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Testimonios Como Estrategia Discursiva Del Nuevo Periodismo By View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ASU Digital Repository Ensayistas contemporáneas latinoamericanas: testimonios como estrategia discursiva del nuevo periodismo by Kimberly Louie A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved April 2012 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: David William Foster, Chair Emil Volek Alberto Acereda ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY May 2012 ABSTRACT The present study examines four contemporary Latin American women essayists, Patricia Verdugo from Chile, Viviana Gorbato from Argentina, Alma Guillermoprieto from Mexico, and Zoé Valdés from Cuba, in order to understand how each author transcribes their field investigations into narrative form. Through the art of interview, we analyze how all of these investigative journalists utilize their characters’ testimony to create stories that, on the one hand, report about cultural themes in an objective manner, and on the other, capture the emotions of those who live through and are witness to the events in their essays. We implement; therefore, new journalism’s discursive strategies, which provide a method for dissecting the structure of the texts. When one understands this style configuration and; thus, the importance of the testimony with respect to the emotional element of this technique of journalism, one is compelled to examine the meaning of each work. Due to the extensive employment of witness testimony, one encounters a plurality of voices that when juxtaposed, have a greater importance: to represent a larger community with a pertinent cause. While presenting this cause, it becomes evident that there is a possible connection between these works and the hybrid genre of testimonial literature, an area often characterized as an avenue through which the oppressed voices of society can be articulated. Finally, when one considers the risks of being a journalist in Latin America, we emphasize the imminent danger of this profession throughout this region of the world where an enormous quantity of women place their lives in i jeopardy in order to provide their readers with such a diverse and often controversial array of cultural topics. ii RESUMEN El presente estudio examina cuatro ensayistas periodistas latinoamericanas, Patricia Verdugo de Chile, Viviana Gorbato de la Argentina, Alma Guillermoprieto de México y Zoé Valdés de Cuba, para entender cómo cada autora transcribe sus investigaciones en el campo en forma narrativa. A través de un examen del uso del procedimiento de la entrevista, analizamos cómo todas estas periodistas de investigación utilizan el testimonio de sus personajes para crear historias que intentan, por un lado, reportar sobre temas culturales de manera objetiva, y por otra parte, captar las emociones de los que viven y que son testigos a los eventos de sus ensayos. Implementamos, por consiguiente, las estrategias discursivas del nuevo periodismo, las cuales proporcionan una manera de diseccionar la estructura de los textos. Al entender la forma de los ensayos en vinculación con probar la importancia del testimonio respecto al elemento emocional, se provoca una búsqueda de lo que significa cada obra. Debido al gran empleo del testimonio, se encuentra con una pluralidad de voces que en su conjunto tienen un mayor propósito: representar una comunidad con una causa pertinente. En el proceso de presentar su causa, se evidencia una posible conexión entre los textos y el género híbrido de la novela testimonial. Finalmente, al considerar el peligro de ser periodista en América Latina, hacemos hincapié en la importancia de esta labor literaria y la gran cantidad de mujeres de esta región mundial que corren tanto riesgo para facilitar a sus lectores esta diversidad de temas culturales. iii DEDICACIÓN Dedico esta última labor intelectual de mi doctorado a mi gran amiga y compañera de letras Diana Encinas. Desde el principio de este camino académico, Diana fue mi consejera, mi alivio, mi editora, mi diversión, mi paz, mi fiel amiga. Diana: linda, inteligente, tranquila, chistosa, simpática, generosa, eres todo lo que es hermoso en los seres humanos. Mis jueves no son los mismos. Te extraño Diana, te llevo conmigo y te mando mi más sincera gratitud por compartir tu vida conmigo, soy mejor persona porque tuve la oportunidad de conocerte y quererte. Descansa amiga y no me dejes sola. In memoriam Diana Encinas. iv AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradzco abundantemente a Dr. David William Foster, mi chair, quien desde el principio me ofreció su apoyo y ayuda en mi desarrollo intelectual, siempre disponible para contestar mis preguntas y siempre con su puerta abierta para recibirme. Gracias por compartir conmigo lo hermoso de Buenos Aires, sus libros, películas, nuevas autoras, por enseñarme cómo seguir cuando es difícil, pues, por todo. Agradezco infinitamente a Dr. Emil Volek quien dedicó varias horas de oficina para explorar mis temas de investigación, por ensañarme sobre teorías y la vida. Me tranquilizó en duros momentos y nunca olvidaré sus consejos y las tantas veces que me hizo reír y sentir la paz. Agradezco muchísimo también a Dr. Alberto Acereda por siempre apoyarme, enseñarme lo lindo de los modernistas y la poesía. Agradezco a mis profesors de la Universidad de Nevada, Reno, Dr. Wifredo de Ràfols, Dr. Darrell B. Lockhart y Dr. Nelson Rojas, sin ellos nunca hubiera llegado a mi doctorado, este éxito empezó allí con ellos. Gracias a todos por creer en mi cuando luchaba por creer en mí misma. Finalmente, agradezco a mis compañeros de ASU, a SILC por ofrecerme esta oportunidad de desarrollo intelectual y a todos mis amigos lejanos que me escucharon durante estos años, los que siempre estarán presentes en mi vida, los que son compañeros de vida. Por supuesto a mi familia, agradezco la vida, su paciencia, su apoyo en todo, su infinito amor. Jamás hubiera llegado a este momento sin ellos. v CONTENIDO CAPÍTULO Page 1 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................. 1 2 PATRICIA VERDUGO Y LA CARAVANA DE LA MUERTE: CHILE 1973 ................................................................................... 13 Presentación de la autora, sus colegas chilenas, documentales y Los zarpazos del Puma: la caravana de la muerte (2001)..................... 13 Nuevo periodismo: detalles y técnicas de narración ........................ 20 Testimonio: heteroglosia, perspectiva, diálogo realista...………..32 Testimonio: documentos e historia oficial……………………….46 Conclusiones: género testimonial y la búsqueda de justicia……..56 3 VIVIANA GORBATO: AUTORA-FLÂNEUSE DURANTE EL RETORNO A LA DEMOCRACIA .............................................. 59 Presentación de la autora y sus colegas argentinas .......................... 59 Contexto histórico y comparaciones culturales contemporáneas………………………………………….………..64 Del flâneur a la flâneuse: ciudad y la crónica latinoamericana……67 Nuevo periodismo: Noche tras noche……………………………73 Nuevo periodismo: Fruta prohibida……………………………..87 Conclusiones: género testimonial y la voz de las minorías sexuales…………………………………………………………102 vi CAPÍTULO Page 4 ALMA GUILLERMOPRIETO: CIUDADES LATINOAMERICANAS, ENTRE LA POBREZA Y LA MODERNIDAD ........................................................................... 108 Presentación de la autora y sus colegas mexicanas ....................... 108 Narración: descripciones de escena, circularidad y personalidad urbana .............................................................................................. 119 Contexto histórico: secciones interiores de la crónica………….137 Conclusiones: género testimonial y la voz de la pobreza………150 5 ZOÉ VALDÉS CONTRA LA REVOLUCIÓN CUBANA Y FIDEL CASTRO ...................................................................................... 154 Presentación de la autora y sus colegas cubanas ........................... 154 La autoficción: testimonio propio .................................................. 159 Contexto histórico: datos, estadísticas y hechos del antes y después de la Revolución …………….…………………………………170 Entre la ficción y el contexto histórico: la muerte de Castro…..179 Conclusiones: género testimonial, la voz de los cubanos contra Castro…………………………………………………….……..181 6 CONCLUSIÓN ................................................................................... 184 OBRAS CITADAS ............................................................................................... 194 vii CAPÍTULO 1 INTRODUCCIÓN Desde las últimas décadas del siglo XX y entrando en el siglo XXI, el periodismo latinoamericano ha visto un aumento substancial de periodistas femeninas. El campo periodístico ha ofrecido a las mujeres latinoamericanas un espacio para desarrollar carreras literarias a base de lo político, la humanidad, la sexualidad, entre otros múltiples temas culturales. La siguiente lista de autoras latinoamericanas es solo una fracción de las que escriben ensayos periodísticos contemporáneos y de solo algunos países de esta región mundial. Las escritoras son: las colombianas Juanita León, Claudia Duque y Silvana Paternostro, las chilenas, Patricia Politzer, Mónica González y Patricia Verdugo, las argentinas Gabriela Cerruti, Olga Wornat, Sylvina Walger, María Elena Walsh y Viviana Gorbato, las mexicanas Rossana Reguillo, Sara Sefchovich, Margo Glantz, Lydia Cacho, Anabel Hernández, Elena Poniatowska y Alma Guillermoprieto, y las cubanas Yoani Sánchez, Marta Rojas, María López Vigil, Isabel Rodríguez, Teresa Casuso
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