DOCSLIB.ORG

Ecological and Economic Assessment of Compressed Gas Marine Transportation Udc 656.6.073.41:661.91 Lbc 39.486.4+33.362.087 I‘78

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ecological and Economic Assessment of Compressed Gas Marine Transportation Udc 656.6.073.41:661.91 Lbc 39.486.4+33.362.087 I‘78 ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF COMPRESSED GAS MARINE TRANSPORTATION UDC 656.6.073.41:661.91 LBC 39.486.4+33.362.087 I‘78 This publication has been prepared by Scientific-Research Institute for Environmental Issues Autonomous Non-profit Organization, jointly with Vernadsky Nongovernmental Ecological Foundation. Ecological and Economic Assessment of Compressed Gas Marine Transportation. - Moscow, 2017. – 240 p., ill. ISBN 978-5-9907508-8-3 The publication presents the results of reviewing of compressed natural gas (CNG) marine transportation by ecological and economic criteria and defines the most thrifty as well as environment- and climate-friendly methods of natural gas transportation. The publication contributes to enhancing of knowledge of specialists and general audience of cost-efficient and ecological aspects of natural gas transportation methods and, consequently, to making competent management decisions as well as popularization of natural gas utilization as an environment-friendly fuel. Coordinator of IBC projects: D. Wessling, Leader of Juniper S.E. Technical Cooperation. The Project Coordinator: Industry, Innovations and Prospective Development Committee of International Business Congress. Academic supervisors of the research project: A.G. Ishkov, Dr. Chem. Sc., Prof., Deputy Chairman of Ecology and Health Care Committee of International Business Congress; V.A. Grachev, Dr. Tech. Sc., Prof., Associate Member of Russia Academy of Sciences, Deputy Chairman of Industry, Innovations and Prospective Development Committee of International Business Congress. Operating organization: Scientific-Research Institute of Environmental Problems Autonomous Non-profit Organization (NIIPE), Director O.V. Plyamina. Experts: I.V. Stepanov, Cand. Tech. Sc., Assistant Professor; I.Ye. Valiullina, Dr. Econ. Sc., Prof.; A.L. Novoselov, Cand. Econ. Sc.; Ye.V. Varfolomeyev, Cand. Econ. Sc.; O.V. Maryin, Cand. Econ. Sc.; L.V. Sharikhina; Ye.V. Kosolapova Cand. Tech. Sc; V.A. Lobkovsky, Cand. Geol. Sc. ISBN 978-5-9907508-8-3 © NIIPE, 2017 © the V.I. Vernadsky Nongovernmental Ecological Foundation,, 2017 CONTENT INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 1. ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF NATURAL GAS MARINE TRANSPORTATION..............7 1.1. History of natural gas transportation development..................................................7 1.2. Review of routes and means of natural gas transportation by sea........................12 1.2.1. Today‘s structure of natural gas transportation flows..................................12 1.2.2. The role of natural gas transportation by sea................................................30 1.2.3. Natural gas transportation by marine pipelines............................................38 1.2.4. Marine transportation of liquefied natural gas.............................................43 1.2.5. Marine transportation of compressed natural gas.......................................53 1.2.6. Qualitative comparison of technologies of natural gas marine transportation..............................................................................................59 1.3. Realized projects and prospects of natural gas marine transportation................60 1.3.1. Transportation of natural gas via marine pipelines......................................61 1.3.2. Marine transportation of liquefied natural gas.............................................67 1.3.2.1. Plants for natural gas liquefaction...........................................................67 1.3.2.2. The world tanker fleet...............................................................................72 1.3.2.3. Regasification terminals...........................................................................75 1.3.3. Marine transportation of compressed natural gas.......................................79 CHAPTER 2. COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF NATURAL GAS TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES.............................................................................81 2.1. Methodology for Economic Analysis of Natural Gas Transportation Technologies............................................................................................82 2.2. Algorithm of Economic Efficiency Comparative Analysis for Various Methods of Gas Transportation...................................................................86 2.3. Design Premise and Assumptions to Simulate the Economic Feasibility of Natural Gas Offshore Transportation Technologies.................................................89 3 CONTENT 2.4. Systematization of Options for Multi-Choice Calculations to Analyze Effectiveness of Natural Gas Offshore Transportation Technologies..........................91 2.5. Characteristics of Technical Solutions for Natural Gas Transportation..............92 2.5.1. Characteristics of an Onshore Gas Pipeline Usage.......................................92 2.5.2. Characteristics of an Offshore Gas Pipeline Usage.......................................95 2.5.3. Characteristics of Liquefied Gas Offshore Transportation..........................97 2.5.4. Characteristics of Compressed Gas Offshore Transportation..................101 2.6. Capital Investments into Implementation of Technical Solutions for Natural Gas Transportation......................................................................................108 2.6.1. Capital Investments into the Onshore Pipeline..........................................108 2.6.2. Capital Investments into the Offshore Gas Pipeline..................................111 2.6.3. Capital Investments into Offshore Transportation of Liquefied Natural Gas........................................................................................113 2.6.4. Capital Investments into Marine Transportation of Compressed Natural Gas...................................................................................115 2.7. Gas Transportation Tariffs.......................................................................................117 2.7.1. Onshore Gas Pipeline Tariffs........................................................................117 2.7.2. Offshore Gas Pipeline Tariffs........................................................................118 2.7.3. Characteristics of Marine Transportation of Liquefied Gas......................119 2.7.4. Compressed Gas Marine Transportation Tariffs........................................120 2.8. Matrix of Effectiveness: Comparison of Technologies by Economic Criteria......................................................................................................121 CHAPTER 3. SELECTING AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR TRANSPORTING NATURAL GAS OVERSEAS IN TERMS OF THE POTENTIAL PROJECTS..................................129 3.1. Analytical Review of Freight Traffic Flows in the Black and Baltic Sea Regions.....................................................................................................129 3.2. Analysis of Alternative Engineering Solutions for Transporting Gas in the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea Regions..................................................................132 4 CONTENT 3.3. Estimated Natural Gas Offshore Transportation Tariffs for Alternative Projects...................................................................................................135 CHAPTER 4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESMENT IN THE PROCESS OF MARINE TRENSPORTATION OF NATURAL GAS.................138 4.1. Methodological Aspects of the Carbon Footprint Assessment Technique.......138 4.2. Environmental Aspects of Natural Gas Offshore Transportation.......................142 4.3. Natural Gas Offshore Transportation Effect on the Atmosphere.......................145 4.4. Environment Analysis of Natural Gas Offshore Transportation Effect on the Atmosphere................................................................................................153 4.5. Calculating a Carbon Footprint of Natural Gas Offshore Transportation........159 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................................170 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................172 Appendix A INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY.................................................................175 Appendix B INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE GAS SUPPLY THROUGH THE BLACK AND BALTIC SEA........................................................................................218 ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................................238 5 INTRODUCTION Ensuring of stable supply of natural gas to customers is one of the most topical economic and political issues of today. At the same time, strengthening of security of energy supply and ensuring of continuous gas supplies must not cause deterioration of the environment. Different methods of gas supply (as liquefied natural gas (LNG), by marine and land pipelines) possess various specific effect indicators. In addition to the methods of supply existing at present, new methods of marine transportation of natural gas are being developed now, e.g. in form of compressed natural gas (CNG). In this connection, the International Business Congress (IBC) initiated realization of the Project «Ecologic-Economic Estimation of Compressed Gas Marine Transportation» aiming at determining of the most thrifty and environment- and climate-friendly methods
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Annual Report 2016
    AnnualGeneral Report Manager’s and Accounts Report 2016 SIGTTO Society for International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators Ltd Continually promoting best practice in the liquefied gas shipping and terminal industries for 38 years SIGTTO Annual Report Annual SIGTTO and Accounts 2016 1 SIGTTO Purpose SIGTTO has been organised to encourage the safe and responsible operation of liquefied gas tankers and marine terminals handling liquefied gas; to develop advice and guidance for best industrial practice among its members; and to promote criteria for best practice to all who have responsibilities for, or interest in, the safety of gas tankers and terminals. SIGTTO 2020 Vision (Where the Society wishes to see itself in 2020, according to its Strategic Plan) SIGTTO will be recognised as the foremost gas shipping and terminal industry body - a modern centre of industry expertise - with all appropriate resources available to address industry technical and operational issues. It will be the industry advocate for the proactive enhancement of safe and sustainable international gas terminal and shipping operations through the provision of consistent guidelines and measures. Contents SIGTTO Annual Report 2016 Contents 5 President’s report 15 SIGTTO Secretariat 30 Hot off the presses David Furnival presents The Society’s Secretariat Review of latest industry an overview of outstanding office staff best practice publications progress in a notable year from SIGTTO 16 SIGTTO committees 7 General Manager’s report and subcommittees 30 Publications list Andrew
    [Show full text]
  • Methanizing the Mediterranean Area. TRIESTE & ROME 10-11/06/2015
    Methanizing the Mediterranean Area. TRIESTE & ROME 10-11/06/2015 FROM NORTH AND BALTIC SEA TO THE MEDITERRANEAN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LNG CHAIN Tord johnsson Area, Business development manager, Europe & Africa Oil & Gas Business WÄRTSILÄ POWER PLANTS Introduction – Wärtsilä Corporation 19,000 professionals Solutions for Marine / Offshore Power Generation Net sales by business 2014 Ship Power Services 36% Efficiency Flexibility Environmental 40% solutions • Listed in Helsinki LEADER IN LEADER • 4.8 billion € turnover Power Plants • Solid financial standing 24% 4 © Wärtsilä 10 June 2015 Tord Johnsson Market Drivers • EU is driving the development of LNG infrastucture out of two reasons o Enviromental and the EU clean fuel strategy mainly related to the transport sector both at sea and at land with stricter emission legislation. ° First SECA area that went into force 1 January 2015 was the Baltic Sea and for part of North Sea with Mediterranean and remaining part of North Sea to follow in 2020 with the aim to have LNG bunkering facitilties in 139 ports. ° Blue Corridor with LNG truck filling stations each 400 km and CNG car filling stations each 150 km . o Security of Supply, with the largely dependance on Russia for EU’s natural gas imports, EU wants to diversify its natural gas imports by both promote new pipeline like TAP and TANAP as well as increase the number of LNG receiving terminals. ° The recent decision for cancellation of the Russia’s South Stream pipeline project has reiterated calls for the rapid and structured development of an energy union within EU, which will have an impact on the LNG imports and purchasing developments.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Maritime Transport, 2005
    UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Geneva REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT, 2005 Report by the UNCTAD secretariat UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2005 ii Review of Maritime Transport, 2005 NOTE The Review of Maritime Transport is a recurrent publication prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat since 1968 with the aim of fostering the transparency of maritime markets and analysing relevant developments. Any factual or editorial corrections that may prove necessary, based on comments made by Governments, will be reflected in a corrigendum to be issued subsequently. * * * Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Use of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. * * * The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * * * Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, with reference to the document number (see below). A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat at: Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. UNCTAD/RMT/2005 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.05.II.D.14 ISBN 92-1-112674-6 ISSN 0566-7682 Contents, Introduction and Summary iii CONTENTS
    [Show full text]
  • Cng Carriers Applied to Remote Marginal Gas Field Developments
    CNG CARRIERS APPLIED TO REMOTE MARGINAL GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENTS C. N. White, EnerSea Transport LLC, US S. McClure, Alan C. McClure Associates Inc., US S. J. Rowe, BMT Fluid Mechanics Limited, UK Prof. D. A. Friis, Centre for Marine CNG, Memorial University of Newfoundland, NL, Canada SUMMARY This paper examines applications of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) carriers, using event-domain simulations to assess transportation system operating efficiency. This new gas transport system requires very limited investment in infrastructure dedicated to a specific field. As confirmed in a recent study for a leading US energy company, it is even possible that gas wells for certain reservoirs can flow directly onto the ship and into storage without any significant in- field investment beyond traditional subsea tie-back facilities. That study investigated the feasibility of developing an ultra-deep water gas field by producing directly from subsea wells into a pair of Gas Production/Storage Shuttles (GPSS™) that alternate between producing and transporting duties. These shuttles are designed using EnerSea Transport’s patented technology for volume-optimized transport and storage of CNG (VOTRANS™). CNG marine transport allows emerging, energy-hungry markets around the globe to access gas reserves that would otherwise continue to remain stranded. The scalable CNG solution may also help energy operators to globally reduce the amount of energy being flared or wasted. As compared to other solutions for de-stranding of gas reserves (LNG & GTL technologies), the shipping of CNG offers a solution that significantly limits the wastage of gas resources that are needed in the emerging markets and the amount of captive investment required of operators.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Mediterranean: Addressing Gas Export Challenges
    EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN: ADDRESSING GAS EXPORT CHALLENGES The Eastern Mediterranean is a complex environment for gas producers and countries aspiring to become gas exporters in the next few years. Not only do they have to deal with the usual industry challenges, but they also have to manage with an even tougher factor: geopolitics. A recent report commissioned by the Norwegian government highlights such difficulties by indicating, among other things, that Israel constitutes a high risk for exporting gas. The report anticipates the country – which boasts the most developed oil and gas sector and the largest proven reserves among newcomers in the Eastern Mediterranean – will have more difficulty exporting its excess gas than, say, Brazil, Angola, or Mozambique. Cyprus faces similar difficulties. Its plans to build an LNG plant in Vasilikos are in doubt since such a plant would require more gas than what has been discovered so far in Aphrodite to justify the construction of this multi-billion dollar facility, although ongoing exploration in the Island’s exclusive economic zone could result in the discovery of new gas fields. On paper, the most reasonable way to monetize Aphrodite’s (and part of Leviathan’s) gas is through a pipeline to Turkey, a large market seeking to diversify its gas supplies. But this option is not feasible unless significant progress is made in the negotiations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. A pipeline to Greece is not an easy feat and carries an exorbitant price tag. Egypt, with its large market and two underused LNG plants in Damietta and Idku could be an option, either to supply the local market or to liquefy the gas and export it to world markets.
    [Show full text]
  • CNG for Commercialization of Small Volumes of Associated Gas
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized CNG for commercialization of small volumes of associated gas Public Disclosure Authorized Prepared by TRACTEBEL ENGINEERING S.A. Public Disclosure Authorized October 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 5 The CNG Chain ......................................................................................................... 5 Production ........................................................................................................... 5 Transportation ..................................................................................................... 6 Examples of CNG chain costs ................................................................................ 7 CNG market overview ............................................................................................. 9 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 10 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 11 1.1. Abbreviations .............................................................................................. 11 1.2. Constraints for the recovery of associated gas as CNG .............................. 15 1.2.1. Nature
    [Show full text]
  • Galway Energy Advisors LLC Delivering Global Energy Transactions
    Galway Energy Advisors LLC Delivering Global Energy Transactions LNG and Natural Gas Import and Delivery Options Evaluation for PREPA’s Northern Power Plants – Feasibility Study & Fatal Flaw Evaluation Submitted to Puerto Rico Public-Private Partnership Authority And Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority 1st June 2015 3050 Post Oak Blvd #1300 , Houston, TX, USA 77056 www.galwaygroup.com #22-04, Suntec Tower 3, Singapore, 038988 Galway Energy Advisors LLC TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 2 1 – Study Background, Requirements, and Methodology ............................................................... 3 Study Background ................................................................................................... 3 PREPA’s NAtural Gas Requirements ..................................................................... 4 Natural Gas volumes requirements ............................................................. 5 Infrastructure SCOPE .................................................................................. 5 Study Methodology ................................................................................................. 7 Potentional Options List .............................................................................. 7 Environmental Assessment ....................................................................... 11 technical Assessment ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • PNG, an Innovative System to Transport Gas Economically
    Pipeline Technology 2006 Conference PNG, an Innovative System to Transport Gas Economically Oskar Reepmeyer EUROPIPE GmbH Germany 1. Abstract Natural gas can be brought to the consumer by a fleet of ships with compressed natural gas (CNG) technology. Different proposals for transportation of gas by ship directly from the field to the consumer without the use of costly liquefaction, re-gasification and storage plants have been evaluated for many years. A new type of ship has been introduced having a large number of vertical pipes, designed according to enhanced pipeline design principles transporting compressed natural gas. The weight of the containment system is 50% less of the weight required by con- ventional pressure vessel design codes, making possible a large storage volume. Ships have so far been designed to transport up to 34 MSm3 gas on each voyage. The presented concept for compressed natural gas was introduced by Knutsen OAS Shipping and has been developed with assistance from EUROPIPE GmbH and Det Norsk Veritas. Economic evaluations show that the new Knutsen PNG® is able to fill the gap in the medium range transportation between pipelines and LNG transport for distances up to 3,000 nautical miles. The advantage is less investment in infrastructure and greater flexibility. This new solution is best suited for so called stranded gas fields which are either to small or to far away from the marked to be connected economically by the so far known technologies, pipe line and/or LNG. The potential market for CNG carriers is large as more than half of the world’s known reserves are associated and stranded gas.
    [Show full text]
  • Last Ned Brosjyre Om Prosessanlegget På Kollsnes
    FAKTA Kollsnes prosessanlegg Som en oase lyser prosessanlegget opp kystlandskapet en sensommerkveld Kollsnesanlegget spiller en nøkkelrolle når det gjelder transport av gass i store mengder fra felt i norsk del av Nordsjøen til kunder i Europa. Gass fra Kollsnes utgjør nærmere 40 prosent av totale norske gass- leveranser. De enorme gassmengdene i Troll-feltet var starten på det hele. Kollsnes prosessanlegg er i dag et Selve prosessanlegget består i hovedsak Troll er selve hjørne- senter for behandling av gass fra feltene av tre duggpunktsanlegg for behand- steinen i norsk gass- Troll, Fram, Visund og Kvitebjørn. På ling av henholdsvis gass, kondensat og Kollsnes blir gassen renset, tørket og monoetylenglykol (MEG). I tillegg finnes produksjon. Da feltet komprimert før den sendes som tørrgass et eget anlegg for utvinning av flytende gjennom eksportrør til Europa. I tillegg våtgass (Natural Gas Liquids -NGL). ble erklært drivverdig i transporteres noe gass i eget rør til I anlegget blir våtgass (NGL) først Naturgassparken, vest i Øygarden, der skilt ut. Deretter blir tørrgass trykket 1983, kom spørsmålet Gasnor behandler og distribuerer gass opp ved hjelp av de seks eksport- om hvilken vei de til innenlands forbruk. Kondensat, eller kompressorene og sendt ut i transport- våtgass, som er tyngre komponenter i systemet via eksportrør-ledningene enorme gassmengdene gassen, føres via Stureterminalen i rør Zeepipe IIA og IIB. til Mongstad (Vestprosess). Her videre- skulle ta for å komme behandles produktet og fraksjoneres til trygt fram til brukerne. propan, butan og nafta. Løsningen ble et mottaksanlegg på Kollsnes i Øygarden kommune nordvest 40% Gass fra Kollsnes utgjør nærmere for Bergen.
    [Show full text]
  • Transporting Gas by Russian CNG Ships: Becoming a Closer Reality
    NA Jul-Aug - p46, 48.qxd 26/07/2006 10:25 Page 48 RUSSIA resistant fixed platform for the Korchagin field requirements are being imposed on those Since 1998, the international seminars in the North Caspian Sea, and the Varandey personnel involved in the process of 'Substandard Shipping - Solution through ice-resistant tanker loading unit in the Arctic classification and statutory surveys. Partnership' have become a traditional forum Timano-Pechorskaya region. The latter will The society has been undertaking, together for discussing the most vital issues of be located 22km off the coast where the water with a number of Russian research institutions, maritime safety by members of the world depth exceeds 17m, to enable operation of a complex series of research projects aimed at maritime community. In 2005, those ice-classed tankers of 40,000dwt to quantifying the influence of the human problems connected with the negative impact 70,000dwt. A mooring and loading element upon maritime safety and in of man's activities upon the marine installation capable of revolving through developing techniques to upgrade the safety environment were discussed at the eighth 360deg is to be fitted on the upper hull, with management systems of shipping companies. seminar. a cargo arm to ensure single-point mooring, The results of this research were submitted At a forthcoming meeting, speakers will delivery of a hose to a tanker's manifold, and for consideration by the 53rd session of IMO's present both a thorough analysis of the ISM loading of oil. Marine Environment Protection Committee. Code implementation experience, together IMO supported the RS work and recognised it with an evaluation of this instrument Accent on safety as one of the most promising issues in those efficiency and its influence upon maritime RS is making extensive efforts in parallel to activities connected with the human element safety enhancement and marine environment its commitment to ensuring high standards of study.
    [Show full text]
  • A Question of Rigs, of Rules, Or of Rigging the Rules?
    A Question of Rigs, of Rules, or of Rigging the Rules? A Question of Rigs, of Rules, or of Rigging the Rules? Upstream Profits and Taxes in US Gulf Offshore Oil and Gas JUAN CARLOS BOUÉ With EDGAR JONES Published by the Oxford University Press For the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 2006 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights
    [Show full text]
  • Oil and Gas Delivery to Europe
    Oil and gas delivery to Europe An Overview of Existing and Planned Infrastructures GOUVERNANCE EUROPÉENNE ET GÉOPOLITIQUE DE L’ÉNERGIE 4 bis Susanne NIES l es é tud es The French Institute for International Relations (Ifri) is France’s premier centre for independent research, information, and debates on today’s most important international issues. Founded in 1979 by Thierry de Montbrial, Ifri is an officially recognized organization (1901 law). It is not beholden to any administrative authority, independently chooses its projects, and regularly publishes its works. Ifri brings together, through studies and debates and in an interdisciplinary manner, political and economic decision-makers, researchers and experts from the global level. With its Brussels branch (Ifri Brussels), Ifri is one of the rare French think-tanks that is at the heart of European debates. * Site Int 1 © Ifri Contents ABSTRACT ......................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 5 I. THE CONSTRUCTION OF GAS AND OIL INFRASTRUCTURES IN EUROPE11 Summary.................................................................................................11 1. From the Discovery of Resources to the Construction of Separate East-West Networks .......................12 2. Developing Infrastructures in the Soviet Block, and their Extension to Western Europe .............................................16 3. Conclusion: Continuity and Ruptures.............................................19
    [Show full text]