Franco-British Council Defence Conference 2020

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Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty The future of Franco-British defence 1 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty | The future of Franco-British defence

• The creation of "One-MBDA" and cooperation in the missiles domain was hailed by both sides Executive Summary as a success. This unique example of integration, The eighth edition of the Franco-British Council Defence embodied notably by the creation of industrial Conference took place online on 26th November centres of excellence, led to concrete projects such 2020. Despite the challenges posed by the Covid-19 as the General Purpose Long Range Cruise Missile pandemic, members of the Franco-British community (SCALP) /Storm Shadow upgrade or the Light anti- took the opportunity to meet and reaffirm, ten years ship missile (ANL) /Sea-Venom anti-ship missile, after the Lancaster House Treaty, their commitment to which successfully completed qualification firing their bilateral relationship. trials in 2020.

At the political level, ministers and officials What makes the Franco-British Defence relationship emphasised the importance of the Franco-British special is the willingness to cooperate in sensitive cooperation, rooted in shared values and common areas, often pertaining to national sovereignty. In history as well as underpinned by joint interests. the nuclear domain, the 1995 Chequers Declaration Forward-leaning language was often used to describe and the Teutates Treaty are the clearest examples. this bilateral relationship and its ambitions, while at The recent announcements continue this trend. The the same time highlighting the unique elements that autonomous mine-hunters of the MMCM programme led France and Britain to work together, such as the will play a key role in sea-based deterrence. The ANL/ expeditionary culture of their Armed Forces and their Sea Venom anti-ship missiles will be used to protect status as nuclear powers. the recently launched Queen Elizabeth Carrier Group. The SCALP/Storm Shadow today and the Future Cruise The Franco-British Council Defence Conference and Anti-Ship Weapon (FC/ASW)/Future Anti-Surface Guided Weapon (FASGW) tomorrow underpin these The similarities in British and French outlook were key deep strike sovereign capabilities. seen most strongly in strategic discussions, which exhibited a high degree of convergence on issues Cooperation under the Lancaster House Treaty has such as the future of Arms Control in Europe, NATO also led to greater mutual understanding. Expanded and the future technological challenges. There was also exchanges of officers, regular meetings, such as the a sense that France and Britain could lead by example Anglo-French Strategic Forum for officers, as well as and help shape the European defence landscape, from a joint deployment, from the Sahel to the High North sustaining the positive dynamics on defence budgets to have helped further bilateral ties at the human level. spreading their nuclear and expeditionary culture. In that Politically, the institutionalising of the relationship respect, the significant increase in UK defence spending, has acted as a reference point to incentivise further announced just before the Conference, featured cooperation while the regular choreography of high- prominently in the conversations, with many hoping that level meetings has helped keep the momentum. By it could boost bilateral cooperation. comprising military fellows in each year class, the FBC's Young Leader Programme efficiently supports these Three key achievements of the Lancaster House dynamics. Treaty were highlighted. However, the relationship is not without challenges. • Mme Florence Parly, French Minister for the Brexit has raised some question marks regarding the Armed Forces, and The Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP, preferred venue for cooperation, notably as the EU is British Secretary of State for Defence, announced developing defence industry instruments. Paris and the production contract award for the joint London will have to navigate the apparent tension Franco-British Maritime Mine Countermeasures between furthering the European sovereignty agenda Programme (MMCM). Launched in 2015, this and greater transatlantic cooperation. Major capability autonomous mine hunting system successfully programmes, notably the FMAN-FMC/FCASW, still passed sea trials in 2020, despite Covid-19. need to see their path clarified while the shadow of the While playing an important role in deterrence, the Future Combat Air System (FCAS)/Tempest divergence MMCM programme also helps refine expertise in still looms. key technological fields such as artificial intelligence.

• The Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF) has reached full operational capability. The sense of achievement was shared on both sides and there was even a keenness by some participants to be able to deploy it, should the occasion arise. The CJEF is more than a simple military tool. It is also a platform to further human ties, mutual understanding and interoperability between France and Britain. This role in institutionalising the operational relationship was notably highlighted by both Chiefs of Defence.

2 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty | The future of Franco-British defence

As France and Britain consider how to reenergise their The Franco-British Defence Conference cooperation for the next decade, they should consider the following ideas. The eighth edition of the Franco-British Council Defence Conference took place online on 26 • At the political level, embedding the bilateral November 2020 on the theme, 'Ten years on from relationship in reinforcing networks, such as the Lancaster House Treaty - the future of Franco- the E3 or the European Intervention Initiative British defence'. Since the Lancaster House Treaties (EI2) can help make it more resilient. The past in 2010, the Franco-British Council (FBC) has regularly decade has shown the benefits of institutionalising organised this event which has established itself as a the relationship. The next decade could draw networking platform of reference for Franco-British on that lesson while addressing the issue of relationships in the defence sector. The conference collaborating with other partners. As such, brings together representatives from the most senior surrounding the bilateral relationship by other level of military, government, industry and academia mutually-reinforcing ties could be beneficial. from both sides of the Channel. Its objectives are Investing more in the EI2, for which there is to forge new relationships and reinforce mutual considerable interest on both sides of the Channel, understanding between the two countries' defence would be a good place to start. communities. The event is supported by the UK and French Ministries of Defence and, in 2020, was funded • Ensuring long-term political support for the by the French Ministry for the Armed Forces together bilateral relationship requires bolstering its with generous commercial sponsorship from Airbus visibility. Public opinion could be made more and MBDA. familiar with the benefits of Franco-British cooperation, notably by relying on symbolic joint deployments, possibly of the CJEF, and key industrial projects. As the Covid-19 pandemic somewhat hampered the celebrations of the Lancaster House Treaty 10-year anniversary, ensuring that commitments made for the next decade are visible could help sustain the bilateral relationship.

• Increase the joint operational deployments. Joint operational deployments have proved to reinforce interoperability and understanding while helping share the burden of collective security. With the CJEF ready, new British carriers, a keen and shared interest in the Indo-Pacific and a renewed fight in the Sahel, opportunities abound for joint deployments.

• The conversations demonstrated a desire to cooperate further in space and cyber, domains which will be critical in the context of renewed great-power competition, in which France and Britain have a sizeable expertise - and which have been explored less so far.

• Moreover, the discussion on innovation shed a light on promising avenues for cooperation. It highlighted that the United Kingdom and France were now in a similar mindset, notably regarding the key role played by civilian innovation, had adopted similar structures and built comparable tools, such as investment funds. They both also benefit from new budgetary margins of manoeuvres. This could pave the way for a more extensive cooperation on innovation.

3 Defence Conference 2020

Thursday 26th November 2020

Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty - the future of Franco-British defence

ONLINE

The 2020 Defence Conference hosted by the Franco-British Council / Conseil franco-britannique took place on Thursday 26th November online.

Welcome by Hervé Mariton, former minister and Président du Conseil franco-britannique en France

Keynote speeches by Mme Florence Parly, Minister of the Armed Forces and The Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP, Secretary of State for Defence

First Themed Discussion: What is our new operational ambition? Introductions by Général François Lecointre, Chef d'État-Major des Armées, and General Sir Nick Carter, Chief of the Defence Staff

Second Themed Discussion: Building equipment for the future. Introductions by Jeremy Quin MP, Minister for Defence Procurement, and Joël Barre, Chief Executive of the Direction générale de l'Armement

Keynote speeches by Airbus and MBDA: the industrial perspective Éric Béranger, Chief Executive Officer, MBDA Antoine Bouvier, Head of Strategy, Mergers & Acquisitions and Public Affairs at Airbus

Online networking

An academic view: The evolution of Franco-British defence Dr. Alice Pannier, Research Fellow, Head of the Geopolitics of Technologies programme, IFRI, Paris

Third Themed Discussion: A common voice in geostrategic debates. Introductions by Mme Alice Guitton, DGRIS and Angus Lapsley, Director General Strategy and International.

The diplomatic perspective: Speeches by Lord Edward Llewellyn, British Ambassador to the French Republic, and Mme Catherine Colonna, French Ambassador to the United Kingdom

Fourth Themed Discussion: Innovation: tackling tomorrow’s challenges. Introductions by M. Emmanuel Chiva, Director of the Defense Innovation Agency, and Clare Cameron, Director, Defence Innovation

Closing remarks by Lord Peter Ricketts, Chair of the Franco-British Council in the UK

4 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty | The future of Franco-British defence

At the operational level, Ten years on from she noted that the new Franco-British joint force, the CJEF, which reached the Lancaster House full operational capacity this year. This is the culmination of a training and ramp- Treaty - the future up programme initiated ten years ago, which now gives France and the UK of Franco-British the ability to intervene The French Minister of together, if required, on the Armed Forces, Mme land, at sea or in the air. Florence Parly Mme Parly referenced defence where French and British forces are already working largely together in the field: in the Sahel, the continued deployment of three British Chinooks in support of Hervé Mariton,Chair of the Franco-British Council Operation Barkhane and MINUSMA, Estonia, where in France, officially opened France will once again contribute to NATO's enhanced the Defence Conference Forward Presence, and the Levant where both forces on the tenth anniversary of are deployed side by side as part of the international the Lancaster House Treaty. coalition against Daesh. Finally, both countries are He spoke of the success increasingly coordinating maritime deployments. and difficulties on defence cooperation in the last ten Mme Parly underlined the good progress made in years and the importance integrating MBDA between the two sides of the Channel. When in 2015, France and the United Hervé Mariton, Chair of of this conference in Kingdom signed the intergovernmental agreement the Franco-British Council considering these as we in France opened the look to the future. He supporting the implementation of the "one MBDA" Conference warned of the need to concept, where two countries accepted a principle of ensure that the mechanisms of cooperation do not get industrial rationalisation never before seen in Europe. stuck and that no unintended distance between the The Minister said this model has now proved its worth two countries is created, especially following Brexit. and gave the example, of the Sea Venom Anti-ship missile programme, which benefits fully from this M. Mariton spoke of the evident close cooperation industrial construction. between France and the United Kingdom as two nuclear powers, two permanent members of the Security Finally, nuclear deterrence and cooperation are at the Council and two countries committed to defending heart of the Franco-British partnership. There can be our neighbouring territories, with shared views on the no greater proof of the value attached to the bilateral threats and strategic issues facing both countries. relationship than this willingness to work together in this highly sensitive area. The establishment of joint Since 2010 the world has changed, and Franco- facilities at Valduc and Aldermaston is clear evidence of British cooperation is as important as ever. M. Mariton the high level of trust between the two countries. cautioned that we need to learn how this relationship will exist with the UK outside of the European Union with These advances illustrate the strength of the all of the political and industrial consequences which partnership. And the need more than ever, at a time that brings but he welcomed initiatives such as the when both countries are faced with a deteriorating ministerial council for Franco-British Defence which was strategic environment. The terrorist threat continues created in 2018. to weigh on both societies, uninhibited strategic competition has become the new context for The French Minister of the Armed Forces, international relations, the erosion of the international order is accelerating: this can be seen in the Mme Florence Parly, opened her keynote speech by thanking the Franco-British Council for organising the questioning of the major arms control agreements or, virtual conference which she said was an important in a less spectacular but even more insidious way, in exchange to generate new ideas. the daily violations of international law in, for example, of the law of the sea. Mme Parly reminded the audience that the Franco- British defence relationship did not, of course, come Mme Parly called for both countries to continue and about suddenly with the Lancaster House Treaty in deepen the development of the bilateral defence 2010. It is based on a common history marked, over relationship by being ambitious for the next decade. the past century, by so many wars and so many battles In current areas of cooperation, she said France and fought together to defend shared values. the UK could explore new synergies to strengthen the protection of both countries’ interests in space and cyberspace.

5 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty | The future of Franco-British defence

The Minister recognised some of the challenges campaign in the new era of constant competition. between both countries. At NATO, for example, the imminent submission of the report by the Strategic He said, “we are determined that the UK is a self- Reflection Group set up at the request of the President confident, proactive, problem-solving and burden- Macron should provide an opportunity for a lively sharing nation. Ready to take on the challenges and debate within NATO and between the two countries. shape and share the opportunities of the 2020s, Mme Parly also said that it would be important to alongside our allies and friends. So, in future, expect define the contours of a relationship between the to find a ‘Global Britain’ more present, more forward European Union and the United Kingdom which allows deployed, and more active around the world.” both to contribute together to the security of Europe. Secretary Mr Wallace told how, on the anniversary of Finally, Mme Parly talked about the European the Lancaster House Treaties a few weeks before, the Intervention Initiative, where she welcomed the United UK and France had announced that the Combined Kingdom being active. She ended by comparing the Joint Expeditionary Force has reached full operating relationship between the two countries to a Tango: capability. Both countries’ Armed Forces are now “it is rhythmic, the steps are never fixed in advance, it capable of deploying a joint expeditionary force of is up to us to sketch them together and repeat them up to 10,000 or more. A force that can handle multi- over and over again, but we are moving in the same domain missions from humanitarian assistance to direction, with energy and desire.” complex high-intensity combat and the Defence Secretary said he strongly believes that this is just the The Rt Hon Ben Wallace beginning. MP, Secretary of State for Defence, opened The UK is embarking on a generational modernisation his keynote speech by of our Armed Forces and he called for both countries calling France the UK’s to ensure it is the Combined Joint Expeditionary most important defence Force that is at the forefront of cyber, space, partner in Europe. intelligence sharing, and multi domain integration. Secretary Wallace noted that November 2020 The Defence Secretary looked to the 2021 UK- marked ten years since France Summit as a time to seek and to seize the The Rt Hon Ben Wallace MP the Lancaster House opportunities of the future. He reminded the audience Treaties were signed, how, ten years ago at Lancaster House, the UK and and also 80 years since General de Gaulle’s famous France declared the ambition to deploy a UK-French “L’Appel” speech from Broadcasting House in integrated carrier strike capability. Next year that London. De Gaulle memorably vowed that: "Whatever ambition will be realised when HMS Queen Elizabeth happens, the flame of the French Resistance must and the Charles de Gaulle sail together for the first not be extinguished and will not be extinguished." time. He said, “proof that, in this more unstable and Secretary Wallace told the audience that the UK has uncertain world, our nations will continue to keep the always shared de Gaulle’s – and France’s – passionate flame of freedom burning.” commitment to freedom. The two ministers also used the Conference to The Defence Secretary underlined that both countries announce the production contract for the Franco- share the same commitment to continental security, British Maritime Mine Countermeasures Programme as leading members of NATO and key contributors (MMCM) at the Conference. A joint programme which to the Alliance’s Readiness Initiative and he called for is a revolution in mine warfare: it will make the work the UK and France to help NATO adapt for the future of operators easier and more efficient and will keep – recognising the clear intent and increasing potency divers away from the threat by using autonomous of adversaries and the game-changing ways they are undersea vehicles. The MMCM will directly support using new technologies and operating concepts to the security of the two countries’ deterrent and will gain a competitive edge. therefore help to guarantee the sovereignty of both countries. As Mme Parly said, “the proof, if proof were “Like you, we see our adversaries acting globally, needed, that joining forces does not necessarily mean challenging the international system – of Churchill threatening our independence.” and de Gaulle – and the values that underpin them – liberty, justice, and tolerance. And like you we are Not only does this investment represent a leap determined to not just talk about our interests but to forward to the ability of France and the UK to detect act on them”, he said. and neutralise sea mines. It creates jobs, generates prosperity, and will enable those vital sea lanes to Secretary Wallace also welcomed the additional remain open – reducing the risk to ships and the lives £24.1 billion in UK defence spending over the next of sailors. four years to modernise the Armed Forces – the largest increase since the end of the Cold War – with investment in the new domains of information age warfare, supercharging R&D, and equipping us to

6 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty

The industrial perspective An academic view:

Éric Béranger, Chief Executive Officer, MBDA and the evolution of Antoine Bouvier, Head of Strategy, Mergers & Acquisitions and Public Affairs at Airbus. Franco-British defence

On the industrial perspective, Antoine Dr. Alice Pannier, Bouvier, Head of Public Research Fellow, Affairs at Airbus, talked Head of the about Airbus’s success to become formidable Geopolitics of aeronautics, defence Technologies and space leader in programme, Europe over the last fifty French Institute years with the highest of International levels of technology. But he also spoke of the Relations challenges faced by the aviation sector during the COVID crisis and this must be used as an Dr. Alice Pannier talked about her research opportunity for the sector to transform. He talked on Franco-British defence cooperation and of Brexit but the need to keep the United Kingdom her book ‘Rivals in Arms’. France and the UK involved as a major player in building multilateral have so many close interests that there is no programmes. On defence he said both the UK and France have set ambitious targets for security and alternative but to work together. Her research welcomed the UK’s recent Integrated Review with looked at how elements of the Lancaster an unprecedented increase in funding and France’s House Treaties had been implemented Ambition 2030 plan. including the creation of the Combined Joint Expeditionary Force, the intervention in Libya Éric Béranger, CEO of in 2011 and industrial cooperation through the MBDA, talked of how the creation of One-MBDA. history of MBDA is closely linked to the Franco-British She has identified the four challenges of relationship. The Lancaster House Treaty added a making cooperation a reality. These are strategic dimension by identifying a common interest, coordinating establishing a political the national bodies involved (whether and institutional basis governmental, industrial, or diplomatic), through One-MBDA agreeing on the costs and gains, and and overseen by an intergovernmental agreement. articulating bilateral cooperation and relations By avoiding expensive duplication and by pooling with third parties. In the UK and France’s case manufacturing capabilities, sovereign access to an there are relationships which may impact effective and affordable complex weapons industry on how the UK and France can cooperate. is thus guaranteed for the United Kingdom and Brexit, the UK-US “Special Relationship” and France. M. Béranger explained how this has improved performance and allowed MBDA to become a world France’s relationship with Germany impact on class industry leader at the heart of the defence UK-France cooperation. This is can at times industries of the UK and France. This One-MBDA be resolved through hybrid models where scheme has led to joint programmes and the bilateral and multilateral relationships are requirement to produce common technologies within brought together, whether through NATO, E3 the framework of a joint research financing initiative or others. called Complex Weapon Innovation and Technology Partnership. He ended by thanking the Franco- France and the UK have managed their British Council for hosting the Defence Conference partnership through treaties like Lancaster at this important time of building a new relationship between the UK and France. House and regular bilateral summits to keep all parts of the relationship engaged. This process has become institutionalised in both countries and ensures there is no going back.

7 Discussion Groups

The discussion groups provided an opportunity for participants to review in detail four themes that had been identified by the French and the British Ministries of Defence as relevant to the development of current policy and work-strands for further action. Each session was introduced and moderated by members of the Franco-British Young Leaders Programme.

8 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty | The future of Franco-British defence

GROUP DISCUSSION 1

First Themed Discussion: What is our new operational ambition?

Introductions by,

Général General Sir Nick François Carter, Chief of Lecointre, Chef the Defence Staff d'État-Major des Armées

Général François Lecointre opened the First The strategic context is dynamic and complex, Themed Discussion by calling for the UK and France defined by instability and compounded by COVID. to continue to work together in the area of defence Extremism undermines the cohesion of fragile and security and deepen the ties that unite African countries; it fuels population migration, and both countries. it provides a cover for serious organised crime.

As the UK leaves the European Union he wondered He also talked of this as an era of constant whether he should be worried about its impact on competition between great powers and would be the military relationship between France and the great powers being conducted below the threshold United Kingdom. He concluded that this was not a of what we would call war. States are utilising new serious risk. In his view, the Franco-British military weapons, tactics and techniques made possible relationship remains fundamental and has a strong by the pervasiveness of information and the framework. The projects both countries have carried ever-increasing pace of technological change. out together, the links they have woven together, Together these are changing the character of shared ambitions and geographical proximity warfare and of politics. guarantee the strength of this relationship, whatever the political consequences of Brexit. In this new era of constant competition, it is not just across geographies that both countries need General Sir Nick Carter stated how proud he to operate together but across all five domains is that the Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (land, sea, air, cyber and space), and below the (CJEF), established by the Lancaster House Treaty, threshold of conflict. These are the challenges that is now at full operating capability despite the the new global environment poses, and these are challenge of COVID. But this is only the end of the the challenges that both allies are ready to confront beginning. The next challenge is to develop CJEF together. into a multi-domain capability that includes space and cyber.

The CJEF is more than a headquarters and a contingent high readiness force. It is importantly a framework for interoperability and a means to develop ever closer military relationships. The Chief of Defence Staff saw this recently in Mali where both countries are fighting together against violent extremism.

9 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty | The future of Franco-British defence

GROUP DISCUSSION 2

Second Themed Discussion: Building equipment for the future.

Introductions by,

Jeremy Quin Joël Barre, MP, Minister Chief for Defence Executive of Procurement the Direction générale de l'Armement

Jeremy Quin MP opened the Second Themed ratified by an intergovernmental agreement in Discussion on building equipment for the future 2016 and supports interdependency between by looking at UK-French cooperation on defence both countries in complex weapons. equipment and armaments which was a key theme of the Lancaster House Treaties and has Bilateral cooperation has allowed for joint working become a cornerstone of the revived bilateral including UK Wildcat helicopters to be equipped relationship ever since. He said it is vital that from 2021 and French future light helicopters from work continues. The UK and France are the main 2026 under the Sea Venom/ANL anti-ship missile military players in Europe and together account programme. for about 40 per cent of all European Defence spending and over 60 per cent of the Research The bilateral projects agreed at Lancaster House and Technology investment so this helps to have now become reality and for the past two underpin the European defence and security years both countries have been working together industry itself. to identify new opportunities of joint working for the next decade. These projects look to strengthen The Minister welcomed the biggest boost to UK joint working, improve operational efficiency and Defence spending in 30 years with an additional foster interoperability. £16.5Bn above the manifesto commitment over four years announced by the British Both speakers confirmed that Lancaster House Prime Minister with a for military research and continues to provide a solid basis for future co- development. This investment will build on operation between the two nations and, ahead world-class science and technology capabilities of the UK-France Summit in 2021, both countries and will preserve the UK Armed Forces’ agreed to set out a framework to accelerate the technological advantage, giving them the tools partnership over the next decade. In particular, at they need to counter the threats faced now and how to improve integration and interoperability as into the future. the world adapts to 21st century threats.

Joël Barre spoke about the French armament programme with plans for €39.2 billion of spending on defence in 2021 which is a 5% increase on spending in 2020. This is welcome support from the French Government. The bilateral relationship is strong and based on the commitment in 2010 to make MBDA the primary European complex weapon company. This was

10 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty | The future of Franco-British defence

GROUP DISCUSSION 3

Third Themed Discussion: A common voice in geostrategic debates.

Introductions by,

Mme Alice Angus Lapsley, Guitton, Director General Director General Strategy and International International. and Strategic Relations (DGRIS

For the Third Themed Discussion, Angus Lapsley and hybrid threats; protecting Europeans from foreign Alice Guitton talked about the need for a common interferences as well as capacity building in the broader voice in geostrategic debates and reflected on what neighbourhood, burden sharing, capabilities and strategic autonomy means for France and the UK. industrial co-operation

In Mme Guitton’s view this means Europeans needing Angus Lapsley agreed the EU and NATO can play to avoid becoming only spectators of what will be the complementary roles. It is important to avoid the EU future of strategic stability in Europe and the need for a making co-operation between NATO allies harder and more relevant strategic perspective. In the future this will there is a need to be careful with dividing up the world include space, cyber space, expeditionary operations, or responsibilities between them. The threats are too nuclear and industrial co-operation. fluid and often need both.

Discussing whether the post-Brexit situation will change Discussing the top policy priorities for the UK and France the UK’s outlook on Europe’s strategic relevance in co-operation in the coming years they agreed that the the future, Angus Lapsley felt that the UK and France, key objectives are: working with the United States, would develop the idea of selective independence; not always doing • Counter Terrorism (CT) (Africa, Levant...) counter same things, but talking and co-ordinating together. proliferation Alice Guitton agreed and called for improvements to avoid duplications and reduce the fragmentations of • Reducing strategic tensions including at the borders industries. The EU and NATO capability development of the European continent processes should reinforce each other but not duplicate one another. • Delivering shared capability projects and preserving European defence budgets Discussing NATO more broadly, they agreed that the core purpose remains defence and deterrence, but • Indo-Pacific region - starting with protecting French that is changing with the Concept for the Deterrence and British overseas territories and Defence of the Euro-Atlantic Area and the continued importance of nuclear, but also the sub- • Strategic stability and arms control threshold competition in cyber and information. As this • Cooperation on space and cyber competition becomes global, NATO must understand the implications with the rise of China, and global issues • Bringing the Combined Joint Expeditionary Force like terrorism. to life

They then considered the EU’s role. Alice Guitton felt To cope with all of these challenges achieve there is a this is a global approach to conflict prevention, crisis need for a strong defence relationship between France management, and post conflict stabilisation; countering and the UK.

11 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty | The future of Franco-British defence

Lord Edward The diplomatic Llewellyn, British perspective Ambassador to the French Republic

By Lord Edward Llewellyn, British Ambassador to the French Republic, and Mme Catherine Colonna, French Ambassador to the United Kingdom

The British Ambassador, Lord Llewellyn, began his observations on the diplomatic perspective Mme by reflecting on the importance of the defence Catherine relationship between the UK and France. He Colonna, reflected on ten years of work since Lancaster House. French As Ambassador he sees the full breadth of the Ambassador relationship between both countries. to the United Kingdom France is the UK's closest European ally on foreign policy, security and defence. A deep relationship forged on the crucible of history.

Lord Llewellyn spoke of his memories when he was what could have been imagined ten years ago at Chief of Staff at No 10 Downing Street in the run-up Lancaster House, so the joint political and military to the signing of Lancaster House ten years ago and cooperation is irreplaceable. As the Ambassador said, how the close ties then, as neighbours, are still as "there is simply no alternative". close as ever. Facing three levels of challenges: military threats, He welcomed the UK's biggest defence investment terrorism and global challenges, both countries can since the Cold War will bring about new investment act, because they share the essential (values and in space, cyber and AI - areas where the UK can work willingness to act). closely with France. She reminded that because of Brexit, this The cooperation on security is as important as cooperation is even more essential, and that it defence in the fight against terrorism. Sadly both requires to continue to confront points of view, with countries have been affected by this and both the openness that proximity permits, to make sure countries stand together to fight intolerance to maintain converging views on the difficulties, and and extremism. approaches that respect our own interests regarding security issues. The UK and France both work closely every day as Permanent Members of the UN Security As the Ambassador noted, the common political Council, NATO, the Human Rights Council, OPCW and military weight of both of the countries is and members of the E3 with Germany and both irreplaceable: this can be seen on many theatres, but ambassadors celebrate that close work. as well in terms of continental European defence, or in NATO. Within international organisations, the The Ambassador concluded by looking forward to Ambassador underlined the strong and determined close cooperation at COP-26 on Climate Change, actions of both countries when the principles of building on the Paris Agreements, and the UK-France international order are infringed. Summit in 2021. She added that “we must take our share of the Mme Catherine Colonna, the French Ambassador, burden and remain in keeping with our history, our talked about the need to maintain an essential values and our ambitions. All the fundamentals strategic “entente” between the two countries; and are in place for the development of this strategic this is essential for the security of both countries, of relationship for the next ten years and, for my part, I Europe and the Euro-Atlantic area. The Ambassador will continue to work on our bilateral collaboration.” underlined that this alliance also contribute to the defence of democratic values and principles such as rule of law, multilateralism, the protection of the environment or resilience in the face of pandemics. The challenges faced are immense and far beyond

12 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty | The future of Franco-British defence

GROUP DISCUSSION 4

Fourth Themed Discussion: Innovation: tackling tomorrow’s challenges.

Introductions by,

M. Emmanuel Clare Cameron, Chiva, Director Director, Defence of the Defense Innovation Innovation Agency

Opening the Themed Discussion, Clare Cameron understand, develop and exploit technology and and Emmanuel Chiva talked of the need for new ideas faster. Defence to exploit science and technology and how this is crucial to the operational advantage, Emmanuel Chiva talked of the increased international standing, industrial capability and importance of defence innovation as we enter prosperity of both countries. This is especially an era where it is harder to predict and prepare true in an increasingly complex and dynamic for the future. He called innovation a matter of threat environment. survival and found it hard to foresee the state of war in 2080. The new economic giants of Emerging and disruptive technologies such as transnational companies with huge budgets automation and artificial intelligence will have that transcend states are also changing the way far reaching implications globally. Data will governments can react and challenging the be increasingly important and environmental boundaries on space, cyberspace and Artificial issues such as climate change and changing Intelligence. He said that missing the next demographics raise complicated geopolitical and technological breakthrough is what keeps him security challenges. awake at night. The French Defence Innovation Agency was created in 2018 to harness innovation Clare Cameron spoke of how UK Defence had which can become operational quickly. The embarked on an ambitious Defence Innovation director talked about a new initiative looking at Initiative in 2016, aimed at: identifying potential future threats to then look at ways of combatting them. • Embedding innovation across the Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces He talked about greater scientific research between the UK and France and future • Transforming the way to think, operate, and collaboration opportunities. “We are here to dare, use technologies we are here to imagine”, he concluded.

• Developing the ability to harness ideas Looking at the cooperation begun under Lancaster House, both countries are exploring how • Exploiting ingenuity – quickly and affordably. UK and France Defence Innovation could work together in the future and how both countries can Clare Cameron welcomed the UK’s four-year strengthen the developing relationship, especially defence budget settlement. This has provided in areas with similar objectives, such as: defence in the UK with the certainty needed to meet today’s threats and prepare for the future by transforming Defence into an agile, technologically advanced organisation able to

13 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty | The future of Franco-British defence

• championing the exploration of disruptive - a ground-breaking set of agreements between technologies, our two countries. Lord Ricketts reflected on his own role in 2010 as National Security Advisor • accelerating innovation for the Armed Forces when he coordinated the UK side of the Lancaster customers, House Agreements alongside his French colleagues, Jean-David Levitte and Général • ensuring clarity of requirement and defining Benoit Puga. They were ground-breaking treaties routes to the end user, in showing the trust and confidence between both countries including the acceptance of mutual • providing a cross-government organisation to dependence in nuclear warhead work. find and fund innovation, The Conference has shown how the agreements • having initiatives in place to proactively attract have become a reality. Lord Ricketts welcomed SMEs and innovators. the discussion between the two chiefs of the defence staff who talked about the real Lord Peter Ricketts, CChair of the Franco- operational success of the Combined Joint British Council in the United Kingdom, closed the Expeditionary Force as a game-changer of Conference by thanking all of the speakers and interoperability, command and control, and participants, and the generous sponsors Airbus the human dimension of seeing officers from and MBDA who made the meeting possible. both armed forces at all levels working Even in unprecedented times, it was important effectively together. that the Defence Conference went ahead online. Lord Ricketts was pleased that the Franco-British On the defence industrial side, Lord Ricketts Council was able to bring together virtually welcomed the announcement by both Defence government policymakers, senior members of the Ministers of a new contract with Thales for a new armed forces, business leaders, academics and joint Maritime MCM programme. He welcomed other members of the defence family to pool their the continued Franco-British relationship despite experience and to think together about the future Brexit as the common threats and values between of Franco-British defence cooperation. both countries remain strong.

The Defence Conference marks the tenth He looked forward to the Defence Conference in anniversary of the Lancaster House Agreements 2021 and hoped that it could be held in person.

128 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty | The future of Franco-British defence

JOINT ARTICLE Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty The future of Franco- British defence

By the Franco-British Council co-Chairs, Hervé Mariton and Lord Peter Ricketts As we mark the tenth anniversary of the Lancaster House Treaties - a major milestone for Franco-British defence cooperation - the world is changing. Europe is striving to move forward, Britain has left the EU and the COVID crisis faces countries and international institutions with unprecedented challenges. . These are not reasons to scale back UK-French defence cooperation to an end, but rather to strengthen the ties that unite us.

We need each other. The French Ambassador to London, Catherine Colonna recently quoted the joint declaration made by Jacques Chirac and John Major in Hervé Mariton 1995: “we cannot imagine a situation in which the vital interests of one of our countries could be threatened without the interests of the other being threatened in The Lancaster House agreements confirmed the same way." our common interests and set out am ambitious programme of practical cooperation. The case for Our two countries face the same threats: Islamist working together is as strong now as it was then. terrorism, the Russian challenge to European security, the Chinese bid to dominate the next generation of We are Europe’s two nuclear powers and want to technology. Our security depends on our capacity remain that way. The research programmes for to respond to these threats and this capacity is radiographic cooperation demonstrates a capacity strengthened when our efforts are united. The to cooperate in this most sensitive area. There are exchange of information is essential in the fight against multiple exchanges between our armed forces. We terrorism. As maritime nations we play a key part in share the understanding of the need to intervene maintaining freedom of navigation on the high seas. and have the operational capacity to do so. British forces are at present working alongside the French in Whatever difficulties Brexit will cause in our bilateral Operation Barkhane in the Sahel, and the French are relationship, geography dictates our need for strong working alongside the British in the NATO operation in links as recent history demonstrates. Estonia. Lancaster House also created the Combined Joint Expeditionary Force, which gives the operational There is no defence without a substantial budget. capacity to mount a demanding military operation Together we account for more than half of the together, including air and naval units. European military effort. But decisions on budgets are always difficult and the need to reduce deficits - We have made progress with some defence industrial aggravated by the COVID crisis - will put great pressure projects. This cooperation predates Lancaster House, on defence spending. It therefore makes sense for our but the Treaties gave it new impetus. The missile sector two countries to support each other and encourage is a good example, with the light anti-ship programme each other in a major political effort, while saving and announced in 2010 and a future anti-ship / cruise pooling resources wherever we can. missile programme. The latter programme was the

15 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty | The future of Franco-British defence subject of an interesting political cooperation between the two defence committees of the National Assembly and the House of Commons. Progress has been achieved on other naval industrial programmes such as the Maritime Mine Countermeasures Programme. But this has not always been the case for information systems and for several aeronautical cooperation projects; an area in which Lancaster House's ambitions of a joint project for a MALE (medium altitude long endurance) drone, and of a Future Combat Air System (FCAS) have not succeeded.

The threats we are confronted with, our awareness of defence issues, our ambitions in the world, the specific place of our two countries and our budgetary constraints are not changed by Brexit. Indeed, with France in the European Union and the United Kingdom outside, the need for understanding and cooperation is more essential than ever.

We need to move closer, so the Lancaster House process remains as relevant as ever. President Macron's Peter Ricketts proposal for a European Defence Initiative includes the The British Ambassador to Paris, Edward Llewellyn, United Kingdom. The Franco-British Defence Council, recalled that in 1843 the then Foreign Secretary, Lord created in 2018, is a very useful forum to maintain and Aberdeen, called for a cordial Franco-British agreement strengthen cooperation. which became the "Entente Cordiale" in 1904. The 2020s still need this understanding, especially in The Franco-British Council Defence Conference on defence cooperation. It is about strategic interests, our 26th November is not simply a commemoration of place in the world, identity and the deep pride of each ten years of the Lancaster House Treaty. With the of our two countries. participation of the two Defence Ministers, Florence Parly and Ben Wallace, it is an important opportunity to contribute to the future.

Former French President Nicolas Sarkozy and former British Prime Minister David Cameron at the signing of the Lancaster House treaty in November 2010 with their officials including then British Ambassador Peter Ricketts and current British Ambassador Ed Llewellyn

16 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty | The future of Franco-British defence

Participants in the Franco-British Council Defence Conference 2020

Sq Leader John-Paul Sir Simon Bollom, CEO Flt Lt Geoff Craggs, A400M GDA Patry Etienne, Director Ainsworth, UK Exchange Defence Equipment & Support Exchange Officer to French joint doctrine center, French Officer, Service des Essences Air Force Ministry of Defence des Armées M Antoine Bouvier, Airbus Head of Strategy and Public Col Jon Cresswell, HCSC Wg Cdr Jonathan Farrow, Mr Chris Allam, Executive Affairs ADW UK Air LO, France Group Director Engineering & Managing Director UK Colonel Patrick Bryant, Air Brigadier Alison Curnow, Mr Shimon Fhima, Director of attaché, French Embassy, DCOS CSS HQ RRC-FR FMC Strategic Programmes, Mr Alasdair Ambroziak, London UK Ministry of Defence Head of Policy and Mrs. Alice Dagicour, Trainee, Government Relations - M. Michel Cabirol, Chief French Embassy, London Mr David Fielder, Air Liaison Thales Group Editor - La Tribune Officer to the French Air Mr Andres De Aragon, Forces Command Lt Gen Noguier Antoine, Mr Alastair Cameron, Head EA to Dir of FMC Strategic Head of strategy Airbus of Trade, British Embassy in Programmes, UK Ministry of Mr Richard Ford, Complex defence and space Paris Defence Weapons International Strategy Leader, UK DE&S Wg Cdr Calvin Bailey, Officer Mrs Clare Cameron, Director, Amiral Hervé de Commanding 30 Squadron Defence Innovation, UK MoD Bonnaventure, MBDA CEO GalGeneral Bruno Foussard, A400M RAF / Franco-British Defence Adviser Chief, Euratlantic division, Young Leader Mr Sebastian Carr, Head of French Joint Staff Europe and Canada, UK MoD Mr Bertrand De Cordoue, Lt Col John Bailey, UK: Field Director Public Affairs Wg Cdr Hannah French, Army Interoperability General Sir Nick Carter, UK Defense, Airbus France Exchange Officer, French Chief of Defence Staff Joint Staff Commander René Balletta, Mr Vincent de Rivaz CBE, Royal Navy Hudson Fellow, St Col Franz Chapuis, former CEO EDF CDR Ken Froberg, UK LNO Antony’s College, Oxford Etat-major des Armées Captain Julien de Saint- Lt Col Hannah Frost, SO1 CIS M. Joël Barre, Délégué Air Vice Marshal Eric Quentin, French Naval UK Exchange Officer, French général pour l'Armement Charpentier, Assistant Attaché - London / Franco- Ministry of Defence (DGA) Deputy Chief of Staff Plans, British Young Leader EME Mme Joëlle Garriaud- Wg Cdr Darren Bassett, RAF Mr Christopher Deacon, Vice Maylam, Senator for French Liaison Offier – EMAAE Mrs Clarisse Chick, Chargée Chair, Franco-British Council Citizens Overseas de mission, SGDSN Ms Anne Bauer, Journalist - Wg CDr Arnaud Déné, Mrs Sophie Girardon, Head Les Echos M. Emmanuel Chiva, French Liaison Officer - RAF of Defence & Security - DIT Director, Defense Innovation Air Staff France Mrs Josette Beasley, Senior Agency, FR MoD Lecturer and Head of French - M. Eudoxe Denis, Secrétaire Wg Cdr Ben Goodwin, Defence School of Languages Ms Beatrice Clair, Général, Conseil franco- Franco-British Young Leader Governmental and Corporate britannique Mr Olivier-Remy Bel, Conseil affairs manager, Rolls-Royce M. Jean-René Gourion, franco-britannique / Visiting Lt-Col Olivier Dinh-Phung, France Sales & Business Fellow, Atlantic Council Professor Michael Clarke, CJEF Secretariat UK / FR EO Development Director, MBDA Distinguished Fellow, RUSI Air Commodore Tim Below, Commander Olivier Driot, Mr Jeremy Greaves, Airbus Defence Attaché at British Ms Emilie Cleret, Ecole de Desk officer for UK/Ireland, UK Public Affairs & Strategy Embassy, Paris Guerre DGRIS Mr Samuel Gregory, UK CEO Éric Béranger, CEO, Sqn Ldr David Cobb, Colonel Nicolas Drogi, MOD Desk Officer France MBDA Franco-British Young Leader French Defence Equipment Policy Attaché, French Embassy, Lt Col Nicholas Berchem, Her Excellency MmeMs London Mr Peter Grogan, Director British Liaison Officer - Catherine Colonna, Strategic Command, Airbus EMS Saumur Ambassadeur de France au Mr Michel Dubarry, Rolls Royaume-Uni Royce Intl - President France Colonel (armement) Ms Diane Bernard, EA to Gommard Guillaume, Head Naval Attaché M Philippe Coq, Head of Mr Michael Duckworth, VP of department - International Public Affairs France, Airbus Regional Sales, NEXTER relations, DGA Miss Sarah Biegel, Assistant Defence Equipment Attaché The Rt Hon Stephen Mr Jean Dupont, Head of Mme Alice Guitton, Crabb MP, Chair, All-Party Media Relations, MBDA Directrice de la DGRIS Lt Col Adam Birley, Student Parliamentary Group for UK Staff College France Mr Florian Escudié, Major Nick Hammond, SO2 Conseiller diplomatique de la Interoperability, UK MoD Ministre des Armées

17 Ten years on from the Lancaster House Treaty | The future of Franco-British defence

Lt Col (Ret'd) Dominic Mr Victor Mallet, Paris Contre-amiral Luc Pages, Lt Col Robert Simmons, Hancock, COS BDS France bureau chief, Financial Times Attaché de défense, French Franco-British Young Leader Embassy, London Ms Eleanor Hickey, EA to the Mrs Mélanie Malnou- LCL Erwan Sioc'han de Military Attaché Duviella, Deputy Defence VADM(ret) Xavier Paitard, Kersabiec, Officer Equipment Attaché, French Strategy & Public Affairs Mr John Higgins, Defence Embassy, London Defence Advisor, Airbus Dr Simona R. Soare, Senior equipment attaché, British analyst - transatlantic security, Embassy, Paris M. Hervé Mariton, Président Dr Alice Pannier, Research EU-NATO cooperation, du Conseil franco-britannique Fellow, Head of the defence innovation, ISS Mr. Gérard Hocmard, Prof. Geopolitics of Technologies Chaire sup. Honoraire M. Olivier Martin, CEO programme, IFRI Mr Robert Sroka, Ministry of Special Advisor, MBDA Defence SPO France Mr David Hogan-Hern, Mr James Parker, UK Ministry Director Euro-Atlantic Mr Jean-Pierre Maulny, of Defence - SO1 France / Ms Isabella Steel, Strategic Security, UK Ministry of Deputy Director, IRIS Franco-British Young Leader Engagement, UK Ministry of Defence Defence Gp Capt Antony McCord, Mme Florence Parly, Ministre Cdr Chris Hughes, EMO/M Air Attaché, British Embassy, des Armées Miss Abbie Sutton, Desk N53ETR Paris Officer, UK Ministry of Dr Rogelia Pastor-Castro, Defence IGA Stéphane Kammerer, Mr Simon McTurk, Deputy Lecturer in International DGA/ Directeur dees Team Leader, France Team, History, University of M. Vincent Thomassier, VP opérations d'armement UK Ministry of Defence Strathclyde Strategic cooperation and Missiles et Helicoptères marketing Mr Mike Mew, Director, Mr Philippe Peirs, Trustee, Dr Glenn Kelly, Head UK Business Development, Franco-British Council Lt Col Guillaume Veys, Government Relations - MBDA French Liaison Officer Defence, Rolls-Royce Col. Guillaume Ponchin, COS (Interop/CIS/CYBER/INTEL) Ms Deborah Mishal, Policy CJEF Army HQ M. Aurelien Labrusse, Head planner assistant, French of UK/FR Networks, MBDA- Embassy, London Mr Thomas Poswiat, Fr LO Mme Elise Vincent, Systems British Army LWC Journalist - Le Monde Miss Alexandra Moinier, LtCol Philippe Lafenêtre, Administrator, Franco-British Lt Col Ben Price, Student Ms Marie-Solenne Virolle, SACT REP EUR JFD Council French language course Desk officer for UK/Ireland, DGRIS Mr Angus Lapsley, Director Air Cdre Fin Monahan, Hd Commander Nicholas Prole, General Strategy and Doctrine, Air Space and Cyber Naval Staff The Rt Hon Ben Wallace International, UK Ministry of - DCDC, UK MP, UK Secretary of State for Defence Mr Jeremy Quin MP, Defence Mr George Moore, British Parliamentary Under- Général d'armée François Embassy, Paris Secretary of State for Defence Mr Daniel Weil, RN Officer Lecointre, Chef d'Etat-major Procurement des Armées (CEMA) Mr. Alexis Morel, Vice Mr Julian Whitehead, President - Underwater Admiral Tony Radakin, The Chairman Airbus Defence and Sir Kevin Leeson, Director Systems – Thales First Sea Lord Space Ltd. Military Affairs, Airbus Mr Samuel Moreton, Miss Lesley Reid, PS to DA Professor Richard Whitman, HE Lord Edward Llewellyn FRMARFOR N0A Plans2 Paris Professor of Politics and OBE, UK Ambassador to International Relations, France Lt Col Florian Morilhat, M Richard Requena, French University of Kent Franco-British Young Leader diplomat Dr Sophie Loussouarn, Wg Cdr Matthew Wight- Associate Professor in British Maj Gen James Morris, Lord Peter Ricketts, Chair, Boycott, RAF Officer History, Universite de Paris III Director Joint Warfare, UK Franco-British Council in the Sorbonne Ministry of Defence United Kingdom Colonel Howard Wilkinson, Military Attaché, British Lt Col Christopher Lovick, M. Vincent Muller, Policy Lt Col Philip Ritchie, CSS Embassy, Paris SO1 COLL TRG SOUTH UK planner, French Foreign Office Liaison Officer, British Army BLO Staff (France) Mr Tom Williams, UK Public Lt Col Piers Noble, BLO Affairs - Defence and Space, Rear Admiral Iain Lower, Doctrine, UK Liaison Officer, Ms Nancy Sadi, French Airbus ACNS France Burnham Lecturer, Defence School of Languages Mr Stephen Willmer, Europe Mr David Mackintosh, Brigadier Nick Nottingham, and Canada Division, Director, Franco-British Retired Mr Henry Samuel, Journalist, Deputy Head - France, UK Council Daily Telegraph Ministry of Defence Lt Col Gareth Oosterveen, Wg Cdr Scott Magee, Uk BLO CIS, UK Liaison Officer, Cdr Thomas Secher, Naval Lt Col Nicolas Wilman, exchange officer France Staff Strategic Planning British Exchange Officer CPCO Mr Mike Maiden, Defence & Mrs Karen Pachot, Lt Col Elizabeth Sedgwick, Security Adviser Communication Manager, Stagiaire, Ecole de Guerre Colonel (Retired) Geoff MBDA Wright, Senior Military Major Johanna Maljette, Mr Luke Shaw, UK Exchange Advisor - Franco-British Franco-British Young Leader Officer 11BP Council

18 Contact

Franco-British Council c/o The British Library 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB [email protected] www.francobritish.org

About the Franco-British Council

The Franco-British Council was founded in 1972 on the joint initiative of President Georges Pompidou and Prime Minister Edward Heath in the context of a developing Europe and of an increasingly globalised community. Since then it has dedicated itself to the promotion of a better mutual understanding between the UK and France by bringing together leading representatives of the worlds of defence, science, politics, business, education and culture.

Please visit the Franco-British Council website for further information about future defence conferences; the Franco-British Young Leaders Programme and Local Leaders Initiative; along with other news

Acknowledgements

The Franco-British Council / Conseil franco-britannique would like to thank the speakers and participants of the 2020 Defence Conference; the supporters of the conference for their generosity, including the French and the British Ministries of Defence and the invaluable sponsorship of Airbus and MBDA for this eighth edition; HE Lord Edward Llewellyn, British Ambassador to the French Republic, and HE Mme Catherine Colonna, French Ambassador to the United Kingdom; the members of the Steering Committee; the editors of the report, Olivier Martin and Olivier-Remy Bel; and the Franco-British Council’s Senior Defence Advisor Geoff Wright who made our conference possible this year.

With grateful thanks to our partners