The City in the Islamic World Volume 2 Handbook of Oriental Studies Section 1, The Near and Middle East Edited by H. Altenmüller B. Hrouda B. A. Levine R. S. O’Fahey K. R. Veenhof C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME 94 The City in the Islamic World Volume 2 General editor Salma K. Jayyusi Special editors Renata Holod, Attilio Petruccioli and André Raymond LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 This book is printed on acid-free paper. This book was subsidized by His Royal Highness Prince Abd al-Azīz Ibn Fahd Ibn Abd al-Azīz On the cover: Vertical aerophoto of the two sides of the river and the médinas of Rabat and Salé. Archives of the Ministry of Housing and Urbanism. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The city in the Islamic World / edited by Salma K. [et al.]. p. cm. — (Handbook of oriental studies section 1, the Near and Middle East) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-16240-2 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Islamic cities and towns—Islamic countries—History. 2. Islamic cities and towns—Islamic countries—Social life and customs. 3. Islamic cities and towns—Islamic countries—Intellectual life. 4. Cities and towns—Islamic Empire. I. Jayyusi, Salma Khadra. II. Title. III. Series. HT147.5.C59 2008 307.760917’67—dc 22 2008006517 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN 978 9004 17168 8 (vol. 1) ISBN 978 9004 17167 1 (vol. 2) ISBN 978 90 04 16240 2 (set) Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS VOLUME TWO PART FOUR CITY FUNCTIONS Dar-Al Ma: The Architecture of Water in the Islamic Countries ............................................................................... 679 Calogero Montalbano The Economy of the Traditional City .................................... 731 André Raymond Pilgrimage City ......................................................................... 753 David Roxburgh The Management of the City .................................................. 775 André Raymond The Countryside: The Roman Agricultural and Hydraulic Legacy of the Islamic Mediterranean ................................. 795 D. Fairchild Ruggles Citizenhood: Proof Against the Century ................................. 817 Mohammed Naciri House and Fabric in the Islamic Mediterranean City ............ 851 Attilio Petruccioli The Gendered City .................................................................. 877 Lucienne Thys-enocak Guilds in Recent Historical Scholarship .................................. 895 Nelli Hanna The Waqf in the City .............................................................. 923 Randi Deguilhem vi contents PART FIVE THE MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY CITY A. Tradition and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century Modernization of the Cities of the Ottoman Empire (1800–1920) ........................................................................... 953 Jean-Luc Arnaud Mediterraneanism: French and Italian Architects’ Designs in 1930s North African Cities .................................................. 977 Mia Fuller Algiers: The Colonial City ....................................................... 993 Attilio Petruccioli B. The Modern City Casablanca: The City in the Islamic World ............................ 1009 Jean-Louis Cohen C. Transformations Identity, Globalization, and the Contemporary Islamic City ... 1035 Hasan-Uddin Khan The Growing Pains of Dubai: A City in Search of its Identity .................................................................................. 1063 Deeba Haider Cairo Between Traces and Liberal Re-foundation: Demographic Stabilization, Extension of the Metropolitan Area, and the Renewal of Forms ......................................... 1085 Eric Denis The Reconstructions of Beirut ................................................. 1115 Joe Nasr, Eric Verdeil Plates ......................................................................................... 1143 Index of Names, Personal and Dynastic ................................. 1465 Index of Places ......................................................................... 1475 Index of Terms ......................................................................... 1486 PART FOUR CITY FUNCTIONS DAR-AL MA THE ARCHITECTURE OF WATER IN THE ISLAMIC COUNTRIES Calogero Montalbano . Then we separated them and we took from water each living being. (Sura xxi, 30) But when we send down water thereon it (the earth) doth thrill and swell and put forth every lovely kind (of growth). (Sura xxii, 5) Introduction This research intends to analyse the architecture and the shape of Muslim urban space in the different regions and climates of the huge territory controlled by this civilization. The formal and religious means which moves this transformation is represented by water, which trans- forms itself into matter useful for the design of landscapes and towns varying according to environmental conditions and limitations. In places often threatened by drought the fi ght over the control of water and its sources has provoked, in the course of history, many wars but it has also contributed to deep social unions. All of these have given Islamic society particular forms and meanings of an extreme interest. From Delhi to Damascus, from Baghdad to Cordoba, the presence of water, in its different shapes, has characterized the aspect of gardens and Palaces, of towns and entire parts of the landscape. The culture of water consists not only of techniques able to gather, transport, and preserve the precious liquid, but also of techniques able to host it. Water has to be controlled, concentrated, distributed; its architecture, in the process of defi nition of the shapes of the places, underlines the useful and the holy, but also the playful and monumental value of water. In a territory like the one characteristic for Islamic lands, that is a territory strongly uneven from an environmental, climatic, and 680 calogero montalbano morphologic point of view, it is not possible to outline a particular kind of dimensional, fi gurative, or architectural continuity in the relation- ship between water and Islamic culture. In fact, it is possible to jump from a context where water is only an invisible presence, fl owing in the subsoil, or barely present only within structures and houses under the aspect of fountains, like in Damascus or Fez, to a context where it assumes, thanks to its dimension, a territorial function and it becomes a starting point of the planning and development of entire regions, as it happens for the fl uvial systems of the Nile, Tigris or Ganges. Furthermore, each shape of the human space comes from a constant interaction between man and the surrounding landscape.1 Therefore, the role of water and its deep relation with the settlements is bound to the extremely particular condition of soil and subsoil, to its capacity to keep the precious liquid, or to let it sliding down to great depths, nourishing strata of the subsoil or dispersing in deep faults. All these elements, combined with the variations of climate and rain, substan- tially infl uence the shape and dimension of the towns, their capacity to get bigger, or to split into several centres present on the territory, according to the logic of small farms; it also infl uences the shape of the farm, of the gardens, letting both of them (town and country) be characterized by the same structure.2 To understand the different behaviours participating in the relation- ship between the shape of the water and the shape of the building space, we should at fi rst refer to some environmental categories and to the effects they produce on the architectural structure. 1 P. Sanlaville, “Refl éction sur les conditions générales de la quête de l’eau au proche orient,” in L’Homme et l’eau en Méditerranée et au Proche Orient, J. Metral and P. Sanlaville, eds., vol. 1, TMO 2 et PUL (Lyon, 1981), 9–21; X. de Planhol, Les fondements géographiques de l’histoire de l’Islam (Paris, 1968); P. Sanlaville, Étude géomorphologique de la région littorale du Liban, 2 vols. (Beirut: Publications de l’Université Libanaise, 1977); J. Cauvin, “Le problème de l’eau. De l’homme prédateur aux premières sociétés hydrauliques,” in J. Metral and P. Sanlaville, eds., L’Homme et l’eau en Méditerranée et au Proche Orient, 23–30; J. Oates, “Prehistoric settlement patterns in Mesopotamia,” in Man, Settlement and Urbanism, ed. Ucko et al. (London, 1972), 185–310; D. Oates and J. Oates, “Early irrigation agri- culture in Mesopotamia,” in Problems in Economic and Social Archaeology, ed. G. Sieveking, I. H. Longworth, and K. E. Wilson (London: Duckworth, 1976), 109–135. 2 J. Bethemont, “Sur les origines de l’agriculture hydraulique,” in L’Homme et l’eau en Méditerranée et au Proche Orient, ed. J. and F. Metral, vol. 2, TMO 3 et PUL (Lyon, 1982), 7–30; R. J. Braidwood, “The Agricultural Revolution,” Scientifi c American 203 (1960); C. A. Reed, ed., Origins of Agriculture (The Hague: