NUCLEAR SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Cho, Hyoung Kyu
Department of Nuclear Engineering Seoul National University Contents
1. Introduction 2. Nonflow Process 3. ThermodynamicThe engine Analysis cycle isof named Nuclear Powerafter GeorgePlants Brayton (1830– 1892), the American engineer who developed it, although it 4. Thermodynamic Analysis of A Simplified PWR System was originally proposed and patented by Englishman John 6.4.1 First Law Analysis of a Simplified PWR System Barber in 1791. It is also sometimes known as 6.4.2 Combined First and Second Law or Availability Analysis of a Simplified PWR System the Joule cycle. The Ericsson cycle is similar to the Brayton 5. Morecycle Complex but Rankineuses external Cycles: Superheat, heat and Reheat, incorporates Regeneration, the use and of Moisture a Separation regenerator. There are two types of Brayton cycles, open to 6. Simplethe Brayton atmosphere Cycle and using internal combustion chamber or 7. Moreclosed Complex and Brayton using Cycles a heat exchanger. 8. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycles Simple Brayton Cycle Brayton Cycle Reactor systems that employs gas coolants offer the potential for operating as direct Brayton cycle by passing the heated gas directly into a turbine. Ideal for single‐phase, steady‐flow cycles with heat exchange and therefore is the basic cycle for modern gas turbine plants as well as proposed nuclear gas‐cooled reactor plants. The ideal cycle is composed of two reversible constant‐pressure heat‐exchange processes and two reversible, adiabatic work processes The compressor work, or “backwork," is a larger fraction of the turbine work than is the pump work in a Rankine cycle. Simple Brayton Cycle Brayton Cycle Simple Brayton Cycle Simple Brayton Cycle Brayton Cycle Analysis Pressure or compression ratio of the cycle
For isentropic processes with a perfect gas, constant
( 1)/ ( 1) T p v 2 2 1 , c / c p v T1 s p1 v2
1 Tv 1 c Tp c
For a perfect gas, because enthalpy is a function of temperature only and the specific heats are constant. Simple Brayton Cycle Brayton Cycle Analysis Entropy change of ideal gas
From the first T ds relation From the second T ds relation
Y. A. Cengel Simple Brayton Cycle Brayton Cycle Analysis Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases
R cp cv , cp / cv , R / cv 1
R /c T v T R v v v 2 2 2 2 1 0 cv ln Rln ln ln ln T1 v1 T1 cv v1 v2
1 T2 v1 For isentropic process, ideal gas T1 v2
1 1 R c c , c / c , R / c 1 p v p v p
R ( 1)/ T P T R P P c p P 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 cp ln R ln ln ln ln ln T1 P1 T1 cp P1 P1 P1 ( 1)/ T2 P2 For isentropic process, ideal gas T1 P1 Simple Brayton Cycle Brayton Cycle Analysis Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases 1 ( 1)/ T v T P P v 2 1 2 2 2 1 T v T P 1 2 1 1 P1 v2
Valid for ‐ Ideal gas ‐ Isentropic process ‐ Constant specific heats Simple Brayton Cycle Brayton Cycle Analysis Turbine work
( 1)/ T4 P4 T3 P3
Compressor work
( 1)/ T2 P2 T1 P1 Simple Brayton Cycle Brayton Cycle Analysis The heat input from the reactor
( 1)/ T2 P2 T1 P1
The heat rejected by the heat exchanger
( 1)/ T4 P4 T3 P3 Simple Brayton Cycle Brayton Cycle Analysis Maximum useful work
Thermodynamic efficiency
Optimum pressure ratio for maximum net work