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Soybean - Pest Resistance SOYBEAN - PEST RESISTANCE Edited by Hany A. El-Shemy Soybean - Pest Resistance http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3384 Edited by Hany A. El-Shemy Contributors Vincent P. Klink, Yaghoub Fathipour, Amin Sedaratian, Mudasir Hafiz Khan, Tomislav Kos, Renata Bažok, Maja Čačija, Ana Gajger, Malgorzata Piotrowska, Katarzyna Śliżewska, Biernasiak Joanna, Andrew P. Michel, Raman Bansal, Tae- Hwan Jun, M. A. Rouf Mian, Alexandre Silva, Leandro Galon, Ignacio Aspiazú, D. Sc., Evander A. Ferreira, Edison Ulisses Ramos Junior, Paulo Roberto Ribeiro Rocha, Rafael Vivian, Andre Rodrigues dos Reis, Leandro Vargas, Pablo Kalnay, Ana Carolina Câmara Ferreira, Franciele Mariani, Steven Goheen, James Campbell, Pat Donald Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ana Pantar Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published February, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Soybean - Pest Resistance, Edited by Hany A. El-Shemy p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0978-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 Nutritional Requirements of Soybean Cyst Nematodes 1 Steven C. Goheen, James A. Campbell and Patricia Donald Chapter 2 Developing Host-Plant Resistance for Hemipteran Soybean Pests: Lessons from Soybean Aphid and Stink Bugs 19 Raman Bansal, Tae-Hwan Jun, M. A. R. Mian and Andy P. Michel Chapter 3 Weed Management in Soybean — Issues and Practices 47 Rafael Vivian, André Reis, Pablo A. Kálnay, Leandro Vargas, Ana Carolina Camara Ferreira and Franciele Mariani Chapter 4 Weed Management in the Soybean Crop 85 Alexandre Ferreira da Silva, Leandro Galon, Ignacio Aspiazú, Evander Alves Ferreira, Germani Concenço, Edison Ulisses Ramos Júnior and Paulo Roberto Ribeiro Rocha Chapter 5 Arthropod Fauna Associated to Soybean in Croatia 113 Renata Bažok, Maja Čačija, Ana Gajger and Tomislav Kos Chapter 6 Engineered Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance 139 Vincent P. Klink, Prachi D. Matsye, Katheryn S. Lawrence and Gary W. Lawrence Chapter 7 Screening of Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill) Genotypes for Resistance to Rust, Yellow Mosaic and Pod Shattering 173 M. H. Khan, S. D. Tyagi and Z. A. Dar Chapter 8 Mycotoxins in Cereal and Soybean-Based Food and Feed 185 Małgorzata Piotrowska, Katarzyna Śliżewska and Joanna Biernasiak VI Contents Chapter 9 Integrated Management of Helicoverpa armigera in Soybean Cropping Systems 231 Yaghoub Fathipour and Amin Sedaratian Preface This book provides an overview of the pest resistance soybeans. The authors contributed 9 chapters in which they attempt to review recent research on soybean resistance to Hemipter‐ an pests and, in the light of various challenges to manage Hemipteran pests, propose strat‐ egies for successful and sustainable use of host plant resistance (HPR) in soybean against these pests. The chapters also aim to present some focal issues related to weed management in soybean growing areas, which include weed potential to cause severe damage and yield losses by weeds, the evolution of resistant weeds in GR soybean monoculture, the soybean manage‐ ment characterization in the main producing countries and discussions about the benefits of IWM use as an accurate control measure. A set of information for researchers and experts on weed management service area is presented, reporting clearly and objectively the major im‐ pacts of the current management used, as well as the outlook for soybean farming. This book will be useful for soybean researchers and other academic staff and will provide its readers with valuable insight into the last developments in the field. Hany A. El-Shemy, Professor Cairo University, EGYPT Chapter 1 Nutritional Requirements of Soybean Cyst Nematodes Steven C. Goheen, James A. Campbell and Patricia Donald Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54247 1. Introduction Soybeans [Glycine max] are the second largest cash crop in US Agriculture, but the soybean yield is compromised by infections from Heterodera glycines, also known as Soybean Cyst Nematodes [SCN]. SCN are the most devastating pathogen or plant disease soybean farmers confront. This obligate pathogen requires nutrients from the plant to complete its life cycle. To date, SCN nutritional requirements are not clearly defined. Growth media supporting SCN still contain soy products. Understanding the SCN nutritional requirements and how host plants meet those requirements should lead to the control of SCN infestations. The nutritional requirements of SCN are reviewed in this chapter and those requirements are compared to those of other nematodes. Carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids, lipids, and other nutritional requirements are discussed. The survival of parasitic nematodes requires adequate nutrition. These essential nutrients are at least partially supplied by the host. But, availability of nutrients may not alone be sufficient for survival and reproduction. The parasite must also be able to establish a feeding site. Both the establishment of the feeding site and the presence of adequate nutrients for the soybean cyst nematode [SCN] are discussed below. 1.1. Feeding site establishment Nematodes have differing mouth part structures which are adapted to their food source [1]. In the case of plant-parasitic nematodes, a stylet [analogous to a hypodermic needle], is used to puncture plant cells and a pump mechanism located in the nematode esophagus allows for exchange of fluids between the nematode and plant [1]. Most studies of the economically important root-knot and cyst-forming plant-parasitic nematodes have focused on what fluids are secreted by the nematode and how this facilitates establishment of a feeding site [2-4]. © 2013 Goheen et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 Soybean - Pest Resistance Specific information on the essential nutrients provided by the plant is lacking. In this chapter we focus on what is known about nutrient requirements for soybean cyst nematode, SCN. The SCN is an obligate parasite requiring a host plant to complete its life cycle (see Figure 1). The cysts are found in the soil and contain eggs and first stage juveniles. The second stage juvenile hatches from the egg and penetrates plant roots. If the roots are a plant that is a host for SCN, the third and fourth stage juveniles molt into an enlarged shape called a sausage once a feeding site is successfully established where the primary goal is removing nutrients from the plant for use by the nematode. After enough nutrients have been obtained by the nemat‐ odes, those destined to become males molt into a worm-shape again and migrate out of the roots in search of a female. As the females mature, their size increases breaking root epidermal cells and the nematode is exposed to the soil where she emits pheromones to attract the males already in the soil. Once fertilization of the eggs has occurred, the female dies and her hardened body becomes the cyst which protects the eggs from environmental extremes and organisms which can kill the eggs. Some eggs are extruded into the soil in a gelatinous matrix and these eggs are thought to hatch once conditions favor hatch. The eggs within the cyst go through diapause and can survive within the cyst for more than a dozen years under the right condi‐ tions. Juveniles which enter nonhost plant roots may molt into a third stage juvenile but a successful feeding site will not be established and the plant will recognize the nematode as an invader and form necrotic cells surrounding the nematode effectively killing the nematode. Alternatively, some plants are slower to recognize the nematode as an invader and a molt to the third stage may occur but no further development of the nematode will occur. Once the nematode reaches the sausage stage, it lacks the muscles to leave the root and it dies. As an important crop in the United States [5], there are over 120 soybean lines which have some level of resistance to SCN [6]. Commercial soybean varieties primarily contain one or more different sources of resistance but 95% of all resistance is found from one source, PI 88788. Peking [PI 548402] and Hartwig [PI 437654] are also found in a few commercial varieties. Genetics of resistance is complex with multiple genes involved and interaction of minor genes or nongenetic sources complicates understanding of the process. In a resistant reaction, cytological changes occur and these have been documented [7-19]. Initial reaction to the nematode during the formation of the syncytium in both susceptible and certain resistant lines is identical for the first 4 days after infection [7.
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