 inhab/sq.km). The population growth is expected to decrease, from 2.4% in 2012 down to 1.9% in 2032. The District is prevalently rural, the urban population accounted only for 2.7% of the total District population in 2012. The road network in in the District is in poor conditions. The implementation of the project will improve the existing infrastructure in rural areas, which will boost the connectivity and transfer of goods and people from one place to another in less time. The improved feeder roads will contribute towards the GDP of the project area and the country in general. The project will also pave the way for systematic improvement and continued investment in Gakenke District. The Government of Rwanda (GoR), through the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI), has launched the Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project (FRDP) in order to reduce post-harvest loss and the high transport price in the project areas by developing roads that improve agricultural marketing in the area. The FRDP has initially received funding from IDA of the World Bank to rehabilitate, upgrade and maintain 500 km of indicative feeder roads in four Districts, namely Rwamagana, Gisagara, Karongi and Nyamasheke. Under the same project, the Government of Rwanda applied for additional financing for the rehabilitation of 1200 km of feeder roads in other six Districts: Nyagatare, Gatsibo, Nyaruguru, Gakenke, Nyabihu and Rutsiro. The total road network in the project area is estimated at 219.90 km which are in poor condition. All indicative feeder roads are dirt roads and their rehabilitation and up grading will change the road cover from dirt to gravel. The implementation of FRDP will improve the consumer access to safe and affordable food and enhance producers’ access to markets, especially in areas with high agricultural potential through improvement of indicative feeder roads. In Gakenke District, out of the 14 feeder roads in the district, the MINAGRI through FRDP has prepared the feasibility report for the first three priority selected feeder roads with 69Km for rehabilitation, upgrading and multi years maintenance. The selected three feeder roads are: FR1 (Buranga- Kamubuga- Rutabo-Base:50 Km), FR3 (Gashenyi- Karambo- Kinoni: 11Km), and FR10 (Ruhanga- Biziba: 8Km). To implement this project, the GoR through Rwanda Transport Development Agency (RTDA), contracted with CHICO and FAIR Construction Ltd to update the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of the three (3) selected feeder roads in Gakenke district. The implementation of the proposed feeder road project will improve the existing infrastructure in rural areas, which will boost the connectivity and transfer of goods and people from one place to another in less time. The improved feeder roads will contribute towards the GDP of the project area and the country in general. The project will also pave the way for systematic improvement and continued investment in Gakenke District.

2 Rwanda 4th Population and Housing Census, 2012 (NISR) 2 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

The major activities associated with the indicative feeder roads in Gakenke District include rehabilitation /upgrading of carriageway pavement with a standardized width, bridges, and drainage work as well as maintenance of rehabilitated infrastructures. The requirements of construction material have been identified along with the quarry and borrow sites. This rehabilitation of the feeder roads requires the preparation of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment/ Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) (ESIA/ESMP) to ensure that the planned activities are implemented in environmentally friendly and socially acceptable with in full compliance with Rwanda’s and the World Bank’s environmental and social policies and regulation. ESIA is a systematic, reproducible and multilevel process of identification, prediction and analysis of significant environmental impacts (positive or negative) of a proposed project or activity and its practical alternatives on the physical, biological, cultural and socio-economic characteristics of a particular geographic area in order to provide information necessary for enhancing decision making. ESIA is used to prevent and mitigate adverse impacts, enhance positive impacts, and assist the rational use of resources, hence maximizing the benefit of socio-economic development projects and ensuring sustainable development. ESIA assists in determining whether a proposed project is ecologically viable and facilitates decision-making on its authorisation and certification. During the feasibility study of the indicative feeder roads in new six districts mentioned above the ESIA/ESMP were prepared in 2018. However, due to the changes in project design that considers only three roads of 3 lots, change in implementing institutional arrangement, etc. this ESIA/ESMP update is necessitated and therefore centered on these three lots. This updated ESIA/ESMP is therefore focused the findings of the two lots in Gakenke District. Updating the ESIA is the responsibility of the contractors, and the updated ESIA should be cleared by the World Bank before commencement of any Civil works. 1.2 Objectives of the ESIA The main objective of this assessment study is to carry out an update of a comprehensive Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the proposed sixty-nine kilometers (69km, 3lots) in Gakenke District. This study should identify environmental and social impacts associated with the Rehabilitation, Upgrading and Multi-Year Maintenance works and other ancillary activities such as access road, campsites, borrow pits and dumping sites. Therefore, the study will develop the appropriate mitigation measures for each identified negative impacts to ensure that the construction activities under this proposed feeder road project is environmentally sound and contributes to the development of environmental assets. It is also expected to provide a means whereby the overall environmental performance of this project can be enhanced through attaining the below specific objectives. These are:  describe the bio-physical and socio-economic baseline condition of the proposed feeder road project.  identification and evaluation of the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the feeder roads rehabilitation projects in Gakenke District implementation and subsequent operation.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

 the adoption of measures and mechanisms for their incorporation in the project to enhance beneficial impacts and to avoid, minimize or offset adverse impacts.  develop an environmental and social management and monitoring plan to provide guidance and means for monitoring the implementation of environmental and social management measures and provide guidance; and  produce reports in the format and level that meets the EIA guidelines, policies, and regulation of Government of Rwanda (GoR) and the safeguards operation policies (Ops) of the World Bank (WB). 1.3 Scope of the Study The scope of the present study is developing an updated ESIA for the implementation of the selected three feeder roads (FR1 FR3 & FR10) in Gakenke District. The updated ESIA will therefore provide an environmental, social, health and safety safeguards guidance to ensure that the overall implementation of the feeder roads rehabilitation and upgrading activities are environmentally friendly, socio-economically sustainable and comply with the country’s regulations and the World Bank’s environmental and social policies. The study will therefore review key country policies, legal, and institutional framework, and the W.B OP as well as international environmental conventions and protocols ratified by Rwanda relevant for this ESIA Study. In addition, the study will provide an updated description of the biophysical and socio-economic environment of the project area with a focus on some critical areas like wetlands, marshlands, swamps, cultural and heritages sites, graveyards, natural forests, critical areas, which have to be considered and protected during the overall project implementation. A description of planned rehabilitation and upgrading activities will be also performed, the impacts that they are likely to have on biophysical and socioeconomic features within and beyond the project area as well as mitigation measures to be implemented in order to prevent or/and attenuate negative impacts at all stages of the project. An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) will be developed towards the end of the study summarizing and encompassing all identified impacts associated to different project activities, corresponding mitigation measures as well as their implementation and monitoring responsibilities. Finally, a conclusion and recommendations will be suggested from the study. 1.4 Approach and Methodology Road projects will create a range of direct and indirect impacts on physical, biological, and human environment. Understanding the environmental and social settings and environmental and social risk, issues and constraints along the proposed feeder road alignment is essential for the design of road projects. The methodology adopted for the environmental studies is summarized below. The methodology meets the requirements of the GoR EIA guideline and the WB operational policies and guideline. Different techniques were used to collect data required for this study and these include a comprehensive literature review, field visits and direct site observations, surveys, and interview with key concerned respondents. The details of methodology used by the consultant consisted of the following: 4 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 a) Scoping: A scoping exercise has been carried out to identify and highlight the key issues and impacts likely to occur during the construction and operation and maintenance phases of the project under consideration. The effort has focused on the most important aspects of impact identification. b) Literature review: Review of documentation on policies, laws, regulations, and guidelines related to environmental management, business sector, waste management, land use, EIA process, etc. at the National level as well as the international levels has been done. c) Interviews: Interviewed people (community members, affected person, vulnerable groups, youths and women, ) living in the project area; farmers’ organizations, church leaders, private sector federation, project personnel and experts, officials and experts from various local governmental institutions in order to determine the perceived benefits of the project and the likely negative impacts on the environment and society as a whole. d) Site visit: during site visits, direct observation of biophysical and socio-economic features of the project area has been performed. Photos have been taken for showing the existing situation of the project. e) Stakeholders’ consultations: consulted stakeholders included the Authority (REMA & RDB) and PAPs (local people living in the project area). The study was conducted in such a manner and procedure that it fulfils the requirements of Government of Rwanda and the World Bank's environmental and social appraisal procedures.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

2 LEGAL, POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK This chapter describes the relevant policies and strategies, legal instruments, institutional arrangement, and international framework applicable to rehabilitation and/or construction of feeder roads in different districts of Rwanda. It summarizes the National Laws and de- scribes the procedure for obtaining environmental permits to allow project implementation. In August 2018, Rwanda adopted a legal framework in accordance with its National Policy on Environment, the new Environmental Law n° 48/2018 of 13/08/2018 determining the modalities of protection, conservation, and promotion of environment in Rwanda. Ministerial order no 001/2018 of 15/04/2019 that list the projects that must undergo Environmental Impact Assessment prior to its commencement and where possible surpass legal stipulations/obligations in order to minimize or avoid negative impacts on the existing environmental status. This applies to programmes and policies that may affect the environment. An order of the Minister having environment in his or her attributions shall determine the list of projects mentioned in this organic law”. More specifically, ESIA must be carried out for large scale infrastructure projects, such as the proposed project of Rehabilitation, Upgrading and Multi-Year Maintenance Works of Selected Feeder Roads (69Km, 2 Lots), and must outline the costs and benefits of the protection of related ecosystems. The ESIA must be submitted to the Rwanda Development Board (RDB). The Environmental Compliance and Cleaner Production Unit within RDB provides advice on EIA. 2.1 The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda 2003 As the supreme law of the country, the constitution of the Republic of Rwanda stipulates that the state shall protect important natural resources, including land, water, air, wetlands, minerals, oil, fauna and flora on behalf of the people of Rwanda. This constitution entrusts the government with the duty of ensuring that Rwandese enjoy a clean and healthy environment. Among other articles related to environments are:  Article 22: Right to a clean environment: Everyone has the right to live in a clean and healthy environment.  Article 53 states that everyone has the duty to protect safeguard and promote the environment. The State ensures the protection of the environment. A law determines modalities for protecting, conserving, and promoting the environment.  Article 34: Right to private property: Everyone has the right to private property, whether individually or collectively owned. Private property, whether owned individually or collectively, is inviolable. The right to property shall not be encroached upon except in public interest and in accordance with the provisions of the law.  Article 35: Private ownership of land and other rights related to land are granted by the State. A law determines modalities of concession, transfer and use of land. 2.2 Vision 2020 for Rwanda One of the pillars of vision 2020 for the Republic of Rwanda is environmental protection and management. By 2020, the Government of the Republic of Rwanda envisages to have built a nation where stress on natural resources mainly land, water, forestry, biodiversity will have reasonably been decreased and the pollution process and environmental degradation reversed. It is further stipulated

6 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 that; the management and protection of these natural resources be given more attention in order to preserve and conserve for the future generations. To achieve the objectives of Vision 2020, the Republic of Rwanda will ensure:  The environment issue is integrated into all education, sensitization, and development policies and programs as well as in all decision-making processes.  The promotion of grassroots’ communities’ participation with more involvement of women and the youth in environment protection and management.  that the precaution principle is set up to alleviate negative effects of socio-economic activities to our environment.  A diversification of energy sources that will be made available to the population to decrease pressure on biomass.  That the “polluter-pays” principle as well as preventive and penal measures are set up to safeguard the environment.  That a study on environmental impact be conducted for any development project and programme.  The planning of industrial sites establishment and control of their effects on environment and the population.  The promotion of more environment friendly transport, stocking and industrial products and waste elimination technologies.  Regulations relating to mine exploitation and mine discharge treatment are applied.  Rehabilitation of former quarry sites.  That the Bureau of Standards for local and imported products is strengthened.  a Statistic database on natural resources and environment and a quick alert system to mitigate anticipate natural disasters are set up and that a scheme for victims of a natural calamity is created; and  That Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) is set up and supported.  The cooperation with other countries and international institutions in the area of environment protection and management 2.3 Policy Framework for Rwanda 2.3.1 National Policy on Environment for Rwanda The National Environment Policy was adopted by the Cabinet in November 2003. This policy aims at the following:  To enable the country to strike a dynamic balance between population and re- sources while complying with the balance of ecosystems.  To contribute to sustainable and harmonious socio-economic development such that, both in rural and urban areas, men and women may realize their development and well-being in a sound and enjoyable environment; and  To protect, conserve and develop natural environment. This policy therefore pursues to achieve its overall objective of the improvement of human wellbeing, the judicious utilization of natural resources and the protection and rational management of

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 ecosystems for a sustainable and fair development through improved health and quality of life for every citizen and promotion of sustainable socio-economic development through a rational management and utilization of resources and environment, integrating environmental aspects into all the development policies, planning and in all activities carried out at the national, provincial and local level, with the full participation of the population, conservation, preserve and restoration of ecosystems and maintenance of ecological and systems functions. This policy also seeks to integrate environmental sustainability principles into all development processes, programmes and projects. For roads, the nature of the terrain in Rwanda makes environmental issues (e.g. water runoff and landslides), the main threats to sustainable road maintenance. The terrain and the settlement patterns also indicate that roads which are the most common mode of transport could be a potentially dangerous development, unless environmental and social considerations of human safety, risk of losses, are prior anticipated, identified, analyzed and integrated into the project de- sign and implementation The key principles mentioned among others that:  It is every person’s right to live in a safe and stable environment, but on the other hand, they must keep it healthy.  The national economic growth must be based on rational use of resources and consider account environmental dimensions.  Active and effective participation of the whole population for environment protection and management.  A special emphasis must be laid on environmental education and sensitization program at all levels with more involvement of women and the youth.  Environmental impacts are to be analyzed while conducting studies of development projects.  Further, the policy proposes the elaboration or updating of master plans and special planning in urban areas with regard to population and land development aspects. In natural resources management (including land and water), the policy proposes:  Ensure the preservation and protection of soils against any form of degradation.  Ensure that a prior study of environmental impact which underlines costs and benefits from slopes and underlying ecosystems protection is conducted for any development projects  Encourage programs of rainwater collection, stocking, and use.  The policy also proposes the following in regard to biodiversity, forests, wetlands management and other natural reserves and or ecosystems:  Set up protection measures for slopes to avoid degradation of swamps.  Promote the rehabilitation of ecosystems under degradation and restoring endangered species.  On the issue of environmental education, information and research, the policy proposes among others to reinforce the human and institutional capacity building with regard to environment and to sensitize the population to protect the environment.  On health and sanitation, the policy proposes among others:  Set up a system of waste collection, transport, disposal, and elimination.  Establish norms of zone protection between dumps, human buildings, and water sources.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

 Set up an appropriate canal and evacuation system for waste waters and rainwater in towns and resettlement sites “Umudugudu”.  The National Policy on Environment for Rwanda harmonizes other policies like on agriculture, energy. The policy further proposes that the Central Government will be concerned with conservation and protection policies while tourism and environmental management will be transferred to the District and Kigali City levels. This underscores the importance of EIA in road projects. This policy provides a frame- work for the reconciliation of the three pillars of sustainable development, namely environment, social and economic issues. Rwanda environment policy also advocates to ensure compliance with environment in all transport and communications activities which includes the following:  To ensure that land, lake, and air transport regulations minimize pollution.  To prevent air and soil pollution by emissions of gases and heavy metals from transport equipment.  To ensure the protection of areas bordering roads; and  To protect the population against noise nuisances and dangers from air, lake, and land transport. 2.3.2 National Land Policy In the past, apart from a few scattered land regulations, most of which date back to the colonial period, Rwanda has never had a proper land policy nor has it ever had a land law, a situation that enhances the existing duality between the very restrictive written law and the widely practiced customary law, giving rise to insecurity, instability and precariousness of land tenure. The Rwandan Government, therefore, found it compelling and necessary to establish a national land policy that would guarantee a safe and stable form of land tenure, and bring about a rational and planned use of land while ensuring sound land management and an efficient land administration. Currently, the land tenure system in Rwanda operates in a dual legal system:  The customary law, which governs almost all the rural land and promotes the excessive parceling out of plots through the successive father-to-son inheritance system.  The written law, which mostly governs land in urban districts and some rural lands managed by churches and other natural and legal persons. This law confers several land tenures rights to individuals such as land tenancy, long term lease and title deeds. On the whole, Rwanda’s land tenure system requires comprehensive reforms, from the elaboration of a national land policy to the establishment of a land law and land code, which will guide the judicious use and management of the land resource for the economy to be able to take off in such a way that our country is freed from the grips of poverty. National land policy was adopted in February 2004. This policy provides register and transfer of land and possibility of investments in land. It also highlights key principle of land use and land management. The policy advocates the protection of green areas, marshy land, valley, and protected areas in Rwanda. These protected areas are classified as such because of their multiple roles, namely ecological, economic, cultural, and social. The main objective of their preservation was the conservation of different species and different habitats of biodiversity for educational, touristic and 9 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 research purposes. These areas have been affected by various changes, one of which is the spatial reduction due to the resettlement of the population. For road scheme development, the implications of this policy relate to resettlement and compensation; assessing the suitability of particular areas for road infrastructure; and the influence of infrastructure development on the changing value and use of land In the perspective of the harmonious and sustainable development, the overall objective of the national land policy of Rwanda is to establish a land tenure system that guarantees tenure security for all Rwandans and give guidance to the necessary land reforms with a view to good management and rational use of national land resources. The policy introduces the consideration of master plans for use and sound management of land resources. The policy also provides development of land use plans based on suitability of the areas/lands thus distinguishing the different categories of land and their purpose. 2.3.3 National Transportation Policy The National Transport Policy was approved in December 2008. This policy takes into account the action plan of the Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy and cross-cutting issues such as HIV/AIDS, gender mainstreaming, socio-economic and environment. The transport infrastructure sector must be effective to facilitate the other socio-economic sectors and thus stimulate the growth for achievement of the objectives of Vision 2050. This policy highlights the main objective of the road sub-sector in Rwanda as to Maintain, Rehabilitate and Develop the National Road Network, which is responsible for more than 80% of human and goods traffic in the country. The policy’s strategies to meet these objectives are: a) Expanding and improving Rwanda’s road infrastructure, protecting existing capital investments, and improving road safety. b) Establishing an appropriate institutional framework for the accelerated development of the road sub sector. c) Financing road maintenance works through multi-year maintenance contracts, renewable under performance evaluation. d) Encouraging community participation in road maintenance through the district development committees. e) Improving the ability and quality of local road infrastructure, thereby enabling the rural community to market its crops; and f) Creating an environment conducive to the encouragement of Private Sector participation in rehabilitating, maintaining, and developing road infrastructure. Accordingly, a Road Maintenance Fund was established to provide adequate, reliable financing for road maintenance activities; and a Road Maintenance Strategy was formulated to guide the process. The mission of the transport sector is to strengthen the institutional framework and capacity of transport institutions and stakeholders in the planning and management of the sector. The objectives are to:  Reduce and control transport costs  Assure the quality and durability of the rural, urban, and international transport network

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

 Improve safety for goods and passengers on the principle modes of transport  Increase mobility of the population in order to improve access to essential services, education, and employment  Establish a system to ensure sustainable financing of road maintenance  Facilitate access to cost effective transport services 2.3.4 Integrated Water Resources Management Policy of 2011 This policy aims at fair and sustainable access to water, improvement of the management of water resources among others through reforestation and afforestation of hillsides and water catchments areas. There is need to harmonize this policy with other policies like agriculture and mining policies by specifying the distances vis-à-vis other economic activities like marshland development. The policy also needs to adopt a holistic approach to the management of water resources and integrate other polices related to it including the forest, wetlands, agriculture, infrastructure development along water bodies and land use. 2.3.5 Environmental Health Policy The Environmental Health Policy is articulated on four following priority programs:  Environmental education: This policy provides the way to improve hygienic and sanitary conditions in urban and rural areas.  Promotion of food security and water: Food security and water issues constitute the basic problems in many areas particularly in restaurants, bars, and public places. Environmental health officers will be in charge of monitoring and follow through the inspection of water and food quality. The inspection and monitoring will be conducted in all areas where water and food are stored for human consumption.  Compliance with safety and environmental standards in construction activities: Environmental health officers will be involved in the application of plans and layouts of buildings particularly the sanitation facilities designs.  Promotion of efficient management of solid and wastewater: Environmental health officers in collaboration with learning institutions will propose efficient and cost benefit technologies for solid waste and wastewater in communities, families, and enterprises. This will contribute to avoid pollution and achieve sustainable development. The selection criteria for these technologies are their accessibility, the affordability for people to acquire them and their ability to reduce the contamination and pollution of water, food, air, and the environment in general. The implementation of this project will comply with safety, environmental education and environmental standards in construction activities and efficient management of solid and wastewater. 2.3.6 Mining Policy, 2010 The policy replaced the one of 2004 covers wider aspects of regulation, institutional and investment framework for the mining industry, value addition and capacity building strategies as well as providing a clear plan of action to support the sub sector’s growth. The mining policy covers not only the mineral extraction, processing, and export, but also the quarrying, production of construction materials and extraction and processing of semi-precious stones.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

2.3.7 National sanitation policy The National Sanitation policy of 2016 recognizes that Rwanda’s economic growth and poverty reduction goals are hampered by a lack of improved sanitary facilities as well as limited service provision for excreta disposal, management of solid and liquid wastes, combined with inadequate hygienic practices and storm water risks. To increase sanitation coverage, Rwanda can build on some valuable scalable sanitary achievements. Most Rwandan households have already financed and built their waterless sanitary facilities and adhere to basic principles regarding garbage disposal and recycling (composting). The decentralization process provides an adequate framework for community participation and sensitization. Modern sanitation service provision, solid waste and storm water management require efficient institutional capacities and somewhat costly infrastructure. Investments with high economic but low financial return are usually not very attractive for the private sector and may need public finance and/or subsidies. The policy principle is built on the fact that most of the Rwandese population relies on individual sanitation, and specific approaches for both individual and collective services must be considered. Households have demonstrated their willingness and capacity for building their own sanitation facilities in most areas of the country – although many of the facilities do not yet comply with the definition of improved facility. The willingness and sense of responsibility existing among the population is a strong asset that should be acknowledged and supported. A second asset is certainly the dynamic of the Rwandan business sector. 2.3.8 The National Forestry Policy, 2010 The overall goal of this policy is to promote the forestry sector as one of the bedrocks of the economy and national ecological balance for sustainable benefits to all segments of the society. The objectives of the policy include: i. To encourage the participation of the private sector to invest in the forest sector for poverty reduction, employment creation and improvement of livelihood through sustainable use, conservation and management of forests and trees. ii. To contribute to sustainable land use through soil, water and biodiversity conservation, and tree planting through sustainable management of forests and trees. iii. To strengthen the participation of communities and other stakeholders in forest management, to conserve water catchment areas, forest biodiversity and ensure sustainability to the forest sector. iv. To promote farm forestry to produce timber, wood fuel and to supply wood and non-wood forest products; and v. To promote forest research, training, and education to ensure a vibrant forestry sector. The Proposed Project is comprising with different trees along the road alignment, a large area of vegetation and trees will be cleared. Specific aspects of the policy will need to be considered.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

2.3.9 The National Gender Policy, 2010 The Vision of the National Gender Policy is to set the Rwandan society free from all forms of gender- based discrimination and see both men and women participate fully and enjoy equitably from the development processes. The main mission of this policy is to contribute to the elimination of gender inequalities in all sectors of national life, in order to achieve the nation’s goal for sustainable development. The Resettlement activities will involve and affect both men and women in terms of loss of property and both genders are expected to be treated equally thus this policy will be relevant. 2.4 The Government of Rwanda Strategies 2.4.1 National Development Strategy 2 The Vision 2020 document has developed National Development Strategy in year 2000 wherein it is realized that Rwanda shall have a reliable and safe transport network of feeder roads. Hence feeder roads will continue to be extended and improved. Land use management, urban and transport Infrastructure development are considered as important pillar among 6 pillars of vision 2020 and protection of environment and sustainable natural resource management is one of the crosscutting areas of the vision. The other important planning tools are the second Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS-II), the National Investment Strategy, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework. The vision document advocates to the development of economic infrastructure of the country and transport infrastructure in particular. The Government of Rwanda (GoR) developed National Strategies and Action plans for the following:  National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2003,  National Plan of Action (NAPA) for climate change adaptation (2006/7), and  National Action Plan (NAP) for combating desertification. These strategies and action plans reflect national priorities for Environmental Natural Resources (ENR) sector that are online with the Rwanda’s second phase Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS-II) as a medium-term framework for achieving the country’s long term development aspirations as embodied in Rwanda Vision 2020 and the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) priorities. 2.4.2 National Strategy for Transformation (NST1/2017-2024) The National Strategy for Transformation (NST1/2017-2024) which is 7 Government Programme, takes environment and climate change as one of the cross-cutting areas which will be embedded within Sector Strategic Plans and District Development Strategies. In the area of environment and climate change, Rwanda has made significant progress in environment and climate change mainstreaming, as reported in State of Environment Reports (SEORs, 2009 and 2015). The environment is protected by relevant environmental laws and regulations that are captured under the Environmental Organic Law of 2005, as revised to date, and Climate Change has been addressed and informed by cross sectoral strategies, including the Green Growth and Climate Resilient Strategy (GGCRS) and the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

In this regard, focus will be on improving cross sectoral coordination to ensure smooth implementation of environmental policies and regulations. In this regard, critical sectors identified for strengthening include agriculture, urbanization, infrastructure, and land use management. Additional emphasis will be put on strengthening monitoring and evaluation. High impact areas selected include implementation of: Environmental and social Impact Assessments, biodiversity and ecosystem management, pollution, and waste management 2.4.3 National Wetlands Conservation Program The program aims at engaging various government ministries in wetland conservation and ensure a holistic approach to wetland management. Rules governing wetlands in the country were put in place to enhance wetland conservation and enable environmentally adequate management of all development project activities, roads inclusive that may negatively impact wetlands. All wetlands crossed by the roads under study are currently used for agricultural production. 2.4.4 Road Maintenance Strategy The Road Maintenance Strategy of May 2008 emphasizes routine maintenance as a more cost- effective tool of establishing and managing road infrastructure. The strategy aims to: a) Provide a policy framework to guide RTDA and Districts staff in maintenance programming, planning and execution; b) Ensure that investments are made in the development of roads; c) Ensure that infrastructures are safeguarded and allowed to deliver their maximum benefit; and to allow all stakeholders to understand the investment decisions taken by MININFRA. This strategy lays emphasis on building capacity, fostering public-private partnerships and a long- term project cycle involving multi-year contracts management. Environmental management is a key aspect of the Road Maintenance Strategy, as this is critical for cost effective road maintenance and rehabilitation. 2.4.5 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan The first NBSAP for Rwanda has been developed in 2003 and defined the objectives and priorities for the conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity. The revised NBSAP, as a key tool for the implementation of the CBD objectives and its Aichi Targets, has been developed based on national needs and priorities for biodiversity conservation, in response to threats that are facing biological resources at country level. It spells out a range of 5 objectives and 19 national targets that aim to stop biodiversity loss and increase the economic benefits associated with the biological resources utilization and ecosystems‟ services. It defines strategies to address the pressures on national biodiversity and for the integration of biodiversity conservation issues into broader sector policies, strategies, development programs and actions and created more coherence in understanding biodiversity conservation and serve as a reference for the development and updating of biodiversity strategies and actions implemented in other development sectors. Finally, the revised NBSAP reflects the country’s vision for biodiversity and the broad strategic mechanisms that Rwanda will take to fulfil the objectives of the Convention, while the action plan comprises the concrete actions to be taken to achieve the strategy

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

2.5 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 goals the world will use over the next 15 years to end extreme poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and fix climate change. Formed through extensive consultation with all levels of society, the SDGs are a comprehensive development plan to leave no person behind. With the SDGs, Rwandans have the opportunity to act upon their vision for the future. No poverty, zero hunger, good health, gender equality and infrastructure are among 17set goals. 2.6 The Legal Framework 2.6.1 Law N° 70/2013 of 02/09/2013 governing biodiversity in Rwanda Purpose of this Law: This Law determines modalities for management and conservation of biological diversity within Rwanda. 2.6.2 Law N°55/2011 of 14/12/2011 governing roads in Rwanda Purpose of this Law This Law regulates the road network in Rwanda and determines its reserves, classification, and management.  Article 22: Road reserve for national roads, Districts and City of Kigali roads and those of other urban areas  The road reserve for national roads, Districts and City of Kigali roads and those of other urban areas –Class One shall be demarcated by two parallel lines at twenty-two (22m) meters on both sides of the road from the median line.  The road reserve for Districts and City of Kigali roads and those of other urban areas –Class 2, shall be delimited by two parallel lines at twelve (12) meters on both sides of the road from the median line.  Indicative feeder road project is classified as a District road. Article 27: Restrictions within public road reserve The following activities are prohibited on the road reserve for national roads, Districts and City of Kigali roads and those of other urban areas roads:  1° to erect new buildings modify or rehabilitate existing ones.  2° to induce land degradation by using materials that constitute such land.  3° to plant any type of trees without authorization of the authority responsible for the concerned road.  4° to mount any advertising billboard without authorization of the authority responsible for the road depending on its class 2.6.3 Law on Environment No 48/2018 of 13/8/2018 The most relevant legal provisions towards feeder road rehabilitation works are stated in the following chapters and articles:

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

 Chapter IV: Conservation and protection of built environment, specify modalities of wastes management in Article 17, Article 18, Article 19, and Article 20, respectively indicating the way liquid wastes, solid wastes, hazardous and toxic wastes, and electronic wastes; and  Chapter VI: Prohibited Acts and Penalties in Article 42, and Article 46, respectively stating, prohibitions in wetlands and protected areas, and implementing a project without EIA. Statements of articles cited up are presented in the table 2-1 below. 2.6.4 Environmental impact Assessment legislation in Rwanda The Rwandan legislation governing EIA concerns also the construction or rehabilitation of national roads, district roads and repair of large bridges. Some of the roads in Gakenke District will cross water bodies, and the Environmental Organic Law determines discussed in detail below under different Articles: Table 2-1: Environmental law articles and statement Articles/Statements Article 17: Liquid waste management - The collection, transport and disposal of wastewater are conducted in accordance with special regulations and guidelines issued by the competent authority. - Water from the sewage system and any type of liquid waste must be collected in treatment factories for purification and serve thereafter to perform hygiene, sanitation, and developmental activities. Article 18: Solid waste management - No person is authorized to discard solid waste in an inappropriate place. - Solid waste must be sorted, collected, and transported to appropriate destination in accordance with relevant laws. - Solid waste must be disposed of in appropriate landfill or in a waste processing factory for production purposes. Article 42: Prohibitions in wetlands and protected areas Acts prohibited in wetlands and protected areas are as follows: - to dump any solid, liquid waste or hazardous gaseous substances in a stream, river, swamp, pond, lake and in their surroundings - to damage the quality of the surface or underground water - to dump, spill or deposit materials of any nature that may cause or increase water pollution - to dump, make flow any hazardous waste, wastewater, except after treatment in accordance with relevant - to dump, make flow, dispose of, and store any substance in a place where it may cause or facilitate pollution of national water Article 46: Implementing a project without environmental impact assessment clearance

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Articles/Statements Any person who does not carry out environmental impact assessment before launching any project that may have harmful effects on the environment while it is required, is punished by suspension of his/her activities or closure of his/her association and ordered to rehabilitate the damage to environment, persons and property. He/she also pays an administrative fine of two percent (2%) of the total cost of the project. Article 83: It is prohibited to dump in wetlands: 1° wastewater, except after treatment in accordance with instructions that govern it; 2° any hazardous waste before its treatment. Any activity that may damage the quality of water is prohibited. Chapter IV of Rwanda Environmental Organic Law is dedicated to EIA in its articles 67 to 70 as cited below: Article 67: Every project shall be subjected to Environmental Impact Assessment/ Environmental Management Plan, before obtaining authorization for its implementation. This applies to programmes and policies that may affect the environment. An order of the Minister having environment in his/ her attributions shall determine the list of projects mentioned in this organic law Article 68: The environmental impact assessment shall at least indicate the following: a brief description of the project and its variants. a study of direct or indirect projected effects on a place. analysis relating to the initial state of a place. measures envisaged to reduce, prevent, or compensate for the damage. reasons based on in selecting such a place. an explanation of the methods that will be used in monitoring and evaluating the state of the environment before, during the activities of the project, but particularly after completion of the project. an estimation of the cost of the measures recommended to prevent, reduce, or compensate for the negative effects the project may cause on the environment as well as the measures for examining and controlling the status of the environment. An order of the Minister having environment in his or her attributions shall specify the details Of the provisions of this article (Article 69): The Environmental Impact Assessment shall be examined and approved by the Rwanda Environment Management Authority or any other person given a written authorization by the Authority. The promoter pays a levy reduced from the operating cost of his or her project excluding the working capital. This tax is determined by the law establishing the National Fund for the Environment. The EIA shall be carried out at the expense of the promoter Note: REMA used to have the legal authority/ responsibility of overseeing the conduct of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) under Article 69 of the Environmental Organic Law, but since the establishment of the Rwanda Development Board (RDB) in September 2008, the responsibility of 17 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Articles/Statements overseeing the conduct of EIAs was given to RDB under Article 3 of the Organic Law No. 53/2008 of 02/09/2008 establishing RDB and determining its responsibilities, organization and functioning. Article 3 point 11 of the said law states that RDB should facilitate and help investors to meet environmental standards in the execution of their projects. (Article 70): An order of the Minister having environment in his or her attributions establishes and revises the list of planned works, activities and projects, and of which the public administration shall not warrant the certificate, approve or authorize without an environmental impact assessment of the project. The EIA shall describe direct and indirect consequences on the environment. The list of works, activities and projects that have to undertake an Environmental Impact Assessment has also been published under the Ministerial Order No. 004/2008. 2.6.5 Law No. 43/2013 of 16/06/2013 governing land in Rwanda The law entrusts the state with ownership over land including lakes, rivers, natural forests, national parks, swamps, tourist sites, among others. The law calls for inventory of the all swamps and their boundaries the structure of the swamps, their use, how they can be organized. In order for the swamp land to be efficiently managed and exploited, a Minister must give an order having Environment in his or her attributions that shall determine a list of swamps and their boundaries. The law further requires that such a list shall clearly indicate the structure of the swamps, their use, how they can be organized so that they can be beneficial to Rwandan nationals on a sustainable basis. The ministerial order must also certify the modalities of how swamp land shall be managed, organized, and exploited. 2.6.6 Law N° 32/2015 of 11/06/2015 Relating to Expropriation in the Public Interest This Law determines procedures relating to expropriation of land in the public interest. Article 3 of the law stipulates that the government has the authority to carry out expropriation. However, the project at any level which intends to carry out acts of expropriation in public interest, shall provide funds for inventory of affected assets of the person to be expropriated. The law defines the activities or projects that can be classified as public interest and process and requirements for expropriation activities as well as the cost for goods and other infrastructure to be expropriated. The law provides a window for appeal for somebody who is not satisfied by the cost of compensation. The proposed feeder road project will undertake this process for some families to be fully or partially expropriated and other public works and utilities in the project zone. 2.6.7 Law N° 13/2014 of 20/05/2014 on mining and quarry operations Mining and quarry exploitation laws provide the process of acquiring quarries for mining activities, the licensing process, and the environmental consideration in exploiting a quarry. Nevertheless, the quarry component will be conducted by a contractor who will be required to fully respect strictly the process. Actually, an EIA Certificate will be required for each quarry to be exploited in the framework of this project. 18 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

2.6.8 Ministerial Order No 001/2019 of 15/04/2019 establishing the list of Projects that must undergo environmental impact assessment, instructions, requirements and procedures to conduct environmental impact assessment Article 3 talks about the list of works, activities and projects that must undergo a full environmental impact assessment. No public institution is authorized to take a decision, to warrant a certificate, approve or authorize the commencement of a project mentioned in the annexes of this Order without prior environmental impact assessment. The list of works, activities and projects that must undergo a full environmental impact assessment before being granted authorization for their implementation is in Annex I of this Order. The paragraph 11 of this list includes construction and repair of international, national, District roads and repair of large bridges. 2.6.9 Ministerial Order N°004/16.01 of 24/05/2013 determining the list of water pollutants Purpose of this Order: This Order determines the list of water pollutants. A water pollutant is any substance that may contaminate a water body which is directly or indirectly discharged into such a water body and produces harmful effects to aquatic life 2.6.10 Ministerial Order N° 001/16.01 of 03/01/2012 on explosives used in mining, quarrying and infrastructure activities This Order determines the requirements for importing and exporting, manufacturing, transporting, trading, and using explosives and their accessories used in mining and quarrying activities and civil engineering works. Principle of environmental protection and security safeguard Any person who imports or exports, transits, transports, uses, manufactures explosives and their accessories or trades in Rwanda, has the obligation to abide by legislation relating to the environment and security preservation. 2.6.11 Ministerial Order N°003/MINIRENA/2015 of 24/04/2015 determining modalities for application, issuance and use of Mineral and Quarry Licenses This Order determines: 1° modalities for application of mineral license. 2° modalities for the transfer of a mineral license between the holder thereof and third party. 3° modalities for application for the renewal of a mineral license. 4° modalities for application for the grant or renewal of a quarry license. 5° requirements and conditions for transfer of quarry licenses. 6° content of reports and their intervals. 7° non-refundable fee to be paid by an applicant for the grant, transfer, or renewal of mineral or quarry license.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

8° annual fees to be paid by the holder of a mineral or a quarry license for the surface area covered by the license 2.6.12 Ministerial Order N°02 of 17/05/2012 determining conditions for occupational health and safety Purpose of this Order This Order determine the general and specific rules and regulations relating to health and safety at workplace in order to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work and protect them against risks to safety and health arising from work. It also determines the types of works prohibited for pregnant or breastfeeding women. Scope This Order shall apply to workers in formal and informal sectors and self-employed persons. Enterprises may request practical guidance from competent authority when they want to set up regulations on safety and health. 2.6.13 The Law No 59/2008 of 10/09/2008 on prevention and punishment of gender-based violence This Law is aimed at preventing and suppressing the gender- based violence, defined as: Gender Based Violence: any act that result in a bodily, psychological, sexual, and economic harm to somebody just because they are female or male. Such act results in the deprivation of freedom and negative consequences. This violence may be exercised within or outside households them In its article 2, the law states that it is forbidden to use threat of depriving someone of certain rights for the purpose of having them indulge in any gender-based violence act. 2.6.14 The Law N° 66/2018 of 30/08/2018 regulating labour in RWANDA In its article 6 state that It is prohibited to subject a child below the age of eighteen (18) years to any of the following forms of work:  forms of work which are physically harmful to the child.  work with dangerous machinery, equipment, and tools, or which involves the manual handling or transport of heavy loads.  work in an environment which exposes the child to temperatures, noise levels or vibrations damaging to his/her health Article 8: state that Sexual harassment in any form against supervisee is prohibited. 2.6.15 EIA Guidelines for Rwanda, 2006 EIA guidelines serve as a protocol for use by various stakeholders involved in the conduct of environmental impact assessment. Guidance is needed of a more technical nature to streamline the conduct of EIA and appraisal of EIA reports. As such, the establishment of “General Guidelines and Procedures for Environmental Impact Assessment”, which unifies the legal requirements with the practical conduct of EIA, meets a need in the pursuit for sustainable development in Rwanda. EIA is a tool for prevention and control of 20 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 environmental impacts caused by socio-economic development. The “General Guidelines and Procedures for Environmental Impact Assessment” were prepared to contribute to improvement of EIA practice in Rwanda and they aim to serve agencies and individuals taking part in the EIA process. These guidelines were designed to ensure that participants in the EIA process understand their roles and that laws and regulations be interpreted correctly and consistently. Two main principles underlie these general guidelines:  they comply with the legal and institutional frameworks on environmental protection in Rwanda and.  They contribute to improvement of quality and efficiency of EIA process in the country, and as such merge, step by step, with general global trends and practice of conducting EIA. These general guidelines were developed with the aim of providing information necessary when carrying out an environment impact assessment. It should be noted that our team carried out this EIA study under the guidance of these general guidelines. 2.6.16 General EIA Guidelines for Rwanda, 2009 These guidelines were developed by REMA in August 2009 in order to assist projects developers, Contractors and EIA practitioners. An EIA process in Rwanda includes 5 steps: (i) project application and registration, (ii) screening, coping and terms of reference, (iii) EIA study and report, (iv) submission of an EIA report and finally (v) decision making. Figure 2-1 summaries the EIA procedure in Rwanda including timeline in each stage. Screening enables categorization of projects according to their Impact Level (IL) as follows: Category 1: (Impact level IL1): Full EIA not required. Rwanda Development Board (RDB) advises on the appropriate environmental management measures (plan). The Exercise may take 14 days from the day received the project brief; (days may be less or more depending on the nature of the project). Category 2: (Impact level IL2): The proposed projects under this category are screened to determine whether or not a full EIA is needed. In this connection, RDB provides the developer with clear indication of the additional information required. Once this information is received, RDB will determine whether or not a full EIA of the project is needed. Category 3: (Impact level 3): Full EIA is required.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Figure 2-1: EIA Procedure in Rwanda 2.6.17 Sector guidelines for EIS for road development projects in Rwanda The sector-specific Guidelines for the Road construction, rehabilitation and upgrading have been developed by REMA in collaboration with other stakeholders. They recognize the role that the road networks play in Rwanda’s development process and underscore the need to ensure that these developments continue to take place in harmony with environmental aspirations, use and Management of Land legislation in Rwanda. 2.7 Institutional Framework The roads sector is an anchor to social and economic transformation, and for this reason, has spider web-like networks with other sectors, including agriculture, international trade, local governance, education, health; etc. The institutional framework for environmental impact assessment in the feeder roads sector is, therefore, complex. The main institutions involved, and their roles are summarized in Table 2-2 below. Table 2-2: Key Institutions in ESIA implementation and major stakeholders in feeder roads development in Rwanda No Institution / Agency Key interests and responsibilities for feeder roads 1 Rwanda Environment National authority responsible for environmental protection, Management Authority conservation, and promotion. It oversees the implementation (REMA) of EIA guidelines. It is responsible for conducting public hearing during the ESIA process and conducts the project environmental audit during project implementation. 2 Rwanda Development In order to facilitate the investors, RDB has been given the

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

No Institution / Agency Key interests and responsibilities for feeder roads Board (RDB) responsibility of reviewing the ESIA reports, providing environmental compliance certificates to development projects. RDB has cleared the ESIA prepared in the feasibility study of the feeder roads development project and issued Certificate. 3 Rwanda Standards RSB has a mission to provide standards-based solutions for Board (RSB) consumer protection and trade promotion for socio-economic growth in a safe and stable environment in Rwanda. It has developed standards for design and maintenance of feeder roads (RS 267:2015). It has also developed other standards related to the road sector like the standards on ambient air quality and noise levels. 4 Rwanda Mines Board Formulating policies and regulations for land administration (RMB) and land use planning; environmental protection and natural resources utilization, including expropriation. In feeder roads development, a major responsibility is to allow the exploitation of borrow pits and quarries for the required construction materials 5 Ministry of Formulating policies and laws for roads development in the Infrastructures country. It is also responsible for national roads, highways and (MININFRA) bridges and oversees feeder roads development policies. 6 Rwanda Transport Oversees the implementation of the transport policy, Development Agency including management of roads (National roads, District (RTDA) Roads and Feeder Roads), initiating public investment in transport services. It provides technical support to the Districts in the development of feeder roads. 7 Ministry of Environment Formulating policies and regulations for land administration (MoE) and land use planning; environmental protection and natural resources utilization, including expropriation. In feeder roads development, a major responsibility is to allow the exploitation of borrow pits and quarries for the required construction materials. 8 Ministry of Local Formulating national policies and laws on decentralization Government and local governance – Supervising District authorities which (MINALOC). are responsible for feeder roads development. 9 Rwanda Land Land registration and land use planning throughout the Management and Use country. Compensation and resettlement will depend on legal Authority (RLMUA) ownership.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

No Institution / Agency Key interests and responsibilities for feeder roads

10 Rwanda Water and Obtaining relevant authorization that would be required for Forestry Authority using water or forest resources when necessary (RWFA) 11 Rwanda National Police The National police have statutory responsibility for law (RNP) enforcement including ensuring that road traffic laws are observed; and therefore, all roads are constructed in conform to appropriate legislations. They also have to provide security to road construction facilities. RNP will also help to educate local people on road safety. 12 Isange One Stop Centre With its initiative to complement existing efforts to prevent, Rwanda respond to GBV and violence child abuse, it will help in awareness campaigns alongside the feeder roads and or conducting investigation against GBV and VAC crimes in the project area. 13 Gakenke District Gakenke District is responsible for planning and execution of feeder roads construction, rehabilitation, and maintenance projects. For the purpose of PAPs expropriation by FRDP where necessary, Gakenke District will be the “Expropriator” as per the Expropriation Law. They also oversee ESIA study & monitoring of the compliance with environmental and social safeguards. 15 World Bank  Provision of loans and grants financing for road construction.  Clearance of ESIA/ESMP report.  Technical assistance in the implementation of project activities. 16 CHICO and Fair Preparing and implementing the site specific ESMP during Construction LTD construction phase, including employing an environmental and social safeguards expert for the proper ESMP implementation in Gakenke District. 17 Supervision Firm (JV Supervising the proper implementation of site specific ESMP MARISWE with ASTRIK) 2.8 World Bank Safeguard Policies The objective of the World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment during the project development process. In order to avoid adverse negative environmental and social impacts of a proposed feeder road, no road 24 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 contract tender should be launched before a road specific ESIA and RAP based is prepared on final design, the ESMP with the management measures is incorporated in the bidding documents, and every person affected by the works on that section has been relocated and/or properly compensated according to Bank policies. In this regard, this ESIA has been prepared for development of proposed feeder road project in line with the relevant laws of Rwanda and the Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies of the World Bank. Review of the proposed subprojects and a rapid assessment of the project sites located in Nineteen (19) sectors sectors of Gakenke District, among the 10 World Bank Safeguard Policies, it was found that only five of them (OP 4.01, OP 4. 04, OP 4.11, OP 4.12, OP 4.36) are triggered. In addition, the project will apply the General Guidelines under WBG Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines (EHS) to guide the implementation of the ESMP. Safeguard policies provide a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design and are an important instrument for building ownership among local populations (World Bank, 2006). The triggered safeguard policies are presented below and in Table 2-3. 2.8.1 Environmental Assessment (OP /BP/ 4.01) This policy requires Environmental Assessment (EA) of projects proposed for the Bank financing so as to help ensure that the investments made are environmentally sound and sustainable. The EA is seen as tool to improve decision making, and as a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. The EA process takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, vulnerable peoples, and cultural and archaeological property), and transboundary environmental aspects. The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 requires that the Environmental and Social Assessment report must be a standalone document to meet the bank appraisal procedures for the project. The reports shall also be disclosed in country as well as Banks external website so that it can be accessed by both the general public and local communities. In accordance with the World Bank Safeguard operational policies and procedures the Rwanda Feeder Road Development Project has been classified as Environmental Assessment (EA) category “category A” equivalent to Category 3 under the Rwanda's EIA Guidelines, due to potential risks of road construction in a mountainous terrain and proximity to natural habitats. The EA categories are summarized on Table 2-3 below. Table 2-3:World Bank project Categorization Project Description Category “A” This category has mandatory full EIA requirement for the investments planned Projects since the impacts are considered sensitive, severe and adverse to the environment and likely irreversible and diverse with attributes such as pollutant discharges large enough to cause degradation of air, water, or soil; large-scale physical disturbance of the site or surroundings; as well as including extraction, consumption or conversion of substantial amounts of natural resources; measurable modification of hydrological cycles; use of

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

hazardous materials in more than incidental quantities; and involuntary displacement of people and other significant social disturbances. “B” Under Category B an EIA is not always required, but careful consideration Projects through Environmental Screening is required, and if founded necessary a full EIA must be undertaken. Category B projects have impacts that are ‘less significant’ and not as sensitive, numerous, major, or diverse. Few, if any, impacts are irreversible, and remedial measures can be more easily designed.’ Typical projects include rehabilitation, maintenance, or upgrades, rather than new construction. “C” No EIA or other analysis is required. Category C projects result in negligible or Projects minimal direct disturbance of the physical environment. Typical projects include education, family planning, health, and human resource development. “FI” It involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary. Projects The proposed project is likely to have adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas – including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats. These impacts are site specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed. Therefore, the EA process for this project examines the potential negative and positive environmental and social impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. An ESMP is to be integrated during project implementation. 2.8.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) This Bank Operational Policy recognizes that conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats. Natural habitats are land and water areas where (i) the ecosystems biological communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and (ii) human activity has not essentially modified the areas primary ecological functions. All-natural habitats have important biological, social, economic, and existence value. Therefore, the Bank natural habitats operation policy (OP 4.04) is triggered in all cases where the proposed investments are likely to have potential adverse impacts on Rwanda’s natural habitats including wetlands, underground water sources, open water bodies, and forests. The Bank natural habitats operational policy requires that any activities funded under the FRDP (Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project) that adversely impacts these ecosystems, must have a successful mitigation plan so as to maintain the overall balance and integrity of the ecosystems impacted. This requires that FRDP designs appropriate conservation and mitigation measures to remove or reduce adverse impacts on these ecosystems or their functions, keeping such impacts within socially defined limits of acceptable change. Specific measures may depend on the ecological characteristics of the affected ecosystem. Such measures must include provision for monitoring and evaluation to provide feedback on conservation outcomes and to provide guidance for developing or

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 refining appropriate corrective actions. Activities that risk significantly degrading or converting critical natural habitat will not be funded under the project. 2.8.3 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) Physical cultural resources are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial, or national level, or within the international community. Physical cultural resources are important as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people's cultural identity and practices. The Bank assists countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts on physical cultural resources from development projects that it finances. 2.8.4 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) The objective of the Involuntary Resettlement Operation Policy (OP 4.12) is to avoid, where feasible, or minimize, while exploring all viable alternative project designs, displacement and having to resettle people. This policy is triggered in situations involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas and or socioeconomic places. The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts. Involuntary Operation Policy (OP 4.12) covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. Prepared RAPs will be updated upon completion of final designs. In the case of conflict between World Bank policies and National regulations, the World Bank legal framework will prevail. The Comparative Analysis between World Bank OP 4.12 and Rwanda Legislation is indicated in Table 2-4 below. 2.8.5 Forest (OP 4.36) The objective of this policy is to assist borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development and protect the vital local and global environment services and values of forests. This policy applies to: • Projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests;  Projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and  Projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, where they are publicly, privately, or communally owned.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

The bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical natural habitats. The bank does not also finance projects that contravene applicable international environment agreements. The bank does not finance plantations that involve any conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats including adjacent or downstream critical natural habitats. The bank supports sustainable and conservation-oriented forests. Where forest restoration and plantation developments are necessary to meet these objectives, the bank assist borrowers with forest restoration activities that maintain or enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. The bank also assists borrowers with the establishment and sustainable management of environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable forest plantations to help meet growing demands for forest goods and services. This policy is triggered by the Project as some of the indicative feeder roads, like FR1, and FR3 traverse or pass alongside small forest plantations, privately owned. The widening of roads will require tree cutting in forest plantations. The Project plans to plant trees for the protection of rehabilitated indicative feeder roads and replacement of the trees lost during construction. 2.9 International Multilateral Conventions, and Legal frameworks The following conventions and regulations have been signed and ratified by Rwanda and are to be taken into consideration through the overall project cycle.  The international Convention on Biological diversity and its habitat signed in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil on 5 June 1992, as approved by Presidential Order No 017/01 of 18 March 1995.  The Cartagena protocol on biodiversity to the Convention on Biological biodiversity signed in Nairobi from May 15, to 26, 2000 and in New York from June 5, 2000 to June 4, 2001 as authorized to be ratified by Law No 38/2003 of 29 December 2003.  The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, signed in Rio De Janeiro in BRASIL on 5 June 1992, as approved by Presidential Order No 021/01 of 30 May 1995.  The KYOTO Protocol to the framework on climate change adopted at Kyoto on March 6, 1998 as authorized to be ratified by Law No 36/2003 of December 2003.  The RAMSAR International Convention of February 2, 1971 on Wetlands of International importance, especially as water flows habitats as authorized to be ratified by Law No 37/2003 of 29 December 2003.  The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants, signed in Stockholm on 22 May 2001, as approved by Presidential Order No 78/01 of 8 July 2002.  The BASEL Convention on the Control of Tran boundary Movements of Hazardous wastes and their disposal as adopted at BASEL on 22 March 1989 and approved by Presidential Order No 29/01 of 24 August 2003 approving the membership of Rwanda.  The Montreal International Conventional on Substances that deplete the Ozone layer, signed in London (1990), Copenhagen (1992), Montreal (1997), Beijing (1999), especially in its article 2 of LONDON amendments and Article 3 Of COPENHAGEN, MONTREAL and Beijing amendments as approved by Presidential Order no 30/01 of 24 August 2003 related to the membership of Rwanda.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Table 2-4: Comparative Analysis between World Bank OP 4.12 and Rwanda Legislation Principles Rwanda Legislations World Bank’s involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) Recommendations to fill the gaps Valuation Valuation is covered by the Expropriation OP 4.12 prefers Replacement cost method of The replacement cost method of Law and the Law establishing and valuation of assets that helps determine the valuation will be used as required in organizing the real property valuation amount sufficient to replace lost assets and cover World Bank financed projects. profession in Rwanda and stipulates that transaction costs. In applying this method of the affected person receive fair and just valuation, depreciation of structures and assets compensation. should not be taken into account If the residual of the asset being taken is not economically viable;

compensation and other resettlement assistance are provided as if the entire asset had been taken. Compensation Article 27 of the expropriation law No OP 4.12 gives preference to land based Adopt OP 4.12 mode of compensation 32/2015 of 11/06/2015 entitles the resettlement strategies for displaced persons by giving preference to land based landholder to compensation for the value whose livelihoods are land-based as compared to resettlement as opposed to monetary of the land and activities incorporated on monetary compensation compensation that land on the basis of size, nature location considering the prevailing market value. Participation The Rwandan law on Expropriation simply WB OP 4.12 requires that persons to be displaced Adopt OP 4.12 methods of stipulates that affected peoples be fully should be actively be consulted and should have participation and informed of expropriation issues. The law opportunity to participate in planning and design consultation also conflicts the very purpose of of resettlement programs consultation and involvement by prohibiting any opposition to the

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Principles Rwanda Legislations World Bank’s involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) Recommendations to fill the gaps expropriation program if considered to be under the pretext of self-centered justification which might not be the case

Time Frame Rwanda expropriation law stipulates a OP4.12 requires that displacement must not occur A cut- off date should be applied. OP timeframe upon when the property to be before necessary measures for resettlement are in 4.12 states that, Where the borrower place, i.e., measures over and above simple has offered to pay compensation to an expropriated must be handed over which is compensation. Measures pertaining to provision of affected person in accordance with an 90 days after compensation has been paid. economic rehabilitation however can and often do approved resettlement plan, but the occur post displacement. offer has been rejected, the taking of land and related assets may only

proceed if the borrower has deposited WB OP 4.12 provides for a timeframe (cut-off date) funds equal to the offered amount plus upon which interested parties are entitled to 10 percent in a secure form of escrow respond or other interest-bearing deposit acceptable to the Bank, and has provided a means satisfactory to the Bank for resolving the dispute concerning said offer of compensation in a timely and equitable manner. Overall Section 2 of the expropriation law on Under the OP 4.12, it’s not necessary to prove that Adopt Rwanda Expropriation Law strategy procedures, provides for the process to the project fits within the overall land master plan show how the sub projects fits into the

land master plan of the area in question

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Principles Rwanda Legislations World Bank’s involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) Recommendations to fill the gaps Eligibility Article 26 of the law No 32/2015 of OP 4.12 criteria for eligibility include even those OP 4.12 will be more appropriate 11/06/2015 requires the person who owns who do not have formal legal rights to land at the for determining eligibility due to the land intended for expropriation to provide time the census begins but have a claim to such fact that many of those who farm evidence of ownership or rights on that land or assets provided that such claims are the lands don’t own it, although land and presents a certificate to that recognized under the laws of the country or they may have depended on farming effect become recognized through a process identified in on such lands for their livelihood, and the resettlement plan and also those who have no as such, should be assisted to at least recognizable legal right or claim to the land they maintain their pre-project level of are occupying welfare. (especially for assets) Resettlement Expropriation law is silent on provision of OP 4.12 requires and prefers resettlement of Use World Bank OP 4.12 During alternative land and resettlement of those displaced persons. the upgrading of the feeder road, to the pre-displaced status some resettlement will be required Required Expropriation law does not provide for OP 4.12 requires displaced persons to be consulted Use World Bank OP 4.12 Measures alternatives when undertaking on, offered choices among, and provided with compensation technically and economically feasible resettlement alternatives

Grievance re- The new Expropriation Law of 2015 creates OP 4.12 requires PAPs be informed of the Adopt Rwanda Expropriation Law dress the Resettlement and Grievance redress compensation exercise and establishes Grievance which establishes the GRM formed by mechanisms committee and provides complaints Redress Mechanisms District (sector/cell) authority, PAP procedures for individuals dissatisfied with representatives and Project the proposed project or the value of their compensation and process for expressing dissatisfaction and for seeking redress. 31 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1 General Description and Location of the Project The Rwanda Feeder Roads project (FRDP) is planned the rehabilitation, upgrading and maintenance of feeder roads in the country, including Gakenke district. Gakenke district is one of seven districts that make up the Western Province. Gakenke District is situated in the Northern Province of the Country. The district borders with Musanze and Burera Districts in the North, Rulindo District in the East, Kamonyi District in the South, Muhanga, Ngororero and Nyabihu Districts in the West. The distance between Kigali and Gakenke District is about 25 Km on National Road 4, reachable by road in half an hour. The population of Gakenke District is 338,234 people and spread over an area of 704.06 km2. The district has a population density of 480 person/km2 (country density is 415 person/km2) and ranks 15th for population density among the 30 Districts of Rwanda (NISR, 2012, Population and Housing Census 2012). Gakenke District is located the Northern Province and has a surface area of 704km2. The District consists of 19 sectors which are Busengo, Coko, Cyabingo, Gakenke, Gashenyi, Janja, Kamubuga, Karambo, Kivuruga, Mataba, Minazi, Mugunga, Muhondo, Muyongwe, Muzo, Nemba, Ruli, Rusasa and Rushashi. The later are made up of 97 Cells and 617 Villages. Gakenke District borders with Rulindo District at its Eastern side, Burera and Musanze Districts at its North, Nyabihu District at its West, at the South by Kamonyi and Muhanga Districts. This District is divided into 19 administrative Sectors, made of 97 Cells, 617 Villages (lmidugudu). Figure 3-1 shows the location of different sectors in Gakenke District and Figure 3-2 indicated Map of Gakenke with Proposed Roads 32 32 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Figure 3-1: Administrative map of Gakenke Figure 3-2: District Map with proposed feeder District showing different sectors roads

Gakenke District is mostly mountainous, the selected feeder roads pass in high hills terrain, lowlands as well as in wetlands. The hills are populated with scattered settlements often located on the small holdings of individual households. However, the government has launched an initiative, which encourages the scattered settlers to live in small townships established at central locations for a population living in a defined rural neighborhood (Imidugudu). The hills are covered with forests, farms, and small grazing lands. The marshlands are located in valleys between the hills, relatively well drained with many streams and rivers. The roads crossing marshlands may have to be raised and the side slopes may have to be flatter and involve widening, but this will not require relocating large population. The impact on fauna and flora is expected to be limited as the roads follow existing routes, and roadsides are cultivated or already cleared. The general description of the project is reflected from the roads works to be done which include the road rehabilitation, upgrading and maintenance. The road rehabilitation and upgrading is done on the existing platform/right of way and involve many civil works including widening existing lanes to 6 m width of carriageway. The maintenance of road network includes both routine and periodic tasks. Routine maintenance consists of many different tasks frequently necessary to maintain the function of the road (such as pothole repairs, cleaning of drainage, cutting of vegetation, etc.). The periodic maintenance consists of predictable and more costly measures of a less frequent nature designed to avoid road degradation (such as grading, drainage work, resurfacing, etc.). The planting of grasses on embankment slopes as well as trees along the rehabilitated and upgraded feeder roads is also planned for the road protection and replacement of lost tree species. To perform these works, there will be provision and creation of different components among others quarries, borrow pits, dumping sites, workshop and garage, parking and pre fabrication yards that all might be properly managed to prevent further adverse impacts on the environment, social and safety. 3.2 Objectives of the project The prime objective of the project is to improve transport infrastructure with a view to supporting project area’s social economic development. The project development will facilitate the economic growth, the improved transportation of goods and services. Specifically, the major purpose of the proposed upgrading project is to rehabilitate / construct feeder road network in Gakenke District in order to meet the following objectives:

33 33 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 • To improve the existing infrastructure in rural areas, which will boost the connectivity and transfer of goods and people from one place to another in less time. • To improve selected feeder roads which will contribute towards the GDP of the regions and the country. • To pave the way for systematic improvement and continued investment in these areas. • To promote socio economic development of the project area by linking it within the district and other districts and cities in the country. • To increase agricultural productivity and marketing capacities, by lowering the transport costs and losses of farm input and output. In particular, improved feeder networks will enhance the commercial activities of rural households, access to services and will reduce poverty. 3.3 Roads Status in the project area Gakenke District mainly consists of a rural area with a poorly developed road network. The condition of proposed feeder roads varies from very poor to fair. Some section of feeder roads is very bad with potholes and without side drains. Other roads pass through thick vegetation. In various areas, roadsides are cultivated or already cleared. Side drains may require stone pitching and check dams to control erosion. The roads traversing swampy areas require construction of culverts, often small in size, following the existing natural water course. The basic infrastructure in the rural areas has to be improved to facilitate the co-relation between the rural sectors and the urban centers, especially with regards to trade and transfer of agricultural products. The roads crossing marshlands may have to be raised and the side slopes may have to be flatter and involve widening, but this will not require relocating large population. 3.4 Project details The project details are reproduced from the feasibility study and the current detailed design phase. The Project will involve in Rehabilitation, upgrading and multi-year maintenance works of Feeder Roads (69 km) in Gakenke District, which comprises of three feeder roads (FR1-50km, FR3 11km, FR10-8km). Thus, the project activities include rehabilitation of right of way, culverts, bridges, construction of new drains and rehabilitation of existing drains. The existing Right of Way (RoW) will be widened by about 10.5m to attain 6m carriage way, where necessary The affected areas for the rehabilitation of the selected feeder roads are limited to the Right of way, plus the widening areas as well as the borrow pits, dumping and quarry areas. Due to slopes settlements are placed along side of the road. Cultivation extends into close to the feeder roads, with the main food crops produced in the district, which are banana, wheat, and vegetables (pineapple, passion fruit, Japanese plum (tree tomato). The rehabilitation of feeder roads will have environmental and social issues It is noted that (carriage way, drainages, cut slope and vegetation space) are covered in the additional land to be acquired to 10.5m road boundaries during the construction of bridges, temporally deviation may be needed and the contractor will compensate the affected assets and 34 34 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 will provide the completion of compensation report. Identified risks of assets to be affected at the downstream of the road during construction will be mitigated by constructing water channels and compensation will be made. The users of the indicative feeder roads in Gakenke District are mainly pedestrians and cyclists; motorcycle-related accidents remaining the prevalent accidents in the District. They are mostly caused by the bad condition of the road and inattention of drivers or pedestrians. Therefore, it is very important to create awareness among the common public with regards to the proper and safe use of roads and to enforce rigorously the traffic regulations.

3.4.1 Location of the first priority feeder roads The proposed 69 km selected three feeder roads and are located in Gakenke District. The following table 3-1 shows the sectors that are crossed by the selected feeder roads. Table 3-1: Length of selected feeder roads and crossed sectors Feeder Road Name Length/ km Sectors crossed by the roads Road N° KIVURUGA NEMBA FR1 Buranga-Kamubuga Base 32 KAMUBUGA GASHENYI Kivuruga-Mbatabata 18 GASHENYI Kabyaza-Nuro-Kanyiramenyo BASE NEMBA FR1 KIVURUGA Base-Masoru-Mukaje KARAMBO GAKENKE GASHENYI FR3 Gashenyi-Karambo-Kinoni 11 KARAMBO JANJA FR10 Ruhanga-Biziba 8 BUSENGO TOTAL 69

35 35 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 3.4.2 Brief Description on Feeder Roads The above feeder roads to be rehabilitated in Gakenke District have been selected based on their importance in the economic and social life of the District’s population. The Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI) has prepared a feasibility study for 14 feeder roads with 219.9 km in the district of Gakenke. Based on the fund available, the detailed design and updating social and environmental factors have been done for three priorities feeder roads to be rehabilitated and upgraded at this phase of Additional Finance of FRDP, under direct supervision by RTDA as the Feeder Road Development Project has been transferred from MINAGRI to RTDA. A brief description of the three priority feeder roads is presented in section below: i) GKFR1: Buranga- Kamubuga- Rutaho- Base (50 km) This alignment has a total length of 50 km including two spurs and traverses 4 Administrative Sectors: Kivuruga, Kamubuga, Nemba and Gashenyi. The main alignment stretches for a total length of 31.8 km. Its zero chainage is located in Buranga at a junction with Paved National Road 4 (RN4) Kigali-Musanze-Rubavu, and it ends at Base where it connects to RN19 at a distance of 800 m from RN4. Small sections of this alignment traverse neighboring Districts (i.e. 650 m in Burera and 550 m in Rulindo) to ensure the continuity of the road (Figure 3-3 and Photo 3-1). Spur 1 has a total length of 9.9 km and has its zero chainage at km 3+200 of the main alignment and ends by connecting back to the main alignment at km 8+500. Spur 2 has a total length of 8.3 km and has its zero chainage at the junction with Spur 1 at km 3+500 of Spur 1 and ends at a junction with RN4 at Kivuruga. Existing structures on the road are made up of wooden logs in poor condition located at sub catchment outlet on the alignment. The alignment is predominantly on a hilly terrain following hillside alignment with steep slopes and is susceptible to landslides during rainy seasons. It is therefore better to widen this road on the hill side as widening on the valley side would require protective structures and also encounter construction difficulties. TheFR1 crosses a 14.7 ha forest plantation of Eucalyptus in Kamubuga Sector. This artificial forest is not among the protected areas in Rwanda. The general condition of the alignment and its spurs are poor due to lack or poor drainage structures and poor road surface condition (rocky on some sections especially on Spur 2). The road has its importance in the area is it interconnects various agriculture areas, trade centers and health centers in six various Sectors (4 in Gakenke and others in Burera and Rulindo) and it serves as a connector between these areas and National Road 4 (RN4) leading to major markets in Kigali city and in secondary cities of Rubavu and Musanze. The Earthworks for rehabilitation works of FR 1 is as follows: Cuts (655 634,71 m3), Rock cuts ( 149 905,34 m3), Fill ( 18,356,10 m3). Road will affect the natural surface and subsurface drainage pattern of a watershed or individual hill slope. Road drainage design has as its basic objective the reduction and/or elimination of energy generated by flowing water. The destructive power of flowing water increases exponentially as its velocity increases. Therefore, water must not be allowed to develop sufficient volume or velocity so as to cause excessive wear along ditches, below culverts, or along exposed running surfaces, cuts, or fills. 36 36 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Provision for adequate drainage is of paramount importance in road design and cannot be overemphasized. The presence of excess water or moisture within the roadway will adversely affect the engineering properties of the materials with which it was constructed. Cut or fill failures, road surface erosion, and weakened subgrades followed by a mass failure are all products of inadequate or poorly designed drainage.

Hillslope geomorphology and hydrologic factors are important considerations in the location, design, and construction of a road (as indicated on the map of topography Figure 4-3). Slope morphology impacts road drainage and ultimately road stability. Important factors are slope shape (uniform, convex, concave), slope gradient, slope length, stream drainage characteristics and soil texture and permeability. Straight slopes concentrate water on the lower slopes and contribute to the buildup of hydrostatic pressure. Concave slopes typically exhibit swales and draws. Water in these areas is concentrated at the lowest point on the slope and therefore represents the least desirable location for a road.

Natural drainage characteristics of a hillslope, as a rule, should not be changed. For example, a drainage network will expand during a storm to include the smallest depression and draw in order to collect and transport runoff. Therefore, a culvert should be placed in each draw so as not to impede the natural disposition of stormflow. Culverts should be placed at grade and in line with the centerline of the channel. Failure to do this often results in excessive erosion of soils above and below the culvert.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Figure 3-3: KFR1: Buranga- Kamubuga- Rutaho- Base Topography and Location Maps (50 km)

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Photo 3-1: Typical FR1 alignment features

According to the design, the hydrological analysis aimed to determine the runoff quantities for 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100-year peak discharges draining to the road FR1 Buranga-Kamubuga-Rutabo- Base -Main (32km) to facilitate sizing of storm drain systems in support of roadway improvements. Hydrologic and hydraulic computations were performed to determine the peak flow with respect to the return period and to determine appropriate size of hydraulic structures such as bridges, box and pipe culverts, and the roadside drains.

GKFR3: Gashenyi- Karambo- Kinoni (11 km) This alignment is 11 km long. Its zero chainage is located at Gashenyi at a T-junction with RN4. It passes through Gashenyi Sector Headquarters at chainage 1+000, traverses through Karambo trade center, and ends by connecting back to RN4 (Figure 3-4 and Photo 3-2). The existing structures are predominantly poor wooden logs making the road less motorable. Small sections of this alignment traverse low areas prone to submergence during rainy seasons. The FR3 passes through a small forest plantation in Gashenyi Sector. The road is important to the local population as it connects the area and Karambo trade center, one of the importance of trade centers in the area, to RN4. The general condition of the road is very poor due to the absence of or poor drainage, poor road surface conditions and narrowness of the roadway on some sections.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Figure 3-4: GKFR3: Gashenyi- Karambo- Kinoni Topography and Location Maps (11 km)

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Photo 3-2: Typical FR3 alignment features ii) GKFR10: Ruhanga- Biziba (8 km) Engineering surveys for this 7.8 km road began from Ruhanga at a T-junction with FR11; this is its zero chainage / starting pont. From there, the alignment follows a descending gradient towards Biziba and ends at a 4-legged junction with DR44 and DR45 (Figure 3-5 and Photo 3-3). This alignment is predominantly on the hillside and generally follows ascending gradient towards fold and descending gradient towards trough. Existing structures on river/stream-crossings and sub catchment outlets are substandard wooden logs. This alignment is in poor condition due to the absence of/poor drainage structures, narrowness of the roadway, and poor road surface condition with traces of erosion making the road hardly motorable.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Figure 3-5: GKFR10: Ruhanga- Biziba Topography and Location Maps(8 km)

Photo 3-3: Typical FR 10 alignment features 42 42 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 The table 3-2 below provides details on the total length of each of the selected feeder roads, number, and length of different structures to be built including culverts, drainage channels, pedestrian and vehicular slabs. Table 3-2: Details on selected roads and structures to be built

Road ID Length Number of Length of lined drains Number of (Km) Culverts (Km) pedestrian and vehicular slabs Pipe Box Left Right Left Right side culvert Culvert sides side sides NRFR1 50 5 6 11 5 14 8 NRFR 3 11 5 6 2 2 2 6 NRFR 10 8 5 6 2 0 0 0 Total 69 15 18 15 7 16 14

3.4.3 Present Traffic Survey The present traffic in the Gakenke district is estimated in the feasibility study of the project. These projections are mostly linked to the demographic growth and the improvement of socioeconomic conditions during the last 10 years. The same growth pattern has been taken for the projection of traffic during next 10 years (2022). Table 3-3 below presents the projected traffic in the district. Table 3-3:Summary of Traffic Count Survey Results on Feeder Roads in Gakenke District

Feeder Road Name Road Motorized Traffic Non-Motorized Road ID Length (Vehicles per day) Traffic (km) Motorcycle Light Heavy Bicycle Pedestri Vehicles < vehicles an 3.5 Ton > 3.5 Tons NGFR1 Buranga- 50.0 354 98 35 523 4529 Kamubuga -Rutabo- Base NGFR3 Gashenyi- 11 145 40 17 355 2349 Karambo- Kinoni

43 43 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Feeder Road Name Road Motorized Traffic Non-Motorized Road ID Length (Vehicles per day) Traffic (km) Motorcycle Light Heavy Bicycle Pedestri Vehicles < vehicles an 3.5 Ton > 3.5 Tons NGFR10 Ruhanga- 8 105 2 2 268 450 Biziba Total 69 604 140 54 1146 7328 The above summary highlights the typical traffic pattern of rural roads, partly in bad condition. Motorcycles represent the biggest share of motorized traffic, whereas light and heavy vehicles are a minor share. Another typical feature of this type of traffic is the ratio bicycles /motorized vehicles where bicycles are in greater number as compared to motorized vehicles, because of the undulating - mountainous terrain of Gakenke District. Table 3-4 below presents the shares of motorized vehicles, where motorcycles account for 75.7% of all motorized vehicles; the remaining 24.3% are mostly cars, pickups and, small or medium trucks with a payload up to 3.5 and 7 tons, respectively. The ratio bicycles / motorized vehicles calculated on the total of the surveyed traffic highlights the prevalence of bicycles accounting for 143.6% of motorized vehicles. Table 3-4:Structure of the surveyed traffic Percentage of all motorized Vehicle Category vehicles Motorcycles 75.7 Light vehicles 17.5 Heavy vehicles 6.8 Total motorized traffic 100 Ratio bicycles/motorized vehicles 143.6 Source: Feasibility study 2016, updated in March 2020.

3.4.4 Feeder Road Design Standards Generally, the study of rehabilitation of the feeder roads intends to improve the condition of the district network that can:  Ensure an average commercial speed of 40 km/h,  Reduce routine and periodic maintenance cost, and 44 44 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  Reduce vehicle operating costs and contribute to economic growth. The existing horizontal alignments of the roads have been maintained and few corrections or shift were made near the existing bridges, water body and when the road cross some villages. Minor realignments are however inevitable on the existing horizontal alignment at isolated sections where the radius fall short of the design requirements. The vertical alignment follows the existing natural ground in general with exceptions in the sections where the water crosses the roadway especially near the existing bridges. In those limited sections, the contractor design team proposes to construct small embankments to raise the vertical profile elevation. The cross section consists of one carriageway with width between 6 m to 7 m for FR1, FR 3, and FR10 without shoulder and side drains (Table 3-5). The proposed project aims to widen the dual carriageway for 6 m. Table 3-5: Summary of the geometric Design Standards adopted for the project S. No. Description Unit Value Design Speed (both in settlement 1 KM/H 40 crossings and open countryside) 2 Width of Roads i) Main District Roads (DC1) Meter 7 ii) Secondary Roads (DC2) Meter 6 Right of Way

i) RoW for District roads Class 1 3 ii) RoW for District roads Class 2 Meter 22

iii) Width of formation to be cleared for Meter 12 carriageway and road features Meter 10.5 (total) 4 Cross-Fall 4.1 Sealed road with DBST or Cap seal 4.1.1. Carriageway Normal Cross-fall % 3.0 4.1.2. Shoulder Normal Cross-fall % 3.5 Gravel or unpaved road 4.2 4.2.1. Carriageway Normal Cross-fall % 3.5 4.2.2. Shoulder Normal Cross-fall % 4 5 Horizontal alignment design parameters in general follow the existing road i) Minimum horizontal curve radius Meter 55

45 45 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

S. No. Description Unit Value 6 Vertical alignment design parameters: alignment follow the existing natural gradient Source: Detailed design According to the Road Act, a ROW of 22m will be used for district road Class 1 and 12m for district road class 2. It is assumed that the ROW is approximately centered on the existing roadway centerlines. For the feeder roads to be rehabilitated the 10.5 m considered is the total formation width that includes the roadway and road features. The following figures 3-6 and 3-7 show the proposed designs of the road section and roadside drains and Photo 3-4indicates typical features of roads that passing through trading centers.

Figure 3-6: Design of the road section

Figure 3-7: Design of the cross section for earth and masonry ditches

46 46 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Photo 3-4: Trading centers crossed by the feeder roads

3.5 Project Ancillary activities The implementation of the project will require sources of construction materials and facilities such as camp sites, borrow pits, dumping sites, quarry areas, to support the project operation. The exploitation or use of those sites has an impact on the biophysical environment since they imply destruction of vegetation cover and land degradation due to extraction of construction materials as well disposing spoil materials. Land acquisition and management for any project ancillary site has to be performed through the following process and practices:  Land acquisition process for any type of site (quarry, borrow pit, dumping site, etc.) has to involve the landowner, the Contractor and the District (district environmentalist).  Borrow pits and dumping sites should be preferably at the same place in order to minimize land degradation but also it will facilitate future rehabilitation of the borrow pits due available spoil materials nearby to fill created holes after exploitation of the borrow pits;  Borrow pits and dumping should be preferably on the cut slope side unless a given dumping site serves to support the embankment of the road. Avoid dumping soils in the embankment side of the road where soil is likely to be eroded and causing sedimentation of rivers, streams, sources, swamps. 3.5.1 Camp sites The project will have some temporary project campsites, which will be constructed after approval of proposed camp site and its management plan. In Gakenke District, as there are two contractor engaged in this project, it is anticipated that each Contractor (CHICO and FAIR Construction) will

47 47 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 their own camp site. These area CHICO has its own camp site of 7732 m2 in Karorero Village, Buheta Cell, Gakenke Sector (Figure 3-8 and Photo 3-5) and Fair Construction will lend the campsite in two cells Buranga in Nemba sector and Ruhanga cell in Kivuruga sector, their campsite has the area of 0.6Ha (Figure 3.9). Establishment of the Camp sites took into considerations environmental and social risk management issues and will not be located in areas of high conservation values, where potential environmental and social impacts will be aggravated by location characteristics. The priority environmental measures will be considered to ensure compliance with relevant RDB, RTDA, WB and REMA requirements. After establishment of camp sites, a close follow up will be done by the client and the monitoring consultant to ensure that appropriate mitigation measures have been designed and are being implemented to avoid environmental and social issues including wastes management, erosion control, safety, water and soil pollution, etc. Access to the camp site has to be restricted and trucks and vehicles movements and speed have to be controlled to avoid and incident due to over speed. Drivers have to inducted on the over speeding issue and other risky behavior like drink and driving, drugs abuse, and being reminded the road safety measures every morning before remitting them keys. Figure 3-9 and 3-10 shows location of CHICO’s and FAIR Construction camp site. The project facilities that will be used during the project implementation is also indicated under table 3-6.

48 48 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Figure 3-8: CHICO‘s campsite map

Photo 3-5: Project campsite for CHICO under construction

49 49 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Figure 3-9: Fair construction campsite map

Table 3-6: Project facilities that will be used during the project implementation

No Project Hosted project Means of availability Present status camps facility 1 Campsite Contractor and Renting of local house Houses already rent one consultant offices, Accommodation Renting of local house Houses already rent houses Laboratory New construction To be constructed at the beginning of works 2 Second Workshop, Garage New construction Plot already available campsite and fuel station Warehouse, New construction To be constructed at the beginning of works

50 50 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

No Project Hosted project Means of availability Present status camps facility Parking yard; New construction Rent of land already done Prefabrication New construction yard.

The camp sites are located at accessible points so that potable water can be delivered to site storage tanks. It is envisaged that human waste will be managed by means of a septic tank already present on campsites houses. Solids wastes will be separated from biodegradable to no biodegradable waste and then collected in appropriate recycle bins. After, there will be periodic remove (Weekly) of those wastes by a private company operating in Gakenke District. 3.5.2 Quarry, borrow pits and dumping sites The implementation of the project will require sources of construction materials and facilities that include; quarries, borrow pits and dumping sites to support the project implementation. Aggregates, for the roadbed will be derived from newly opened borrow pits in Gakenke District while stones, gravels will be delivered from different quarries that have been identified. The Contractor has identified five (5) Quarry sites, twelve (12) borrow pits and twelve (12) dumping sites as indicated in the tables 3-7 below and Figure 3-10 and Figure 3-11. Quarries and borrow pits will be opened as sources of construction materials. Dumping sites will be used for receiving waste soils from cutting made for roads widening. The selection of the quarries and borrow sites is guided by the quality of stones and marrams for roads construction purposes. However, where available, the sites have been identified in the vicinity of the proposed roads to minimize/avoid additional transport costs and safety issues that may arise during exploitation or transport of construction material/ spoil to sites due to increased movement of machines and trucks. Most of identified sites for borrow pit extraction will be used as alternative for dumping sites, topsoil will be stockpiled prior to lateritic material extraction and it will be used during rehabilitation. For sites which were not previously used for borrow pits, same process of legal signed agreement with landowner prior to its uses will be followed. The impacts likely to occur during the extraction process of the materials are water quality deterioration due to soil erosion and sediment discharge into water ways and water bodies (rivers, streams, swamps, etc.), land degradation. In recognition of these negative impacts, the management plans for these sites will be prepared before its uses. The management plan should also consider the rehabilitation and restoration of the site after uses. After extraction and processing, the construction materials from the borrow pits will be transported to site (on the road) by trucks. At the decommissioning phase; the contractor (CHICO and Fair construction) will be responsible to the rehabilitation of borrow pits according to the borrow pits management and rehabilitation plan to be elaborated as part of Contractor Environment and Social 51 51 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 Management Plan (C-ESMP). The quarry will be rehabilitated by the owner according to his permit to exploit the quarry for tile production. It should be noted no blasting activity will be done on project borrow pits. Figures 3-11 and 3-12 and Tables 3-7 below indicate the current identified dumping sites, borrow pits and Quarry sites. Table 3-7: Number and location of different sites Site Location Number of site S/N Sector Cell Borrow Pit Dumping sites Quarry 1 Karambo Karambo 3 2 1 2 Busengo Ruhanga 2 3 1

3 Tumba Nyirabirori 1 2 1 4 Bushoki Nyirangarama 3 1 1 5 Rugendabari Nyansyo 1 3 1 6 Janja Gakindo 2 1 0 Total 12 12 5 The following figures not only provide information about the different project components on the size and locations, but also, being of recent google maps, give the current situation of sites occupation and land use, land cover, settlements etc.

52 52 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Figure 3-10: Typical site location of borrow pits

53 53 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Figure 3-11: Some proposed Borrow pits and dumping sites location maps along FR1.

54 54 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 3.6 Quantity of Material for Construction The new Road Act8, which requires upgrading some indicative feeder roads to six-meter width of carriageway, may involve widening the existing road formation by around five meters considering a road corridor of 10.5 m. This may necessitate expropriation of some farmlands and relocating households. Bidding process shall not be launched for a particular road section until every person affected by the works on that section has been relocated and/or properly compensated according to Bank policies. Feasibility report has estimated the quantities of construction material required for all 14 feeder roads and depicted in Table 3-8 below. These have been further utilized by the Contractor in assessing the material required for the priority three feeder road which this ESIA are focused. Further description of ancillary sites that used for sourcing of these materials and the respective impact and mitigation measures are discussed in section 3 and 6 of this ESIA. Table 3-8: Quantity of Construction Material

55 55 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT/BASELINE DATA 4.1 General The objective of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is to ascertain the existing baseline environmental and social conditions and then assess the impacts as a result of the implementation of the feeder roads development project based on the selected six feeder roads in Gakenke District. Identification of project area environmental and social parameters, data collection and impact predictions fundamental activities of ESIA process. A scoping matrix has been formulated to identify the attributes likely to be affected due to proposed project and presented in Table 4.1. In order to review and update the environmental and social impact assessment, the data has been collected, compiled and analyzed for the followings:  Land Environment (land use, geology, and soils).  Water Environment (precipitation, hydrology, and drainage).  Air Environment (air quality and meteorology).  Noise Environment (noise levels).  Ecological Environment (flora and fauna); and  Socio-Economic Environment (demography, livelihood, income socio-economic etc.). Based on environmental and social scoping matrix and project setting, the attributes likely to be affected are identified on the basis of baseline data generation, such as geology, soils, air, noise, ecology, socioeconomic which has been collected from various sources including desk review, field visits and interview with different stakeholders. The collected data are presented under this chapter. Information on project facilities, size, magnitude and cost of the construction activities, geology and soils of the project sites have also been taken from the draft feasibility study of April 2018. A baseline environmental and social condition comprises the features present within the proposed ROW of 10.5 that requires additional width to the existing roads width to attain the average 6 m carriage way. The concept is to assess the extent that the construction and operation of the proposed feeder roads project is likely to have impact on above environmental and social attributes. It includes environmental features such as forest areas, ecological sensitive areas, water bodies (rivers, wetlands, marshy, and ponds), and places of historical importance, tourism etc. The scope of this chapter is limited to only those issues, which are of concern in the environmental and social impact assessment. The land use of the project area is agriculture, built up and plantation. The major purposes of describing the environmental and social settings of the study area are:  Understanding the need of the project and environmental characteristics of the area.  Assessing existing environmental quality, as well as the environmental and social impact of the proposed project development.  Identification of environmentally significant factors or geographical areas that could influence decisions about any future development. 56 56 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  The ambient air quality and noise in Gakenke District are not pollutes and the contractor should be managing these pollutions within limits as RS 236:2014 for noise pollution and East African Standards CD/T/66/2007 for Air Quality Rwandan Standards. Table 4-1: scoping Matrix for the Project

Project Cycle/Phase Likely Impacts Baseline Data Review collection

A. LAND ENVIRONMENT Design Phase - Change of land use - Present land use

Construction Phase - Increase in soil erosion and - Soil characteristics soil loss - Pollution by construction spoils, grease and oil spills and - Rainfall domestic waste disposal - Use of land for labor colonies - Physiographic and Slopes and solid waste disposal - Construction materials and spoils - Number of employees during

construction peak period B. WATER ENVIRONMENT Design Phase - Erosion of soil - Drainage Pattern - Rainfall Construction Phase - Water Quality Impacts due to - Rainfall Storms disposal of wastes from labor - Water and energy supply - Water courses and Drainage - Waste water treatment and - Water quality disposal from labor camps. - Waste water treatment

Operation Phase Run off Drainage Problems

C. AIR ENVIRONMENT

- Impacts due to emissions - Ambient air quality at different Construction Phase generated by construction locations machinery

- Fugitive emissions from

57 57 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Project Cycle/Phase Likely Impacts Baseline Data Review collection various sources. - Exhaust emission due to road Operation Phase - Ambient air quality operation D. NOISE ENVIRONMENT - Impacts due to construction - Ambient noise quality at different Construction Phase machinery locations - Vehicle noise - Ambient noise quality at different Operation Phase - Noise due to road operation locations E. ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT - Forest Area and Tree Numbers - Loss of Forest and Trees and Construction Phase other sensitive habitats -wetlands, marshy and swampy areas, etc - Migration of Fauna - Faunal Species F. PHYICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES Construction Phase - Relocation of Infrastructure - Status of Infrastructure - Impact on Cultural Resources - Status of Cultural Resources - Impact on schools, hospitals - Values of environmental Operation Phase etc. attributes at sensitive locations G. SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT - Loss of land, houses, Construction Phase - Land, houses, livelihood data livelihood, job potential Operation Phase - Livelihood - Socio-economic status - Potential for increase in road accidents and fatalities from - Road safety status increased use of roads and potentially higher speeds The baseline on water and soil quality are missing and will be constituted through taking samples before the start of civil works. Other samples will be taken during construction works to measure the project impacts on water over time. The data will be collected during ESIA updating by the Contracting entity and taken to laboratories for analysis.

58 58 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 4.2 Study Area The primary baseline data has been collected within the formation width of 4 to 5 m on either side from center line of the existing carriageway. The project influence area has been defined as 10.5 m on either side (Arial distance) from boundary of road which is also considered as Right of Way (RoW) for collection of secondary data. The sites for ancillary facilities like borrow areas, quarry sites, camp sites, material storage and disposal areas and access roads also fall within the study area. The location of feeder roads is shown under project description section 3 above.

4.3 Physical Environment 4.3.1 Topography The selected feeder roads namely Lot1 (Buranga-Kamubuga-Rutabo-Base), Lot2 (Ruhanga-Biziba and Lot3 (Gashenyi-Karambo-Kinoni) are located in Gakenke District. The altitude of these roads is between 1,400-1,900 amsl. Figure 4-1 shows the altitude of the project area compared to the rest of the country. The indicative feeder Roads rehabilitation project area is generally characterized by high inclined Mountains and Narrow valleys, sometimes limited to the bed of the water courses, are found along the water course due to high slopes. This kind of topographical makes the soil to be eroded and therefore less fertile.

Figure 4-1:Map showing the altitude of the feeder roads project area in Gakenke District

59 59 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 4.3.2 Climate Gakenke District is characterized by relatively high hills of the western mountainous area of the country with an average temperature of 22°C and annual rainfall varying between 1,100 and 1,600 mm depending on the altitude as the later varies much throughout the District (Figure 4-2). The district has average annual temperature that varies around 22°C which is not high temperature compared to the other parts of the country. It also receives Higher Annual precipitations 1,100 and 1,600 mm which is very enough to satisfy the needs in agriculture and livestock within the district.

Figure 4-2:Rwanda historical Average Rainfall 1982-2011 4.3.3 Land Use Rwanda is dominated by vegetation and grassland with approximately 46 percent considered arable land and 9.5 percent dedicated to permanent crops. Forested uplands and hills are predominant characteristics of the terrain, especially in the western part of the country with a mountainous relief of more than 2,500 m of altitude in the Congo-Nile Crest and the Volcanoes in the Northern-west.

60 60 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 Gakenke District, the present indicative feeder roads project area, is generally characterized by high inclined hills separated by rivers and swamps/marshlands. The relief seems to comprise two distinctive regions with the high-altitude region with mountains attaining at least 2648 m (Mountain Kabuye) and another region characterized by lowly inclined hills of 1700 m of altitude which in one way or another traduces soil-erosion. The hillsides are used for crop production or forest plantation. 4.3.4 Geology and Soils In General, Rwanda has a complex geological history which presents itself in varied topographic profiles from the mountainous Northwest to the grassland of Akagera in the East. The oldest rocks of Rwanda are the Paleoroterozoic migmatites, gneisses and mica schists overlain by the Mesoproterozoic Kibaran Belt. The folded and metamorphosed sediments of the Kibaran Belt are primarily schists and quartzites introduced by granites and cover most of Rwanda, including Gakenke District where Burundian schists are dominant. Gakenke District currently has five mining sites located in Ruli, Cyabingo and Minazi Sectors. The minerals available are Colombo-tantalite (coltan), wolfram and cassiterite Gakenke soil is basaltic, generally permeable, and rich in iron. It is an acid pH soil with an average content of clay grouped as karyokinesis. The soils in Gakenke District are very susceptible to erosion and therefore less fertile. Gakenke District currently has five mining sites located in Ruli, Cyabingo and Minazi Sectors. The minerals available are Colombo-tantalite (coltan), wolfram and cassiterite. A number of twenty- three (12) borrow pits and five ((5) quarry sites have been identified, and they will be used as a source of materials for the construction of indicative feeder roads in Gakenke District. Photo 4-1 shows features of typical proposed borrow pits.

Photo 4-1: Type of soil on a proposed borrow pit

61 61 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 4.3.5 Air quality As far as can be ascertained, there is no information regarding ambient air quality in the project area. However, in view of the lack of any major industries, it is reasonable to assume that air quality is good, apart from elevated dust levels close to the existing access feeder road during the dry season caused by passing traffic. This is likely to be the case even adjacent to the road since traffic volumes will not be high enough to result in significant air quality degradation. The contractor requires to follow the standards and make sure that all activities to be within the East African Ambient Air Emission Limits and Ambient Air Quality Tolerance Limits (Table 4-2 and Table 4-3). Air quality monitoring shall be undertaken at some locations within the project area, particularly focusing on locations in close proximity to residential, commercial, or ecologically sensitive areas to determine the baseline conditions. The following parameters will be monitored along the proposed project corridor. They are Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Volatile Organic Carbons and Particulate Matter (PM) shall be monitored over a 24-hour period. Table 4-2 and Table 4-3 depicted the East African Ambient Air Emission Limits and Ambient Air Quality Tolerance Limits. Table 4-2:Ambient Air emission limits Pollutant Guideline Limit Level Test Method Sulphur Annual mean of 40 – 60 Daily average of hourly values shall TZS 837 Parts  3 oxides, Sox μg/Nm (0.05-0.08 not exceed 0.1 mg/kg (1, 2, and 4). mg/kg) 0.5 mg/Nm3 for 10 minutes or 24 – hour average 100 μg/Nm3 (0.129 mg/kg) Carbon Aims at preventing 1. A maximum permitted exposure TZS 837 Parts monoxide, carboxy hemoglobin of 100mg/Nm3 for periods not 1,2, and 6 CO levels exceeding 2.5-3% exceeding 15 minutes. in non-smoking people. 2. Time-weighed exposures at the following levels: . 100 mg/Nm3 for 15 minutes . 60 mg/Nm3 for 30 minutes. . 30 mg/Nm3 for 60 minutes . 10 mg/Nm3 for 8 hours. Or

 To be reported as SO2 62 62 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Pollutant Guideline Limit Level Test Method Daily average of hourly values shall not exceed 10mg/kg and average of hourly values in eight consecutive hours shall not exceed 20 mg/kg. Black Black smoke 40 to 60 Daily average of hourly values shall TZS 837 Parts smoke and μg/Nm3 (0.05-0.08 not exceed 0.10 μg/Nm3 and hourly 1, 2 and 3. suspended mg/kg) values shall not exceed 0.20 μg/Nm3 particulate PM 10 60 to 90 μg/Nm3 matters (0.05 – 0.116 mg/kg) (PM 10) Nitrogen Annual mean of 0.1 150 μg/Nm3 for 24-hours average TZS 837 Part 1, dioxide. μg/Nm3 value 2, and 5 NOx 120μg/Nm3 for 8 hours Lead Annual mean of 0.5 – 1.5μg/Nm3 for 24 – hours average ISO 9855:1993 1.0 μg/Nm3 value

Ozone Annual mean of 10 – 120 μg/Nm3 for 8 – hours average 100 μg/Nm3 value Source: East African Standard, East African Community, 2007 Table 4-3: Ambient Air Quality Tolerance Limits

63 63 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

4.3.6 Ambient Noise As far as can be ascertained, there is no information regarding ambient noise levels adjacent to the existing feeder road. However, due to the rural nature of the project area, it can reasonably be assumed that ambient noise levels near to the proposed road are below the widely accepted WHO guideline value (Leq) of 65 dBA, and National standards (Table 4-4), above which significant noise nuisance may be experienced due construction activities. During the feasibility study, the ESIA study indicated that the consultant’s output regarding the noise level which could be generated during construction period and its impact mmagnitude

64 64 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 related to the types of the equipment used, the construction methods employed and the scheduling of the work. This helps for the Contractor to comply with the national and international standard and guideline, which construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80-85 dB (A) at 15 m distance, which will decrease with increase in distance. Noise due to construction machinery is predicted as presented in table 4-5. The noise levels will be with a limit of 55-65 dB (A) at a distance of 100-125 m from construction site. The expected noise levels due to operation of construction machinery at site are summarized in table 4-6. The noise levels will decrease with distance. Table 4-4: Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise Limit in dB, Max. Area Code Category of area Day time Nighttime A Industrial Area 75 70 B Commercial Area 65 55 C Residential area 55 45 D Silence Zone 50 40 Source: Rwanda Standard-RS 236 (RBS-2014) Table 4-5: Noise Levels during Construction, dB (A) Excavation Excavation by Source Dump Truck Compactor Dozer by Shovel caterpillar Noise Level 83 81 85 87 87 dB(A) 15 15 15 15 15 Noise Levels at Distance (m)from source 20 78.5 76.5 80.5 82.5 82.5 25 76.1 74.1 78.1 80.1 80.1 30 74 72 76 78 78 35 72.1 70.1 74.1 76.1 76.1 40 70.5 68.5 72.5 74.5 74.5 45 69 67 71 73 73 50 67.5 65.5 69.5 71.5 71.5 55 66.2 64.2 68.2 70.2 70.2 60 65 63 67 69 69 75 61.5 59.5 63.5 65.5 65.5 100 56.5 54.5 58.5 60.5 60.5 125 54.6 52.6 56.6 58.6 58.6 65 65 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Excavation Excavation by Source Dump Truck Compactor Dozer by Shovel caterpillar 150 53 51 55 57 57 175 51.7 49.7 53.7 55.7 55.7 200 50.5 48.5 52.5 54.5 54.5 225 49.5 47.5 51.5 53.5 53.5 250 48.6 46.6 50.6 52.6 52.6 Source: Consultant Measured at Source and Computed at Distances Table 4-6: Noise Due to Construction Machinery S.No. Machine Operation Noise in dB(A)

1. Dump Truck Haul 83

2. Compactor Fill 81 3. Dozer Fill 85 4. Excavation by Shovel Cut 87

5. Excavation by Caterpillar Cut 87 Source: Consultant’s own survey from other projects 4.3.7 Soil loss The soil loss will be in terms of topsoil erosion from the road corridor, borrow pits, quarries, and storage of material areas (Figure 4-3). In the areas of the District where the slopes are over 25%, the project may cause risks of high erosion and slope stability, which is in turn relevant to the design of the project and the conduct of operations such as excavation and drilling. Figure 3-4 below shows that Gakenke District is among the country’s high-risk zones with respect to erosion caused by steep slopes. The soil erosion is likely to take place due to up-gradation and widening of project roads.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Figure 4-3: Map showing the topography of Gakenke feeder roads and susceptibbilty to landslide Recommendation mitigation measures by the contractor Stability of backslope and fore slope When water flows on uncovered/unprotect soil, it will get eroded due to tractive force induced by water flow. The higher the runoff the higher erosion. This occurs often on early cut slope or

67 67 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 forreslope for embankment due to absence of vegetation which would increase the resistance to erosion. The use of interceptor ditches uphill and mitre drains along the road allows to control runoff on these areas by forcing the water flow in well improved drains. The interceptor ditches will be provided, in this project, to prevent water flow over a backslope with a height equal or greater than two (2) meters. At the two (2) ends of each interceptor drain, a masonry vertical drop will be provided on cut slope/backslope. Erosion control downstream of pipe culvert or mitre drain The erosion downstream will be controlled by use of lined outflow channel followed by unlined channel with check dams. Check dams are generally used in concentrated-flow areas, such as vegetated ditches and swales. Check dams are either permanent or temporary barriers that prevent erosion and promote sedimentation by slowing flow velocities and/or to filtering concentrated flows. Check dams can be constructed from a variety of materials. 4.3.8 Water Environment Water environment consists of water resources such as streams, lakes, estuaries, water use, and quality. Understanding the water quality is essential in the preparation of ESIA and to identify critical issues with a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for implementation. Water availability is essential in the project area for the construction and drinking. It is anticipated that water will be available for the above purposes in project area. The hydrographic network of Gakenke District is very rich and vast, with the main water bodies being Nyabarongo River, a tributary of Akagera River which is a transboundary river flowing into Lake Victoria to form later Nile River. Other main rivers in the District are Mukungwa, Base, Cyacika, Bahimba, Isumo, Busanane, Kiyebe, Senzare, Gaseke, Kinoni, Nyamuhanga, Mugambazi and Mugobore. Most rivers are used for domestic water supply. However, none of these rivers or streams is used for fishing, large scale irrigation (some farmers water their crops during dry periods) nor energy production, except Mukungwa river used to generate hydropower energy. All water courses are permanent and have enough water throughout the year due to the District high rainfall. Gakenke District is a mountainous region characterized by steeper slopes, with an altitude of 1300 - 2500m. The annual average temperature is around 20°C while the annually rainfall varies between 1100 and 1500 mm depending on the altitude. Though no available data on Gakenke water quality, the rivers /streams in Gakenke are silted and this is evidenced by the brown color of many water courses in the region. Accelerated erosion caused by agricultural activities is reported to be the main cause of the problem. The baseline on water quality will be constituted through taking samples by respective Contractor before the start of civil works. The ambient air and noise are not polluted. Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil permanently or just at certain times of the year. Wetlands are important as they reduce the impacts of floods, absorb pollutants, and improve water quality. They also provide habitats for animals and plants and many contain a wide diversity of life, including endangered species. Many wetlands are areas of great natural beauty 68 68 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 while others are used for agriculture. Gakenke District possesses wetlands associated with rivers. Nyabarongo River and its wetland are of great importance for biodiversity conservation, especially birds, species such as the endangered Malagasy Pond Heron, the threatened Papyrus Gonolek, the vulnerable Grey Crowned Crane and the Sitatunga. Nyabarongo wetland/marshland is under serious pressure from agriculture. Mukungwa wetland (341ha), Base wetland (229ha), Ruhangari Wetland (219ha), Kinoni wetland (76ha), Banga wetland (93ha) and many other wetlands associated with rivers/ streams mentioned above were converted into agriculture and are mostly used for maize, bean and vegetables. Some indicative feeder roads cross the wetlands/streams while others pass alongside the wetlands/streams. FR3 traverse Mukungwa streams at 0.7 km. Wetlands, Streams, Swamps, etc. are not only important for agricultural production, but are also a source of water needed for domestic and industrial use. The potential adverse impacts of road construction on these wetlands include siltation from road drainage system, washing away of surplus by rains, road embankments’ landslides, disposal of various wastes (construction waste, domestic waste or oils and greases spills). The proposed indicative feeder roads will be crossing or passing by side of number of water bodies or wetlands. Those roads and location are summarized in Table 4-7 and Figure 4-4 below. Table 4-7: Water bodies along selected feeder roads Feeder Feeder Road Name Water Body Cross drainage Status / Comment ID FR1a Buranga- Kamubuga- Murindimure 23+400 Rutaho- Base Stream 25+200 Murindimure 25+600 Stream 26+800 Murindimure Stream 27+900 Bukongoro Stream 28+700 FR1b Kivuruga- Mukinga Stream 0+700 Nyiramenyo Stream 0+900 Stream 1+300 Stream 1+800 Stream 2+600 Stream 3+800

69 69 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Feeder Feeder Road Name Water Body Cross drainage Status / Comment ID FR3 Gashenyi- Muhonga Stream 0+600 Kinoni River and Karambo- Kinoni Nyakina Stream 1+100 Rwangu Stream cause floods very Rwabageni Stream 2+000 often. Rwabageni Stream 2+400 Nyabyano Stream 3+500 Rwangu Stream 5+700 FR10 Ruhanga- Biziba Stream 1+500 Stream 2+100 Rubabyi Stream 2+300

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Figure 4-4: Selected feeder roads with biophysical characteristics

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

4.3.9 Water quality considerations in Rwanda Though there are no water quality data on rivers/ streams in Gakenke district, studies done in 2011 on Sebeya river (there are some Gakenke streams flowing into river) indicated that the river was low in nitrogen and phosphorus and had high turbidity and total suspended solids. Its pH and temperature ranged between 6.6-7.6 and 15.7 -17.8oC respectively. Sources of water pollution in Gakenke District is not different to the National context, where according to National Nile Basin Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Report for Rwanda of 2005; Water pollution in Rwanda is mainly caused by domestic waste, agro-pastoral and industrial activities. The pollutants which enter water bodies are most commonly contained in effluents derived from a wide range of human activities, as a result of soil erosion, accidental spills or illegal dumping. Table 4-8 shows the potential sources of water pollution in Rwanda. Table 4-8: Sources of water pollution in Rwanda No Sources of water Pollutants Negative Effect pollution

1 Domestic waste Used water from septic tanks, diseases such as epidemics of latrines, animal waste and typhoid, cholera, and gastro- refuse intestinal diseases, dysentery

2 Pollution from Fertilizers, pesticides and chemical, biological, and geological agriculture herbicides, erosion pollution of water resources

3 Industrial effluents and by-products dangerous chemical components for pollution human and animal consumption and for environment.

4 Natural pollution parent rocks like ammonium underground water pollution nitrates, fluorides, etc.

5 Invasive and toxic hyacinth and other bad weeds Degradation of quality, proliferation weeds of agents’ carriers of diseases (malaria, encephalitis, bilharzias, filariasis, etc.), increased Turbidity, water losses through evapotranspiration.

Considering the nature of works and equipment’s including machines to be involved in rehabilitation of feeder roads, it is anticipated that water pollution issues may happen if attention is not taken to avoid the pollutants from reaching or entering the water bodies. This pollution may be 72 72 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 caused by erosion, improper dumping, different solid and liquid wastes including oil from machines. The Contractor should take the maximum efforts to comply with the National standards (table 4-9) and to avoid or minimize the potential discharge of pollutants to water body through preparation and implementation of proper wastes management practices, best practices of dumping, development of containment structure to any spills and other erosion and storm water control and management practices that will be integrated in to the project implementation. Table 4-9: Tolerance limits for discharged domestic wastewater S/N Parameter Limits-Treated Methods of test 1 TDS mg/l <1500 ISO 6107-2:1989 2 TSS mg/l <50 ISO 11923:1997 3 pH 5-9 ISO 10523:1994 4 Nitrates mg/l 20 ISO5663:1984,ISO 6778: 1984 , ISO 7890- 3:1988 5 Nitrites mg/l 2 ISO6777:1984 6 Total Nitrogen 30 ISO 11905 7 Total Phosphorus mg/l 5 ISO 6878:2004

8 Temperature variation of treated water <3 Thermometer1 compare to ambient temperature of water °C

9 BOD5 mg/l <50 ISO 5815-2:2003 10 COD mg/l <250 ISO 6060:1989 11 Faecal Coliforms /100ml 400 KS 05-220 12 Oil and grease mg/l <10 ISO 9377-2:2000 13 Chlorine mg/l <2 ISO 7393 14 Sulphate mg/l 500 ISO 22743 15 Color Pt-Co 200 ISO 7887 Note: The thermometer used should be calibrated according to National Measurement Act Source: RBS, 2014

73 73 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 4.4 Biological Environment 4.4.1 Flora Gakenke District is rich in forest cover, including artificial forests, unfortunately very degraded due to human settlements and conversion of the natural forest into agriculture, use as energy for cooking and livestock farmlands. Today, the Government of Rwanda have setting many different laws for trees replantation in Gakenke district covers the many forests, a very small proportion of the original area remains. Other vegetation characteristic of the district is a large coverage of crops throughout the District. The District also possesses both forests plantations and agroforestry tree species intercropped with crops. In 2015, the forest plantations covered about 14,235 ha scattered across the District while agroforestry accounted for 560 ha. The Eucalyptus species dominate the forests plantations followed by Pinus spp. and Alnus spp. These forests have been harvested for more than 2 times. Construction, charcoal making, and firewood are the major uses of the harvested trees. In addition to forest plantations, about 16 tree species were found intercropped with crops. Those include Eucalyptus, Grevillea, Alnus, Acacia, Ficus, Hypericum, Cedrella, Erythrina, Markamia, etc. Roads cross forest plantations. The roads work a likely to affect some of these forests and the project is planning to plant trees along the rehabilitated roads and in some other erosion prone areas for the protection of the roads as well as the replacement of lost tree species. During the feasibility study, trees within Immediate Corridor of Impact (COI): A total number of 16 dominant trees were inventoried along all the previous 14 selected feeder project’s area in Gankenke District (Table 4-10). This current feeder roads (FR1, FR3 and FR10) project will affect some of these trees as it also located in Gakenke District. Thus, tree plantation is recommended during rehabilitation phase. Table 4-10: Dominant trees and shrubs along the indicative feeder roads

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Source: Feasibility study 2108 A total number of four hundred forty-five (445) (with at least 30 cm of girth size, which is the upper limit of semi-mature trees) have been identified in the proposed ROW of indicative feeder roads (Table 4-11). Table 4-11: Trees along Selected feeder within the Road Corridor

Road Length( Number of Crops FR No. Name km) trees (ha) FR1 Lot 1 32 2025 10.2 FR1 Lot 2 18 14051 2.54 FR3 & FR10 Lot 3 19 TOTAL 69 16076 12.74

Source: Field survey in February 2017 and updated in September 2019

4.4.2 Fauna Wildlife diversity is low in Gakenke District. Some few birds can be sighted however, such as eagles, sparrow hawk, ravens.This because district of Gakenke does not traverse or encroach any part of National or protected Park in Rwandan. None of the feeder road in this current project pass into the protected area, except the artificial and natural forests which are will be possibility affected by proposed feeder roads. Alongside proposed feeder road project identified species within the 75 75 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 wetlands, Base River, and lake Burera & Ruhondo like fishes and reptiles (mostly snakes), none of them will be endangered. 4.5 Socioeconomic environment 4.5.1 Demography Demography Gakenke District is part of the Western Province. The District has a population of 338,234 inhabitants (Census 2012 final data) and extends over an area of 704.067 sq. km. The population density accounting for 480 inhab/sq.km ranks the District sixteenth from bottom countrywide; density is 16% higher than the national average (415 inhab/sq.km) and 9% lower than the Northern Province average (420 inhab/sq.km), whereas the population growth 2002-2012 has been 2.1%, slightly lower than the national average (2.6%). The District is prevalently rural, the urban population accounts for 2% of total District population. The population is unevenly distributed over the District area the most densely populated area is Gakenke Sector. Also, the population density and demographic growth in decade 2002-2012 are contrasted among different Sectors. The growth rate ranges from 0.7% in Kamubuga Sector to 3.5% in Nemba Sector, also population density varies the minimum of 319 inhab/sq. km in the northern sector of Gashenyi to 1138 inhab/sq. km in Gakenke Sector. The average household size in Gakenke District is 4.6 persons/HH is slightly above the national average household size (4.3 persons/HH). The mean demographic data of Gakenke District are highlighted in Table 4-13 below. Table 4-12: Population in Gakenke District

Source: 4th Population and Housing Census 2012. NISR 2014 76 76 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

4.5.2 Gender and child context i) Demographic data As per the results of the 4th population and housing Census (2012), the total District population is 338,234 residents of which 52.6% are females. Females are predominant in all Sectors of the district except Karambo Sector where 47.0% of the sector population is females. Karambo is the less populated sector in Gakenke district with 18,502 residents. The population of Gakenke district is mostly young. The population aged 0-17 years represents 50.6 % of the total population of the district. The elderly people (65 years and above) represent 3.1% of the total population of the District. The population aged below 15 years old is 149,146 people, representing 45.9% of the total district population. This group is predominantly female; 75,219 are women, corresponding to 50.4% of the population below 15 years old or 23.2% of the total district population. ii) Gender based violence and child labor /abuse situation Gender-based violence (GBV) is a universal reality existing in all societies. The assessment done by the Gender Monitoring Office (GMO) identifies four major forms of GBV including:  Economic violence (denial of economic rights to property, succession, employment, or other economic benefits).  Physical violence (i.e. the intentional use of physical force with the potential to cause harm).  Sexual violence (act of forcing another individual, through violence, threats, deception, cultural expectation, weapons, or economic circumstances, to engage in sexual behavior against her or his will); and  Psychological violence: trauma to the victim caused by acts, threats of acts or coercive tactics; these threats are often related to sexual or physical violence). Though there are limited data on GBV, it is not a big problem in Rwanda and particularly Gakenke District. The Country has achieved impressive results in the fight against GBV, including a GBV hostile legal and policy framework that supports prevention and response to GBV, and provides an opportunity for further advancements. The National Policy against Gender-Based Violence and its strategic plan, the Law No 59/2008 of 10/09/2008 on prevention and punishment of gender based violence, Law No 22/1999 of 12th November 1999 to supplement Book one of the Civil Code and to institute Part Five regarding Matrimonial Regimes, Liberalities and Successions, Law No 13/2009 of 27th May 2009 regulating Labor in Rwanda, Law No 32/2016 of 28/08/2016 governing persons and family among others were put in place and awareness campaigns on GBV prevention done. All those legal provisions prevent and punish GBV Crimes in all of its forms, sexual harassment in the workplace inclusive, provide for equal inheritance rights between women and men, girls and boys and provide for equal opportunities and equal pay for women and men. iii) Child labor and women trafficking

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 As per the 4th Population and Housing Census of 2012, the children (below 17 years old) constitute 50.6% of the resident Gakenke population, with females outnumbering males. Though there are no data for both Rwanda and Gakenke District, the child labor or abuse situation in the District is not alarming. Legal mechanisms were put place to prevent child labor/ abuse in the country. The most noticeable regulations include the Law 54/2011 of 14/12/2011 relating to the rights and protection of the child and Law No 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labor in Rwanda, in addition to the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 2003 revised in 2015. Concerning women and child trafficking, this type crime is likely still unknow in Rwanda, and there is no related provision in penal Code. 4.5.3 Population on the right of way The selected feeder in Gakenke District passes through scattered settlement, villages, and towns. The boundaries of selected feeder expansion have not been transferred on the land. In general, about 5 m average width will be required for widening of road to have a Road corridor of 10.5 m. The widening will have impact on houses, agriculture land and other infrastructure facilities. The table 4-14 below depicts the number of affected households and PAPs per cell and per road Table 4-13: Number of PAPs per Sector crossed by selected feeder roads

Sectors crossed by Number of affected FRN° Number of PAPs the roads Households (PAHs)

KIVURUGA 152 798 NEMBA 17 145 KAMUBUGA 25 117 GASHENYI 18 621

1 GASHENYI 40 205 BASE 269 1002 NEMBA 85 487 KIVURUGA 154 652 KARAMBO 25 121 GAKENKE 111 521 GASHENYI 27 151 3 KARAMBO 89 455 JANJA 25 142 10 BUSENGO 34 135

78 78 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Sectors crossed by Number of affected FRN° Number of PAPs the roads Households (PAHs)

TOTAL 8 1071 5552 Source: Field survey and Analysis, May 2016 updated in 2019 The population affected by the rehabilitation of the 1st priority feeder roads is 5,552 PAPs grouped into 1,071 families. i) Sex of Respondents The researcher wanted to get the views from both male and female respondents so as to avoid biasness in the responses. Both sexes (female and male) can be affected by the project differently; so, it would be unrealistic to get views from one sex. The table 4-15 below shows that 68.3% of the PAPs are males whereas 31.6% are females. This shows that the majority of the respondents are of the male sex. Despite the women sensitization and involvement, there were some women who were still reluctant to respond to the questionnaire, especially those in the rural areas. Table 4-14: Sex of PAPs in the household surveyed Sex Number of Respondents Percentage (%) Male 865 80% Female 206 20% Total 1071 100 Source: Field survey and Analysis, May 2016 updated in 2019 ii) Age structure of the of the surveyed household The age structure of the respondents was a necessary part of the research to determine whether the results of the findings are from mature persons who understand the situation. The table 4- 16below gives a clear age structure of the PAPs. From the table below, it comes out that 54% of the respondents (majority) are in the range of 30-40 years. During this age, it assumed that people are more active and likely to be involved in various activities. This range is followed by the group age of 20-29, which represents 19%. The group 41-51 which has 15% is followed by the range of PAPs who have 52year and above representing 12%. These results show that the majority of respondents are mature and active; therefore, they can be reliable. Table 4-15: Age of the PAPs of household surveyed Age group Number of Respondents Percentage (%) Less than 20 - - 20-29 196 19 30-40 587 54

79 79 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Age group Number of Respondents Percentage (%) 41-51 165 15 Above 52 123 12 Total 1071 100 Source: Field survey and Analysis, May 2016 updated in 2019 iii) Education of Respondents The level of education among the PAPs is very low as revealed by the data analysis reported in Table 4-17 below. Among the respondents (PAPs), 14% are illiterate, primary (elementary level) education represents 50% and 12% have incomplete secondary level. The proportion of 11% representing those who completed the secondary and vocational represents 12%. The main reason is the poverty of families that could not afford school fees and materials required for the education of their children. But nowadays, due to the government policy, elementary education is free of charge; therefore, every parent has an obligation to send his/her children to school. Table 4-16: Level of Education of respondents S/N Level of education Frequency (No) Percentage (%) 1 Illiterate 149 14 2 Primary 532 50 3 Incomplete Secondary 125 12 4 Secondary 145 13 5 Secondary vocational 110 11 6 Incomplete Higher 0 0 7 Higher (bachelor’s Degree) 10 0 8 Postgraduate 0 0 Total 1,071 100 Source: Field survey and Analysis, May 2016updated in 2019 iv) Family Size of the Household of respondents Table 4-18 below summarizes the family size of the households’ respondents. The Analysis has indicated that 16.5% of the respondents’ families’ size is large, means that the size of the family is above 6per household. While 59.1% are medium, which means that they are within the range of 4- 6 in the family and 63% has small size, means between 2-4 persons per family. The average size of the household of respondents on the feeder road is between 4-6.

80 80 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 Table 4-17: Family Size of the Households S/N Family size Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

1 Small (2-4) 199 19 2 Medium (4-6) 691 63 3 Large (Above 6) 181 18 Total 1071 100 Source: Field survey and Analysis, May 2016 updated in 2018 v) Marital status of respondents The marital status of the PAP is an important parameter to know the views of different categories of people about the project. Table 4-19 shows the marital status of the respondents. About 77% of PAPs are married; single representing 12% and 9% widows. Table 4-18: Marital Status of Respondents in Household Surveyed S/N Marital status Number of respondents Percentage (%) 1 Married 831 77 2 Single 139 12 3 Widow 97 9 4 Divorced 4 2 Total 1071 100 Source: Field survey and Analysis, April 2016 updated in 2019 vi) Vulnerability of PAPs The vulnerability and social group for individuals in the community is for a paramount importance because it gives the idea of level of vulnerability. The Table 4-20 below gives the detail on vulnerability. The majority of the project affected population (81.2%) are in normal conditions and persons representing 5% are orphans, persons living with disability are represented by 0.8% and 9% represent aged persons. Table 4-19: Vulnerability in the PAPs S/N Social group Frequency (No) Percentage (%) 1 Living with disability 9 0.8 2 Orphans 54 5 3 Households headed women 42 4

4 Aged people 98 9

81 81 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

S/N Social group Frequency (No) Percentage (%) 5 People in normal conditions 868 81.2 Total 1071 100 Source: Field survey and Analysis, April 2016

4.5.4 Socio-economic Conditions of the District Gakenke District is part of the Northern Province. The district has a population of 338,234 inhabitants (Census 2012 final data) and extends over an area of 704.1sq.km. It covers 19 Sectors, 97 Cells, 617 villages with 81,367 households. The population density accounts for 480 inhab/sq.km, ranking the district sixteenth country-wide; this density is 16% higher than the national average (415 inhab/sq.km) and 9% lower than the Northern Province average (527 inhab/sq.km), whereas the population growth 2002-2012 has been 0.5%, significantly lower than the national average (2.6%). The district is rural with a negligible share of urban population accounting for less than 3% of total district. The population is unevenly distributed over the district area -the most populated area is the sector of Cyabingo (726 inhab/sq.km) while the least populated sector is Minazi (286 inhab./sq.km) in the southernmost part of the district. Also, the population density and demographic growth in decade 2002-2012 are contrasted among sectors. The growth rate ranges from -0.1% in Busengo sector to 1.5% in Ruli Sector. The average household size in Gakenke district (4.2 persons/hh) is slightly below the national average household size (4.3 persons/hh). Concerning the households’ economic condition and making reference to po erty and extreme poverty lines, set out at 159,375 and 105,064 RWF respectively, Gakenke District is ranked seventh (56.6%) among all districts for percentage of extremely poor and poor population categories. About 43.4% of Gakenke District the population is identified as nonpoor, 25.7% as poor and only 30.9% as extremely poor. Compared with other districts of Northern Province, Gakenke District has the second highest percentage of the extreme poor after Gicumbi. Gakenke District is among the districts in the range of 55–73.3% for population identified as Poor. Referring to the sectors’ contribution to household income, the EICV3 results shows that at the national level agriculture contributes the largest share of a household’s income (46%), followed by wage income (25%), business income (i.e. self-employment), transfers, and rents. In Gakenke District, household income is driven by agriculture income (56%), followed by wage income (22%) and business income (7%). The smallest contributor to household income in Gakenke District is transfer income (public and private transfers) with 4%.

a) Agriculture

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 There are considerable agricultural activities carried out in Gakenke District and the main agricultural products for export are mainly coffee and pineapple. While coffee is cultivated especially in Muyongwe, Muhondo, Rushashi, Ruli, Coko, Minazi, Muzo and Mataba sectors, pineapple grows intensively in Gashenyi, Karambo, Gakenke, Muzo, Cyabingo, Kivuruga, Muyongwe and Rushashi sectors. The coffee is processed in basic coffee washing stations, where Gakenke District has a total of 10 coffee washing stations. Though, the pineapple is cultivated intensively in the aforementioned sectors, there is no viable processing industry in Gakenke which can satisfy the growers demand despite the Nyirangarama fruits plant located in the neighboring district of Rulindo. The economy of the District Gakenke is based primarily on agricultural production. According to EICV3 report, more than 90% of the population of Gakenke is farmers and 49% of incomes are coming from agriculture. The mean size of land cultivated per household in Gakenke District is 0.57 ha. Consequently, Gakenke District is among the seven districts that have a high percentage of cultivating households (66%) that cultivate between 0.75 ha and 0.9 ha of land. The proportion of households cultivating under 0.3 ha land by district represents 52% in Gakenke District, ranking it eleventh among all districts in terms of the percentage of households with under 0.3 ha of land. Commercialization of crop production overall, as measured by the share of harvest sold (including households selling zero crops), is 18.3% in Gakenke District. It is 20.9% at national level and about 20% in all other provinces outside Kigali City. The mean share in Gakenke District for cash crops (mainly Coffee and Tea) traded is between 70% and 80%. The main crop in Gakenke District is Irish Potatoes with 90,365.2 Ton of agricultural production season A and B 2015- 2016. In Gakenke District, Irish potato (59.9%), maize (16.5%) and bean (14.5) are the predominant food crops. Other crops include banana, wheat, and vegetables (pineapple, passion fruit, Japanese plum (tree tomato)). The total production is mainly used for domestic. The following table 4-21 illustrates the proportion of the crop production in 2015 A and B Seasons in Gakenke District Table 4-20: Crop production in Gakenke District

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Source: Feasibility study of indicative feeder roads in Gakenke District by Sheladia, February 2017 In Gakenke District, Banana (28.4%), maize (19.6%), pineapple (18.7%) and beans (18.1%) are the predominant crops. Wheat, Cassava and Coffee represent 15.2% of the total production. The total production is mainly used for domestic consumption and marketing. The Table below presents the marketed share in Gakenke area. The Table 4-22 below presents the marketed share in Gakenke District. Table 4-21: Marketed crop production in Gakenke District for 2015 A and B Seasons

Commercialization of crop production overall, as measured by the share of harvest sold (including households selling zero crops), is 19.2% in Gakenke District. It is 20.9% at national level and about 20% in all other provinces outside Kigali City. The mean share of harvest sold for fruit and

84 84 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 vegetables (19.1%) is higher than for staple crops (18%) in Gakenke District (District Development Plan 2013-2018) b) Livestock In addition to crops production, livestock is another important source of income and food for agricultural households. The livestock population of Gakenke District includes cows (8569), followed by goats (4637), chicken (8,026), rabbits (3,427), sheep (2,902) and pigs (1,357). There are 2 Milk Collection Centers in 3 Sectors with a total capacity of 82,000 liters. While it is an important source of income, Gakenke is ranked first in Rwanda (99.6% against 84.6% at national level) where at least a household has a livestock (EICV3). The district has benefited from government One-Cow per poor family programme (2.2% against 3.9% at national level) and (9.2% against 9.4 % at national level) of households benefited from NGOs that have supported the programme. The table 4-23 shows livestock distribution by family. Table 4-22: Number of Livestock in the Family

Livestock Type Livestock Distribution by family Cattle 7 Sheep 6 Goats 27 Chickens 16 Ducks 1 No Livestock 0 Total Source: Field survey and Analysis, April 2016 updated 2019 4.5.5 Socio-economic profile of PAPs within right of way Socio-economic profile has been developed for the PAPs. Information from field visits revealed that 1071 households are likely to be affected by the project. In order to develop the socio-economic profile of the PAPs, a survey by questionnaire was used to collect the baseline data (The questionnaire is indicated in Annex 9). The socio-economic conditions of PAPs within right of way are discussed in subsequent sections. i. Access to basic infrastructures. Gakenke District is situated in zones with sufficient water sources which can potentially satisfy the water demand of the population. About 50% of households have access to improved drinking water. Around 29.6% of HHs walks more than 15 min of walking to water source. The literacy rate in Gakenke is 64.2 % which is less than the national average of 70%. Gakenke District contains 89 primary schools with a total of 87,597 pupils in 2012. 85 85 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 The number of male pupils enrolled is greater than that of females the males represent 50.8% of the total enrolment while females represent 49.2% which gives a gender disparity difference of 1.6%. The number of females is 8,960 (49.4%) and male represents 50.6% (9,161). There are 46 secondary schools including 9 and 12Years Basic Education (YBE) and the number of students in these schools continue to increase as a result of 9 and 12YBE. The percentage of the students enrolled in the upper secondary level is 27.1% (3,702) and 45.4% (1,684) of this total are enrolled in science combinations with a percentage of 41.1% are girls, towards achieving gender parity in this key area. The ratio pupil/classroom in lower secondary school is 83 against the national ratio of 81. The District is planning to reduce this more than 50% by 2018 to reach 40 pupils by classroom. Similarly, the ratio Pupil/Teacher is 60 whilst this is 25 in upper. In both cases it is not far from the national achievement of 58 and 24, respectively. There are 17 health centers and one District Hospital in Gakenke District serving all sectors of the District. The percentage rate of population with access to health services is 65% and 69.6% of population use more than 30 minutes to health centers. In Gakenke district, the market infrastructure is still underdeveloped. There exist many unimproved markets like (KIVURUGA, JANJA, NEMBA, KARAMBO, BIZIBA, GAKENKE, and BASE etc.) and only one Modern market which is Gakenke Modern Market. The district trades with the neighboring districts, mainly Musanze, Muhanga and Rulindo, Nyabihu, Burera and not far away from the border of Democratic Republic of Uganda, especially in agricultural products. The overall distribution of electricity in Gakenke district is 2.7% which is below the national level of 10.8%. The number of populations using electricity energy is one of the lowest of the country though the micro-hydropower plant located on Rulindo substation Electrical power was restored and the use of solar energy reinforced. More than 99.2% of homesteads use firewood and its derivatives or charcoal as a source of energy to cook their food. During the feasibility study The Consultant made an inventory of basic infrastructures along the 1st priority indicative feeder roads in Gakenke District. The Table 4-24 below presents the number of schools, health centres, churches, markets, and public offices by road. Table 4-23: No. of schools, Hhealth and Commercial centers, Cchurches, Markets and public offices by road

Feeder INFASTRUCTURES road Health Public Commercial ID Road Name Centers Schools Markets Offices Churches Centers

Buranga-Kamubuga- 1 2 2 0 1 8 FR1 Rutabo-Base

Gashenyi-Karambo- 0 1 1 0 1 2 FR3 Kinoni 86 86 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Feeder INFASTRUCTURES road Health Public Commercial ID Road Name Centers Schools Markets Offices Churches Centers

Ruhanga-Biziba 1 1 0 0 1 0 FR10

0 Total 2 4 3 0 1 10 Alongside the selected roads, 2 health centers, 4 schools, 3markets, 3 churches, and 10 commercial centers were identified. ii. Distances to Basic Services From the viewpoint of the basic services, Gakenke District ranks lower than the national average. Walking distance to basic services can be considered an indicator of both provision and coverage of such services and the remoteness of households’ dwellings. Referring to the mean walking distance to primary school by district, it shows that Gakenke is classified among eleven districts with a mean walking distance to a primary school within the interval of 28 to 33 minutes. Around 38.7% of households are still between 30 and 59 minutes of a primary school. This walking distance to a primary school in Gakenke District is higher than the mean distance in rural areas (28.6 minutes), and higher than the national level. The mean walking distance to a primary school is 28.6 minutes in rural areas, 19.4 minutes in urban areas and 27.2 minutes at national level. The mean walking distance to a health center in Gakenke District is 69 minutes and only 35.4% of households walk for under than an hour on average to a health center. The mean walking distance to a health center is 69 minutes and only 35.4% of households walk for under an hour on average to reach a health center. At national level, the distance is covered in 60 minutes and 44.3% of households walk for under an hour to reach a health center. iii. Employment status of PAP With regard to the surveyed household, about 55.2% are employed in either their own or at someone else agricultural farm. Moreover, a proportion of 20.3%, among the PAPs own small business, which they combine with agricultural activities. This can be explained by the fact that in the District, the agricultural activities (Maize, Banana, Rice, Beans) are dominant and combined with small businesses selling the produce in the local commercial centres. The percentage of PAPs that represents “mason” is 12%, the students/ pupils are 4.6%; while only 6.7% of the respondents are public servants, especially teachers in the local primary schools. Table 4-25 below describes the employment status of members in the PAPs surveyed. Table 4-24: Employment Status of PAPs S/N Employment Frequency (No) Percentage (%) 1 Employed (in own agricultural farm) 634 59 87 87 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

S/N Employment Frequency (No) Percentage (%) 2 Pensioner 0 0 3 Student, pupil 128 12 4 Mason 94 8 5 Traders 167 15 6 Civil servant (Teachers) 48 6 7 Military Servant 0 0 Total 1071 100 Source: Field survey and analysis, April 2016 updated in 2019

iv. Social Services and Prevention of Communicable Diseases Communicable diseases include Malaria, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, epidemics, and other transmittable diseases. Social services were put in place in Gakenke District for their prevention. The malaria was not totally eliminated in Gakenke District and treated mosquito nets continue to be distributed free of charge to pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) and to children under 5 years through mass campaigns countrywide and campaign for malaria prevention and treatment. The malaria treatment drugs were also introduced in all health facilities in the District and in some interested private pharmacies. v. Livestock in the surveyed household The population of Gakenke District is involved in livestock activities. There are some families who do not have farming activity but involved in the livestock activities. The numbers of livestock are reported in Table 4-26. Goats dominated the livestock distribution in the project area with 18.6%. The table shows that 57% of the surveyed households owned at least one type of livestock. Table 4-25: Number of Livestock in the Family

Livestock Type Households with % livestock Cattle 91 8 Sheep 39 3.6 Goats 200 18.6 Chickens 172 16.8 Ducks 0 0 No Livestock 569 53

88 88 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Livestock Type Households with % livestock Total 1071 100 Source: Field survey and Analysis, April 2016 updated 2019 vi. Economic Activities and Source of Income Table 4-27 below provides details on the main activities and source of income of the PAPs. The main source of income among the surveyed PAPs is agriculture with 83.1%, while 16.5% are engaged into small businesses. Table 4-26: Economic Activity and Source of Income among the PAPs Main Sources of Income Frequency % Income from own business (Trade, construction, 165 14.8 etc.) Income from Agriculture 856 84.6 Income from rent of the house 50 0.4 Support from other relatives 0 0 Income from sale of items of private property 0 0 Total 1071 100 Source: Field survey and Analysis, April 2016 updated in 2019 vii. Housing conditions of the PAPS Housing condition is an important variable in studying socio economic aspects of a family because it gives the idea on the living conditions of family members. The Table 4-28 below shows the situation of the PAPs in the visited roads in Gakenke District. About 96.1 % of PAPs live in their own houses, while 3.8 % live are rented houses. 81.1 % of these houses are built in mud bricks known as Rukarakara, while 18.8 % are built in woods. viii. House Conveniences and their Conditions Table 4-29 below summarizes the type of convenience in the house such as electricity, radio, mobile phone, private toilette, etc. These are indicator of development. All the surveyed households (100%) have private toilette and 61.4% access to electricity. Among the surveyed households, only 2 PAPs use solar energy. A significant proportion of the household surveyed have mobile phones 78.5% from different telecommunication companies operating in Rwanda (MTN, TIGO and Airtel). Furthermore, the consultant was informed that almost all households have radio, and some of them have also a bicycle.

89 89 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Table 4-27: Housing Conditions House Type Frequency % House made in Frequency % Owner ship Frequency % Cottage/rural house 0 0 Wood 156 14.5 Owned 1043 97.3 Other 1071 100 Mud bricks 915 85.5 Rented 28 2.7 (RUKARAKARA +Cement) Total 1071 100 1071 100 1071 100 Source: Field survey and Analysis, April 2016updated 2019 Table 4-28: Conveniences in the Surveyed Household and their Conditions Grid Frequency % Solar Frequency % Mobile Frequency % Private Toilet Frequency % Electricity Energy Phone Functions 756 70.5 Functions 192 17.9 Functions 691 64.5 Functions 1071 100 Function 0 0 Function 0 0 Function 101 9.4 Function with 0 0 with with with interruptions interruption interrupti interruptio on n Doesn’t 0 0 Doesn’t 0 0 Doesn’t 152 14.2 Doesn’t 0 0 function function function function Doesn't 315 29.5 Doesn't 879 82.1 Doesn't 127 11.9 Doesn't exist 0 0 exist exist exist Total 1071 100 Total 1071 100 Total 1071 100 Total 1071 100 Source: Field survey and Analysis, April 2016 updated in 2019 90 90 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

4.5.6 Resettlement Implications of the Project The road alignment had tried to avoid that involuntary resettlement should happen. Where involuntary resettlement was unavoidable, it had been minimized and appropriate measures to mitigate adverse impacts on displaced persons (and on host communities receiving displaced persons) had been recommended to be carefully planned and implemented by the client. Therefore, the proposed road widening will have impact on houses, agriculture land and other infrastructure facilities. Due to the project activities, properties which are potentially to be affected include: a) Loss of Houses The details of houses likely to be affected by road widening are presented in Table 4-30 below. The total numbers of houses that will need relocation are 69. These houses will be fully affected. Table 4-29: Details of House on Road Side Feeder Road No. Lots Names Houses FR 1 Lot 1 37 FR1 Lot 2 14 FR3 & FR10 Lot 3 18 Total 69 Source: Consultant’s Survey, May 2016 updated in 2019 b) Loss of Land The development in the study area will definitely bring substantial change in the land use pattern as the road modification/ construction will require additional land from private and government. It is estimated that to achieve the right of way, road widening will require 31.05 ha for the priority feeder roads improvement (Table 4-31). This land requirement for the road rehabilitation will change the land use permanently from barren/agricultural/built up land into road (carriageway, drainage system and tree buffer zone). This impact is permanent and irreversible. Table 4-30: Land acquisition for road widening

Average Average Additional addition al additional area Feeder Average Description Length width for width for required for road No existing 6.0 m road 10.5m RoW 10.5m RoW (m) (m) (ha)

FR1 Buranga -Kamubuga –Base 32 6.3 - 4.2 16.8

91 91 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Average Average Additional addition al additional area Feeder Average Description Length width for width for required for road No existing 6.0 m road 10.5m RoW 10.5m RoW (m) (m) (ha)

Kivuruga-Mbatabata 8.4 5.8 0.2 4.4 Kabyaza-Nuro- 5.1 6 - 4.2 Kanyiramenyo Base-Masoru-Mukaje 4.7 5.7 0.3 5 FR10 Ruhanga- Biziba 7.8 6 - 4.5 6.29

FR3 Gashenyi-Karambo-Kinoni 11 5.2 0.8 4.7 7.96

Total 69 1.3 4.5 31.05

Source: Consultant Field Surveys and computation, April 2016 updated in 2018 c) Loss of other structures Due to expansion there will be other minor losses (Table 4-32). The identified losses include fence, water valve chambers and water pipeline crossing the road. Table 4-31: Loss of other structures Length(k Loss of live FR No. Road Name Water Taps Water Pipes m) Fences (m) FR1 Lot 1 32 18 1 0 FR1 Lot 2 37 0 0 1 FR3 &FR10 Lot 3

TOTAL 69 18 1 1 Source: Consultant Field Surveys and computation, May 2019 d) Loss of trees and crops Table 4-33 below summarizes the type of losses likely to be due to the expansion/widening of feeder roads in the District, considering that around 80% of the needed land is under cultivation of potatoes, beans and maize the civils works will start when most of them are harvested Table 4-32: Loss of crops and trees

92 92 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

FR No. Road Name Length(km) Number of trees Crops (ha)

FR1 Lot 1 32 2,025 10.2 FR1 Lot 2 18 14,051 2.54 FR3 & FR10 Lot 3 19 TOTAL 69 16,076 12.74 Source: Contractor computation, April 2016 updated in 2019 e) Summary of Losses Table 4-34 summarizes the type of losses likely to be due to the expansion/widening of feeder roads in Gakenke District. All assets to be affected will be compensated as per the updated RAP before the start of civil works. Table 4-33: Summary of Losses S/N Description Value (ha/number/m) 1 Number of households who will lose house fully 69 2 Number of households who will lose house partially None 3 Private live fences affected in meters 1 (18m) 4 Number of institutional buildings affected fully None 5 Loss of lands permanently in hectares 31.05 6 Loss of Crops in ha 12.74 7 Loss of trees in numbers (with at least 30cm girth size) 16,076 8 Water Taps 1 9 Electrical poles 3 10 Water pipes 100m 11 Total number of affected households 1,071 12 Number of affected Persons 5,552

93 93 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 5 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION 5.1 Background All Rwandans have the right to participate in Government and public services All Rwandans have the right to participate in the Government of the country, either directly or through their freely chosen representatives, in accordance with the law. All Rwandans have the right of equal access to the public service in accordance with their competence and abilities”. The Rwanda's Constitution, Chapter Iv: Human Rights and Freedoms Section One: Rights and Freedoms: Article 27: Right to participate in Government and public services. Law no 001/2019 of 15/04/2019 requires that all Environmental Assessment process in Rwanda to incorporate Public Consultation. The aim is to ensure that all stakeholder interests are identified and incorporated in project development, implementation, and operation. It is an important process through which stakeholders including beneficiaries and community members living in project areas, are given an opportunity to contribute to the overall project design by making recommendations and raising concerns before the implementation of the project. In addition, the process creates a sense of responsibility, commitment, and local ownership for smooth implementation of the project. For Feeder roads development Project in Gakenke District (FR1, FR3, FR10), the public consultation has been carried out in the project areas especially at Cell level, where local authorities and local community have raised their concerns and interest to be considered during the project design as well as their expectation form the project implementation. They have also committed their active participation in the implementation. Also note that for further stakeholders that may be interested on the project, a stakeholder engagement plan has been prepared at the FRDP coordination level, where meeting and discussions will be organized during the project implementation. 5.2 Objectives Public consultations were held with PAPs, community elders and local officials with the following key objectives among others:  To inform PAPs about and discuss the nature and scale of adverse impacts of the project on their livelihoods in a more transparent and direct manner and seek their participation in the project cycle.  To give PAPs affected communities a chance to have a say and express their views in the planning and implementation of the project that affect them directly.  To obtain qualitative as well as quantitative information on viable income generation and livelihood interventions which PAPs could engage themselves in order to restore their income and livelihoods in a self-sustaining manner.

94 94 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  To inform local authorities of the impacts, agree on a cut-off date, solicit their views on the project and discuss their share of the responsibility for the smooth functioning of the overall project operations. In addition, the public consultation process enabled the establishment and boosting of a communication channel between the general public, local authorities, Grievance Redress Committees, the project proponents and the Contractor; and the concerns of the stakeholders to be known to the decision makers at an early phase of project development. 5.3 Methods and Process The stakeholders had been directly and indirectly participated in the preparation of this ESIA through various consultation meeting and interviews. These stakeholders include the central and local authorities, the population, PAPs, community members, elders, women, youths, Farmers, and other project interested parties. For this purpose, the strategies of reaching people in public works known as “UMUGANDA” and Public meetings were mainly exploited. Consultations were carefully planned and conducted in such a way that ensures efficiency and effectiveness in covering key issues both from the Stakeholders, PAPs and communities on the one hand, and the project interests on the other. Socio-economic information was obtained during informal meetings with local authorities during the field visits as well as the information obtained from field survey. Efforts were made to reach as many people as possible. Consultations were carefully planned and conducted in such a way that ensures efficiency and effectiveness in covering key issues both from the PAPs and communities on the one hand, and the project interests on the other. This participatory process helped in reducing the public resistance to change and enabled the participation of the local people in the decision-making process. Initial Public consultation has been carried out in the project areas with the objectives of minimizing probable adverse impacts of the project and to achieve speedy implementation of the project through bringing in awareness among the community on the benefits of the project. During consultation, the communities and PAPs were provided with relevant and sufficient information on the project prior to its start – up, including information about the project, its benefits, social and environmental impacts anticipated during project implementation period. The presentation highlighted the project background, objectives, expected upcoming activities, social economic information, and environmental information. The participants were also encouraged to share their fears, perception and concerns and claims as well as project expectations from the beneficiaries for its success.

95 95 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 In addition, during consultation meetings with the communities, efforts were made to reach as many people as possible. For this purpose, the strategy of reaching people in community works known as “UMUGANDA” was exploited. Enough public consultation meetings were conducted with different stakeholders, namely local authorities, private sector, farmer’s organizations, local communities, cooperative representatives, and churches representatives. During preparation of public consultations, the Gakenke district played a big role in communication, especially by disseminating the information to the concerned people (Mobilization, methodologies to be used, feedback). Other meetings were conducted with Gakenke District authorities and officers. The aims of these meetings were to inform the District about the progress and to acquire advices from them on the how the project attain a good performance and success. During the consultation the project background, objectives, expected upcoming activities, socio economic information, and environmental information were highlighted. The public consultations for updated ESIA and RAP, were conducted at the same time. The minutes of consultation, list of stakeholders consulted and meeting photos are reported in Annex 10 11&12. 5.4 Stakeholders The stakeholder’s analysis was done before organizing consultations meetings to determine the people or groups that will be involved in the consultative process. This analysis showed that the stakeholders were those who have an interest in the project, and include the following:  Project Affected Persons (PAP).  Local authorities.  Community People and Road Users; and  Churches and cooperative leaders It is important to note that involving stakeholders through participatory direct or indirect consultations is central to completion of the ESIA. During the consultative process, all the above groups were met. In the due course of implementation other stakeholders such as NGOs and other relevant institutions will be identified. 5.5 Location of public consultation and attendance As explained above, the public consultation meetings have been held at different cells crossed the indicative feeder roads concerned by this project. However, weekly community meeting at cell level had been used for collecting information relevant to the update of ESIA and RAP during the design phase by the contractor (CHICO and Fair Construction in Gakenke District). During the preparation of the original ESIA, various public consultation meetings were also conducted with different stakeholders, namely local authorities, private sector, farmer’s organizations, churches and local communities, road engineers, environmental and social protection officers, 96 96 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 representatives of the district private sector, farmers cooperatives. The approach of zoning was used to group close roads in one zone. A total number of five (5) zones have been identified and a public consultation were held in each zone. Table 5-1 provides details of Zones and the way roads have been grouped in the zones.

Table 5-1: Zone of public consultation meeting and corresponding attendance S/N Zone cells covered Date of Public Number of Consultation participants 1 Buranga Buranga, mataba 24/08/2019 220 2 Kamubuga Kamubuga, 11/09/2019 198 rutabo 3 Gashenyi Mbatabata 18/10/2019 250 4 Gakindo Gakindo 02/11/2019 322 5 Gashyamba Gashyamba 11/11/2019 246 TOTAL 1,236 5.6 Findings from Public Consultation Meetings The data obtained from public consultation and views as well as concerns from different stakeholders are given in details in Table 5-2 to Table 5-6. The people who participated in the public consultation, their minutes of consultation, signed attendance sheets and photos are available in Annex 10, 11and 12.

From the above consultation meetings, the local communities appreciated the feeder Road Rehabilitation Project. The project received high degree of acceptability as the rehabilitation of the indicative feeder roads currently in poor conditions will improve socio economic conditions in Gakenke District mainly the FR1, FR3 and FR10. In addition to the socio-economic benefits expected from the project, the local community raised attention on different concerns that should be considered during the project design and implementation. The table below describes the sample of concerns and questions raised during public consultation meetings in Gakenke District. Details of findings from consultation are discussed in the below section. a) Consultation with District authorities and other government agencies at the district level. As earlier indicated, the District will play a critical role in the project. Thus, during the field visits, District authorities have been consulted for the purpose of raising awareness about the project and acquiring their views/ perceptions on the project. A meeting with District authorities was held on 15/11/2019 at the District headquarters as well as meetings with the Executive Secretaries of

97 97 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 Sectors during public consultation meetings on 15/11/2019 in Gakenke district there other stakeholders that are connected to roads component and they were also consulted to work on the utilities along the roads this are REG and WASAC and Private Sector Federation (PSF) and other local NGOs as service providers as seen on the list of the stakeholders of Gakenke district in table3 . Table 5-2 shows details of the consulted authorities. The consultation of people in the borrow pits, quarry sites were also consulted to be aware of the of the project and its adverse impact and their mitigation measure, the excavation blasting and air pollution will be mitigated by the contractor and RTDA will monitor its implantation and rehabilitation exploited sites. Whatever assets affected will be delineated and will be paid by the contractor Table 5-2: Authorities Consulted in Gakenke District

S/N Names Function 1 Nkuranga Joseph District executive secretary

2 Nsanzabandi Charles Division Manager of the District

3 Makuza Faustin District Road engineer 4 Aline Mpambara District Gender family promotion officer 5 Nkurunziza Jean Bosco Executive Secretary of Kamubuga Sector 6 Eugene Uwimana Executive Secretary of Gashenyi Sector 7 Nsengiyumva Cassien Executive Secretary of Nemba Sector 8 DIEUDONNE Uwimana Executive Secretary of Busengo Sector 9 Jean de Dieu Twahirwa Executive Secretary of kivuruga 10 GATABAZI CELESTIN Executive Secretary of Janja Sector Source: Survey, August 2019 The salient features of the meeting are presented below: (i) Views from the District Division Manager The Division Manager of Gakenke District supports and appreciates the “Feeder Roads Project”. He argued “Gakenke district is among the hilly terrain and we have network issues to link business in different centres and other agricultural zones ” rehabilitation of the feeder roads will be an opportunity to local people because they will get jobs. Transport will be easier to the local people from home to market centres and the community will get access to the local health centres. People owning land either eligible or occupying must be given fair compensation as stipulated in the expropriation law. (ii) Views from the Road Engineer of Gakenke District 98 98 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 The Road engineer of Gakenke District fully supports the “Feeder Roads development Project”. As a member of the project Management team that knows the status of the existing roads, In his remarks during the meeting session, he stated that the project will bring a big impact in where terms or conditions where infrastructures were The benefits expected are (i) improved conditions of transporting goods and people; (ii) Opening up of the hinterland and improved access to basic socioeconomic infrastructure; (iii) (ii) Reduced risk of landslides trough the vegetation control and erosion thanks to the reinforcement and monitoring of embankments; (iii) Added value of land as a result of improved accessibility as other public facilities second once roads are only passable. (iii) Views from the Executive Secretaries of Sectors The sector level is the key administrative level of leadership in Rwanda as all the information, activities and government policies are coordinated to the sector. The executive secretary has been key informants of the project Executive Secretaries acknowledge the huge benefits that they expect from the rehabilitation the feeder roads in Gakenke District. At first, they are the one to understand the project and convey the right message to the PAPs. they welcomed the project and participated in the introduction meetings at the district level. The ES of sectors were committed to organize consultation meetings, monitoring of its implementation and introduction of the contractors to the community as assured the contractors full security as the roads rehabilitation mean a lot in terms of development of sectors. b) Consultation with church Leaders During the public consultation, leaders of cooperatives and churches leaders have been consulted with the aim of raising their awareness about the project and getting their views about the project as opinion leaders (Table 5-3). Church leaders are the second channel the government uses to communicate to the community or when doing mobilization as some them provide services as the government does. Being opinion leaders, they are key stakeholders of the project their views are relevant due to their influential role in the society. They all appreciate the project and argue that infrastructures in general and roads specifically, are the engine of development. Thus, the rehabilitation of these feeder roads will bring development to the population Table 5-3: Details about consulted church leaders S/N Name of the Leader Church 1 NIRINGIYIMANA Samuel 7TH DAY ADVENTIST 2 NIYIBIZI Alexis ADEPR 3 UWINGABIYE Alexandre CATHOLIC Source: Contractor’s Survey, August 2016 updated in 2019 c) consultation with cooperative leaders

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 Roads users in rural areas are most of them members of agricultural cooperatives of (coffee, maize, potatoes, pineapple, and banana etc…) like others who do transport. during the consultation process, cooperative leaders were consulted to know their feedback and opinions in decision making of their engagement in the implementation of the feeder roads project (Table 5-4). Table 5-4: Details about consulted cooperative leaders S/N Name of the Leader Cooperative name 1 HAKIZIMANA Andre KOAIGA 2 NDAMAGE Alphonse CTMGA Source: Contractor’s Survey, August 2016 updated in 2019

d) Consultative Meetings with community As earlier indicated, public meetings were organized and held in different Cells after grouping close villages in one cell. Efforts were made to ensure that all prioritized feeder roads are represented in the public consultation. A total number of people about 1236 (801male and 435 females attended the meetings; and approximately 35,1% were women the venue and dates are detailed (see in Table 5-5 and 5-6). The main objective of the public consultations was to gather information on their concerns, perceptions, reactions, and fears of the livelihood changes to be brought about as a result/consequence of rehabilitation of feeder roads in Gakenke District. The specific objectives were: The specific objectives were to:  create awareness of the project  obtain beneficiaries’ feedback and concerns on the project; and  obtain socio- economic and environmental information on the community. After the presentations, the community was given opportunity to give their views, comments, and queries. Different community problems were addressed during the meeting in which the local participants expressed repeatedly their main concerns as follows:  Road safety issues.  Lack of jobs and income generating activities.  Very poor road conditions in some villages.  Lack of sidewalk.  Narrow local roads. Any comments or questions raised by stakeholders were responded and recorded. Employment opportunities in jobs associated with the rehabilitation of feeder roads was a theme brought up in the meetings. The contractor explained that positive and negative impacts of the project on people and the environment would be analysed such as air pollution, dust, influx of people, employment, 100 100 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 traffic, road safety, etc. The contractor team highlighted that the project would follow government policies in protecting the population. All the participants confirmed that they appreciate the Feeder Roads Development Project. The project received high degree of acceptability in that rehabilitation of the roads will boost local economy due to increased usage of the roads hence more exposure and increased trading opportunities. The data obtained from public consultations and views as well as concerns from local communities are given in details in Table 5-5. Table 5-5: Summary of Feeder Roads’ Public Consultation in Gakenke District Gender category of issues and feedback from the project opinions by the community are related to: Men loosing crops and land as the compensation will be provided, and the the only source of project will only acquire land at the average of income 5-6 meters of the existing road Influx related to the majority of casual labors will come from the outsiders local people People who don’t have organization of land week to fast track obtaining permanent land title land titles `women working contracts for it is requirement thst everyone will sign a women contract and will be paid according to the number days and day remuneration will be fixed in the contract loss of houses and time three months period for construction for construction as women Source: Primary data genereted through public consultation, May2016 updated in 2019 During public consultation following points have emerged as their recommendations: . The PAPs and other stakeholders consulted are in favor of the project. . The PAPs will prefer financial compensation for houses and other properties likely to be affected. . Most of the PAPs are looking forward to getting employed by the project and hope the project implementation to start soon. Detailed minutes of public consultation meetings and signed attendance list of people who participated in public consultation are presented in Annexes 10 and 11 of this report. 101 101 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 e) Overall stakeholder’s consultation meeting The consultation with stakeholders discussed different key anticipated issues to be caused by the project implementation and the proposed mitigation measures, after brief introduction on the project objectives and activities. For the anticipated issues to be caused by the Feeder roads Development Project implementation, and their proposed mitigation measures, the following points have been covered.  Involuntary resettlement,  Gender Based violence and spread of Sexual Transmitted Diseases (STDS),  Traffic accident and child right violation,  Noise, dust pollution and soil erosion,  Injuries and accidents at the working place. The stakeholders in Gakenke District showed their interest on FRDP and their willing to cooperate with RTDA, Gakenke district and contractors in the implementation of this project. The stakeholders also presented a highly thankful to the Government of Rwanda and World Bank for investing in road construction especially in rural area which will improve the working conditions and boost the economy of the district in different development sectors. During public consultations, most of the issues raised focused on the compensation of properties to be affected and the employment opportunity of the project as prime concerns. Few concerns came on the environmental issues mainly the security purpose and damages that can be caused by water and dust. However, the Consultant provided responses to the best satisfaction of participants. The concerns of stakeholders in Gakenke District are summarized on the table 5-6 below. Table 5-6: Sample of concerns and questions rose during Public Consultation in Gakenke District Gender Question/ comment Response

Female We have doubt on the control of Always water will be sprayed to avoid dust dust which would cause us pollution which would affect the human life. respiratory diseases and poor hygienic condition in our household Normally projects help vulnerable The project will benefit all people. The local people, people with disabilities. This people with ability to work will be employed project is not doing that. by the project. However, the entitlements matrix contains allowances for vulnerable people to nominate a member of their household to take advantage of the project

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Gender Question/ comment Response

Can anything be done to help The project will consider employment for disabled people get the jobs? vulnerable people whenever possible. However, the available employment is mainly for jobs requiring enough physical energy that people with disability may have difficulty to accomplish.

I appreciate the project, but I am The team explained that the costs related to wondering whether the project will land titles transfer will be covered by the support the fees related to land title Project modification after land acquisition.

Male The project is genuine and very The contractor and client team suggested good for us, but how about the loss that they will make a list of people affected

o f land, crops, houses, etc. and apply the rules and regulation in line with Compensation. The RAP will investigate these losses.

Raised problem of water With the local authorities, the team conservation and damages to explained that the project does adhere to properties the requirements of environment protection and the runoff water will be safely channeled to avoid damages to properties

Raised the issue of employment, he The contractor team explained that local suggested that the local people people will be involved, and priority should be the first ones to be employment for locals applied during employed project. feeder roads construction and maintenance. This will concern both skilled and unskilled

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Gender Question/ comment Response

The project is good; people are The project team explained that the feeder happy with it. What about the roads will be rehabilitated as gravel roads materials to be used in and according to the standards. The project rehabilitation (gravel, stone, or will use the locally available materials for macadam)? soil, gravel, and stones.

Wishes to speed up the road This is likely to occur. rehabilitation (project)

We have experienced such project, The contractor team explained that each at the beginning, they seem to be project is unique; therefore, the current good, but during the one will fully comply with all the implementation it becomes principles and laws as well as procedures something else. They cut our related to compensation by all means. Banana, trees, and other crops without compensation.

Sample pictures taken during various consultation meeting are depicted in Photos 5-1 and Annex 12 of this report.

Photo 5-1: Consultation meeting with local Photo 5-2: Contractor participation in GRCs community to explain the project training session by RTDA

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

6 ENVIRONMENTA L AND SOCIAL IMPACTS 6.1 Introduction In pursuance of the global goals of nature conservation and protection of environment to which Rwanda is committed, the Government of Rwanda has initiated plans, schemes, and actions to implement various legislations. The new Environmental Law n° 48/2018 of 13/08/2018 determining the modalities of protection, conservation, and promotion of environment in Rwanda and the Ministerial Order of 2008 determining the requirements and procedures for conducting EIA are the most important legislation for environmental assessments in Rwanda. The Guidelines and procedures for ESIA were issued in 2006 for development projects. The schedule of the notification has categorized the projects from environmental angles as per sectors. The roads/ highways have been kept in infrastructure and need environmental clearance prior to their implementation. The proposed indicative feeder road project 69km in Gakenke District will have both positive and negative environmental and social impacts. Through an intensive and extensive field survey, key stakeholder and public consultation meetings conducted for the proposed project area, the impacts were identified. With rapid strides in economic development, the need for rationalizing the development is imperative. In the process of development, there has been intensive use of natural resources; very often leading to ecological imbalance. In construction projects like this, involving wide ranging construction activity, conservation of flora and fauna is an important aspect of eco-development. The proposed indicative feeder road project 69 km in Gakenke District is following the existing feeder road alignment. The area through which the project feeder road traverses can be generally characterized as small town and rural in nature dominated by agricultural, cultivated land uses and settlement. The villages including dense human settlements along the project road depend on these agricultural production activities for their primary source of livelihood. Traditional markets are usually located at the centers of these villages and rural towns. The permanent works will include the carriageway, shoulders, embankments, cuttings, side drains, bridge and culverts, and any associated river training and erosion control works. Through an intensive and extensive field survey, and key stakeholder and public consultation meetings conducted at the proposed project area, both positive and negative impacts associated with the proposed feeder road project were identified. It is anticipated that most of the adverse effects, except land acquisition, associated with the construction activities will be reversible in nature. These may stem from ground disturbance, operation of equipment, labor force housing, workshops, open and sheltered storage, access road, concrete batching plant, quarry site, borrow pit, dumping site, etc. It is anticipated therefore, very few impacts will lead to irreversible negative permanent change. The single most important direct impact of the project will be due to the acquisition of land for the core feeder road project activities include the construction of carriageway, shoulders, embankments, cuttings, side

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 drains, bridge and culverts, and other auxiliary activities such as quarry site, borrow pits, dumping site, access road. Additionally, literature review of published reports, national laws and policies, World Bank environmental and socio safeguard policies and other related approved ESIAs on road projects were conducted by the contractor’s Environmentalist and Social Specialist team to list a complete list of expected impacts on the proposed feeder road project. A synthesis of potential environmental and social impacts on the nearby bio-physical and social environment during the various project phases the scope of the Environmental Impact Assessment activity is to evaluate the temporary and permanent impact of a project on the natural and human environment. In general terms the methodology of an Environmental Impact Assessment may be well described by the following flow chart. Table 6-1 below provides a comprehensive checklist of potential impacts associated with the project feeder road, subdivided into groups according to the project phase (construction, operation, and maintenance) in which they may occur. In the case of the construction phases, impacts are further subdivided into groups associated with component activities. In this section potential impacts after the construction and operation period of the proposed road realignment for various elements of the physical environment have been identified and quantified where possible and mitigation measures that should be adopted to avoid or minimize potential adverse impacts are recommended. Of which, some involve good engineering practices while others viewed from socio-economic as well as humanitarian angle. 6.2 Impact assessment, Identification, and analysis The scope of the Environmental Impact Assessment activity is to evaluate the temporary and permanent impact of a project on the natural and human environment. In general terms the methodology of an Environmental Impact Assessment may be well described by the following flow chart (Figure 6.1).

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Figure 6-1 : methodology of an Environmental Impact Assessment 6.2.1 Impact Assessment The characteristics of the foreseeable impacts have been identified considering:  the actions that may produce impact, evaluated in the description of the Feeder road Project;  basic environmental data obtained from direct field observations; and  Information gathered from the available scientific publications and information derived by the study of similar projects. A below matrix (Table 6-1) that links project activities to the environmental and social components, considering the impacts (both positive and negative) generated by the project and related ancillary activities during all the phases of the project has been proposed. In particular, in below a matrix is proposed that contains the aspect whose impact will be treated in this report, giving for each aspect considered a different weight in terms of impact. Weights for each aspect in the different phases are the results of comparisons between the specialists that have taken part to the ESIA project. For each phase (during design, construction activities, and operation stage activities), as made in studies on

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 other related project cases, the impacts are defined considering the main nine activities which may have some effect on the environment:  The design activities  The feeder road  The access road  The camps site and related facilities  The shoulders, embankments, cuttings,  The side drains, bridge, and culverts  The Vehicles & Machines O&M  The Quarries, borrow, dumping  Traffic Construction Machinery  The operation activities Each cell of the matrix will contain the anticipated relevant value, according to the legend as determined during the Study (Table 6.1). An interim checklist has been also prepared to list the environmental parameters and the potential impacts (Annex 8). A typical checklist identifying the anticipated environmental impacts due to the project activities are shown in Table 6-6 under section 6.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Table 6-1 Synthesis of Environment Impact Matrix Project Activity Planning Construction Phase Operation phase Phase Feeder Access shoulders, side drains, Road Road Cam Vehicles & embankme Quarries, bridge, and Traffic Component affected Planning/D constructi constructi p Machines nts, borrow, culverts Constructio esign on on site O&M cuttings, dumping n Machinery Operation Physical Environment Soil 0 2 3 1 2 5 3 5 2 0 Ground water 0 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 1 0 Surface water 0 5 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 0 Drainage 0 3 3 3 2 4 3 4 1 3 Air quality 0 4 3 4 3 4 5 4 4 2 Noise quality 0 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 5 3 Water quality 0 4 4 3 4 4 5 4 2 0 Land scape 4 5 5 4 1 5 5 4 2 0 Biological Environment

Ecological sensitive areas 0 3 3 2 1 5 5 5 1 2

National Parks and protected areas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 109 109 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Project Activity Planning Construction Phase Operation phase Phase Feeder Access shoulders, side drains, Road Road Cam Vehicles & embankme Quarries, bridge, and Traffic Component affected Planning/D constructi constructi p Machines nts, borrow, culverts Constructio esign on on site O&M cuttings, dumping n Machinery Operation Fishery resources 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0

Aquatic/wetland ecosystem 0 4 5 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 Vegetation 0 5 5 3 1 4 4 3 0 0 Priority forest area 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Wildlife and wildlife corridor 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Socio-Economic Environment Property Residence 5 5 4 4 0 4 4 4 0 0 Agricultural land 5 4 4 4 0 4 4 4 0 0 Grazing land 5 4 4 4 0 4 4 4 0 0

Disease (Malaria, HIV/AIDS, STDs…) 0 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 4 0 VAC, SH, GBV 0 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 4 0 Cultural Heritage sites 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Project Activity Planning Construction Phase Operation phase Phase Feeder Access shoulders, side drains, Road Road Cam Vehicles & embankme Quarries, bridge, and Traffic Component affected Planning/D constructi constructi p Machines nts, borrow, culverts Constructio esign on on site O&M cuttings, dumping n Machinery Operation Local services and utilities 2 2 2 2 0 1 2 1 0 0

Employment Opportunity A A A B C B B B D 5

Migrant workers and local population 5 4 4 3 0 0 4 0 0 2 Traditional community 0 5 5 4 0 0 5 0 0 0 Traffic safety 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 B=More Positive impact A=Very Important Important C=Important D=Fair Important E=Less Important No Impact 0 0 0 0 0 Negative Impact 5= Very High 4= High 3= Moderate 2= Less High 1= Almost negligible

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

6.2.2 Impact Identification The potential environmental impacts depend on the location of the project and type and volume of the interventions due to proposed feeder road project. The project activities such as levelling, cutting, clearing of vegetation, felling the trees along the road, construction of culverts and bridges on rivers or swamps,, road construction activities along the rivers, marsh or swamps areas, setting up of labor camps, installation of construction machinery and other related operations are bound to cause environmental impacts, either positive or negative. The impact to environment due to road project can be minimized or avoided, if appropriate management measures are adopted during design, construction, and operation phases. The identification of potential impacts is based on field inspection of existing road with due consideration of the various impact significance attribute, including direct or indirect, cumulative, positive or negative and primary or secondary impacts The project anticipated positive and negative impacts during different phases of project discussed in detail in the following sections. 6.2.3 Impact Analysis Checklist is the list of environmental parameters or impact indicators, which the environmentalist is encouraged to consider when summarizing the potential impacts. A typical checklist identifying the anticipated environmental impacts due to the project activities are shown in Table 6-2 below. The proposed feeder project has limited adverse environmental and social risks, its impacts magnitude and significance were assessed based on the following factors:  Location or extent : The area/volume covered  Timing : Whether immediate or delayed  Duration : Short term, long term, intermittent or continuous  Reversibility or irreversibility : Probability of reversibility  Likelihood : Probability of the impact taking place  Significance : Whether it is local, regional, or global In order to make the above observation, the magnitude and significance of the predicted impacts on sensitive receptor had been analyzed as a basis on items indicated in the table 6-2 below:

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 Table 6-2: Impact severity analysis Sensitivity of Receptor Very Low Low Medium High

1 2 3 4 Very low 1 1 Negligible 2 Minor 3 Minor 4 Minor

Low 2 2 Minor 4 Minor 6 Moderate 8 Moderate

Medium3 3 Minor 6 Moderate 9 Moderate 12 Major

High 4 4 Minor 8 Moderate 12 Major 16 Major Intensity of Impact Intensity

6.3 Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures Roads/ highways projects have been classified in infrastructure category and need environmental clearance prior to their implementation. Hence an ESIA is required before road rehabilitation and upgrading works. The present project is about rehabilitation, upgrading of feeder roads (FR1, FR3, and FR10) in Gakenke District, the Western Province. The project is expected to impact a large number of people; therefore, its social impacts have been more emphasized in the present report though impact on biophysical environment has been also considered in the assessment. Both positive and negative impacts have been studied and wherever possible quantified. Upgrading and Rehabilitation of the proposed indicative feeder road in Gakenke District -69 km (3lots) will have a wide range of impacts on the biophysical environment, health and safety of employees and members of the public, and socio-economic well-being of the local communities and households. It is usually impossible to mitigate all the expected negative environmental and social impacts. Thus, in this chapter, an attempt was made to formulate mitigation measures for the most significant negative environmental and socio-economic impacts. The aim is to ensure that the most significant negative impacts are avoided or minimized as much as possible while maximizing on the positive benefits of the project. The mitigation measures will be presented in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) that is intended to assist the proponent in the management of the adverse environmental and social impacts associated with the project life cycle. The following section provides proposed mitigation measures to the anticipated impacts that need to be implemented to enhance the positive and avoid or minimize potential adverse impacts. Of which, some involve good engineering practices while others viewed from socio-economic as well 113 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 as humanitarian angle. It is important to note that a special focus has been given to the negative impacts that are considered significant and that warrant intervention to reduce the level of impact to the local communities as well as the surrounding environment. 6.3.1 Beneficial/Positive impacts at all phases of the proposed project The positive impacts likely to result from the proposed feeder roads project in Gakenke District have been identified based on project description in Chapter 3 and the existing environmental conditions in Chapter 4. The current state of the road is challenging especially to the road users. Rehabilitation of Gakenke feeder road network will thus bring about many benefits. The identified positive impacts for different phases of the project cycle are discussed below. 6.3.1.1 Employment Opportunities The proposed feeder road project is expected to offer job opportunities for 300 people both skilled and unskilled locals in the area. The construction of feeder roads will use a labor-intensive approach. During the construction phase, different people will be working as labor both skilled and unskilled. The majority of this labor will be unskilled, from which more people will be sourced from the local residents and hence creating employment throughout the District. Indirect employment will be in the form of suppliers and other forms of sub-contracted works that will be required for the construction of project components. In addition, new jobs will be created in the Government for the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the project. Women will also have an opportunity to secure employment. In the post construction phase, the project will provide social benefits in terms of direct employment by way of better commercial and industrial development of the area. Additionally, more people may be indirectly employed in allied activities and trade. In the operation phase of the feeder roads project, more job opportunities will arise in various sectors such as the transport industry, the tourism sector, commerce, and trade of agriculture products. Taken together, job creation will help to reduce the problem of unemployment with improvement in income for the workers’ household and revenue for the country. Apart from additional employment opportunities in farming operations, access to nearby market, would also provide opportunity for marketing of farm products and farm inputs creating additional employment in the locality. 6.3.1.2 Enhanced Social Interaction The National and International; local and regional manpower will be working together for the project. This interaction will enhance social interaction between the people from different places and social levels. In addition, the transport sector will benefit from transport to materials from manufacturing site to construction site. This will provide direct and indirect employment. In addition, the infrastructures for social services developed in the area are schools, health centers, water, and energy. The expected rehabilitation/upgrading of the feeder road will enhance access to existing social amenities and stimulate their growth as more people will be using them; ultimately

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 adding to agricultural development. With the construction of feeder roads, the main artery for social interaction amongst towns and villages along the route shall be strengthened. The general quality of life along the road will be enhanced, spurring the District's development. 6.3.1.3 Boost to Industrial Activities During construction, locally made products will be utilized such as cement and gravels. The consumption of these will give boost to industrial production of construction materials. During construction, supply of construction materials, direct sale of household goods, consumables and foodstuffs to the workers will improve trade at local and regional levels in Rwanda. In addition, the transport sector will benefit from transport of materials from manufacturing site to construction site. This will provide direct and indirect employment. 6.3.1.4 Improved Transport System, Accessibility and Communication It has been noted that most of the roads in Gakenke District are presently in a bad condition that they need rehabilitation to make them all-weather motor able. As a consequence, to the poor road condition, investors in the transport industry have no incentive, hence the public transport system is underdeveloped and unreliable with only some buses plying the road at designated times in some sections of the road. Residents, therefore, have to use mostly the motorcycles or seek other means of transport from unauthorized vehicles such as pick-ups and trucks. With the improvement of the road, transport will be improved both in terms of travel time, comfort, safety, and lower costs associated with an increase in public service vehicles. During operation, accessibility to the various public institutions and markets will be enhanced, in particular, accessibility to health centers and educational institutions. After rehabilitation and reconstruction of feeder road network, the condition of the road will improve and transportation of commodities to and from the project areas will become easy. This will contribute on long term basis for the socio-economic development of the project area. The improved road safety and reduction in road accidents as opposed to the current situation in which, accidents are quite rampant due to the rutty, rugged nature of the road, dust, ditches, mud, and pools of water in rainy season etc. 6.3.1.5 Enhancement of Rural Economy (Agriculture and Trade) As the construction works are spread throughout the District in rural areas, people in these areas will get an opportunity to work for the project. This will increase their income, therefore supporting the rural economy. Those who are involved in trade will have opportunities to supply construction materials for the project or the other items required for the work force working at site. The improved roads conditions will provide a stimulus growth to Gakenke District as well as improving trade with the other nearby Districts through faster transportation of agriculture products. The performance of this sector is likely to experience the greatest gain upon improvement of the road since majority of the population derive their livelihood from agriculture. 115 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 The agriculture is expected to be the greatest beneficiary of the project. The poor road network was repeatedly cited as one of the major hindrances to the growth of the agriculture sector that accounts for 70 percent of employment in Rwanda. Road condition has led to low incomes for farmers and the subsequent inability of the District to increase the sector as required. After rehabilitation and upgrading of the road, there is greater potential for the establishment of agro-processing plants to process the huge supply of agriculture produce. Currently local farmers face a problem of market because of higher transportation costs. In addition, some of the agricultural goods like vegetables from the locality were of lower quality due to the longer transport time to markets. The market potential will be augmented by upgrading and rehabilitating access roads to city, thereby increasing incomes in agribusiness sector and raising the socio- economic status of local households. With the anticipated efficient, reliable, and cheap transport, the following are likely to be achieved.  Quick and easy transport of perishable farm products such as vegetables and fruits to markets and livestock too on fewer prices.  Cheaper and available farm inputs and ease in provision of services to farmers.  Easy access to bigger and better markets such as Kigali and in surrounding Districts, with a potential to export to the neighboring Burundi. Improved marketing of agricultural products, thus higher prices. 6.3.1.6 Reduction in Length and Travel Time from Origin to Destination The priority feeder roads intersect with National at number of places. On commissioning, the feeder roads will improve connectivity between different places, provides faster access to Kigali resulting in reduction in vehicle expenses and travel time and facilitate the development of a new economic corridor. 6.3.1.7 Potential to Improve Drainage and its Environmental Benefits The current drainage structures are mainly inadequate and / or in disrepair. Often the structures cannot accommodate high flows associated with flash floods in the wet seasons. In addition, soil depositions, debris and solid waste have also clogged several drainage structures where routine maintenance activity is inactive. The project will redesign, upgrade and reconstruct all these structures. The improved road drainage system and reconstruction of bridges will reduce erosion rate. On the road’s embankments, the application of bioengineering measures in high erosion risk zone will reduce possible landslides from heavy rains. 6.3.1.8 Skills Transfer and Training Through local labour recruitment, the workers will have an opportunity to learn an array of skills that relate to road rehabilitation and reconstruction. The international consultant will associate with local work force. In the process of planning and design and other project implementation 116 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 activities, the local technical manpower will work with the international experts that e. These skills will be very important during regular maintenance that will be carried out during the project operation, and generally done by the local population. Improved transport will improve interaction with other communities outside the project area that will also provide an opportunity for further learning and cultural exchange. 6.3.1.9 Road Safety The improvement of feeder roads will make travelling easy and safer, because the accidents are quite rampant due to the rutty, rugged nature of the feeder roads for the current situation. From the public consultations, most of road accidents are caused by motorcycles. In addition, the proposed indicative feeder road project is expected to reduce number of accidents through involvement of significant improvements in vertical and horizontal alignments, improved carriageway width, greater separation of pedestrians especially at centers, and adequate cattle crossing path provision. The road will be designed to reduce travelling time and transportation cost as well as takes into consideration the standard speed to minimize accident risks associated with high speed. 6.3.1.10 Reduction in Green House Gases During operation of improved feeder roads, the vehicles will operate closer to design speed which will help reduction of emission of hydrocarbons and carbon-monoxide from exhaust. Hence the emission reduction of carbon monoxide will decrease the greenhouse gases at regional and global levels which will have positive impact locally and regionally. 6.3.1.11 Reduction in Fuel Consumption The vehicles provide better fuel performance at optimum air to fuel ratio which is optimum around design speed. The feeder roads in Gakenke District are designed for 60 km per hour (maximum) which is closer to design speed of vehicles. This will facilitate in less fuel consumption which will have less burden on exchequer and will be direct impact on country’s economy. 6.3.1.12 Induced impacts of the project The selected feeder roads in Gakenke District are passing through grouped settlements and small trading centers poorly developed due to poor road conditions. It is expected to have new and improved constructions erected for business purposes. This will acquire agricultural land and convert it into urban settings. 6.3.2 Negative impacts at all phases and Mitigation Measures 6.3.2.1 Air quality impact Impact origin and Characteristics The major effects on air during construction phase would be an increase in suspended particles (fugitive dust) from quarry activities, crushing and asphalt plants, and construction works (the 117 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 excavations, demolitions, and transportation of building materials and equipment) and emissions from vehicles and this will result in the emissions of large amounts of dust that have potential to negatively affect air quality in the vicinity of the construction sites and access roads. The air quality due to the movement of trucks will be impacted and seriously affect the nearby sensitive receptors such as schools, hospitals, religious places, etc. The burning of wastes and the diversion of traffic in the construction phase will also contribute to dust emissions and has the potential to affect air quality. The impact of road transport on air environment is a factor of construction activities, type of vehicle, fuel used and its capacity. The consultant has taken emission factor to estimate the pollution potential on air environment during construction and operation phases. It is also assumed that the quarry and borrow site will be closer to the road under construction to save on fuel and emission load on environment. During calculation density of soil and rock is taken as 1800 kg/m3 and 2400 kg/m3 respectively. The vehicle emission factors are summarized in Table 6-3. Table 6-3: Vehicles Emission Factors Vehicle Type Emission 33Factor(gm/km) CO HC NOx CO2 PM Moped 0.81 0.5 0,29 20.1 0.01 Motorcycle 3.12 0.78 0.23 22.42 0.01 Passenger Car (Diesel) 0.06 0.08 0.28 148.8 0.015 Passenger Car (Petrol) 0.84 0.12 0.09 172.9 0.002 LCV 3.66 1.35 2.12 401.2 0.47 Trucks 6.0 0.37 9.30 762.4 1.24 Bus 3.2 - 11.0 - - Source: Emission Factor in Developing Countries (India) for vehicle Manufactured after 2000. Although, in the construction phase, air quality impacts are of short duration, but it does not mean that these should not be considered. Consumption of diesel during construction activities will be the principal cause of incremental air pollution. Diesel powered trucks required for the haulage of earth and other construction materials and running of construction machinery at the construction yards are the major sources of air pollution. During construction phase, large amount of construction materials is required, and these materials have to be transported to site. This frequent transportation of materials to and from borrow pit and quarry sites will increase the traffic volume. The likely impact on air environment is presented in Table 6-4. The pollutants emitted during construction period of 12months are estimated at 31

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 tons other than carbon-dioxide. The emission, especially during dry seasons, due to intense traffic movements and transportation of material will be spread into the atmosphere all over the road site vicinity that aggravate the impact of air quality nearby. Due to high wind turbulence in the atmosphere, rainfall, widespread area, and dispersion; the increase in ambient quality of any pollutant is estimated to be less than 1 µg/m3 which is not significant. Table 6-4: Emission during Construction (12 months) Pollutant Unit Value Due to Transportation of Earth Rock Other Passenger Total Material (Tons) CO Tons 12.48 7.20 3.00 0.02 22.70 HC Tons 0.77 0.44 0.19 0.03 1.43 NOx Tons 19.34 11.16 4.65 0.10 35.26 CO2 Tons 1,586 915 381 54 2,936 PM Tons 2.58 1.49 0.62 0.01 4.69 Source: Consultant’s computation based on emission factors During operation phase, the extent of air pollution will depend upon i) the rate of vehicular emission and ii) the prevailing meteorological conditions. The emission factors for vehicles have been used to estimate the ground level concentration near the indicative feeder roads. The available literature has been used to predict the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. There are assumptions that the increase in pollutants concentration will not be significant in the next ten years. Air quality is likely to improve in the initial years after commissioning because of saving of fuel in the vehicular traffic riding on smooth and improved roads with much less interruption. But dust emissions are likely to increase during dry periods. For the roads to be sealed they will require the use of bitumen but no asphalt. Bitumen will be imported from outside and arrived onsite by trucks, Bitumen will be loaded, circulated or discharged using the fully integrated submerged pumping system which is driven by an on board auxiliary engine. Recommended mitigation measures Bitumen will also be off-loaded by gravity using the main discharge valve mounted in a hot box on the bottom of the tank. Too much care will be taken to control the maximum temperature at which bitumen will be stored and handled. Bitumen will be stored and handled at the lowest temperature commensurate with efficient use,

• General site safety instructions with regard to:

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  Smoking and the carrying of matches, lighters, etc.;

 The use of spark or flame producing equipment on site;

• Clear procedures and instructions for loading and offloading of bitumen to prevent loss of containment and contact with potential ignition sources;

• To prevent frothing and/or boil over instructions will include inspection to ensure all tanks are free of water before loading bitumen. Additives and extender oils will also be checked for the presence of water before adding to bitumen;

• The application of excess heat (e.g. welding torch) on bitumen can cause thermal cracking and the development of flammable vapour. Open flame heating will be used to free plugged bitumen valves as a last resort, and the vehicle will be in a safe zone area. Spray bars will be heated with caution and under supervision;

The most important pollutant during this phase will be suspended particulate matter. Such deterioration of air quality can be assigned to:  Fugitive dust emission from construction activities like excavation, back-filling, and concreting;  Hauling and dumping of earth & construction spoils;  Vehicular movement along the indicative feeder roads or temporary diversions.  Gaseous emission from construction equipment and vehicular traffic. Impacts on air quality will be low and spatially restricted along the immediate site of construction. The above will be operated at different location the impact at a particular site will be insignificant.

Recommended Mitigation Measures The potential risk to air pollution will be mitigated or minimized through the implementation of the following measures:  Sprinkling of water on dry and dusty surfaces regularly including the access roads; diversion tracks/routes or earth along the road section and construction sites to reduce fugitive dust generation to prevent any impact the dwellings and other sensitive habitat sch as schools, hospital, clinics, religious places, etc. avoid nuisance to persons. The Contractor shall also add suitable soil stabilizers on access roads or pave access roads to control dust,  Special consideration shall be given to sensitive receptors such as schools, hospitals, markets, etc., and the contractor should prioritize road construction in townships and schedule the

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 construction activities with consideration of non-school period (vacation, holidays, weekends, etc.).  Dust control measures should be adopted at concrete batching plants, quarry sites, etc. and also provide adequate PPE to workers, comply with personal protective clothing requirement for dusty areas such as dust masks and protective glasses.  Enforce onsite speed limit regulations, using bumps and/ or clearly marked road signs and employ adequate traffic safety risk management, including code of conduct to truck drivers to avoid impact on the community residing within and nearby the project area.  Construction machinery should be well maintained to minimize excessive gaseous emissions, the engines of construction machinery and vehicles will be inspected and adjusted as required to minimize pollution levels.  Prohibit plant operators and drivers of construction vehicles from unnecessary revving and idling and limit construction traffic movement and operations to the most necessary activities through adequate planning.  The contractor is required to use equipment and automobiles that have certification of good working conditions from “National Automobile inspection center” to avoid exhaust fumes since automobiles in good condition will pollute less,  Avoid the burning of materials such as tires, plastic, rubber products or other materials that create heavy smoke or nuisance odor. Do not burn material which produces toxic gases. Any waste which cannot be composted, reused, or recycled should be disposed of in approved local landfills or buried in well prepared and well managed disposal sites  The following measures will be taken to minimize spillage of bitumen on land:  • Construct berms, trenches, etc. but only at safe distances as determined by continuous air quality monitoring.  • Install silt fencing, flow control structures, etc. for storm water management at work areas.  • Monitor air quality at all areas where the bitumen is contained.  Cleaning up, Reuse & Disposal  Cleaning up, Reuse  Surface washing agents can increase removal rates; however, diluted bitumen crude oils that have been exposed to the sun for days can only be scrapped off or removed with high- pressure and high-temperature flushing or dry ice blasting.  Cleaned up bitumen reuse

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  Asphalt milling: is a recycling and re-paving procedure, aimed at removing the top layer of asphalt from a street, parking lot or driveway without disturbing the sub-base.  Once the asphalt is milled up, it is taken to an asphalt plant where it's screened and sized again and then used to make new pavement. In most cases, the quality of this "renewed" asphalt is better than pavement made from brand new materials. Asphalt can be recycled and reused many times, giving these materials a very long lifespan.  Disposal  Waste derived from bituminous binder applications will only be disposed of at approved waste disposal sites. Under no circumstances may waste be disposed of in any other manner or without the necessary written authority. Bituminous binder waste includes spills, scrapings, flushing residue, contaminated product and bituminous mixtures. It will be ensured that a certificate of safe disposal will be obtained from the disposal site. 6.3.2.2 Noise and Vibration Impact Impact origin and Characteristics The magnitude of impact during the construction phase will depend upon the types of the equipment used, the construction methods employed and the scheduling of the work. Noise associated with road development affects the environment through which road passes and has four main sources: a) vehicles; b) friction between vehicles and the road surface; c) driver behavior; and d) construction and maintenance activity. Vehicle noise comes from the engine, transmission, exhaust, and suspension, and is greatest during acceleration, on upgrades, during engine braking, on rough roads, and in stop-and-go traffic conditions. Poor vehicle maintenance is a contributing factor to this noise source. Frictional noise from the contact between tires and pavement contributes significantly to overall traffic noise. The level depends on the type and condition of tires and pavement. Frictional noise is generally greatest at high speed and during quick braking. Drivers contribute to road noise by using their vehicles’ horns, by playing loud music, and sudden braking or acceleration. Sustained noise levels during construction are expected to be much higher than the ambient noise levels in the project area. Noise and vibration result from construction activities in general but particularly from operation of heavy machinery including vehicles, excavation equipment, concrete batching plants and crusher plant sites. Other sources of noise will be explosives used to prepare the foundations for construction of the dam and access road. There might be sensitive noise receptors like schools, hospitals, and worship places in the vicinity of the construction areas and consequently, noise generated from the construction sites may be a major annoyance to a large number of people in major settlement areas. Although significant noise impacts on communities are unlikely, excessive noise is likely to impact the construction workers in and around the construction areas. 122 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 Recommended Mitigation measures The potential noise impacts will be mitigated or minimized by adopting the following measures:  During the design phase, the road design has been done in order to avoid steep grades and sharp corners especially at sensitive locations to reduce noise resulting from acceleration, braking, gear changes, and the use of engine brakes by heavy trucks.  To reduce nighttime disturbance from construction noise, that is unavoidable, the practice of conducting construction activities should be limited between the hours of 21h00 and 06h00 in areas which are within 500 meters of residences. To cause least disruption to local population, it is recommended that construction producing nuisance noise level be minimized or rescheduled regarding functions of special religious holidays.  Equipment normally producing high levels of noise should be suppressed and screened when working within a distance of 200 meters from any settlement, clinic, religious places, or other sensitive noise receptors.  Repair or replace if mufflers and other noise control devices of construction equipment and vehicles are defective.  Ensure that all workers wear earmuffs and other personal protective gear/equipment when working in noisy sections, where the construction workers exposed to noise levels of 80 dB or more.  Drivers should be sensitized to switch off construction vehicles and machinery that are not being used and ensure that all vehicles and construction machinery are kept in good condition all the time to avoid excessive noise generation. 6.3.2.3 Impact from generation of solid waste, Spoil disposal and quarry and borrow pits activities Impact origin and Characteristics Solid waste materials will be generated from campsites and workshops, removal of different constructed materials, vegetation clearance of road reserves, demolition works as well as from various packaging materials, etc. The construction of feeder roads in Gakenke District will require huge quantities of construction material for various project activities, including main road construction, access road, etc. The excavations of earth from rock in quarrying areas and borrow areas will require cutting of the rock and soils and increase the spoil to be disposed. Significant quantities of rock and soil materials will be generated from earth moving during construction activities, sediment, and sludge from storm-water drainage system. The project also expected to generate large quantities of solid wastes and spoil material and these spoils will need to be disposed off appropriately. The potential environmental concerns expected are visual impact, sedimentation of waterways, dust and noise nuisance, and public safety aspects, loss of productive land, grazing land and natural vegetation, interference with natural drainage, increase in erosion 123 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 and sediment deposition, increase in slope instability and visual alternation landscapes quality. There is a possibility of soil erosion and adverse aesthetic impact if quarry and borrow pits and spoils are not properly placed and rehabilitated. Quarry sites, borrow pits and waste and spoil disposal activities should be planned to be executed in a manner which minimizes these potential damage to environment and maintains stability during all stages of placement and when the site is in its final form. Unless properly reclaimed, dumping of construction waste/manner may cause surface water pollution near the construction sites and breeding site for mosquitoes. Recommended Mitigation measures The following measures are recommended to mitigate or minimize impacts from generation of solid waste, and activities of spoil disposal, quarry sites and borrow pits:  Collect wastes and segregate at generation site in accordance with their types (hazardous, organic and inorganic waste), safely transport and disposed off at the final dumping or disposal site specified and approved by the local authority to avoid any adverse impact on health and well-being of people.  Managing sediment and sludge removed from storm drainage systems maintenance activities as a hazardous or non-hazardous waste based on an assessment of its characteristics,  Develop and implement a waste management plan.  The Contractor shall develop dumping site, and quarry and borrow site management and rehabilitation plan comprises of measures for reestablishment of vegetation, restoration of natural water courses, avoidance of flooding of the excavated areas, achievement of stable slopes, and avoidance of features which would otherwise constitute a risk to health and safety or a source of environmental pollution.  Restore the area to avoid impacts due to undrained pits that create additional habitats for water borne disease vectors and possible safety issues for people and livestock (drowning in deep/steep pits).  Ensure that excavation is accompanied by well-engineered drainage and preventative measures may be necessary during closure to construct adequate drainage structures including ditches and other structures to facilitate the movement of surface water and prevent damming.  Fencing the extraction site and appropriate signage for safety purpose, overburden stockpiles and perimeter berms shall be placed on the excavated site and graded to the desired slopes and drainage paths, and reserved topsoil shall be spread on top of the overburden with more topsoil focused on sloping land.  Locate spoil disposal sites as much as possible in unproductive land and outside flood conveyance areas with preference being given to backfilling quarry and borrow sites which have been developed by the contracted. However, spoil disposal sites to be located in flood

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 storage areas only in those cases where the studies have determined that the impact is not significant.  Locate disposal sites in areas of land, which, prior to the commencement of the construction works, were not used for agricultural purposes, or designated for agricultural purposes;  Placement and rehabilitation of spoils and waste be executed with sensitivity to topographic and visual aspects and in such a way that the disposal areas enhance rather than detract visual quality the route. After the completion of construction, most of the disturbed areas will require some re- contouring to encourage natural drainage pattern, improve slope stability, and mimic the original shape of the slope. The amount of grading and re- contouring will depend heavily on the type of disturbance and the quantity of material deposited. Re-contouring will also consider drainage such that water neither pools on the site, nor flows through with sufficient velocity to erode soils and overburden.  The borrow pit operational site including access roads shall be thoroughly scarified as needed to help establish adequate vegetative cover. A minimum of 75% of vegetative cover mainly those species with high carbon sequestration capacity and locally adoptable, shall be established and maintained following the first rains after reclamation. 6.3.2.4 Land use change and loss of vegetation and biodiversity Impact origin and Characteristics The road development as well as other ancillary activities will bring substantial change in the land use pattern as the road improvement/ construction will require additional land. It is estimated that on an average 10.5 m widening will require 31.05ha additional land of RoW for the feeder roads improvement. The analysis of data has also indicated that about 80% of land on roadside is under agriculture and about 16,076 number of trees will be affected due to road construction activities. The land use change is presented in Table 6-5. The land requirement for the road construction will change the land use permanently from agricultural/ built up land into road corridor. Though 4.92ha would be required for widening the feeder road to 10.5 m RoW, only 32.9ha will be permanently and irreversibly. None of the endangered plant or animal species will be affected by the project. The trees which will need to be cut can be easily reproduced and replanted in other spaces after the project is over. The effect on the terrestrial vegetation in the vicinity of the construction works is also one of the major unavoidable impacts of road works. The impacts on natural vegetation is associated with the construction of carriageway width, bridge and other drainage structures, excavation and operation of quarry and borrow areas, and access to and from quarry and borrow sites, etc. There are no significant areas of natural or semi-natural forest all along the Project road, and no designated or protected areas of terrestrial ecological interest will be affected by the proposed construction activities. 125 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 Table 6-5: Land acquisition for road widening Feeder Description Length Average Average Additional road (km)* existing additional area required ID road width for for the 10.5m width (m) 10.5m RoW ROW (ha) (m) Buranga- Kamubuga- FR1 50 5.1 0.9 4.5 Rutaho- Base FR3 Gashenyi- Karambo- Kinoni 11 5.9 0.1 0.11 FR10 Ruhanga- Biziba 8 5.6 0.4 0.31 Total 69 1.4 4.92 Source: Contractor Field Surveys and computation, April 2016 updated in 2019 Recommended Mitigation measures  It is recommended to adhere to principles of environmental conservation during the construction period in order to avoid excessive destruction of vegetation and disturbance of land. Therefore, to avoid and/or minimise the impact, it is recommended to implement the following measures:  Additional arrangements must be defined to ensure that the affected groups are not substantially disadvantaged by land use changes, and that they are assisted in relocating and re-establishing their homes and sources of incomes. The additional arrangements are provided in the updated RAP.  Appropriate compensation will be paid for the affected communities prior to project works and in accordance with national law with a livelihood restoration program for relocated PAPs  Avoid excessive destruction of trees and other vegetation and consider the location of mature trees during route selection for the access road construction and land clearing for quarry and borrow sites.  Prepare a plan to remove mature trees in borrow and quarry sites so as to obtain optimal benefits from harvested timber.  Compensate in cash for the loss of privately-owned mature trees and by replanting for the loss of natural vegetations as appropriate;  Implement tree planting programme after road construction to replace with indigenous species that are likely to be affected.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  The field guide of the buffer zone nearby the park should be fully considered in the CESMP to ensure that no impacts, including posting signposts especially in and around the buffer zone, avoidance of any wildlife poaching or introduction of new species, whether invasive or not, in the area will be resulted due to construction activities.  Awareness campaigns and enforcement of a worker’s code of conduct for the protection of biodiversity, include vegetation rehabilitation techniques to recover lost plant cover such as reforestation and afforestation’  Grievance redress mechanisms will ensure that project affected people (PAPs) are able to raise complaints or concerns, without cost, and with the assurance of a timely and satisfactory resolution of the issue. The GRC will work closely with district and RTDA team, refresher training on land acquisition and compensation complains resolution will be provided to GRC by RTDA.  The communities and project-affected persons will have an opportunity to participate in planning, implementing and monitoring resettlement to develop constructive public opinion that will lead to the execution of a fair and participatory project. 6.3.2.5 Increased risk of Soil Erosion and Soil pollution Impact origin and Characteristics The construction of the proposed feeder road will aggravate soil erosion and likely to cause adverse impacts on soils within the direct impact zone. Throughout the road rehabilitation works, heaps of soils could be washed away by rains causing damages downstream, including properties (crops, trees, houses, land, etc), loss of land productivity, pollution of receiving water bodies, etc. This is likely to happen during rainy season and is of short-term duration and will be reversible. During the construction of Gakenke indicative feeder roads, extra care should be taken while constructing roads crossing wetlands which might already be eroded; by avoiding the disposal of soil and/or other constructions materials into the wetlands. The construction works during the great wet season (mid-March to mid-May) are likely to be stopped to prevent or minimize soil erosion. Any area that has topsoil and vegetation removed need to have measures in place prior to the rainy season to avoid erosion and siltation of wetlands and streams. In addition, heaps of soils can be properly disposed of before the coming of heavy rains and dumped into the borrow/ quarry areas for their backfilling. During the construction, embankment/slopes along sections of the indicative feeder roads might be prone to the soil erosion. The main causes will include destruction of the soil structures and exposing it to erosion by runoff water, land taking for the road right-of-way and extensive earthworks to construct the road and drainage structures, increased soil erosion and soil compaction, heaps of soils could be washed away by rains causing sedimentation of downstream water bodies and damage downstream 127 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 properties crops, trees, houses, land, etc., loss of land productivity, pollution of receiving water bodies, etc. The other major cause of soil erosion will be related to diversion and concentration of runoff water at certain points. This is likely to happen during rainy season and is of short-term duration and will be reversible. During the construction of selected feeder roads, extra care should be taken while constructing roads crossing wetlands, marshland, streams and rivers. Among others, some of the main activities that causes soil erosion and pollution will be: • Extensive earthworks to construct the road alignment mostly embankment fill; • Excavations to build new river crossing structures such as culverts and bridges; • Excavations to construct roadside ditches and diversion drains, and • Construction of detour and access roads, and contractors’ site facilities (campsites & materials processing and storage sites). In addition, gully formation is expected due to discharges from transverse drainage structures (mainly culverts) and turn-out ditches that are led onto farmlands. In conclusion, the soils in most part of the project area are highly prone to erosion and the road works are likely to increase the risk of soil erosion. Moreover, soils in the impact areas can be contaminated by hazardous substances such as oils, fuel and used oils. This may result due to spills of oils and fuel from engines of vehicles and diesel operating machinery, accidental spillage and improper disposal of used oils and lubricants. In addition, at construction camps and other site facilities soil pollution can result from the inappropriate disposal of waste waters, sewage, equipment cleaning, and storage and handling of hazardous substances such as oil, fuel, lubricants, detergents, and paint. During the operation phase, road spills of fuel and oil, and road runoff may contaminate the soil in the adjoining areas. The soil pollution is likely to be caused by the inadequate disposal of waste material on the open ground. The waste likely to fall on the ground may be solid waste/ liquid waste from labour camps or spillage of oil and grease by construction machinery and equipment, especially during their maintenance. The impacts are of short duration and will be reversible with a proper management. During the construction, embankment/slopes along sections of the selected feeder roads might be prone to the soil erosion. Such embankments and slopes will need to be stabilized with grasses and engineering measures. This will be done at the same time as the road works to provide immediate protection to newly cut slopes and avoid exacerbating erosion. Grasses on embankments and trees along the rehabilitated roads will be planted for erosion control. In addition, gully formation is expected due to discharges from transverse drainage structures (mainly culverts) and turn-out ditches that are led onto farmlands. Recommended Mitigation measures The anticipated impact can be mitigated by requiring contractor to make his own arrangement and implement the following measures:

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  The construction works during the great wet season are likely to be stopped to prevent or minimize soil erosion. Any area that has topsoil and vegetation removed need to have measures in place prior to the rainy season to avoid erosion and siltation of wetlands, marshlands, and streams.  Heaps of soils can be properly disposed of before the coming of heavy rains and dumped into the borrow/ quarry areas for their backfilling.  Executing land clearing, grubbing and earthwork activities in the dry season and stockpiling the topsoil removed from road-cut and other sites at places where it would not be exposed to erosion.  Designing & constructing appropriate paved roadside ditches that can accommodate the runoff water collected in the drains immediately following the completion of road works at that particular stretch or as instructed by the Engineer.  The construction of check dams or silt trap structures before discharging runoff water from roads into receiving water bodies (river, stream, etc.) to minimize sediments loads.  Planting cut slopes and embankment slopes with appropriate grass species to reduce erosion.  Embankments and slopes will need to be stabilized with grasses and engineering measures. This will be done at the same time as the road works to provide immediate protection to newly cut slopes and avoid exacerbating erosion. Grasses on embankments and trees along the rehabilitated roads will be planted for erosion control.  Proper siting of spoil disposal sites with minimal exposure to erosion by runoff water and soils compacted adjacent to the road, near borrow pits, at campsites and due to construction and use of detours and access roads shall be restored to productive state by removing the pavement materials used on the detours and access roads, loosening the compacted soils using ripper, and spreading topsoil.  Measures should be taken to ensure proper storage of fuel, oil and bitumen. Oil-water interceptors or sumps should be constructed to capture discharge of oils, fats and other polluting liquids from maintenance workshops, vehicle and equipment washing bays and kitchen drains. Oil and bitumen pollution should be prevented by ensuring its proper storage, handling and disposal.  Preventing contamination of the soil by hazardous substances oil, fuel, used oil or other pollutants, or waste water through establishment of onsite containment, regular maintenance and serving of construction vehicles in demarcated areas designed to contain fuel and oil spillages, proper storage hazardous substances (fuel, oils, detergents), proper storage facilities for fuels, oil, asphalt material, and chemicals will be within secured areas, and proper disposal of used oils in a manner approved by the Engineer.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  Construct a framework that stabilizes the cut embankments with vetch grass or other material and direct storm water away from the embankments to avoid and possible erosion and aggravating sedimentation of downstream water bodies.  Specifically prohibit washing of vehicles and plant in or adjacent to any water sources. All washing to be carried out at designated areas away from water sources.  At the work sites the contractor will maintain strictly surveillance particularly when working within the vicinity of water supply points and the rivers within the project area. A safety and emergency preparedness and response plan will need to be developed and implemented for all operations with emphasis on the protection of the environment prior to start up.  Require the contractor to make specific and adequate provision for the disposal of sanitary and other wastes in such a way as will not result in any form of pollution or hazard to human or animal health.  The contractor to take all reasonable precautions to prevent spillages and leakage of materials with the potential to pollute water resources. The measures should be maintained in an effective condition throughout the life of the base camp.  Develop and Implement storm water management plan and waste management plan. 6.3.2.6 Disruption in Drainage Pattern Impact origin and Characteristics The roads that intersect drainage basins generally modify the natural flow of surface water by concentrating the flow to certain points and increasing the velocity of flow. Depending upon the flow, these changes can contribute to flooding, soil erosion, channel modification, siltation of streams, properties damages, conflict over project beneficiaries, etc. These effects are often felt well beyond the immediate vicinity of the road. Proper cross drainage works on the alignments will be required. There is a number of major bridges, causeways and many culverts that will also need improvement. Critical points that need to be considered mostly include wetlands or water courses receiving the drainage, steep embankment slopes, road section where the drainage crosses the road, etc. Drainage pattern should well designed and constructed to channel water from roadsides or upstream the roads to appropriate outlets. Recommended Mitigation measures The Contractor shall avoid or minimize risks of disruption of drainage pattern through the following mitigation measures:  Ensure surface runoff generated on impervious surface is not channeled directly to steep slopes.  Provide adequate protection against scour and erosion; and give consideration to the onset of the rainy season with respect to construction schedules. 130 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  Construct a framework that stabilizes the cut embankments with vetch grass or other material and direct storm water away from the embankments to avoid and possible erosion and aggravating sedimentation of downstream water bodies.  Limit impervious surface area to the designed standard.  Provide energy dissipater structures inside drainage channel where there is a steep slope  Construct flow breaks on roadside drainage channels.  Promote harvesting of surface runoff.  Construct drainage channels that serves for safe diversion of stormwater away from the embankments and spoil disposal sites  Drainage outfalls should be properly constructed to reduce the erosion from surface runoff and storm water.  Develop and Implement storm water management plan 6.3.2.7 Water pollution Impact origin and Characteristics Surface water bodies such as rivers, streams and wetlands are located within the project area. The selected feeder roads are crossing a good number of water courses mainly rivers and streams. Rivers, groundwater, springs, and other water resources are used for potable supply purposes throughout the project area for drinking, washing purposes and cattle watering. It is assumed that soils from roads and borrow areas especially during rainy season may be washed away and dumped into receiving water bodies or wetlands. Pollution of these resources may also arise at or close to the base camp or work sites because of inadequate provision of sanitary and waste facilities, and accidental or deliberate spillage or leakage of polluting materials. But the quantity of spills will be negligible. Construction of bridges/ culverts may also create water pollution and increase turbidity during construction phase. The short-term increase in runoff laden with sediment and nutrients may also occur due to the removal of trees, vegetative cover and topsoil. The suspended sediments and the associated pollutants may get washed into these water bodies, leading to change in water quality. Such pollution adversely affects those who depend on local water resources. Inappropriate disposal of refuse and some materials used in construction can also lead to public and animal health hazards. This will ultimately impact the water quality of the surface water. Recommended Mitigation measures Water source pollution is of significance along the project road. Therefore, the contractor should take all appropriate mitigation measures to minimise pollution risk. These include:  Care needs to be taken to provide adequate sanitary facilities and drainage in the temporary colonies of the construction workers. The provision of adequate washing and mobile toilet facilities with septic tanks and appropriate refuse collection and disposal system should be made obligatory.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  The construction of check dams or silt trap structures before discharging runoff water from roads into receiving water bodies (river, stream, etc.) to minimize sediments loads.  Require the contractor to make specific and adequate provision for the disposal of sanitary and other wastes in such a way as will not result in any form of pollution or hazard to human or animal health.  The contractor to take all reasonable precautions to prevent spillages and leakage of materials with the potential to pollute water resources. The measures should be maintained in an effective condition throughout the life of the base camp.  The contractor will construct workshop for machinery and vehicle maintenance as well as provision of sealed areas for the storage of pollutants to avoid any accidental discharge that would pollute water resources. Specifically prohibit washing of vehicles and plant in or adjacent to any water sources. All washing to be carried out at designated areas away from water sources.  Measures should be taken to ensure proper storage of fuel, oil and bitumen. Oil-water interceptors or sumps should be constructed to capture discharge of oils, fats and other polluting liquids from maintenance workshops, vehicle and equipment washing bays and kitchen drains. Oil and bitumen pollution should be prevented by ensuring its proper storage, handling and disposal,  The contractor is responsible for cleaning up any pollution caused by his activities and the payment of full compensation to those affected.  Establish temporary and permanent containment structure for spill prone areas as applicable  Develop and implement waste management plan 6.3.2.8 Increased Water Demand Impact origin and Characteristics The water requirement will be increased during construction phase for both road construction and worker’s needs. About 300 people are estimated during peak period. The peak demand is estimated at about 35 KL/day. Water sources and quality, including surface water, is likely to be impacted due to road construction activities such as setting up of worker’s camp, transportation and storage of construction material. However, no conflict over water resources since the hydrologic network of the project area is very dense. Recommended Mitigation measures The anticipated impact can be mitigated through implementing the following measures:  Collaboration with water and electricity authorities for proper identification and relocation of these utilities, 132 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  The replacement and/or relocation of existing electricity facilities before their damages,  The replacement and/or relocation of existing water points as well as construction of new water points, where needed, will be required to satisfy the water needs of the affected communities,  Avoid unnecessary utilization of water for construction activities and camp facilities, through development and implementation of water resource management plan, as required. 6.3.2.9 Public and Occupational Health and Safety Impact origin and Characteristics Construction is inherently a relatively dangerous industry and has a number of adverse impacts on public health and safety unless appropriate mitigation measures are undertaken. Particular concerns include the risk of increasing the incidence of social and communicable diseases due to the influx of migrant construction workers, the risk to the workers themselves of contracting malaria, the risk of injury from traffic accidents and other construction activities. Health risks include disease hazards due to lack of sanitation facilities (water supply and human waste disposal) to the workers during construction both at construction site and at the contractor’s camp. Unscientific disposal of waste from contractor’s camp can lead to contamination of both ground and surface water. This could lead to outbreak of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, etc. The solid waste generated in contractor’s camp if not treated properly may cause leaching and environmental pollution. Communicable diseases like tuberculosis, malaria, etc. are therefore likely to be disseminated especially during peak demand for manpower. The occupational safety and health issues associated with the construction of the proposed road will include the physical hazards and chemical hazards. Chemical hazards will be principally associated with exposures to road construction materials, dust during construction, exhaust emissions from heavy equipment and motor vehicles. Physical hazards include being exposed to a variety risks from operating machinery and moving vehicles, exposure to weather elements, noise, work in confined spaces, trenching, falls from machinery or structures, and risk of falling objects, injuries from stepping on or using sharp objects, fires, and accidents by vehicles, motorcycles and bicycles, etc. There is also a possibility of accidents associated of transporting workers to the construction sites. Recommended Mitigation measures The following measures are recommended to avoid and/or minimize the anticipated impacts associated with public and occupational health and safety.  Provision of proper and adequate protective clothing and safety equipment including safety helmets; protective footwear; safety glasses; welding goggles and other eye protectors; ear

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 protectors; safety harnesses; high visibility reflective vests; safety equipment of working over water, etc as per the nature of the work required.  Provision of suitably equipped and staffed clinic at the main campsite with all necessary medication including ambulance service, and first aid kits at all working sites. The services will be provided to the Contractor’s staff including those of the Sub-Contractors, the Engineer’s site staff, and all other persons entitled to be on the Site.  Availing the health services at all times when there is work activity on the site.  Maintaining records of all accidents arising from the construction activities.  Taking maximum care to prevent the sufferings of the project employees as well as the local communities and their properties not to be caused due to project activities.  Provision of all necessary protective facilities and medication to workers engaged on the project work, irrespective to their placement, and extent of exposure to hazardous work sites.  Ensure safe and good working conditions at workplace.  Provision of adequate training and awareness creation to the workforce before engaging on the work site. All drivers, machine operators, traffic safety guides and personnel, electrical, mechanical, welders etc. will be oriented and made aware of the occupational health and safety issues.  Creating awareness and continuously reminding the labour force about use of safety equipment in the workplace.  Conducting regular monitoring of the workforce on proper use and implementation of the safety rules, and on use of the safety devices and facilities provided to them.  Develop and enforce a fleet management plan for road construction that includes measures to ensure work zone safety for construction workers and the travelling public.  Establishment of work zones to separate pedestrians and livestock travelling by foot from vehicular traffic and equipment by routing of traffic to alternative roads where possible.  Use protective barriers to shield livestock and pedestrians from traffic vehicles and regulation of traffic flow by warning sign.  Use of flaggers if possible, to direct and ensure reduction of vehicle high speeds in work zones.  Make awareness campaign for workers about the safety issues related to their activities hence provide frequent training about the use of PPE  Hoisting and lifting equipment should be rated and properly maintained, and operators trained in their use.  Safety Risk assessment will be carried out prior to the commencement of the project as to analyze potential risk. Based on the analysis, preventative and protective measures will be introduced according to the following order of priority (Impact Mitigation Hierarchy): Eliminate/Avoid (Physically remove the hazard or the cause of the danger completely),

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 Substitute (replace the hazardous work practice or machine with an alternative), Isolate (separate the hazard from the people at risk from injury), Engineering controls (Physical changes. E.g.: redesign machine or methods of works by adding safeguards), Administrative controls (Change the way people work or install signs, rotate jobs, etc.), Personal Protective Equipment-PPE (Protect the workers with PPE through provision of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). However, the emergency procedures and contingencies management plan to be prepared as a stand-alone document will also consider safety risks.  The project shall develop and implement an Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan (OHSMP) comprises of monitoring and reporting mechanism of occupational accidents and diseases (particularly the Covid 19 Pandemic), dangerous occurrences and incidents.  Management measures including proper sanitation, waste disposal facilities, awareness campaigns for the prevention of AIDS/HIV, sexually transmitted diseases and other communicable diseases, sensitization for health insurance will be needed at the project site, 6.3.2.10 Encroachment of protected area and loss of Biodiversity Impact origin and Characteristics No selected feeder roads are crossing the protected area and or sensitive habitats. However, some roads traverses through plantation area. The risks of introduction of invasive species into the area through construction machines or labor force are also anticipated. Although, the impact is minimum, to ensure that no impact on the protected area or sensitive habitats the following measures are recommended. Recommended Mitigation measures In order to mitigate this impact, the following is suggested:  Avoid siting of access roads, construction camps and material processing plants in areas which have significant number of trees covers.  Introduction of new species, whether invasive or not, in the area should be avoided.  Proper management system of waste (construction wastes, domestic waste, etc.) should be established to avoid their dumping in the near wetlands/marshlands, forest plantation.  Tree planting along the road section in this area should be done by replanting the species that were on the site.  Consider the location of mature trees during route selection for the access road construction and land clearing for quarry and borrow sites.  Compensate in cash for the loss of privately-owned mature trees and by replanting for the loss of natural vegetations as appropriate.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  Design and construction of wildlife access to avoid or minimize habitat fragmentation, if applicable  Avoid excessive destruction of trees and other vegetation and minimize clearing of indigenous plant species, and replanting of indigenous plant species in disturbed areas.  Create awareness to works and nearby community to avoid unnecessary and unplanned cutting of trees Include vegetation rehabilitation techniques to recover lost plant cover such as reforestation and afforestation.  Awareness campaigns and enforcement of a worker’s code of conduct for the protection of biodiversity: workers should be clearly informed of environmental rules of conduct, along with the penalties for non-compliance.  A safe drainage system should also be set to control wetlands flooding or forest environment by roadside runoff water.  Enforcing speed reducing mechanisms (including limiting the vehicle speed to 20 km/hr. maximum, placing speed bumps, rumble strips, etc.) to avoid or minimize collisions with livestock, wildlife, etc.  Support for local environmental education and wildlife organizations can also be considered in the contractor ESMP, as required, and Organize awareness campaigns for drivers and workers on the protection of wildlife, if applicable 6.3.2.11 Road congestion or closure Impact origin and Characteristics Some road sections might be congested during construction as a result of construction works and increased traffic. Some other road sections may even experience total closure for a limited time because of the nature of undertaken works. This would create difficulties for the road users as they may need to take longer routes, therefore causing more costly and time-consuming travels. Recommended Mitigation measures The contractor is required to implement the following mitigation measures are  Apply traffic management measures and the preparation of alternative roads in case of road closure  Installation and maintenance of speed control and traffic calming devices at pedestrian crossing areas.  Installation and maintenance of all signs, signals, markings, and other devices used to regulate traffic, including speed limits, warnings of sharp turns, humps etc., specifically those related to pedestrian facilities or bikeways.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  Installation of measures to reduce collisions between livestock and vehicles (e.g. use of signs to alert drivers on road segments with cattle crossing paths, installation of fencing along the roadway to direct livestock toward crossing paths, as applicable.  Prepare an emergency preparedness and response plan and develop a procedure for one- time incident/accident notification in coordination with the local community and local emergency responders to provide timely first aid response in the event of accidents. Any incidents of serious injury and fatality should be immediately notified and report to the RTDA and World Bank within 24 hours.  Develop and implement traffic management plan 6.3.2.12 Displacement of PAPs and Social Dispute Impact origin and Characteristics The rehabilitation and upgrading of feeders with the RoW of 10.5 to attain to 6.0 m widths is likely to affect people’s assets and displacement. About 69 households will be displaced. The detailed information for affected and displaced PAPs are presented in a standalone Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for feeder roads project in Gakenke District. The compensation and livelihood restoration measures for affected properties and relocated PAPs are envisaged in RAP document. Recommended Mitigation measures  Ensure proper identification and compensation of all persons who will lose properties, in accordance with national law and the world bank policies.  Obtain necessary permissions and approvals from the relevant authorities prior to the use of project sites.  The contractor will use his best endeavor to maximize local hire of labor, in so far as they are compatible with their skill requirements.  Work co-operatively with the stakeholders and communities along the project area, including with end users of the Works, relevant authorities and local communities, through the Grievance Redress Committees (GRCs) and through meetings at cell/sector level with other relevant project stakeholders.  Incorporate a gender perspective and provide an enabling environment where women and men have equal opportunity to participate in, and benefit from, planning and development of the project works to shape their own lives and contribute to their families, communities, and country hence ensuring that Women are always represented in the GRCs.  Engage with and listen to affected persons and organizations and be responsive to their concerns, with special regard for vulnerable, disabled, and elderly people.  Provide an environment that fosters the exchange of information, views, and ideas that is free of any fear of retaliation, and protects whistle blowers; participate as a member of the GBV (including SEA) and VAC Compliance Team which is comprised of representatives from

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 the client, contractor(s), the supervision consultant, local authorities and local communities’ representatives.  Maintain a continuous engagement with the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) and its members through the GRCs and Work to mediate and resolve as quickly as possible any grievance addressed by any community member against the project.  Any complaints will be recorded and resolved through negotiations with the community; and public Relation Officer will be assigned from the contractor side to liaison with local communities and authorities and he will be permanently on project site to promote social integration and development of mutually satisfactory solutions to problems affecting local communities. 6.3.2.13 Loss of water points Impact origin and Characteristics There are one (1) water taps, and one (1) water pipe are will be affected by road construction activities. Therefore, the replacement and/or relocation of existing water points as well as construction of new water points will be done before their damage to satisfy the water supply needs to the local communities in Gakenke District. Recommended Mitigation measures  Collaboration with water authorities for proper identification and relocation of these utilities.  The replacement and/or relocation of existing electricity facilities before their damages.  The replacement and/or relocation of existing water points as well as construction of new water points, where needed, will be required to satisfy the water needs of the affected communities.  Avoid unnecessary utilization of water for construction activities and camp facilities, through development and implementation of water resource management plan, as required. 6.3.2.14 Road/Traffic safety Impact origin and Characteristics The road safety measures are essential both in construction and operation phases. Due to improved road conditions, traffic will be increased, and speed limits are likely to be exceeded, thus leading to rise in road accidents. The risk of traffic accidents could increase due to the increase of traffic volume on the roads due to the arrival of additional vehicles and equipment and other activities, such as transportation of construction materials to and from ancillary sites. Recommended Mitigation measures

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 To minimize any incidents and road safety risks, the contractor required to implement the following measures:  Posting traffic signs and hazard markings at all critical locations including junction of the project road and existing roads, road diversions, junctions to quarry & borrow sites, materials processing sites, campsites and spoil disposal sites, town and village sections, schools, churches, working sites etc.  Assigning safety personnel/traffic regulators/flagmen at critical sections or periods to guide traffic flows and provide the necessary reflector cloths and shoes for the safety personnel while they are on duty.  Necessary information such as speed limits, direction, hazard locations, sensitive sites shall be provided at all necessary sites by putting appropriate signals.  Providing appropriate information on the location of risky areas (like quarry & borrow sites, material processing sites, excavation sites, explosives storage site) to potentially affected local people and such areas are prohibited for safety reasons.  Awareness training shall be provided for project workers especially for operators of equipment and drivers in traffic safety measures which incorporate establishing and enforcing a strict code of conduct for all project drivers.  Provision of diversions with suitable and reflecting road signs, barricades and delineators and flagmen to guide the construction traffic. For regulation of traffic, the flagmen shall be equipped with red and green flags.  Limiting construction hours to reasonable daylight hours where the project construction site is located near villages.  In consultation with the community members and district officials, identify and mark livestock crossing points and install barriers (e.g. fencing, plantings) to prevent livestock access to the roadway except at designated crossing points.  Installation and maintenance of speed control and traffic calming devices at pedestrian crossing areas and adhere to speed limits and provide appropriate PPE to drivers.  Provision of awareness education for local residents, especially children and their parents about construction traffic hazards, particularly at villages and schools, and Recording and reporting all accidents involving construction traffic and follow-up to improve procedures as appropriate.  All drivers of project vehicles shall avoid night driving and put headlights on at dawn and dusk.  Preparation and implementation of atraffic management plan  Prepare an emergency preparedness and response plan and develop a procedure for one- time incident/accident notification in coordination with the local community and local emergency responders to provide timely first aid response in the event of accidents. Any 139 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 incidents of serious injury and fatality should be immediately notified and report to the RTDA and World Bank within 24 hours. 6.3.2.15 Impacts on HIV/AIDS , STDs and COVID-19 Road projects may cause serious public health and social problems mainly due to arrival of workforce from outside the project area and their placement in campsites. In particular, the spread of communicable diseases esp. HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is a major threat in such road projects. In addition, the high mobility of construction workers, and in- migration of commercial sex workers to such construction area can contribute for the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STDs. Recommended Mitigation measures In order to control the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STIs the contractor required to implement the following measures:  The Contractor shall implement the mitigation measures below and those specified in the CESMP including assigning a specialist Sub-Contractor, preparing action plan, providing educational materials (leaflets posters etc.) and protective such as male and female condoms, and conducting information education and consultation campaigns.  The Contractor through its specialist Sub- contractor shall develop and implement HIV/AIDS and other STIs Alleviation Action Plan based on the national HIV/AIDs policy framework.  Contractor shall sign a MOU with local health center to provide the following services:  Develop a comprehensive STDS, HIV/ AIDs and Ebola awareness for both workers and local community  Provision of STDs, HIV and AIDS prevention measures such as distribution of condoms to workers/local people both male and female  Creation of awareness of STDs, HIV/AIDS, Ebola in worker’s camps through trainings and installation of posters,  Promote continuous sectoral, gender related Information, Education and Communication (IEC) messages about HIV/AIDS, STDS, Ebola infection, protection, counseling and care.  Increase availability and accessibility of condoms.  Establish a sectoral policy that will safeguard human and civil rights and avoid discrimination of workers and community members who are infected with HIV/AIDS.  Create a supportive and non-discriminatory working environment through dispelling of myths and stereotypes and by ensuring that HIV positive employees are treated in the same manner as other employees.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  Promote peer education and counselling and facilitate voluntary counselling and testing of HIV status of workers and care for people living with AIDS.  Promote free distribution of condoms among construction workers and local sex workers, if applicable.  Placing of leaflets and roadside posters about HIV/AIDs in the project road corridor. COVID-19 prevention measures to be implemented • All workers will present their ID Cards to make sure that no one is above 70 years old or below 18 years old. • Females will need to present pregnancy test in order to make sure that their pregnancy is not at third trimester of pregnancy; • Workers hiring process will be rigorous and all workers will be checked by the a Doctor and the project nurse to ensure they are healthy and that no one is suffering from any transmissible disease. • The project nurse will do daily tour within all workers to make sure that no one has any symptoms related COVID -19, and once we find someone with such symptoms emergency number will be called for the help. • The nurse will conduct fever test to all employees just to make sure that their temperature is in allowable range. • To make sure that workers are free from COVID – 19 positives, they will need to answer those questionnaires provided by the Consultant to the nurse: o Have you, or anyone you have had close contact with, been in contact with a person that has tested positive for COVID-19? o Have you, or anyone you have had close contact with, been in contact with a person that is in the process of being tested for COVID-19? o Have you, or anyone you have had close contact with, travelled outside of the country within the last two weeks? o Have you been medically directed to self-quarantine due to possible exposure to COVID-19? o Are you having trouble breathing or have you had flu-like symptoms within the past 48 hours, including: fever, cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, runny/stuffy nose, body aches, chills, or fatigue?

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 Work Site Safety and Prevention Measures for Covid-19 Social Distancing Social distance measure will be displayed as follows: . A Social distance of 1 -2 meters between two contractor’s workers or between contractor’s worker and consultant’s supervisor, will strongly be respected on site for any work or activity that requires more than one person. . All foremen, staff will be instructed to properly displaying workers on the sites by respecting the required Social distancing rules, both on the site as well as inside the offices. . Daily site visits will be conducted by the safety officer in order to make sure that social distancing rules are being properly and effectively implemented. . Frequent sensitization and toolbox talk activities will be conducted on the sites for effective implementation of social distancing rules. Establishment of health and hygiene measures Hand hygiene will be implemented through: . Cleaning water and soap will be available at the campsite gate as well as at the work sites to ensure that everyone washes his/her hands before entering and when leaving the campsite. . Where the use of water and soap is not possible, hand sanitizer will be provided to both contractor’s workers and consultant’s personnel. . All Contractor’s and Consultant vehicles, trucks and machinery will be provided permanently with hand sanitizers and drivers as well as any other person must sanitizing their hands entering in the vehicles/trucks/machines and when going out. . Through different sensitization programs all workers will be shown the proper ways to behave when greeting, coughing or sneezing in order to prevent themselves from being contaminated or contaminating others with COVI-19 and other communicable diseases. . Frequent sensitization programs will be conducted on the sites in order to deepen understanding level of all workers about hand hygiene culture. . Foremen of the sites will also be reminded that they have responsibilities of evaluating whether their workers are respecting the recommended measures or not.

Provision and use of Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE)  Face masks, gloves, and any other required PPE will be given to all Contactor’s workers as well as Consultant’s staff.  Never share masks, gloves or any PPE.  Never sanitize PPE for their reuse.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  Dispose single use PPEs to an appropriate area or to an appropriate waste bin.  Short term and regular sensitization sessions will be conducted for effective use of Personnel Protective Equipment, with a special emphasis on the use of COVID-19 protection equipment.  Foremen of the sites will also be reminded that they have responsibilities of evaluating whether their workers are using properly their PPEs. .

Common Safety Measures at Work Place  Like did since the start of the project, there will be provision and proper display of road signs at any work site;  Provision and monitoring of effective use of common PPEs;  Flaggers will be reminded the proper ways of operating and displaying for their safety as well as for the safety of other road users. And they will be given Flags and other required PPEs just to make sure that they are working safely.  Organizing toolbox talks on safety measures [on road safety, safety at work sites, emergency measures in the camp site (office), and at home];  Organizing sensitization and awareness raising on safety, health (HIV/AIDS & other STD including COVID-19, Ebola,), and environment protection will be conducted as long as consultant.

6.3.2.16 Impacts on GBV, VAC, SEA The proposed feeder road rehabilitation and construction project may result in a case of Gender Based Violence (GBV), and Sexual Exploitation Abuse (SEA), etc due to arrival of workforce from outside the project area and their placement in campsites. Recommended Mitigation measures To avoid and/or minimize impact on GBV, Vac, SEA, the following measure should be implemented by all relevant parties, Particularly the Contractor:  The Contractor is required to develop and implement the project’s Codes of Conduct (COC), GBV Action Plan, Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) and implement accordingly throughout the project implementation period.  All employees attend an induction training course prior to commencing work on site to ensure they are familiar with the Contractor’s commitments to the project’s Codes of Conduct., and other standards, such as ESHS and OHS standards.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  Ensure that posted and distributed copies of the Contractor and individual Codes of Conduct are translated into the appropriate language of use in the work site areas as well as for any international staff in their native language.  All employees should sign the project’s ‘Individual Code of Conduct’ confirming their agreement to comply with ESHS and OHS standards. This sets stringent standards for personal behavior by those working on the project so as to avoid GBV, SEA, VAC, and workplace sexual harassment.  Contractor shall enter into agreement with local recognized NGO to develop training topics and materials on the mechanism to manage GBV, VAC, SEA, risks and carry out training on GBV, VAC,SEA for both workers and local people as per the plan, conduct services provider mapping in the project area, develop a clear referral pathway.  All forms of SEA, VAC and sexual harassment are unacceptable, regardless of whether they take place on the work site, the work site surroundings, at worker’s camps or within the local community. Therefore, the Contractor is required to put in place administrative measures to prevent and minimize Gender Based Violence (GBV) and Violence Against Children (VAC) with proposed preventive and mitigation strategies.  Develop and Implement GBV Action Plan,  All employees, including volunteers and sub-contractors are highly encouraged to report suspected or actual acts of SEA, VAC and sexual harassment by a fellow worker, whether in the workplace or not. Reports must be made in accordance with project’s SEA, child sexual exploitation and abuse and sexual harassment Allegation Procedures.  The Contractor is required to strengthen grievance redress and other monitoring mechanisms to ensure safe and ethical reporting systems to alert cases of GBV and VAC and assure them to access adequate response.  Offer equal employment opportunities to all collaborators based upon their specific professional qualifications and performance without any discrimination, and select, hire and manage collaborators according to competence and merit.  Take strict measures against employment of children.  Managers are required to report and act to address suspected or actual acts of GBV and/or VAC as they have a responsibility to uphold Contractor commitments and hold their direct reports responsible.  Contractor social safeguard specialist will monitor provision to mitigate and respond to suspected case of GBV, VAC, and SEA in workplace.  In case of SEA, VAC and Sexual harassment acts suspected in the workplace constitute gross misconduct and are therefore grounds for sanctions, which may include penalties and/or termination of employment. In addition to Contractor sanctions, legal prosecution of those who commit acts of SEA or VAC will be pursued if appropriate.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  The contractor will recruit a GBV service provider, which shall include recognized NGOs and others, who will prepare an action plan, provide training and other support GBV, SEA, SH or VAC, etc. that will be monitored by the monitoring consultant together with the project safeguards team.  Work closely with local authorities to stop recommending underage children for the project construction works.  Prepare and implement action plan for managing GBV, SEA, VAC impact.  Grievance redress mechanisms will ensure that the GBV cases that need higher skills, GRC will only record the case without much details of mentioning the victim. The GRC will work closely with district and RTDA team, refresher training on land acquisition and compensation complains resolution will be provided to GRC by RTDA.  The GBV Action Plan shall reflect adequately o Existing country gender diagnostics. o Country-wide and region-specific/District data on violence against women. o Data and/or information on cultural practices vis-à-vis women (early marriage, physical practices). o Existing services available from GBV Services Providers (Health care for GBV survivors, Psychosocial support, women’s and girls’ safe spaces, justice and legal aid, referral systems) quality, accessibility and gaps.  The grievance mechanism shall ensure safe, confidential, non-judgmental, and ethical reporting systems on GBV, sexual abuse and child labor as well as service referral to survivors to alert cases of prevalence and assure them to access adequate response. The reporting complains related with SEA, GBV, VAC and Sexual Harassment will be a part of GBV Action Plan and CESMP adopted from best national and international practices and the typical flow chart for GBV VAC, SEA and Sexual Harassment (SH) Redress Mechanism in FRDP is depicted in Figure 6-2 below.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Step 0 Grievance Aggreived/victim Health Facility District Social Affairs Registration (immediatly ) Office ( 1-2days) for records

Step 1 GBV Complaint Step 0 Step 1 GBV Task Force Isange One stop Cennter ( 3 Days) Grievance Resolution Provincial Social Affaires Office (1- 2 DAYS) Step 2 GBV Service Provider /NGO National (Immediatly) Court MOH /RBC MIGEPROF System /GMO

CONTRACTOR Step 3 WB RTDA APPEAL Ombudsman

Figure 6-2: Flow chart for GBV VAC, SEA and Sexual Harassment (SH) Redress Mechanism in FRDP However, in addition to service provider in charge of awareness campaign and monitoring on GBV case at site level; there will be also a (PCT): ‘Project Compliance Team’, responsible of day to day monitoring GBV cases within the workers and community. PCT is composed with at least five (5) representatives (‘Focal Points’) as follows:  A safeguards specialist from the client.  The Social Development and Gender Specialist from the contractor, or someone else tasked with the responsibility for addressing SEA, VAC and Sexual Harassment with the time and seniority to devote to the position.  The supervision consultant.  A representative from a local service provider with experience in GBV and VAC (the ‘Service Provider’).  A representative from the local communities at the Cell level.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 6.3.2.17 Chance finds procedures Based on the history of Rwanda including Genocide against Tutsi in 1994, bodies of victims have been dehumanized by being thrown and buried everywhere in inappropriate places. Therefore, during construction phase, the excavation work will have a possibility of chance finding of human body and graveyards. Therefore, if any human body and/or graveyards are found during feeder roads rehabilitation/ upgrading civil works or during rehabilitation of access roads to ancillary facilities, the following chance finds procedures will be applied and more importantly the Contractor will require to follow a detail chance find procedures indicated in Annex 13. Recommended Mitigation measures  Stop works immediately in the place of human body finding or jump this place with at least 5m on both sides.  Encircle the area by a warning tap.  Inform local authorities and local communities.  Consultation with local communities & authorities for due diligence on the source of the human body.  Excavation to collect the human body and transmit it to local authority.  If the body is found to be the victim of Genocide, the body will be transmitted to local authority to be treated and buried in Genocide Memorial. If not, it will be buried in collective cemetery (please see Annex 13). 6.3.3 Resettlement Action Plan Impacts on properties loss had been avoided during design via the adoption of a reduced-speed design, reduced right-of-way and land acquisition, etc. The proposed feeder road project design followed existing alignments and seek to minimize the extent (and cost) of land expropriation. This approach resulted in the widening of road up to the required standard only. As a second example, adoption of a narrow road reserve can substantially limit options for controlling water flows and soil erosion -with potentially negative effects on the environment. Consideration should also be given to the social and environmental costs of non-displacement of people and business activities. As with prevention, mitigation of land acquisition impacts is achieved primarily by modifying the route or design of a road to minimize and to locate the sites in less populated areas where its effects will be limited on nearby properties and land uses. The design of alternative access to affected properties and the management of temporary works and traffic diversion can also reduce the magnitude of impacts on property and welfare. Consultation with affected people and other project related stakeholders assists planners in mitigating the impacts of land acquisition and resettlement actions by providing clear and timely information as well as opportunities for a complete discussion of options, preferences, and

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 likely outcomes. Thus, by taking full account of the needs of those affected people, the design of implementation arrangements should be based on more solid information. The national laws and regulations governing property rights, compensation, and appeal procedures for land expropriation. Government's right to expropriate carries with it a responsibility to ensure that those affected people do not bear an unfair share of the costs of a project which will bring benefits to others. In the simplest terms, this responsibility should be to ensure that the standard of living of all affected persons is restored to the level that is much better and not worse than their previous livelihood before the commencement of the road construction activities. The government is successful in restoring those living standards for all affected persons, the adverse impacts will have to be minimized and possibly obviated. Legislated compensation procedures generally provide only for the owners of property and make no allowances for tenants, employees, or squatters. Additional arrangements must be defined to ensure that these affected groups are not substantially disadvantaged by land use changes, and that they are assisted in relocating and re-establishing their homes and sources of incomes. These additional arrangements are provided in the updated RAP. The summary of Environmental and Social Management and Mitigation measures is indicated in the below Table 6-6.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Table 6-6: ESMP during Project planning, construction and operation Phases Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost (Frw) PLANNING AND DESIGN Conflict over project Involve all the stakeholders in roads selection Contractor, District, RTDA, Consultant Included in beneficiaries (organizing meeting, sites visit with stakeholders) design budget Consultation with affected community Contractor, District, RTDA, Consultant

Loss of properties Compensate for lost assets as per the Rwanda Contractors, District road Engineer & Included in (crops, trees, houses, Expropriation Law and WB policy on Involuntary land officer RTDA/FRDP design budget etc.) due to selection Resettlement Environmental Specialist of borrow pits, quarry Minimize the number of borrow pits by increasing the Contractor areas, etc. free haul distance in BOQ; Loss of properties Involve all the stakeholders in roads selection District road Engineer & Contractor Included in (land, houses & crops) design budget due to road Integrate representatives of PAPs in the Project Contractor, District, RTDA/ FRDP realignment social safeguards specialist, GRCs Included in Compensate for lost assets as per the Rwanda Gakenke Expropriation Law and WB policy on Involuntary District, RTDA, MINIFRA/FRDP road compensation Resettlement and Integrate representatives of PAPs in Engineer, Contractor cost under the Project project RAP CONSTRUCTION PHASE

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost (Frw) Loss of topsoil and soil Employing Environmental and Social and Health Safety RTDA, District 11,500,000 erosion affecting Experts of Contractors & Contractors Establishing a productive farmland detailed borrow pit / quarry management plan prior to and landscape selection of the borrow sites aesthetics; Stagnant water in Proper implementation of the borrow pit / stone quarry Contractor Environmental & 50,000,000 undrained borrow management plan, Reshaping, transport and spreading Environmental & Social Safeguards pits/quarry areas over topsails in the pits Expert of the Supervising Firm District creating habitat for Environmental Officer water borne disease Planting of trees and grasses and maintenance Contractor’s Environmentalist, Social 5,000,000 vectors and possible Safeguards Expert; Environmental & safety issues for Social Safeguards Expert of the people and livestock Supervising Firm, District Environmental and Forest Officers, MINIFRA/ FRDP Environmental Specialist Safety risks at the Design borrow pits/ quarry sites safety measures Contractor’s Engineer and 1,000,000 borrow/quarry sites, implemented as part of the Quarry/Borrow Site Environmental & Social Safeguards including (accidents) Management and Restoration/Rehabilitation plan Expert; Environmental & Social Safeguards Expert of the Supervising Firm Posting of safety perimeter, signposts and guards at the Contractor’s Engineer and 1,000,000

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost (Frw) site Environmental & Social Safeguards Expert; Environmental & Social Safeguards Expert of the Supervising Firm Loss of beneficiaries’ Compensation for lost properties District, RTDA, Consultant Included in the properties (land, trees, Gakenke RAP crops, houses budget & other structures

Soil erosion polluting Avoid earthworks during heavy rains (mid-March to mid- Contractor, District Road Engineer 0 water quality May) RTDA/FRDP Engineer Disposing (or securing) of unused stockpiled topsoils Contractor Engineer & 7,500,000 before rains Social/Environmental safeguards Expert Protection and stabilization of road embankments / Contractor, 10,000,000 slopes with vegetation to reduce landslides District, RTDA, Consultant

Install proper road drainage and contractor 20,000,000 check dams, silt traps where necessary to reduce silts

Soil pollution Stocking fertile topsoil to be used in rehabilitation of contractor 30,000,000 different sites

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost (Frw) Avoid improper disposal of spoils by dumping on Contractor 0 approved sites Water pollution Provision of gender segregated sanitary facilities to Contractor Engineer & Environmental Included in the workers & Safeguards Expert, Resident budget above Engineer & Environmental & Safeguards Expert, Supervising Firm, MINIFRA/FRDP Environmentalist Construction of check dams or silt trap structures to Contractor Engineer, Resident Included in the minimize sediments loads before discharging roadside Engineer District road Engineer, budget above runoff into receiving water body RTDA/FRDP Engineer Disruption in drainage Proper design of drainage canals Contractor, District, RTDA, Consultant pattern Construction of drainage canals as per the designs Contractor District road Engineer Effect public utilities Planning for relocation and rehabilitation of public CHICO, WASAC, EUCL, District, RTDA, 3,000,000 utilities (Electrical lines and water supply systems) Consultant

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost (Frw) Pollution of natural Construction of check dams or Contractor 10,000,000 water resources silt trap structures to minimize sediments loads before discharging roadside runoff into receiving water body

Wildlife accidents & Posting animal safety sign- posts Awareness campaigns Contractor, 1,500,000 passes for drivers and workers on the protection of wildlife, District, RTDA, Consultant establishing an animal detection system within the project area, - Avoiding poaching, - Enforcing speed reducing mechanisms, - Avoiding blowing horns in the forest section, support for local Environmental education and wildlife Contractor, organizations, Awareness campaigns to District, RTDA, Consultant drivers/ motorcyclists/ bicyclists and pedestrians for pedestrian’s safety, Increased road Construction works should be done during dry periods Contractor Engineer, Resident Included in the embankments’ or low intensity rainfall Engineer, above budget for landslides check dam, District road Engineer RTDA/FRDP retaining wall, etc Engineer Construction of stone masonry with critical road Contractor Engineer, Resident embankment slopes Engineer District Road Engineer RTDA/FRDP Engineer

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost (Frw) Construction of diversion ditches in the upstream of the Contractor Engineer, Resident slopes with high landslide risks to control runoff water Engineer, District road Engineer, causing embankment sliding RTDA/FRDP Engineer Tree planting as off set or replanting Contractor Environmentalist, Resident Environmentalist, District Environmentalist, RTDA/FRDP Environmentalist Occupational Health Developing a health and safety Contractor, 2,000,000 risks management plan District, RTDA, Consultant

Conducting a daily briefing prior to start of work Contractor Engineer & Environmental Included in

assignment for all workers to ensure routine & Safeguards Expert Resident communication appropriate use of PPE and understanding of the site Engineer & Environmental & costs for H&S safety requirements Safeguards Expert, Supervising Firm management plan.

Provision of sanitary facilities Contractor Environmental & 1,000,000

(toilet, water, etc) Safeguards Expert; RTDA/FRDP Environmentalist, RDB field Guide, District Forest Officer Awareness campaigns for the Contractor Environmental & 1,000,000 prevention of communicable diseases, STDs, etc Safeguards Expert; RTDA/FRDP

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost (Frw) Environmentalist, RDB field Guide, District Forest Officer

Provision of protective equipment to workers Contractor, 4,000,000 District, RTDA, Consultant

Use protective barriers to separate pedestrians and Contractor, Resident engineer 200,000 livestock from vehicular traffic and equipment by routing of traffic to alternative roads where possible. Use of warning signs and traffic marshals to direct traffic flow Availing well equipped First Aid Contractor 1,500,000 facility Establishing a functioning GRM for workers and utilizing Contractor Engineer & Environmental 300,000 a logging mechanism to track all incidents and accidents & Safeguards Expert, Resident on site. Engineer & Environmental & Safeguards Expert, Supervising Firm, RTDA/FRDP Environmentalist In case blasting is required for construction, develop and Contractor Engineer & Environmental 1,000,000 implement a Blasting Management Plan, including & Safeguards Expert, Resident obtaining all required licenses and conducting timely Engineer & Environmental & information sharing to notify workers and nearby Safeguards Expert, Supervising Firm,

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost (Frw) communities RTDA/FRDP Environmentalist

Provision of medical insurance Contractor, Workers 0 to workers Reinforcement of the laws on Contractor, 0 child labour, sexual harassment/ prostitutions and District, RTDA, Consultant gender equity

Increase of Gender Reinforcement of the laws on child labour, sexual Contractor, District Environmental 4,000,000 based violence (GBV), harassment/prostitutions and gender equity, child Officer District Social protection including SEA, child labour, sexual harassment/prostitutions and gender officer District Road Engineer, FRDP labor exploitation and equity Environmentalist & social safeguards abuse, sexual specialist, Supervising firm harassment, Environmental & social safeguards prostitution cases Expert Requirement for each worker, permanent of temporary Contractor, District Social protection Included to sign a Code of Conduct upon commencement of their officer District Road Engineer, FRDP assignment Environmentalist & social safeguards specialist, Supervising firm Environmental & social safeguards Expert

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost (Frw) Recruitment of the service provider which shall include Contractors, Consultant, District and Included in works recognized NGOs and others for conducting training and RTDA contract under other support on GBV, SEA, SH or VAC provisional sum in bid price schedule Awareness meetings on GBV prevention Contractor Environmental, FRDP 1,000,000 Safeguards Specialist, service provider, District Social protection officer, Awareness programs on child protection and safety MINIFRA/FRDP, Social safeguards, 1,000,000 through close collaboration with existing Child District Social, protection officer protection Committees within the community and capacity building for those committees Air pollution due to Spray water regularly when constructing roads to Contractor, 1,800,000 dust and exhaust reduce the dust District, RTDA, Consultant fumes Use equipment and automobiles with certification of Contractor, 20,000,000

good working conditions from “National Automobile District, RTDA, Consultant inspection center” to avoid exhaust fumes

Routine maintenance, repair of contractor 22,000,000 trucks and machines

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost (Frw) Noise Pollution Restriction of activities creating lots of noise or Contractor, irritations to normal working hours (7h00- 17h00) to District, RTDA, Consultant prevent noise for neighbors at night

Use of equipments and automobiles with certification of Contractor, good working conditions from “National Automobile District, RTDA, Consultant inspection center” to avoid noise

Loss of flora and Reinforcement of the law on the Contractor, fauna habitat conservation of protected areas District, RTDA, Consultant

Limiting the construction activity along the FR2 forest Contractor Engineer, Supervising firm section to the existing road width Engineer RTDA/FRDP Engineers

Awareness campaigns for the protection of biodiversity, Contractor, 1,000,000 Posting warning signposts especially in the protected District, RTDA, Consultant zone

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost (Frw) Tree planting programme to replace affected trees District, Contractor Environmental & Included in the Supervising Firm’s budget for tree Safeguards Expert, Environmental & Safeguards Expert, RTDA/FRDP Environmentalist

Compensation for lost assets according to the project Contractor Environmental & Included in the RAP Supervising Firm’s cost for lost Safeguards Expert, assets Environmental & Safeguards Expert, RTDA/FRDP Environmentalist Road congestion Application of traffic management measures Contractor, /closure District, RTDA, Consultant

Preparation of alternative roads Contractor, 12,500,000 in case of roads closure District, RTDA, Consultant

Provision of cattle crossing ways (Specifically for lot 1) Contractor, In BOQ District, RTDA, Consultant, PAPs, GRCs Loss of water points Identification and protection of existing water points Contractor’s Environmental & 10,000,000 Social Safeguards Expert; Relocation and construction of new water points, where Environmental & Social Safeguards 159 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost (Frw) protection of existing points is not considered a Expert of the Public consultation and consultation with the Supervising Firm, District Environmental Officer, RTDA/ FRDP community Social safeguards Specialist

Safety and security of Implementing the recent WB guidelines regarding Environmental & Social 5,000,000 workers camp site worker camps Safeguards Expert of the Supervising Firm, District Environmental Officer RTDA/ FRDP Social safeguards Specialist Potential impact on Adopting and utilizing a Chance Find Procedure at each Environmental & Social Safeguards - physical cultural construction site (as per general guidance in Annex 13) Expert of the resources Supervising Firm, District Environmental Officer RTDA/ FRDP Environmental safeguards Specialist OPERATION PHASE Air pollution causing Provision of speed restriction measures (speed limit District Road Engineer 2,000,000 health risks due to signs, bumps) near villages and special facilities (schools, dust and exhaust gas health posts, markets) from vehicles

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost (Frw) Noise pollution Provision of speed restriction measures (speed limit District Road Engineer 1,000,000 causing health risks signs, bumps) near villages and special facilities (schools, due to noise from health posts, markets) vehicles Reduced traffic safety Adhere to speed limits Roads users 3,500,000 due to improved roads, inducing drivers Provide traffic control signage District Road Engineer 6,250,000 to exceed the speed prominently at the entrance and throughout populated limits and cause village areas prominently at the entrance and accidents (mostly to throughout populated village areas pedestrians) Provision of speed bumps in the vicinity of populated District Road Engineer 2,500,000 areas Wear helmets when driving two-Wheeler Road users 38,000,000

Community awareness meetings on traffic safety issues District Authorities, National Police 22,500,000

Water pollution and Regular maintenance of the road drainage system Local Community Association (LCAs), 20,000,000 Property damages District Road Engineer

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda – Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Adverse impacts Mitigation measures Responsibility Estimated cost (Frw) Landslides of roads Protection of slopes with vegetation and regular Local Community Association (LCAs), 10,000,000 embankments maintenance of the embankments and its upstream part District Road Engineer

Total 343, 575,000 Contingency (10%) 34, 357, 500 Grand Total 377,932,500

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

7 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES 7.1 General A comprehensive environmental and social impact assessment requires not only the evaluation of the impacts resulting from the proposed project at a specific location and resulting from construction process, but also a complete environmental and social impact assessment cycle requires detail assessment of possible alternatives as well. During the planning stage, FRDP and District as well as other district stakeholders preselect the long list of indicative feeder roads are based on the district needs including access to market, social and economic services, agricultural production areas, road condition, etc. During the feasibility stage of the proposed feeder road rehabilitation/reconstruction project, the proposed list is released to Consultant for deep analysis and evaluation as well as prioritization. At the feasibility stage, the road prioritization matrix was prepared to select segments and eight indicators along with their respective weights were to gauge the effects (benefits) of the FRs improvement. These indicators include the connectivity, remoteness, traffic, access to social and economic services, agriculture potential, community priority and impact on Vulnerable Sectors. The prioritization matrix is presented in Annex 7. During the feasibility stage of the proposed feeder road rehabilitation/reconstruction project, options were explored, and these options were weighed from all considerations such as cost, environment, and ease of implementation and maximum utilization of available infrastructure. Alternative energy sources and projects and in addition to the "do-nothing" have been considered and the implications of each are described in the sections which follow.  No project/Without project alternative  With project alternative  Construction material and exploitation techniques  Alternative roads  Alternative selection  Project sitting  Design alternative The aim of alternative analysis is to arrive at a development option, which maximizes the benefits while minimizing the adverse impacts. Alternative analysis is also a form of mitigation measures. The two alternatives were considered “Without Project Scenario” and “With Project Scenario”.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 In with project scenario, different considerations involved in the project implementation will be also discussed. The following sections provide descriptions of the project alternatives and analysis of the same with respect to environmental, social and economic features 7.2 “Do Nothing”/Without Project Alternative The “Do nothing”/without project alternative option in respect to the proposed feeder road project implies that the status quo is maintained. This option is the most suitable alternative from an extreme environmental perspective as it ensures non-interference of impacts with the existing environmental conditions. This option will however, involve the losses of potential environmental and socio-economic benefits to the local population and the nation as a whole, and quality of life would remain at a low level for many of those who live in the country. The local farmers will continue to face the constraints they are currently experiencing due to inefficient transport network and system and the anticipated economic development aimed at fulfilling the National Strategy for Transformation (NST 1) will remain unattainable; where roads rehabilitation and upgrading projects will contribute to the reduction of the cost of doing business and facilitate trade, accelerate sustainable urbanization, etc. The No Project Option is the least preferred from the socioeconomic and environmental perspective due to the following factors: • The socio-economic status of the Gakenke District’s residents would remain unchanged and reduced interaction both at local and national levels. • The local skills would remain under-utilized as no employment opportunities will be created for local population who would have otherwise be employed by the feeder roads rehabilitation project. • Reduced business development due to current bad conditions of selected feeder roads in the district. • The current erosion rate and storm water impact in the feeder road due to lack of drainage system will remain. • Loss of business for contractors. Therefore, the “Do nothing/ without project” alternative is not preferable to project implementation. 7.3 With Project Alternative The implementation of the project will contribute to socio-economic improvement and will have positive impacts on residents' life quality. This alternative will have positive impacts on residents’ life quality and has the following advantage: there will be improved and assured transport facilities to the residents of the District. This will stimulate socio-economic development of the area. The proposed feeder roads are a major deterrent for commercial growth in the area, the project 164 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 scenario will catalyze commercial growth in the different centers and there will be better business opportunities for locals. There will also be savings in the vehicle operation cost (fuel, operation and maintenance) due to better feeder road condition. This option will have also negative impact on land use, forests/trees, water, and noise and air pollution during construction and operation phases. About 31.05ha of land are likely to be acquired to have the paved road with 6.0 m width. The properties (houses, trees, crops, etc.) within road corridor will be affected. However, the implementation of the project will take adequate consideration to avoid/minimize and mitigate the anticipated impact through implementation of the following measures, include proper designs, tree planting program for replacing lost trees, compensation for lost properties, proper management of borrow pits and quarry areas, proper disposal of wastes, stabilization of slopes with vegetation, provision of adequate sanitation facilities, provision with protective equipment to workers, use machinery and truck in good condition during daytime, regular watering of road sections to ensure the implementation of the project to be environmental friendly and socially acceptable. In addition, the below alternative construction technologies will also be considered. 7.3.1 Limiting works within the existing carriageway Changing alignments and/or limiting the roads works within the available carriageway to avoid passing through at long lengths and large widths in sensitive areas like forests and wetlands, though converted into agriculture, are some of the alternative mitigation measures considered to avoid impacting these sensitive receptors. This alternative also applies to the roads passing through grouped settlements or centers. 7.3.2 Preference of hillside cut over valley side cut There exist some road alignments passing close to lowlands (valley/ swamp) and their rehabilitation may be done in either side of the road, while some road sections are passing through hilly areas. In such cases, the rehabilitation of the road is better done on the hillside as valley side filling involves construction difficulties and is more expensive. 7.3.3 Sourcing of construction materials and location of borrow pits Road construction materials can be obtained from close or far away the RoW. Locally produced and sourced materials close to RoW are preferred over materials from very far to minimize transport costs and to also create local employment. 7.3.4 Limiting works within the existing carriageway Changing alignments and/or limiting the roads works within the available carriageway to avoid passing through at long lengths and large widths within sensitive habitat, if applicable is one of the mitigation measures considered to avoid impacting sensitive receptors. This alternative also applies to the selected roads passing through grouped settlements or centers. The encroachment to

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 protected areas and wetlands, though converted into agriculture, are also avoided or minimized through changing alignments or limiting road works within the existing carriageway. 7.3.5 Preference of local labour over imported labour Most building works are highly labor-intensive in nature. The use of local labor force over imported labors is important to increase local employment opportunities and owner- ship of project activities as well as limit the dissemination of communicable diseases. The awareness campaign on communicable diseases prevention for workers should be prioritized. 7.4 Analysis/Evaluation of project Alternatives By analyzing both scenarios, With Project Alternative and “Do Nothing”/Without Project Alternative; the without project Alternative has been rejected, and with Project alternative is adopted. This “Without Project Alternative” decision is not favorable since the proposed feeder roads development project in Gakenke District aimed at enhancing transportation of agricultural products to the market, providing of cheaper, safer, fast and lower transport cost among other benefit, all of them will not be achieved if the proposed indicative feeder roads are not upgraded and rehabilitated. The “With Project Alternative” adoption decision is based on its socio-economic benefits and the alternative measures that will be developed to avoid, minimize and mitigate any active and residual environmental and social impacts from the project implementation. Therefore, the benefits from the adopted alternative outweigh and selected from the without project alternative. In some sections of the roads where potential negative impacts are higher, the project is limiting the road width to minimize the risks while maximizing potential benefits of the road rehabilitation.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 8 ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL MANAGMENT PLAN 8.1 General Consideration A principal Gakenke District Feeder Road Project goal is to achieve an appropriate balance in the environmental and social management during implementation of the project along the indicative alignment and its immediate surroundings. It is achieved through avoidance, minimize or mitigation of potential impacts associated with the Project, and enhancement of Project benefits. Towards this goal, a sound environmental and social management is recommended. In order to be effective, a sound environmental and social management plan must be prepared adequately considering all anticipated impacts and shall fully integrated with overall project management effort at all levels, which itself should be aimed at providing a high level of quality control, leading to a project which has been properly designed and constructed and functions efficiently throughout its life. Appropriate road alignment and design issues need to be addressed as well as specific construction related activities, and issues like waste management, safety risk management, construction labour, and resettlement and compensation management prior to implementation of an environmental management and monitoring plan. These are highlighted in the following paragraphs. Some of these management issues are sectoral in nature, requiring outside participation of other Government authorities or the private sector. Most of the project environmental and social management activities will be carried out during the construction phase since this is when most impacts can be expected to arise. Management will very largely be concerned with controlling impacts which may result from the actions of the Contractor, through enforcement of the construction contract clauses related to protection of the environment and social and safety risk management as a whole and of the components within it. In this respect, it is important to recognize that successful mitigation of construction impacts can only be achieved if the environmental and social management measures, as set out in the construction contract, are properly enforced. The respective Contractors will use information stipulated under table 6-6 and update it to develop a Contractor Environmental and Social Management plan (CESMP). Below an indicative guideline is stated for the preparation of Contractor Environmental and Social Management plan (CESMP) and specific Management Strategy Implementation Plans (Sub management plans) aligned with this ESIA. These instruments will be prepared by the Contractor to be use as a tool for the contractor to manage any environmental, social and safety (EHS) risks management anticipated during construction period and for the proponent to review and supervise the efficiency of the contractor on the management of EHS risks.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 8.2 CESMP and Management Strategy Implementation Plans preparation In Addition to the above mitigation measures for different impacts from the project activities, the Contractor will prepare the Contractor Environment and Social Management Plan (C-ESMP) and other key Management Strategy and Implementation Plans (MSIPs) to ensure that all impacts are mitigated at high possible level. The Key Management Strategy and Implementation Plans (MSIPs) to be prepared and operationalized during project implementation include but not limited to the followings:  Code of Conduct  Boundary marking and protection strategy (Quarries, borrow pits and dumping sites to be captured),  Strategy for obtaining Consents/Permits,  Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) & Community health management plan,  Gender Based Violence, Sexual exploitation and abuse, Sexual Harassment and Violence against Children (GBV, SEA/SH/ VAC) and Labour Influx prevention and response action plan, (PRAP)  Traffic management plan,  Water resources protection & Storm water management plans  Emergency Procedures and Contingency Plan& Incident Notification procedure.  Dumping site Management and Rehabilitation plan.  Quarry/Borrow Site Management and Restoration/Rehabilitation plan.  Wastes, Dumping sites Management and Rehabilitation plan. The CESMP to be prepared and the associated management strategy and implementation plans (MSIPs) will go into details of what need to be done to properly manage any impacts that might rise during roads rehabilitation and upgrading activities. Some MSIPs go even beyond the roads rehabilitation/construction period and focus on rehabilitation of different sites like quarry, borrow pits and dumping sites hen the project will be at the end. Note that, the mentioned C-ESMP document will be updated every six months by the contractor to capture any change that might be experienced during the project implementation period. Due to the COVID -19 Pandemic, the contractor should prepare appropriate COVID-19 Standard operating Procedures(SOPs) as developed by the Government of Rwanda (based on WHO guidance) and approved by Rwanda Ministry of Health through the Rwanda Biomedical Center ( RBC)to prevent and control COVID -19 infection during construction and to respond to emergency situations, especially in camp sites and where civil works will be carried out.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN 9.1 General Considerations The environmental and social monitoring program is a vital tool and process in relation to environmental and social management as it provides the basis for rational management decisions regarding impact control. In this feeder roads development project, the environmental and social monitoring plan will help to ensure that the proposed mitigation measures for identified impacts and risks; are being implemented effectively to fix the issues they have been designed for. The monitoring program for the present project will be undertaken to meet the following objectives: • To check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures have actually been adopted, and are proving effective in practice, • To provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the time of preparation of the ESIA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to provide a basis for formulating appropriate additional impact control measures, and • To provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation and benefit enhancement measures which, through a feedback mechanism, can improve the planning and execution of future, similar projects. There are two basic forms of monitoring: • Compliance monitoring, this check whether prescribed actions have been carried out, usually by means of inspection or enquiries. • Effects monitoring, this records the consequences of activities on one or more environmental components, and usually involves physical measurement of selected parameters or the execution of surveys to establish the nature and extent of induced changes. Compliance monitoring is usually given more emphasis in the case of road projects than is effects monitoring. This is because most impact controls take the form of measures incorporated in project designs and contract documents, and the extent to which recommendations on these matters, as set out in the ESIA, are complied with, plays a major part in determining the overall environmental performance of the project. Environmental monitoring during the construction phase will comprise two principal groups of activities: • review of the Contractor’s plans, method statements, temporary works designs, and arrangements relating to obtaining necessary approvals from the Engineer, so as to ensure that environmental protection measures specified in the contract documents are adopted, and that the Contractor’s proposals provide an acceptable level of impact control, and

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 • systematic observation on a day-to-day basis of all site activities and the Contractor’s offsite facilities including quarry and borrow areas, as a check that the contract requirements relating to environmental matters are in fact being complied with, and that no impacts foreseen and unforeseen are occurring. These activities will be fully integrated with other construction supervision and monitoring activities carried out by the construction supervision consultant. Primary responsibility for ensuring that an adequate level of environmental and social monitoring is carried out will lie with the Resident Engineer (RE), as part of his duties connected with general site supervision. Actual monitoring on a day-to-day basis will be carried out by the site staff from the construction supervision consultant, under the direction of the RE. The majority of monitoring will comprise visual observations, carried out at the same time as the engineering monitoring activities. Site inspections will take place with emphasis on early identification of any environmental problems and the initiation of suitable remedial action. Where remedial actions have been required on the part of the Contractor, further checks will need to be made to ensure that these are actually being implemented to the agreed schedule and in the required form. Each part of the site where construction is taking place needs to be formally inspected from an environmental social management viewpoint on a regular basis. The RE will decide on the appropriate course of action to be taken in cases where unsatisfactory reports are received from his field staff regarding environmental matters. In the case of relatively minor matters, advice to the Contractor on the need for remedial action may suffice, but in all serious cases, the RE should either recommend an appropriate course of action to the Engineer, or should issue a formal instruction to the Contractor to take remedial action, depending on the extent of his delegated powers. Check monitoring will be carried out on an intermittent basis by the Environmental Specialist. RTDA’s should participate in visits as required. Monthly reports prepared by the RE should contain a brief section referring to environmental and social matters, which summarizes the results of site monitoring, remedial actions which have been initiated, and whether or not the resultant action is having the desired result. The report will also identify any unforeseen environmental and social risk and problems and will recommend suitable additional actions. Progress meetings with the Contractor will also include a review of environmental aspects. In addition to visual observation, it is particularly important that monitoring should also include limited informal questioning of people and local community leaders who live near to and use the project road, since they may be aware of matters which are unsatisfactory, but which may not be readily apparent or recognized during normal site inspection visits. The most critical parameters to be monitored are listed below and the summary of Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan indicated in Table 9-1 below. • Behaviors control, 170 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 • Security control around project sites (Quarries, borrow pits and campsites) • Occupational health and safety (OHS) for the labors and communities • Violence related to the project (GBV, SEA, VAC, SH) • Road safety and traffic control, • Water Quality, • Air Quality, • Noise level, • Soil conservation and reforestation • Project Capacity building • Reporting 9.2 Environmental and Social Training The training program will cover measurement techniques in the field, tools for the prediction of pollutants, reforestation methods and procedures, conservation of water bodies including marshlands, etc. Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA), Rwanda Standards Board (RSB) and Rwanda Development Board (RDB) may be consulted for such training. Immediate short- term training will be required for the Project in-charge and designated Environmental Officer to raise the level of environmental awareness. The training institutions, the institutions of high learning in Rwanda (universities) and the World Bank’s Economic Development Institute (Environment and Natural Resources Division), conducts regular training and access to their resources may be sought. The need for additional and specialized training will be examined and appropriate training will be undertaken as required. Training of personnel to be deployed on the proposed project during construction and operation, with regard to environmental requirements should be the integral part of the planning. The project authority should be asked to submit a detailed program for training of personnel and implementation with regard to the environmental requirements. Apart from the training, such program should include guidelines for safety, methods of disaster prevention action required in case of emergency, fire protection, environmental risk analysis etc. Capacity to quantitatively monitor water sediments or turbidity (by suitable portable test equipment) and noise is always advantageous, but monitoring will primarily involve ensuring that actions taken are in accordance with contract and specification clauses, and specified mitigation measures. Some awareness training will be provided to the contractor personnel to ensure that this occurs effectively. The provision of training has been made in cost estimates for environmental training.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 9.3 Reporting and Disclosure Progress Reports should be prepared which summarize the results of all monitoring. The reports will give monitoring data in a standard format. Reports should emphasize any significant violations of contract provisions by the contractor or any failure to implement requirements of the RAP. Any significant incidents of environmental contamination should be summarized, along with actions taken to mitigate these and to prevent reoccurrence. Progress Reports should be submitted to Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Transport, RTDA, World Bank and other relevant institutions periodically during construction. The Rwanda Transport will disclose this updated ESIA/ESMP report after Bank’s clearance by making copies available at its head office and in District / Sectors/ Cell project is situated. The copies shall also be made available to the Government’s agencies (REMA, RDB, RTDA, etc), the Environmental and Social Group and other stakeholders. The Government of Rwanda will also authorize the World Bank to disclose this ESIA/ESMP electronically through its External Website.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Table 9-1: Environnemental and Social Monitoring Plan S/No Adverse Impact Parameter to be Indicator Method Frequency Responsibility Cost Estimates monitored (RWF) 1. Misconduct of workers which Contractor, Signed code would cause Behaviors District, of conduct Inspection Continuous 0 environmental control, Consultant, by workers, and social RTDA impacts 2. Loss of Compensation Lists of PAPs Site visits for Continuous District 2,000,000 properties for lost assets &their meeting with authorities, (houses, trees, affected PAPs and cross RTDA/FRDP crops, etc) assets, Lists checking at the Social of paid PAPs Banks Safeguards Specialist 3. Grievances raised Complaints Number of Meetings, site As and when Grievance 1, 000, 000 by affected raised by PAPs complaints visits required Redress families recorded committees, District 4. Water Pollution Water quality Nutrient and Bi-annually Once every FRDP 3,000,000 (DO, Ca, Mg, TSS, sediments During wet wet season Turbidity, Load seasons Coliform Count) 5. Soil Pollution Soil Chemical Soil nutrient Soil sampling and A sand when FRDP 1,500,000 properties, Loads laboratory required analysis

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

S/No Adverse Impact Parameter to be Indicator Method Frequency Responsibility Cost Estimates monitored (RWF) 6. Dust pollution Watering of Number of Dust pollution Watering of Number of 1,000,000 construction trucks per construction trucks per day sites and other day sites and access road other access road 7. Air quality Dust level and National and Observation and Weekly Contractor and 2,000,000 PM levels international measuring using Monitoring standards portable Consultant measurement kit 8. Noise pollution Noise level National and Observation and Daily/weekly Contractor and 1,000,000 international measuring using depending Monitoring standards portable on the Consultant measurement kit nature of the work 9. Loss of trees Tree species Number / Field Once in a RTDA/FRDP 8,000,000 along roads and area of observations month for 3 Environmental other identified planted trees years ist District, areas PAPs 10. Safety hazards safety at the site Incidences, Review and continuous RTDA/ FRDP 2,000,000 accidents, Evaluation of District diseases, incidences, accidents register, diseases records,

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

S/No Adverse Impact Parameter to be Indicator Method Frequency Responsibility Cost Estimates monitored (RWF) Accidents Nbr of Review of police Continuous National Police 0 frequency Accidents Records on roads District per Month accidents RTDA/FRDP 11. Low capacity of Capacity and Training Training of labors Twice a year Contractor, 10,000,000 beneficiaries in skills in report, and district staffs service the environmental numbers of involved in provider, implementation and social staff trained environmental Monitoring of safeguards safeguarding and social Consultant, management RTDA Total 31,500,000 Contingency (10%) 3,150,000 Total 34,650,000

The Contractors and Supervision Consultants should consider using hand held, portable monitoring meters to measure and monitor air quality (dust, SOx, NOx, HC, etc.), noise levels, and water quality (DO, BOD5, COD, TSS, pH, turbidity, etc.).

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

10 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISMS Grievance redress mechanisms will be required to ensure that project affected people (PAPs) are able to raise complaints or concerns, without cost, and with the assurance of a timely and satisfactory resolution of the issue. The procedures also ensure that the entitlements are effectively transferred to the intended beneficiaries. All stakeholders will be informed of the intention to implement the grievance mechanism, and the procedure will be communicated before the starting of civil works. In Gakenke district, 11 grievance committees were formed and set at the cell level. These were also trained on grievance handling and leaned the channel and limited cases to handle to the other stakeholders like GBV that need higher skills, they only record the case without much details of mentioning the victim. Though the GRC got training by IOSC on gender-based violence they are limited to handle this as it is was part of tender document and it is covered under ongoing contract. The Grievance redress mechanism is one of the strategies that are put in place to monitor and resolve complaints that may arise during or after the Project implementation by the affected people. The feeder roads development project will employ local people through the contractors. Casual labor will come from the local community and complaints may arise within the site either related to (late payment, illegal contract termination, extra working ours) offended by the contractors, the feeder roads project will guide the formation the workers’ grievance redress committees (WGRC) “RTDA will provide a grievance mechanism for workers (and their organizations,) to raise reasonable workplace concerns. RTDA will inform the workers of the grievance mechanism at the time of hiring and make it easily accessible to them. The mechanism should involve inappropriate level of management and address concerns promptly, using an understandable and transparent process that provides feedback to those concerned, without any retribution. Due to planned development projects, depending on their scope and social economic gain in the region, it can exacerbate the existing risks of sexual exploitation and abuse, sexual harassment, violence against children or create new risks.  Low levels of women’s employment  Absence or lack of enforcement of laws addressing violence against children, sexual exploitation, sexual harassment, etc.  Gender discrimination in hiring process;  Harmful gender norms that uphold male privilege and limit women’s autonomy  High rates of violence and crime  Men's use of drugs and harmful use of alcohol  Childhood experience of violence and/ or exposure to violence in the family  Attitudes condoning or justifying violence as normal or acceptable;  Small host community, unable to absorb large influx of workers;  Lack of sanctions for inappropriate behavior from employer; 176 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  Increase in income of workers distorts power balance between workers and communities. a) Established procedures and time frame for project Grievance redress mechanism: The Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) ensures that complaints are received, reviewed and addressed by the elected Grievance redress committee. The District Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) composed of representatives from the participating District, RTDA/FRDP, Contractor and supervising firm as well as affected communities will be created to supervise the safeguards compliance throughout the project implementation period and resolve related issues/ conflicts (Figure 10-1 and Photos 1-1&10-2). This committee will ensure that all affected people are fully informed of the process for expressing dissatisfaction and seeking redress and will issue warnings about the consequences of failure to lodge their complaints in time. The members of the District GRC shall include the Vice Mayor, in charge of economic affairs as Chair, District Feeder Road Manager (DFRM) as Vice-Chair, District Environmental Officer (DEO) as Secretary, Land Valuer, Agronomist, the representative of the Contractor, Supervising firm representative and one representative of the community. The Grievance was elected by the Project affected people during the second consultation meeting to be held between the District officials, Project representative and the project affected people. The elected committee is based at the cell level and is made up of at least 7members. The PAPs select and vote for 3 candidates (President, Vice president and women and vulnerable representative); the Village leader is selected by the cell executive secretary and the PAPs, the social and environmental officers from the Contractor, Project and supervising company are also part of the elected committee. The Feeder Road grievance redress Committee (FR-GRC) will also be established at the road level under the coordination of the district GRC and will be formed of Supervising firm as Chair, land officer of the Sector crossed by the road as Vice Chair, District Environmental and Social safeguards officer as Secretary, the representatives of the Contractor and community representatives from each concerned sector. This Committee will be Sector based. The Committee will be notified by the implementing District in collaboration with RTDA/FRDP. All grievances concerning non-fulfillment of contracts, levels of compensation, or seizure of assets without compensation shall be addressed to the subproject GRC and resolved in coordination with the District Administration. In practice, grievances and disputes that are most likely during the implementation of a resettlement program are the following:  Misidentification of assets or mistakes in valuing them.  Disputes over plot limits, either between the affected person and the Project, or between two neighbors. 177 UPDATED ESIA GAKENKE DISTRICT

RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  Dispute over the ownership of a given asset (two individuals claim to be the owner of the same asset).  Disagreement over the valuation of a plot or other asset.  Successions, divorces, and other family issues, resulting in disputes between heirs and other family members, over ownership or ownership shares for a given asset.  Disagreement over resettlement measures, for instance on the location of the resettlement site, on the type or standing of the proposed housing, or over the characteristics of the resettlement plot; and  Disputed ownership of a business (for instance where the owner and the operator are different persons), which gives rise to conflicts over the compensation sharing arrangements.  Dispute over offsite impacts (for instance, runoff water from the road causing downstream damages) RTDA/RFRDP will follow up the aggrieved PAP at each level to ensure that the grievances are resolved. Each sector should identify one PAP to work with RTDA/FRDP and the local leaders to ensure that the grievances are attended in time Project is situated. In addition, the sensitization meetings for workers and PAPs will be part and parcel of the grievance redress mechanism (Figure 10.1 and photo 10.1). (i) Grievance resolution approach It is encouraged to resolve the issues at Cell and Sector levels, as they are so close to the affected communities, aware of and involved in the whole process. The unsolved grievance at the cell level can be referred to the sector and the District committee. The relevant local administration will then attempt to resolve the problem (through dialogue and negotiation) within 30 days of the complaint being lodged. If the grievance is not resolved in this way, the dissatisfied party can refer the matter to the competent court. Local courts should be used. If not resolved, then the high court or court of appeal of Rwanda remains an avenue for voicing and resolving these complaints. RTDA/FRDP will follow up the aggrieved PAP at each level to ensure that the grievances are resolved. Each sector should identify one PAP to work with RTDA/FRDP, Contractor, supervising firm and the local leaders to ensure that the grievances are attended to in time. The channels of receiving complaints include presentation of complaints via face to face meetings, written complaints, telephones, email communication, third party (e.g., farmers’ organizations, Church, private sector, etc). (ii) Grievance Logbook

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 The GRC (Grievance Redress Committee) will ensure that each complaint has an individual reference number and is appropriately tracked, and recorded actions are completed. The log will contain record of the person responsible for an individual complaint, and records dates for the following events:  Date the complaint was reported.  Date the Grievance Log was added onto the project database.  Date information on proposed corrective action sent to complainant (if appropriate).  The date the complaint was closed out; and  Date response was sent to complainant. (iii) Monitoring Complaints The District Project team will be responsible for:  Providing the sub-project GRC reports on a bi-weekly basis detailing the number and status of complaints.  Any outstanding issues to be addressed; and  Monthly reports, including analysis of the type of complaints, levels of complaints, actions to reduce complaints and initiator of such action. Transport and communication incentives of grievance committee should be available. b) GBV,SEA, SH, VAC PREVENTION: For effective prevention of adverse socio effect that could arise from the selected Feeder Road Project due to misbehavior of employees in the project area, sufficient mitigation measures and actions have been defined to address any sexual harassment(SH), gender based violence(GBV)and Sexual exploitation abuse(SEA) or acts that could arise during the Project implementation. Contractor will prevent and report in case previous abuse happen and it will be done with confidentiality. Contractor plan to collaborate with local authorized NGO in order to achieve the targeted project execution without any case related to sexual harassment, violence against children, etc. c) Services provider (NGO): The Service Provider is a local organization which has the experience and ability to support survivors of GBV, SEA, SH or VAC. Contractor together with the client and consultant means CHICO and with JV CS&EC and Fair Construction as contractor, RTDA and Gakenke District as client and MARISWE / ASTRIK JOINT VENTURE as consultant has established a working relationship with the Service Provider, so that SEA and VAC cases can safely be referred to them. The Service Provider will also provide support and guidance to the GBV, SEA and VAC Focal Points, as necessary. where the contractor will hire a competent services provider and have a signed MoU with nearby health center to provide services related with SEA, ESH, GBV and VAC and client will pay the cost through the invoice approved by consultant and the Social safe guard staff for both side will be responsible to do the monitoring

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 Contractor and sub-contractor’s employees will be encouraged to report suspected or actual SEA, VAC and Sexual Harassment cases. Managers will have to report suspected or actual SEA, SH and/or VAC cases as they have responsibilities to uphold company commitments and they hold their direct reports accountable for complying with the Individual Code of Conduct.

Contractor will provide information to employees and the community on how to report cases of GBV, SEA and VAC Code of Conduct breaches through the Grievance Redress Committees and the Isange One Stop Center (IOSC). The PCT will follow up on cases of GBV, SEA, VAC and Code of Conduct breaches reported through the GRM of the project

Figure 10-1: The Grievance Redresses Mechanism Structure

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

Photo 10-1:Election of GRC in Gakenke Photo 10-2: Training of GRC in Gakenke district

11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING COSTS The total estimated budget for environmental and social management along with monitoring plans are estimated at about 412,582,500 FRW or USD3 436,596; Out of which 377,932,500 FRW or USD 399, 929 is estimated for implementation of environmental and social management plan and about 34,650,000 FRW or USD 36,667 is for implemntation of environmental and social Monitoring plan. Other costs for certain items associated with environmental and social management and monitoring will be an integral part of specific items incorporated in overall project budget. In addition to the mitigation measures for negative impacts summarized in ESMP, the contractors are expected to prepare a detailed Contractor Environmental and Social Management Plan (CESMP) and Management Strategy and Implementation Plans (MSIPs) to breakdown required actions for the proposed mitigation measures, especial for critical issues. The lists of MSIPs to be prepared have been also discussed in this report. To ensure that the feeder roads development project in Gakenke District is environmental and Social friendly; the implementation and monitoring of the proposed mitigation measures should be integrated in the overall project implementation and should be a team responsibility between the contractors, monitoring consultant, the client and other stakeholder as listed in the ESIA report.

3 1 USD= 945 FrW

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

12 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Considering the scale and nature of the proposed feeder road development project in Gakenke District, this ESIA identified positive socio-economic and environmental benefits that ultimately contribute to secure the livelihood of the community residing within and around the project area. In addition, the ESIA recognized that the negative impacts are minimum and can be managed through implementation of international best practices and mitigation and management measures indicated in this ESIA. Among others below are some specific issues indicated and concluded in this report.  Due to the hilly terrain in Gakenke District, soil cutting is expected to be done with particular attention on engineering techniques in combination with vegetative measures for stabilization of roads embankments to avoid land sliding.  With the anticipated negative environmental, social, health and safety impacts from roads upgrading and rehabilitation works, the contractor is committed to develop different management plans as part of C-ESMP before civil works to ensure high level of impacts mitigation.  The integration of these roads with National Roads will help in economic development of the region. One of the important aims of rehabilitating Gakenke district feeder Roads is to provide access to the rural areas and to improve quality of life of local community. Hence the proposed feeder road rehabilitation will play an important role in economic growth and reduction of the poverty. Educational, cultural and health centers will have an easy access thus making improved living standards and quality life of the people.  The expected major positive achievements from feeder road development project in Gakenke District are: o The improvement of road network in the Gakenke District thus enhancing connectivity within the district and with other districts in General. o Development of social and cultural environment of not only influence area but also in the surrounding Districts. o Stimulation for development of ancillary projects in agriculture and allied areas which will improve economic status of the local population. o More employment of people during construction and operation phases. o Fair transport cost and less travel time to schools, health center and markets. o Development of potential socio-economic centers, enhancement of rural economy and improved transport system. o Skill Transfer and Training. o Potential to improve drainage, road safety and reduction in greenhouse gases. To ensure the feasibility of the above achievements and effective implementation of those mitigation measures, the following recommendations have been formulated:  The environmental and social mitigation measures as stipulated in ESMP shall be monitored during implementation of the feeder road project. In order to perform monitoring of ESMP, the construction company shall monitor the plans in the supervision of the experienced monitoring laboratory or Company.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092  RTDA should have a clearly designated staff member with overall responsibility for environmental and social safeguards matters and knowledge of environmental laws and regulations.  The contractor has to prepare different Management Strategy and Implementation Plans (MSIPs) associated with detailed requirements for the effective implementation of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), so that the project implementation is environmental and Social sound.  The contractor should ensure that the staffs and labors involved in the implementation of environmental and social mitigation measures have necessary knowledge, skills and ethic to do so.  To all parties; contractor, client and consultant; are deemed to ensure that local communities are involved in the project implementation activities and ensure that they acquire necessary knowledge and skills on matters of environmental and social safeguarding for the sake of project sustainability.  The environmental coordinator should have access to senior management and have their support in coordinating environmental actions throughout the organization.  Identification and assessment of potential environmental impacts should be an integral part of the project cycle. It should commence early in the planning process to enable a full consideration of alternatives, and to avoid later delays and complications. This is to say that this study may oblige redesign where its findings instruct so.  Assessments should be followed up with action plans, monitoring and remedial measures to ensure the effectiveness of environmental recommendations and decisions.  Community involvement is an essential element of environmental management of roads. Procedures and skills should be developed for informing the public and interested parties about road proposals and using consultation and participation to include the community in the decision-making process. This process recognizes the importance of non-technical factors in assessment of environmental issues, and the problems experienced in many road projects through a lack of timely consultation. In view of the ESIA/ESMP findings, it could be concluded that the project will bring benefits to the people of the area. The identified negative impacts can be mitigated with the proposed Environmental and Social Management Plans. However, for the successful implementation of planned development activities, the timely implementation of the proposed mitigation measures is required. Finally, with application of the recommended measures and implementing the project in an environmentally friendly, socially acceptable and economically feasible, the proposed project could be implemented.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092

13 REFERENCE 1. Government of Rwanda/Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, 2017.Environmental and Social Management Framework for Feeder Roads Development Project, 2. Government of Rwanda/Ministry of Infrastructure, 2017.National Feeder Roads Policy and Strategy, 3. Government of Rwanda, 7 Years Government Programme: National Strategy for Transformation (NST 1) 2017 – 2024 4. Intercontinental Consultants and Technocrats Pvt. Ltd. (INDIA) In Association with ALN Consultants Ltd (RWANDA), 2016. ESIA&ESMP for Indicative Feeder Roads in Gakenke District 5. World Bank, 1993. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook Update 6. Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, Year 44 n° 18 15th September 2005. Organic law n° 08/2005 of 14/07/2005 determining the use and management of Land in Rwanda 7. Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, Year 44 n° 9, 1st May 2005.Organic Law n° 04/2005 of 08/04/2005, determining the modalities of protection, conservation, and promotion of environment in Rwanda 8. Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, Year 45 n° special of 17 October 2006, Presidential order n° 53/01 of 12/10/2006 determining the structure, the powers and the functioning of the office of the registrar of land titles. 9. Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, n° 14, 4th June 2009 10. Law n°59/2008 of 10/09/2008 on prevention and punishment of Gender- Based Violence 11. Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwandan° 66. Special of 06/09/2018 12. Law n° 66/2018 of 30/08/2018 regulating labour in Rwanda 13. World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards Policies, 14. EYITOPE JOHN AJAYI, 2015.The Review and Update of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Prioritized 200km of Rural Roads to be Constructed/Rehabilitated under RAMP-2 in Adamawa State LOT 1, 2 & 3 15. DS (Dutch Standards), 2000. Circular on Target Values and Intervention Values for Soil Remediation and Groundwater. Retrieved on March 10, 2008 fromhttp://www.sites pollues.ecologie.gouv.fr/donneespratiques/paysbas/RIVM/S%20and%20I%20values.pdf. 16. IUCN (The World Conservation Union), 2001. Red List of Threatened Species. Categories & Criteria (version 3.1). Accessed on May 2007. Website:http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlist2006/redlist2006.htm 17. Ramsar Convention Secretariat. 2004. Ramsar handbooks for the wise use of wetlands. 2nd Edition Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland, Switzerland.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 18. Tata Energy Research Institute, 1999. Energy Saving in Brick Industry: Brick-by-Brick Approach to Sustainable Development.” Terivision No. 18. Tata Energy Research Institute. 19. USAID, 2008. Rwanda Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (ETOA), Kigali. 20. World Bank, 1987. Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Brick, Tile and Lime Industries on Java. World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. UNDP, World Bank. 21. Walling, D.E. 1980. Water in catchment ecosystem. In: Gower, A.M. (ed.) Water quality in Ecosystem. John Willy & Sons. 22. Wilhm, J.J., Cooper and Namminga, H. 1978. Species composition, diversity, biomass and chlorophyll of periphyton in Freasy Creek, Red Rock Creek and Arkarrasas Creek, Oklahoma. Hydrobiologia, 57, 17-23.

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RTDA/ Rwanda Feeder Roads Development Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for selected feeder roads in the District of Gakenke, Rwanda –Project ID: P 126498, P158092 14 ANNEXES

Annex 1: Tolerance Limits for Discharged of Domestic Wastewater Annex 2: Permissible Limits for Industrial Wastewater Discharge Annex 3: Ambient Air Quality Tolerance Limits Annex 4: Noise Exposure Limits Annex 5: Maximum recommended noise dose-Exposure level

Annex 6: Permissible Limits for Industrial Wastewater Discharge

Annex 7: Prioritization matrix for the indicative feeder roads

Annex 8: Interim checklist - Review of E&S Implementation in T&I Bank-financed Works Contracts Annex 9: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF HOUSEHOLDS Annex 10:Minutes of Public Consultation

Annex 11: Attendance lists for public consultation

Annex 12: Typical pictures taken during various consultation

Annex 13: Chance Finds Procedure

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