Comrade Habash Speaks on International Workers'
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The Origins of Hamas: Militant Legacy Or Israeli Tool?
THE ORIGINS OF HAMAS: MILITANT LEGACY OR ISRAELI TOOL? JEAN-PIERRE FILIU Since its creation in 1987, Hamas has been at the forefront of armed resistance in the occupied Palestinian territories. While the move- ment itself claims an unbroken militancy in Palestine dating back to 1935, others credit post-1967 maneuvers of Israeli Intelligence for its establishment. This article, in assessing these opposing nar- ratives and offering its own interpretation, delves into the historical foundations of Hamas starting with the establishment in 1946 of the Gaza branch of the Muslim Brotherhood (the mother organization) and ending with its emergence as a distinct entity at the outbreak of the !rst intifada. Particular emphasis is given to the Brotherhood’s pre-1987 record of militancy in the Strip, and on the complicated and intertwining relationship between the Brotherhood and Fatah. HAMAS,1 FOUNDED IN the Gaza Strip in December 1987, has been the sub- ject of numerous studies, articles, and analyses,2 particularly since its victory in the Palestinian legislative elections of January 2006 and its takeover of Gaza in June 2007. Yet despite this, little academic atten- tion has been paid to the historical foundations of the movement, which grew out of the Muslim Brotherhood’s Gaza branch established in 1946. Meanwhile, two contradictory interpretations of the movement’s origins are in wide circulation. The !rst portrays Hamas as heir to a militant lineage, rigorously inde- pendent of all Arab regimes, including Egypt, and harking back to ‘Izz al-Din al-Qassam,3 a Syrian cleric killed in 1935 while !ghting the British in Palestine. -
RESPONSES to INFORMATION REQUESTS (Rirs) Page 1 of 2
Home > Research > Responses to Information Requests RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) New Search | About RIR's | Help 03 April 2006 JOR101125.E Jordan: The "Arab National Movement" and treatment of its members by authorities (January 1999 - March 2006) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa Information on the Arab National Movement (ANM) in Jordan was scarce among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate. The ANM is described as a Marxist political party (Political Handbook of the Middle East 2006 2006, 238) founded in Beirut in 1948 following the founding of the State of Israel (HRW Oct. 2002; CDI 23 Oct. 2002). The ANM was founded (IPS n.d.) and led by George Habash who went on to create the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PLFP) (ibid.; HRW Oct. 2002). According to the Center for Defense Information (CDI), a part of the World Security Institute (WSI), which is a research institute supported by public charity and based in Washington, DC (CDI n.d.), the ANM "spread quickly throughout the Arab World" (ibid. 23 Oct. 2002). The CDI added that the ANM was allied with Egypt's Gamal Abdul- Nasser, with whom it shared views on "a unified, free and socialist Arab world with an autonomous Palestine" (ibid.). The Political Handbook of the Middle East 2006 stated that in a 1989 Jordanian poll, the ANM was one of several political parties supporting independent political candidates (2006, 238). The most recent media report on the ANM found by the Research Directorate was from the 29 August 1999 issue of the Jerusalem-based Al-Quds newspaper, which reported that members of the ANM were part of a subcommittee to the Jordanian Opposition Parties' Coordinating Committee, made up of the 14 Jordanian opposition parties. -
BPA in Memoriam G. Habash 24 Feb 08
IN MEMORIAM GEORGE HABASH (1926 – 2008) Born in LYDDA, PALESTINE Died in Exile AMMAN, JORDAN “Every Palestinian has the right to fight for his home, his land, his family and his dignity – these are his rights.” George Habash, 1998 Dr George Habash was born into a Christian merchant family in Palestine and experienced the devastating effects of the Palestinian al-Nakba (Catastrophe) when he and his family along with 750,000 fellow Palestinians were terrorised into leaving their homes and homeland by Zionist forces to make way for the artificially created Jewish state, Israel. Although he graduated in medicine and specialised in paediatrics, he eventually devoted his time to the life-long struggle for the liberation of Palestine. In 1952, he founded the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) which aimed to unify the Arab world to confront Israel. He saw Zionism as a force that would divide the Arab world and believed that Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser would be the instrument of Arab unity that would enable a conventional war to be mounted against Israel. The Arab loss of the 1967 six-day war dashed his hopes and the ANM folded. Habash then decided that guerrilla war was the only option for the Palestinians (despite his initial criticism of Arafat’s Fedayyeen) and he formed the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). He believed that desperate people must turn to desperate acts and although the hijacking of planes brought world-wide condemnation, it also brought publicity to the Palestinian cause. “When we hijack a plane it has more effect than if we killed a hundred Israelis in battle . -
Once Upon a Country: a Palestinian Life Free Ebook
FREEONCE UPON A COUNTRY: A PALESTINIAN LIFE EBOOK Sari Nusseibeh,Anthony David | 560 pages | 03 Sep 2009 | Halban Publishers | 9781905559145 | English | London, United Kingdom Once Upon a Country: A Palestinian Life by Sari Nusseibeh Conflicting or irreconcilable narratives mean that works which tell the story of, and from, both sides, are rare. Here are ten others which in different ways and at different times have made a significant contribution to illuminating this unending story. Storrs was the first British military governor of Jerusalem after the Ottoman surrender in December His memoir is elegantly if pretentiously written. Storrs was in Palestine at the time of the Balfour Declaration and in the early Mandate years. Benvenisti, who was born in Palestine inis one of the most astute Israeli Jewish writers about the conflict. His father was a geographer who instilled a deep love for the country in him. Rather than ignoring the Palestinians, as many Jews do, he focuses intensely on them and especially on how the landscape of his youth was transformed as Arab villages were destroyed or renamed in Hebrew. Benvenisti served as deputy mayor of Jerusalem after He was also an early proponent of the argument—from the s onwards—that the occupation was irreversible and a two-state solution unachievable. He was attacked for this, but events in recent years seem to be proving him right. This autobiography is by the son of a patrician Jerusalem Arab family. The Oxford-educated philosopher taught at Bir Zeit University in the West Bank, where resistance to occupation was the norm. -
Under the Patronage of Her Majesty Queen Rania Al Abdullah About the International Publishers Association (IPA)
Under the Patronage of Her Majesty Queen Rania Al Abdullah About the International Publishers Association (IPA) The International Publishers Association (IPA) is the world’s largest federation of national, regional and specialist publishers’ associations. Its membership comprises 81 organisations from 69 countries in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe and the Americas. Through its members, IPA represents thousands of individual publishers around the world who service markets containing more than 5.6 billion people. Based in Geneva, Switzerland, IPA represents the interests of the publishing industry in international fora and wherever publishers’ interests are at stake. IPA was founded in 1896 in Paris by the leading publishers at the time. Its initial aim was to ensure that countries throughout the world showed respect for copyright, and properly implemented the `Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works’. The promotion and defence of copyright is still one of IPA’s main objectives. IPA also promotes and defends freedom to publish, a fundamental aspect of the human right to freedom of expression. IPA also stands for the promotion of literacy and reading and has always been a meeting place for publishers to network, exchange views and conduct business. IPA is an accredited non-governmental organisation (NGO) enjoying consultative relations with the United Nations. 01 Rewrite the Future of the Region at Amman’s Most DAY 1 Important Publishers Seminar Monday, 30th of September 2019 The International Publishers Association (IPA) and the Union of Jordanian Publishers (UJP) are hosting a first-of-its-kind Middle East publishers’ 8:00am – 9:00am Registration seminar in Amman. -
What Drives Terrorist Innovation? Lessons from Black September And
What Drives Terrorist Innovation? Lessons from Black September and Munich 1972 Authors: Andrew Silke, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Anastasia Filippidou, Centre for International Security and Resilience, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, UK. Abstract: Understanding terrorist innovation has emerged as a critical research question. Terrorist innovation challenges status quo assumptions about the nature of terrorist threats and emphasises a need for counterterrorism policy and practice to attempt to not simply react to changes in terrorist tactics and strategies but also to try to anticipate them. This study focused on a detailed examination of the 1972 Munich Olympics attack and draws on the wide range of open source accounts available, including from terrorists directly involved but also from among the authorities and victims. Using an analytical framework proposed by Rasmussen and Hafez (2010), several key drivers are identified and described, both internal to the group and external to its environment. The study concludes that the innovation shown by Black September was predictable and that Munich represented a profound security failure as much as it did successful terrorist innovation. Keywords: terrorism, terrorist innovation, Munich 1972, Black September 1 Introduction A growing body of research has attempted to identify and understand the factors associated with innovation in terrorism (e.g. Dolnik, 2007; Rasmussen and Hafez, 2010; Horowitz, 2010; Jackson and Loidolt, 2013; Gill, 2017; Rasmussen, 2017). In part this increased attention reflects a concern that more innovative terrorist campaigns might potentially be more successful and/or simply more dangerous. Successful counterterrorist measures and target hardening efforts render previous terrorist tactics ineffective, forcing terrorists to innovate and adapt in order to overcome countermeasures. -
Palestinian Groups
1 Ron’s Web Site • North Shore Flashpoints • http://northshoreflashpoints.blogspot.com/ 2 Palestinian Groups • 1955-Egypt forms Fedayeem • Official detachment of armed infiltrators from Gaza National Guard • “Those who sacrifice themselves” • Recruited ex-Nazis for training • Fatah created in 1958 • Young Palestinians who had fled Gaza when Israel created • Core group came out of the Palestinian Students League at Cairo University that included Yasser Arafat (related to the Grand Mufti) • Ideology was that liberation of Palestine had to preceed Arab unity 3 Palestinian Groups • PLO created in 1964 by Arab League Summit with Ahmad Shuqueri as leader • Founder (George Habash) of Arab National Movement formed in 1960 forms • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in December of 1967 with Ahmad Jibril • Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation (PDFLP) for the Liberation of Democratic Palestine formed in early 1969 by Nayif Hawatmah 4 Palestinian Groups Fatah PFLP PDFLP Founder Arafat Habash Hawatmah Religion Sunni Christian Christian Philosophy Recovery of Palestine Radicalize Arab regimes Marxist Leninist Supporter All regimes Iraq Syria 5 Palestinian Leaders Ahmad Jibril George Habash Nayif Hawatmah 6 Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa • 8/24/1929 - 11/11/2004 • Born in Cairo, Egypt • Father born in Gaza of an Egyptian mother • Mother from Jerusalem • Beaten by father for going into Jewish section of Cairo • Graduated from University of King Faud I (1944-1950) • Fought along side Muslim Brotherhood -
Yoram Schweitzer, Innovation in Terrorist Organizations: the Case of Pflp and Its Offshoots
Terrorist Innovations in Weapons of Mass Effect: Preconditions, Causes, and Predictive Indicators APPENDIX IV: YORAM SCHWEITZER, INNOVATION IN TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS: THE CASE OF PFLP AND ITS OFFSHOOTS Between the end of the 1960's and the mid 1980's, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and its various offshoots pioneered an innovative terrorist strategy, along with several related tactics. The PFLP's innovation lay, first, in the identification of the global community as the primary target audience for Palestinian activism; second, in the selection of the aviation system as the prime target for their attacks; and third, in the incorporation of foreign nationals into their operations. Offshoots of the PFLP extended this strategy, pioneering significant micro-tactical innovations. These innovations enabled the PFLP and its offshoots to execute some of the most dramatic operations seen in the 20th century, setting a trend that would only be broken decades later by the September 11th, 2001, attacks. Further, these attacks provided a template not only for other Palestinian groups, but for terrorist groups all over the world. This makes the PFLP's record a good starting point for exploring the factors that produce and drive innovation within terrorist organizations. In turn, this exploration builds a solid platform for discussing the extent that security organizations, knowing these factors, can predict and undercut the emergence of innovative capacities in both contemporary and future terrorist networks. The Rise of the PFLP's International Terrorism Strategy After Israel's decisive victory in the Six Day War, Palestinian resistance groups realized their hopes of liberation would not be fulfilled by the armies of Arab states, and that they would have to pursue their radical agenda on their own. -
Terrorism Against Democracy
Terrorism Against Democracy By M. Merrick Yamamoto CISSM Working Paper January 2015 Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland 4113 Van Munching Hall, School of Public Policy University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 (301) 405-7601 Terrorism Against Democracy Based in Part on Stansfield Turner’s University of Maryland Course, “Terrorism & Democracy” By M. Merrick Yamamoto © 2015 by M. Merrick Yamamoto Preface & Acknowledgements This monograph approaches the problem of terrorism from the perspective of the process of a terrorist attack; that is, how terrorism is intended to “operate.” Comprehension of the intended process of the terrorist attack can help defeat terrorists, reduce terrorism, and avoid the damage that can result from poor responses to attacks. Part I of the monograph analyzes terrorism. Chapter 1 analyzes what terrorism is, and what kinds of acts are and are not terrorism. Chapter 2 analyzes the ways that terrorism is intended to operate on third-parties—the governments, organizations, individuals, and groups from which terrorists seek to elicit responses. Chapter 3 analyzes the causes of terrorism, and the threats that terrorism poses. Part II addresses what to do about terrorism—how to prevent terrorism, respond effectively to attacks, and defeat terrorists. Analysis of the steps of the terrorist attack shows that terrorism can be prevented and countered at each step. The monograph then addresses a general counterterrorism strategy. The monograph uses the Turner-Yamamoto Terrorism Model as a guide to comprehending terrorism and how to combat it. The model illustrates the steps of the terrorist attack, and shows how terrorism is intended to operate. -
Michael-R-Fischbach-Black-Power
BLACK POWER AND PALESTINE Stanford Studies in COMPARATIVE RACE AND ETHNICITY BL AC K P OW E R AND PALESTINE Transnational Countries of Color Michael R. Fischbach Stanford University Press Stanford, California stanford university press Stanford, California © 2019 by Michael R. Fischbach. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Fischbach, Michael R., author. Title: Black power and Palestine : transnational countries of color / Michael R. Fischbach. Description: Stanford, California : Stanford University Press, 2018. | Series: Stanford studies in comparative race and ethnicity | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018013070 (print) | LCCN 2018022580 (ebook) | ISBN 9781503607392 (e-book) | ISBN 9781503605459 | ISBN 9781503605459(cloth:alk. paper) | ISBN 9781503607385(pbk. :alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Civil rights movements—United States—History—20th century. | Arab-Israeli conflict—1967-1973—Influence. | Black power—United States—History—20th century. | African American civil rights workers— Attitudes. | Arab-Israeli conflict—Foreign public opinion, American. | Public opinion—United States—History—20th century. Classification: LCC E185.615 (ebook) | LCC E185.615 .F527 2018 (print) | DDC 323.1196/073—dc 3 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018013070 Cover design: Christian Fünfhausen Typeset by Bruce Lundquist in 10.5/15 Adobe Garamond To Lisa, Tara and Adnan, Grace, and Sophia This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS List of Acronyms ix Prologue 1 1. -
A History of Violence: the Shooting in Jerusalem of British
A HISTORY OF VIOLENCE: THE SHOOTING IN JERUSALEM OF BRITISH ASSISTANT POLICE SUPERINTENDENT ALAN SIGRIST, 12 JUNE 1936 Matthew Hughes This article provides a narrative of the shooting in Jerusalem by two Palestinian gunmen – Bahjat Abu Gharbiyah and Sami al-Ansari – in June 1936 during the Arab revolt in Palestine of a British police officer, Alan Edward Sigrist. Abu Gharbiyah and al-Ansari specifically targeted Sigrist because of his violence towards Palestinians, an issue that has not been discussed fully in the literature. This study measures Abu Gharbiyah’s account of why he shot Sigrist against the contemporary record, using the shooting as a case study to open up debates on the British use of official and unofficial violence to maintain colonial rule, alongside one on the response of local people to such violence. While recognizing the partisan nature of Abu Gharbiyah’s memory of events in Palestine, the article gives voice to the Palestinians, explaining how and why rebels fighting British rule and Jewish immigration to Palestine used violence. Following the analysis of the shooting of Sigrist, the article details more general torture by British forces as recalled by Abu Gharbiyah, setting this against the extant evidence to test the traditional notion that Britain used ‘minimum force’ in countering colonial disturbances, tying Sigrist’s behaviour to that of British troops and police in Palestine more generally. Thus, while the article is narrow in its focus it has broader implications for contemporary imperial and military history. 1 Just before midday on Friday, 12 June 1936 by St Stephen’s (or Lions’) Gate outside the Old City of Jerusalem, two armed Palestinians, Bahjat Abu Gharbiyah and Sami al-Ansari, both teachers aged respectively twenty and eighteen, ambushed a car containing British acting Assistant Police Superintendent Alan Sigrist and his guard, British Constable Edmund Doxat. -
In Search of Jerusalem Airport a Group of Tourists and Pilgrims in Front of the Departure Hall at the Jerusalem Airport
In Search of As most Palestinians, I know this place by the name “Qalandia Airport”, named Jerusalem Airport after the neighbouring village and refugee Nahed Awwad camp. I’m from a generation that was born after the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967 and what I know about the place was that small domestic Israeli planes landed there in the 90’s which I once watched on my way to work. Later I witnessed the growth of the Qalandia checkpoint to the east end of the runway, which is now considered one of the biggest checkpoint in the West Bank that blocks the Jerusalem-Ramallah road, turning it into a dead end street. The airport lies along the road that links Jerusalem to Ramallah. It Egyptian and foreign actors and actresses has been occupied by the Israeli army since in the Jerusalem Airport. Photo Source: 1967, at a 5km distance from Ramallah and Collection of Rene Farhan Marouf, 1961. 10km distance from Jerusalem. Jerusalem Quarterly 35 [ 51 ] Although the Jerusalem Airport is five minutes away from Ramallah, the only way out for us Palestinians today in the West Bank to the world is the Queen Alia Airport in Amman. Palestinians with West Bank identity cards are forbidden to use Ben Gurion Airport in Tel Aviv and Gaza’s airport that was destroyed by the Israeli government in 2002. The Palestinian Authority has had no permission from the Israelis to rebuild the airport until today; even so I would need permission from the Israeli Authorities to enter Gaza in order to travel from there.