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Ottoman Fortresses and Garrisons in the Hungarian and the Eastern Frontiers (1578-1664)

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Ottoman Fortresses and Garrisons in the Hungarian and the Eastern Frontiers (1578-1664) OTTOMAN FORTRESSES AND GARRISONS IN THE HUNGARIAN AND THE EASTERN FRONTIERS (1578-1664) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY DENİZ ARMAĞAN AKTO IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY SEPTEMBER 2019 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sadettin Kirazcı Director (Acting) I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kayhan Orbay Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assist. Prof. Dr. Evgeni Radushev (Bilkent Uni., HIST) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kayhan Orbay (METU, HIST) Assist. Prof. Dr. Ş. Akile Zorlu-Durukan (METU, HIST) PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Deniz Armağan Akto Signature: iii ABSTRACT OTTOMAN FORTRESSES AND GARRISONS IN THE HUNGARIAN AND THE EASTERN FRONTIERS (1578-1664) Akto, Deniz Armağan M.A., Department of History Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kayhan Orbay September 2019, 138 Pages In this thesis, the fortresses and the garrisons in the Hungarian and the Eastern frontiers of the Ottoman Empire are taken as the main examination subjects. Ottoman military architecture and garrisons are evaluated according to the one of the arguments of the “Military Revolution” debate which suggest that emergence of the trace italienne fortresses caused the growth in the size of armies and garrisons. In this context, the Hungarian and Eastern frontiers of the Ottoman Empire are compared between the years of 1578-1664 to discuss that the trace italienne fortresses were not the single factor that affected the size of garrisons, the number of artillerymen in garrisons, and the infantry/cavalry ratio. According to findings of this thesis, the size of the garrisons was similar in both of the frontiers, while the infantry/cavalry ratio and the number of the artillerymen was higher in numbers in the Hungarian frontier. Instead of single factor, there were more than one reason that affected these elements. These factors were the topography of the region, the location of the fortresses, wars, and rebellions. Also, Ottoman’s choice of not building trace italienne fortresses until the 18th century is discussed and evaluated as a military preference, and the Ottoman goals and strategies and the establishment of the fortress network on both frontiers are discussed. Keywords: Ottoman Empire, Hungarian Frontier, Eastern Frontier, Military History iv ÖZ MACARISTAN VE DOĞU SERHADLERİNDE OSMANLI KALE VE GARNİZONLARI (1578-1664) Akto, Deniz Armağan M.A., Department of History Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Kayhan Orbay Eylül 2019, 138 Sayfa Bu tezde Osmanlının Macaristan ve Doğu serhadlerindeki kale ve garnizonları incelenmektedir. Bu inceleme yapılırken “Askeri Devrim” tartışmalarının bir argümanı olan trace italienne kale mimarisinin ortaya çıkışıyla orduların ve garnizonların büyüdüğü tezi ele alınıp iki serhaddeki kale mimarisi ve garnizonları üzerinden bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır. Bu bağlamda, trace italienne kalelerin garnizon büyüklüğünü etkilediği tezine karşı olarak Macaristan ve Doğu serhadleri karşılaştırıldığında garnizon büyüklüklerinin birbirine denk, piyade atlı oranı ve topçu sayılarının ise Macar serhaddinde Doğuya göre daha yüksek miktarda olduğu saptanmıştır. Bunun tek bir sebepten değil, bölgenin topografik özellikleri, kalelerin lokasyonları, savaşlar ve isyanlardır gibi çeşitli nedenlerden ötürü değiştiği tartışılacaktır. Tezin bulgularına göre. Ayrıca Osmanlıların 18.yy’a kadar kadar trace italienne kale mimarisine tam anlamıyla geçmemesinin sebebi olarak, bu askeri mimariyi o dönem için bir seçenek olarak görmedikleri argümanı da ele alınacaktır. Bunlara ek olarak Doğu ve Macar serhaddindeki Osmanlı hedef ve stratejileriyle birlikte bu serhadlerdeki kale ağının kuruluşu da bu tezde konu edilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Macaristan Serhaddi, Doğu Serhaddi, Askeri Tarih v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude for the patience and supports of my thesis advisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kayhan Orbay. Without his guidance, and careful considerations I would not be able to prepare this thesis. I would like to thank my friends Deniz Özeren, Gülşen Yakar, and Tunahan Durmaz for their support along the preparation of this thesis. Also, I want to say thank you to Göksel Baş for stimulating conversations and for his help with archival documents and siyaqat script. I am very grateful to my family who never give up supporting me during my master’s degree and my life. Also, I want to say a special thanks to my brother Egemen Akto, without him I would never be able to finish this thesis. Lastly, I would like to thank to Türk Tarih Kurumu (TTK) for the 6 months long scholarship they granted me from January 2019 to June 2019. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ............................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv ÖZ ................................................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.1.Objective of the Thesis ....................................................................................... 1 1.2. Sources and Literature Review ......................................................................... 3 1.3. The Military Revolution .................................................................................. 10 2.FORTRESS AND GARRISON .............................................................................. 20 2.1. Fortress Network and Architecture ..................................................................... 20 2.1.1. The Fortress Architecture ............................................................................. 21 2.1.2. The Fortress Network in Hungary ................................................................ 28 2.1.3. The Fortress Network in the East ................................................................. 33 2.2. The Garrisons ...................................................................................................... 40 2.2.1. The Type of the Troops ................................................................................ 42 2.2.1.1. The Janissaries ....................................................................................... 43 2.2.1.2. Merdan and Müstahfizan ....................................................................... 44 2.2.2.3. Dizdar..................................................................................................... 47 2.2.2.4. Gönüllüyan............................................................................................. 48 vii 2.2.1.5. Gılman .................................................................................................... 51 2.2.1.6. Müteferrikiyan ....................................................................................... 52 2.2.1.7. Farisan .................................................................................................... 53 2.2.1.8. Martolosan ............................................................................................. 53 2.2.1.9. Azeban ................................................................................................... 55 2.2.1.10. Çavuşan ................................................................................................ 55 2.2.1.13. Other Types of Troops ......................................................................... 56 2.2.2. The Size of The Garrisons in the Hungarian Frontier ................................. 58 2.2.2.1. Buda ....................................................................................................... 59 2.2.2.2. Kanije ..................................................................................................... 62 2.2.2.3. Egri ......................................................................................................... 65 2.2.2.4. Uyvar ...................................................................................................... 67 2.2.2.5. Temeşvar ................................................................................................ 68 2.2.2.6. Varad ...................................................................................................... 70 2.2.3. The Size of the Garrisons in the Eastern Frontier ........................................ 70 2.3.3.1. Van ........................................................................................................
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