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There Is a Large Literature Concerned with the Socratic

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I I There le a large llterature qoneerned T"rtth the socratic ttr ! :--, r- ,- t .. .t,1. --^L1 ^- - - - The Influence of Socrates on PhilosoPhy. 1. problem. It ia iendered diiri.lcuJ-t ae a htrstorlcal - l,td. Jan. 196b becEuse so }lttle of the ancldnt mater{.al survlvee. ln St. Johnrs Colleg€r.Annapplise 31r eorpl€rbe -forn and the interprelation of the fragments ope devices which Socrates lntroduced into the ns dinersified posslbilitles., The testlmorry of on\r four One of, the phllosophy wae explained hls reputa- ancient writers ln in the context of compJ.eteworks- rpthod of lrotqr. He --* pronouncement Platoe XenpphoneArlstophanese, and Aristbtle. tlon for nlsdoml sanctlfled W the of the oracle that he was'the wiseat of nene by the dls- $tlstotle ras born af,tei the death of Socratesr and his Delphlc testlmony is ther"efore of littre historlcar rellabillt covery thab he alone recognized hts lrr lgnorano. tr-Ls plege ln the his;[ory of Arlstophanes ls crltlcall ,orrdefamatoryi plato and The lryny continues ln place Xenophonexposltorl agologists but, not in a phlloiopfryr he ls granted a pre-dffi.nent l-n thc ft". defa44lqrrfSditlon"4 1*ap apparently rc hlstory of the philosophy of the West; but there ls extensi-ve.1.-_ I llttle agreement concernlng what hts phtlosoptty waa'. (de Artstophanes-- 6louas (b23, 1I. th3 ff., 218, 2zS), Clcero caLled hlm the parent of phllosoplry Fln. Birds (hrh, rt. 1282;1553),Frogs (b6, i. rhir).-'- 2. L.)and the prlnce of phllosophers (de Nat. Dco. De Acad. I5). Hegel marrycenturleg (as well as other comip r,rditers-Eupolise Cratinusp DL- 2. J.67, and 1. rrnot flgure phi]ys, Annipsta). Aristophanesr pi6sentatlon of laterr called hLrn onJy a nost fuportant phi-losopt\y perhaps the nost 6ocrates as a teacher of Sclencee a paid teacher of ln the hlstory of -- phllosophy of antlqultyerr and sophisttc rhetorlc. Sinbe'these are contrary to the interesting tn the provldes hLe nFor a mental positlon stated by tlie PlAtonic Socratese thlre are a reason for Judgmentr ussally not taken as relLable hlstorlcal presentatlons turnlng-point exhlblted ltself ln hlrn ln the forn I OI philoiophlc thorght.nlIl9ll$Iltr" (lllUrrr(Hiat. Phll.rIlJI. I,L, )v4, Brrt Hegel does' ercpoundhis'presgntatlon (pp . te6.l3}) of PILLIOSOPflIC 381+) -Eue iI Hegel Cicerors conceptlon of Socratese roncluding (b30) rTher,e:<aggbratton r*rflfr nay be' ascri- critlcl-zes I would have had dlfflcttlty understandtng bed to Aristophanesl is,that he drove thts dialectlc and Clcero l 'endp Hegelrs turning polnt ln thoubbt. ,,lgl!. bltter but'it, cannot be said that inJustio I ; by Yhls represeni.ation, Ihdeed we mrst adr6re the There is a further lrornr in arv treatnent of the influencr of Socrates on orrraloogttt. HE-Idft .no nrltlnge but hls i and foliLonera set dorn records of hla nenci ic slde ln Socrates as being a negatJ-ve; aDd thou{tr contemporaries -- his and throughout the Later after his own way ln having presented it so forci- abllia and conversatlonsl -- history of thought philosopherg have reconstructed hls bly.n , , signiflcance. The records of hle conversatLons wsre onco The famour speech of Po\iclatesl The Accusation of Sos so that treats the Socrattc Conwrca- Kategor{a Snbr6tous, to rhich it is supposed that both numorous ArLstotle Xenophon and Plato 'replled. tlon as a forrn of literature ta lrls Poeticse renarkLng i inltateg The later sophists. The pe*itatetlc Aristoxenus that there ls no name for ttrat form-6iFFwhlch -- b5r language alone and no cornmonnane for the nlme and thei tnformation from hls father Spithanrs adFfrEtory of Socratic Connersation. Socratest in hls youth violent, libidinousl inJuriousl i problem philosophy of Socrat€o Inay be treatj blgamouse usuriouse qncrhltivated. The of the ed l-n two ways. nay be treated as a hlptooclal b. The Apologetlc traditlon. 0f the nulnGrousmemorabirrila Tt i problem of rLdlscoverlng 'the nhtstorlciffiates or and dialogue6_;rm socratics onfy fragrnnts surrrrve and l" 4 philosophlc probLen of examining the Socratic probl-em beco,mesa problem of reconcilLng may be treated as a I questlons a reeuJ.t of Plato ard xenophon. schlelerrnacherp despite discrepancled the that have beei-ie[3?d lg as 1 questloning. inqufuy is con-l they were reporting the s,:re historical Socrates. br Socratest The hlstoflcaL I cerned wlth the parf, Socrates pJ.ayed ln the dlalogues either can be taken as baslc XenophonLs rellable beca I -,- I ln which he nas ln6Tved3 ptrtlosoplllrLlnqulry use he does not have the Lltebary polish or the phtl-osophi the ls I concerned with le perception of Platop therefore what he recordi can be the cont,lnulng dlalogue ln whlch latcr i philosophers engage ln questLons they attrlbute to hlnj Bearing on two aslncts of Socratest actlvlties in the lr.,fluence of Socrates on Philoaoptty 2 I !P the Platonlo dlalogues (J.) his aocount ofreading I '' wr the treatlse of A.na:cagorasin the Fhaedo and his diaa- | taken.as tthat Socrates said and dlde oretrsince he dld not ppolntnent rdth the sclentiflc rptE6-(e) Uf" argumen-l understand hls arguments hls account degrades htn to an ts from the concrete and hls fefutations of the Sophlai ordinary man nisreported ard misunderstood. Plato can phllosophJ-c lnslgltt to ap- tg. ",' i be re11ed on slnce he had the firll subtletyl Iro4p -- ln the Apolory aceuses hLs aecusers of preelgte the Socrattc argunents in thelr , confusJ,ng hh (1F:ffi[fi-teachers of science ana (2) H'Ith sophists. :;ffi;il' 3 : ;H,flTil"#:ffi*"ffi Eq*T#hi 4 N.B. tn the historiral $robldrn lt is necessary to e:cpl, riiJ-s""#r"-p"our"m"::.t: ls thus suttafly internringl€d T{ith ain away tlp contradictlon of, the iro1yl ln the phiLo- the Platbnic problem -- what shotrld be attrlbuted to , sophic problcn the lrony i1 fant of the rrcthod. Socrates and t of Plato ln the dlalogues ln wtrlch Soerates I lrorry in the history of the rbbpfatlcsrl apperrs. Hegel'again has hls own variant on these possLb nAnd 1. The Megarlan and ELean- Eretrlau schooLs. i llities (llfst Phll Ir lrfl+) I lf we lnqulre wtrether Euclides of Megara -- oldest of the puptls Socrates he (Xenophon) or Plato deplcts Socrates to us most fatth- I ^of I Eleatlc background. Pupll Eubulides lnvetrbi of many I ftrIIy tn his pe:'sonality and doctrLner there ls no QuestL- personallty and methodl the e:cbe of the dialectical argurBnts iheludtng the f,iar. I on that ln regard to hls Called erlstLcs -- reputattnn,for logic chopping. C"U na1 of hLs teachingl r.m nay eertalnlil receirrc from Plato ' nination Ln Dlodorus Cr,onus ahd hls pupll Philo of IarJ a satisfactory, and perhaps a mol€ cblmplete representatLo! issa. ttMatcrialn inrplieation and truth tables. I of what Socrates wag. But ln regard to the content of hls nstrlcttr polnt by the developnent Diadonrs as opposeA io Stbfc Chryslppus - | teachtng and the reached h1m ln lnplication. C.S.Plerce cholce betneen Elodorus I of thoughtl we have ln the naln to Look to Xenophon.n pnilo. -- problern phlloooph- .nb 1"4fu"w++h^ Ss; Lr),, I So far as the Socratic 1g concerned ' ers and historlans will contlnue to recount the story frony -- eontinuation of Socrates interest ln arg- I ' ument and refutation --rbut long seemedto be part I . silb} as merw var{.atlons as dranatlsts flnd for the of sophlstlc eristlc. Nori,esteersd as antlclpatlon I ,L'oTr6Tse of Anreus or hletorlans for the rlse of Athens i fqr.a ilarniliar itonic reasont od modern logic and its emancipation' ' from Aristotil{ ^ or the fall of Rome. And lan rlrb-IiC#ftilQ nar.*r I his fe[owbitizens condernnedidGdeath and ne make his brffrdhnqhd;lt FodtrddGdonnstr irsnurrrlvrthdrtTrrttFrry"rttrE( I Justification into a basls for philosophlesl on the I evldence they have left. PBhedo of Ells and Mene$entrsdf Eretrla. (Latter desp- | teachers of the Schools of Plato and Xenocrates as well I fn tracing the history of the influence o! Socrates there a.c CYrenaJ-cs. ,r, r I ls no need to deterrnine wnat ueffita ls i r 2. Cynics -- Antlsthenes conceived hineelf as thefreal I rather what phllosophers think they derSve from Socrates. spiritua-l heir of Socrates. ,' I Chlef interest not to reconstruct what may have happened I Polenic against Platol'dnd platonic ideas -- only the I in Athens ln the-fifth centuryl but in the continuing lndividual has real e:dstence. Each thlng has its lnfluence today and lts applicatlon to present philosophl< OWn natlF. problems. f Clnlc ideal -- self-reliance and physlcaL endurance Begln therefore ulth nhat Aristotle aald for ttte reasol' too Happlness -- independepce and freedom from needs ard that makes hi-n unrel-j.able for history -- he canp passions. Life of mendirCancy. late to have krrqfii Socratea but he knew the Socratlcs. Dlogerres of Sinope. , , He mairestwo statements about Socratest (1) that he turnec Influence on tte mora]-'doctrine of the Stolcs. from the study of nature to the study of ethics, (Z) trrat he was the first to becomelnterested Ln unl-rrcrsal defin- 3. The Qrrenalcs, Aristippus of, Cytene. (acquainted ltions withn ffOtagOfSSr/Protagoras.) , , and inductlve argurents. Knowledge valuable because of practlcal utllity. Dr rl j ctcerontenwreiCof td. fon rrooaronof socrat€' * ,**'"" of socrateaon. phrloeoptv. 3. ard subEtltutton.of hls orn four stagr ssquenceln i lrhlch Socrates dotFnstlatea th€ ldentlty of the obJEctl D6rJbtssd n th€natlcs beceuqoit dld not |rk r,hat t! lv€ ad tlB oubJoctile the urd.versal erld _tbe partl- I berF'fictaf. erd hrtIlrfirft pgrflfal lnrestlgatlon $lthout cular rhtch hls predece€so!€' hEd rdss6d.
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    1 Plato Crito (The Death of Socrates) Plato (428-347? BCE) was the son of a wealthy Athenian who, as a youth, became one of the followers of the notorious Socrates. Socrates was well-known by his fellow Athenians for his love of oral debate and his penchant for discomfiting those he debated, especially those who claimed to be authorities on moral or political affairs. During the height of its power, Athens had been inundated by many foreigners, a number of whom set themselves up as teachers of the sons of the wealthy. Specifically, they taught the arts of rhetoric and oratory (valuable for becoming a leader in a democracy) and were known as sophists. When the Athenians lost the Peloponnesian war in 404, the so-called “tyranny of the thirty” was established by the Spartans to rule Athens after they departed. However, these aristocrats, who had little love for the Athenian democracy, instituted what might be called a reign of terror, and within a year they were overthrown and the Athenian democracy re-established. Casting about for someone to blame for the catastrophe of the war and the tyranny, the Athenians looked to the hangers-on and followers of Socrates, many of whom, like Plato, were from the upper class and suspected of anti-democratic leanings. So, in 399, Socrates himself was put on trial for disrespecting the gods of the state and leading its youth astray. After mounting a spirited defense, reconstructed by Plato in The Apology, Socrates was found guilty and condemned to execution. His death, as retold by Plato in the Crito, has become famous because he was given a chance to escape (the authorities would have looked the other way) but refused because, as he explained to his attending companions, he had lived his whole life in Athens and had urged his fellow citizens of the democracy to abide by her laws.
  • JOURNAL for the STUDY of Greek and LATIN

    JOURNAL for the STUDY of Greek and LATIN

    International issue NO. 5 2018 JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF GREEK AND LATIN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF GREEK AND LATIN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS Aither is the scientific, peer-reviewed electronic journal published by the Faculty of Arts at Palacký University Olomouc in association with Philosophical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences. It was established in the Department of Older Czech and European Philosophy – Institute of Philosophy in 2009. Aither publishes twice a year. Every fourth issue is international (papers appear mostly in English, but also in German and French). The journal is registered under ISSN 1803-7860. JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF GREEK AND LATIN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS CONTENT Eliška Fulínová 4 The Muses and Reflexive Nature of the World in Archaic Greek Thought Vojtěch Hladký 20 Transmigrating Soul Between the Presocratics and Plato Matúš Porubjak 50 Socrates as the Paradigmatic Figure of Practical Philosophy Pavol Labuda 66 Aristotle’s Theory of Language in the Light ofPhys. I.1 Maciej Smolak 78 Etymology and Meaning of προαίρεσις in Aristotle‘s Ethics Karel Šebela 98 Aristotle vs. Boole: A Case of the Universe of Discourse 4 ABSTRACT In Greek mythology, the Muses are not just The Muses and inspiring agents of poetical creation, but their role is first of all a cosmological one: Reflexive Nature their birth crowns the process of cosmogony, bringing the world into the manifestation. As we try to demonstrate primarily in the course of the World of Hesiod’s Theogony, the song of the Muses celebrates and thus manifests the cosmos in Archaic Greek or the world-order through its articulation by means of the musical speech.
  • Literary Quarrels

    Literary Quarrels

    Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics (1) The Cicala's Song: Plato in the Aetia Benjamin Acosta-Hughes University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Version 1.2 © Benjamin Acosta-Hughes, [email protected] (2) Literary Quarrels Susan Stephens Stanford University Version 1.0 © Susan Stephens Abstract: Scholars have long noted Platonic elements or allusions in Callimachus' poems, particularly in the Aetia prologue and the 13th Iambus that center on poetic composition. Following up on their work, Benjamin Acosta-Hughes and Susan Stephens, in a recent panel at the APA, and in papers that are about to appear in Callimachea II. Atti della seconda giornata di studi su Callimaco (Rome: Herder), have argued not for occasional allusions, but for a much more extensive influence from the Phaedo and Phaedrus in the Aetia prologue (Acosta-Hughes) and the Protagoras, Ion, and Phaedrus in the Iambi (Stephens). These papers are part of a preliminary study to reformulate Callimachus' aesthetic theory. 1 The Cicala's Song: Plato in the Aetia* This paper prefigures a larger study of Callimachus and Plato, a study on which my Stanford colleague Susan Stephens and I have now embarked in our co-authored volume on Callimachus.1 Awareness of Platonic allusion in Callimachus is not new, although its significance has not really been appreciateda close reading of the two authors remains a real desideratum, and it is indeed this need that we hope our work will one day fulfill. The main focal points of the present paper are two passages of Callimachus, and two passages of Plato, that, read together, configure a remarkable intertextual dialogue on poetry, reading, and the inspired voice.