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Arnavutçadaki Türk Dili Asilli Kelimelerin Alintilanma Esaslari

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Arnavutçadaki Türk Dili Asilli Kelimelerin Alintilanma Esaslari T.C. SAKARYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ARNAVUTÇADAKİ TÜRK DİLİ ASILLI KELİMELERİN ALINTILANMA ESASLARI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Jetmira ALLA Enstitü Anabilim Dalı : Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Zikri TURAN HAZİRAN -2019 ÖNSÖZ Köklü bir geçmişe sahip olan Türk-Arnavut ilişkileri; idarî, iktisadî, kültürel, dinî ve dil gibi bir çok konuda ilişki kurmuşlardır. İki millet arasında 10. yüzyılda başlayan bu ilişki Osmanlı Devleti’nin 14. - 19. yüzyıllar arasında Arnavutluk üzerinde beş yüz yıl boyunca kurduğu hâkimiyet süresinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Günümüzde bu bağın etkisi hâlâ bütün yaşam alanlarında devam etmektedir. Bu durum Türkçe ve Arnavutça arasındaki kelime alışverişine ortam hazırlamıştır. Türkçenin Arnavutça üzerindeki etkisi hakkında Arnavut, Türk ve yabancı araştırmacılar tarafından birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, mevcut kullanımları göz önünde bulundurularak, Arnavutçadaki Türk dili asıllı kelimelerin ses ve şekil bilgisi özellikleri ile anlamları incelemeye konu edilmiştir. Çalışmaya esas teşkil eden malzeme hâlihazırda Arnavutluk’ta konuşma ve yazı dilinde en sık kullanılan Türk dili asıllı kelimelerle sınırlandırılmıştır. Türk dilinden Arnavutçaya geçen kelimelerde ses, şekil ve anlam bakımından meydana gelen değişiklikler gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. “Giriş” ve “Sonuç”la birlikte beş bölümden meydana gelen bu çalışmanın Giriş bölümünde Osmanlı Devleti döneminden itibaren Türkçe ile Arnavutça ilişkisi ve bu dillerin özellikleri yer almaktadır. Türkçede ve Arnavutçada olan seslerin nitelikleri ve Türkçeden Arnavutçaya geçen kelimelerin şekil özelliklerinin incelendiği birinci bölümden sonra iki dilde ortak olan kelimelerin anlamlarının bir sözlük düzeninde karşılaştırmalı olarak verildiği ikinci bölüm gelmektedir. Arnavutçaya Türkçeden geçen kelimelerde görülen ses olaylarının yer aldığı ise üçüncü bölüm gelmektedir. Sonuç bölümünde ise çalışmanın sonunda elde edilen veriler değerlendirilmiştir. Yüksek lisans tezimin tüm aşamalarında bilgi ve deneyimleriyle bana yardımcı olan hocam Prof. Dr. Zikri TURAN’a sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Jetmira ALLA 10.06.2019 İÇİNDEKİLER KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................... iii TABLO LİSTESİ ........................................................................................................... iv İŞARETLER .................................................................................................................... v ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. vii SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. viii GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BÖLÜM 1: TÜRKÇEDE VE ARNAVUTÇADA OLAN SESLERİN NİTELİKLERİ VE TÜRKÇEDEN ARNAVUTÇAYA GEÇEN KELİMELERİN ŞEKİL ÖZELLİKLERİ ................................................................................................. 8 1.1. Arnavutça ve Türkçenin alfabesinin karşıtlığı. .......................................................... 8 1.1.1. Fonetik bakımdan Arnavutçadaki seslerin şemaları: ...................................... 9 1.1.1.1. Ünlüler: .................................................................................................... 9 1.1.1.2. Ünsüzler: ................................................................................................ 10 1.1.2. Türkçedeki seslerin şemaları: ........................................................................ 12 1.1.2.1. Ünlüler: .................................................................................................. 12 1.1.2.2. Ünsüzler: ................................................................................................ 13 1.1.3. Arnavutça ile Türkçede ortak olan sesler ...................................................... 14 1.1.4. Türkçe ve Arnavutçadaki seslerin fonetik alfabedeki karşılığı ..................... 15 1.1.5. Türkçede olan Arnavutçada olmayan sesler ................................................. 15 1.1.6. Arnavutçada olan Türkçede olmayan sesler ................................................. 15 1.1.7. Arnavutçadaki Alıntı Kelimelerin Morfolojik Bakımından Kullanımı Şekli ve Türkçede Karşılığı. Fiillerin Tablosu ...................................................... 16 1.1.8. Arnavutçadaki Alıntı Kelimelerin Morfolojik Bakımından Kullanımı Şekli ve Türkçede Karşılığı. İsimlerin Tablosu ..................................................... 17 BÖLÜM 2 : TÜRKÇEDEN ARNAVUTÇAYA GEÇEN KELİMELERİN ANLAMLARININ SÖZLÜK DÜZENİNDE KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI .................. 55 BÖLÜM 3: SES OLAYLARI ..................................................................................... 146 3.1. İncelme ................................................................................................................... 147 3.2. Kalınlaşma.............................................................................................................. 149 3.3. Düzleşme ................................................................................................................ 150 i 3.4. Yuvarlaklaşma........................................................................................................ 151 3.5. Daralma .................................................................................................................. 151 3.6. Genişleme ............................................................................................................... 154 3.7. Ötümlüleşme .......................................................................................................... 154 3.8.Ötümsüzleşme ......................................................................................................... 155 3.9. Patlayıcılaşma ........................................................................................................ 155 3.10. Sızıcılaşma ........................................................................................................... 155 3.11. Dudaklılaşma........................................................................................................ 155 3.12. Dişlileşme ............................................................................................................. 156 3.13. Damaklılaşma ....................................................................................................... 157 3.14. Ön Damaklılaşma ................................................................................................. 157 3.15. Türeme ................................................................................................................. 158 3.16. Yutulma ................................................................................................................ 159 3.17. Erime .................................................................................................................... 160 3.18. Düşme .................................................................................................................. 161 3.19. Tekleşme .............................................................................................................. 161 3.20. Şırıltılılaşma ......................................................................................................... 162 3.21. Kısalma ................................................................................................................ 162 SONUÇ ......................................................................................................................... 164 KAYNAKLAR ............................................................................................................ 169 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ................................................................................................................. 172 ii KISALTMALAR Ar. : Arapça Çin. : Çince Fars. : Farsça Fr. : Fransızca İtal. : İtalyanca Mac. : Macarca TDK : Türk Dil Kurumu s. : Sayfa Vb. : ve benzeri Yay. : Yayınları Yun. : Yunanca iii TABLO LİSTESİ Tablo 1 : Arnavutça ve Türkçenin Alfabelerinin Tablosu ............................................ 9 Tablo 2 : Arnavutçadaki Ünlülerin Niteliklerinin Tablosu ........................................... 9 Tablo 3 : Arnavutçadaki Ünsüzlerin Niteliklerinin Tablosu ( Beci, 2004:44) ............ 10 Tablo 4 : Türkçedeki Ünlülerin Niteliklerinin Tablosu. .............................................. 12 Tablo 5 : Türkçedeki Ünsüzlerin Niteliklerinin Tablosu (Turan: 2017) ..................... 13 Tablo 6 : Arnavutça ve Türkçede Ortak Olan Seslerin Tablosu.................................. 14 Tablo 7 : Türkçe ve Arnavutçada Mevcut Olduğu Halde Yazılışları Farklı Olan Seslerin Tablosu .......................................................................................... 15 Tablo 8 : Türkçede olup Arnavutçada olmayan seslerin tablosu ................................ 15 Tablo 9 : Arnavutçada Olan Türkçede Olmayan Seslerin Tablosu ............................. 15 Tablo 10 : Arnavutçadaki Alıntı Kelimelerin Morfolojik Bakımından Kullanımı ve Türkçede Karşılığı. Fiillerin Şeması. ........................................................... 16 Tablo 11 : Arnavutçadaki Alıntı Kelimelerin Morfolojik Bakımından Kullanımı Şekli ve Türkçede Karşılığı. İsimlerin Şeması. ..................................................... 17 iv İŞARETLER # : Bir
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