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Exergames to Motivate People for Physical Activity

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Exergames to Motivate People for Physical Activity Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Diplom-/ Masterarbeit ist in der Hauptbibliothek der Tech- nischen Universität Wien aufgestellt und zugänglich. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at The approved original version of this diploma or master thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/eng Exergames to Motivate People for Physical Activity DIPLOMARBEIT zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Diplom-Ingenieurin im Rahmen des Studiums Medieninformatik eingereicht von Astrid Rauscha, BSc Matrikelnummer 1027444 an der Fakultät für Informatik der Technischen Universität Wien Betreuung: Associate Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Hilda Telliogluˇ Mitwirkung: Senior Lecturer Mag. Roman Ganhör Wien, 20. Dezember 2016 Astrid Rauscha Hilda Telliogluˇ Technische Universität Wien A-1040 Wien Karlsplatz 13 Tel. +43-1-58801-0 www.tuwien.ac.at Exergames to Motivate People for Physical Activity DIPLOMA THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Diplom-Ingenieurin in Media Informatics by Astrid Rauscha, BSc Registration Number 1027444 to the Faculty of Informatics at the TU Wien Advisor: Associate Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Hilda Telliogluˇ Assistance: Senior Lecturer Mag. Roman Ganhör Vienna, 20th December, 2016 Astrid Rauscha Hilda Telliogluˇ Technische Universität Wien A-1040 Wien Karlsplatz 13 Tel. +43-1-58801-0 www.tuwien.ac.at Erklärung zur Verfassung der Arbeit Astrid Rauscha, BSc 1030 Wien Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich diese Arbeit selbständig verfasst habe, dass ich die verwen- deten Quellen und Hilfsmittel vollständig angegeben habe und dass ich die Stellen der Arbeit – einschließlich Tabellen, Karten und Abbildungen –, die anderen Werken oder dem Internet im Wortlaut oder dem Sinn nach entnommen sind, auf jeden Fall unter Angabe der Quelle als Entlehnung kenntlich gemacht habe. Wien, 20. Dezember 2016 Astrid Rauscha v Acknowledgements I wish to thank all those, who helped me in some form or another to write this thesis. Without them, I could not have completed my work and made it to this wonderful project and elaboration, that it is. First, I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Associate Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Hilda Tellioˇglufor guiding and narrowing down my work. She consistently allowed this paper to be my own work, but steered me in the right direction whenever she thought I needed it. I would also like to thank my second supervisor Senior Lecturer Mag. Roman Ganhör, who always answered my questions fast and accurately, and made suggestions to improve my work to the highest quality. I am gratefully indebted to his very valuable comments on this thesis and that he and Associate Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Hilda Tellioˇgluagreed to supervise me even across borders. Furthermore, I would like to thank all reviewers and test persons, who participated volun- tarily and without any refund in my user tests. Without their feedback and suggestions of improvements, it would have not been possible for me to create a game, which fits the users’ needs and requirements, and to see and experience my project from a different view. I am very thankful to all reviewers and test persons, who took time to review my prototypes conscientiously, precisely and passionately. I would also like to thank my parents, who have always supported me in all my decisions and steps in my life. They have never doubted about me, but stood by my side and encouraged me throughout my years of study. Finally, I want to thank my boyfriend Viktor for supporting me during the time of writing this thesis and proofreading parts of it. He has been always there for me and made me smile. Thank you. "Gratitude is the memory of the heart." - Jean-Baptiste Massieu, Priest vii Abstract In the last years, the increased number of overweight and obese people worldwide has become a serious problem, wherefore it is important to prevent adiposity. Proper and balanced nutrition, as well as sports are relevant steps in the fight against overweight and obesity. An effective approach in motivating people to physical activity are multiplayer exergames, which are supposed to support socializing and fun. The aim of this master’s thesis is to investigate, if exergames can motivate people to physical activity. Therefore, an extensive literature review was conducted by examining different theoretical fields in order to gain first an overview and then a deepened know- ledge about motivation, fitness applications, exergames, avatars, digital pets and game mechanics. Special attention was paid on social game mechanics for finding an approach to support socializing. Based on the results of the literature review, a prototype of a mobile exergame, where users own a digital pet and can interact with other people, was implemented. In order to create a prototype adjusted to the users’ needs, a human-centred design process was performed by applying various research methods, such as sketches, wireframes, mock-ups, personas and scenarios. Within a subsequent user study, the prototype was tested to investigate, if the concept of a mobile social digital pet exergame can motivate people to physical activity. The results of the study showed that the game, and especially the multiplayer mode, were well appreciated by the test persons, since they liked the social aspect and to interact with other people. Furthermore, the results showed that almost all of the test persons would use a final version of the game in their daily life in collaboration with a friend, whereby short-term curiosity and long-term motivation were not taken into account. However, the participants were engaged by the exergame to do physical activity. ix Kurzfassung In den letzten Jahren stieg die Anzahl an übergewichtigen Menschen weltweit so hoch, dass dies zu einem ernsten Problem wurde. Aus diesem Grund ist es wichtig, Adipositas vorzu- beugen. Sowohl richtige und ausgewogene Ernährung, als auch Sport sind nur einige wenige Beispiele für wichtige Schritte im Kampf gegen Fettleibigkeit. Multiplayer-Exergames sind wirksam bei der Motivation zu Sport, wenn sie Spaß und soziale Interaktion unterstützen. Das Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit ist es, herauszufinden, ob Exergames Menschen zur phy- sischen Betätigung motivieren können. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine umfangreiche Literaturrecherche, bei der verschiedene theoretische Themengebiete untersucht wurden, durchgeführt. Zuerst wurde sich ein Überblick über die Themenbereiche Motivation, Fitnessapplikationen, Exergames, Avatare, digitale Tiere und Spielmechaniken verschafft, und anschließend ein vertieftes Wissen darüber angeeignet. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit galt sozialen Spielmechaniken, um eine Herangehensweise zu finden, die Sozialisierung unterstützt. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Literaturrecherche wurde ein Prototyp eines mobilen Exergames entwickelt, bei dem die Benutzer und Benutzerinnen ein di- gitales Tier besitzen und mit anderen Menschen interagieren können. Um einen den Benutzerbedürfnissen entsprechenden Prototyp zu erstellen, wurde ein benutzerzentrierter Designprozess durchgeführt, bei dem verschiedene Forschungsmethoden, wie zum Beispiel Skizzen, Wireframes, Mock-ups, Personas und Szenarios, angewandt wurden. Innerhalb einer anschließenden User Study wurde der Prototyp getestet, um herauszufinden, ob das Konzept eines mobilen, sozialen Exergames, in dem ein digitales Tier das sportliche Verhalten der Benutzer und Benutzerinnen widerspiegelt, Menschen zu physischer Betäti- gung animieren kann. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigten, dass das Spiel und besonders der Mehrspielermodus von den Testpersonen sehr gut angenommen wurden, weil die Probanden und Probandinnen den sozialen Aspekt und die Tatsache, dass sie mit ande- ren Menschen interagieren können, mochten. Des Weiteren zeigten die Ergebnisse, dass nahezu alle Testpersonen eine finale Version des Spiels in Kollaboration mit Freunden und Freundinnen im Alltag verwenden würden, wobei die Faktoren kurzzeitige Neugier und Langzeitmotivation nicht in Betracht gezogen wurden. Die Testpersonen waren durch das Exergame motiviert, Sport zu treiben. xi Contents Acknowledgements vii Abstract ix Contents xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and Aim of the Thesis . 2 1.2 Structure of the Thesis . 3 2 Background 5 2.1 Motivation . 5 2.2 Fitness Applications and Exergames . 11 2.3 Avatars and Digital Pets . 21 2.4 Game Design . 28 3 Methodology 35 3.1 Literature Research . 35 3.2 Human-Centred Design . 36 3.3 User Study . 40 4 Implementation 43 4.1 Design Process . 43 4.2 Functional Prototype . 62 5 User Tests 75 5.1 Review Sketches . 75 5.2 Review Wireframes . 77 5.3 Review Mock-ups . 85 5.4 User Tests of Functional Prototype . 91 6 Conclusion and Future Work 105 6.1 Summary . 105 6.2 Future Work . 107 xiii 6.3 Resume . 108 List of Figures 109 List of Tables 111 Acronyms 113 Bibliography 115 Appendix 123 Sketches Appendix . 123 Wireframes Appendix . 126 ............................................127 Mock-ups Appendix . 132 .............................................133 User Tests Appendix . 134 CHAPTER 1 Introduction According to the World Health Organization in 2015, the number of overweight and obese people has doubled in the last 35 years. 39% of adults aged 18 and above were overweight worldwide in 2014. This strong increase is a severe problem, since adiposity can lead to serious illnesses, such as cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, diabetes and different types of cancer, or death. Therefore, it has become even more important to reduce and prevent overweight and obesity. Proper
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