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La Caravana De La Muerte, Pruebas a La Vista

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La Caravana De La Muerte, Pruebas a La Vista Patricia Verdugo Commentaire [LT1]: La Caravana De La Muerte Commentaire [LT2]: Pruebas A La Vista Patricia Verdugo es Premio Nacional de Periodismo 1997 en Chile y ha recibido también importantes distinciones en el extranjero como el Premio María Moors Cabot (Columbia University, 1993) y el LASA 2000, otorgado por más de doce mil académicos integrantes de la Latin American Studies Association. Patricia Verdugo es autora además de nueve libros: Una Herida Abierta (1979), André de La Victoria (1984), Quemados Vivos (1986), Los Zarpazos del Puma (1989), Operación Siglo XX (1990), Tiempo de Días Claros (1990), Conversaciones con Nemesio Antúnez (1995), Interferencia Secreta (1998), Bucarest 187 (1999). Tiene el récord editorial de mayor venta en Chile con Los Zarpazos del Puma. Con Interferencia Secreta su obra llegó a Europa y Latinoamérica. Bucarest 187 estuvo, durante un año, entre los libros chilenos más vendidos. Su investigación periodística Los Zarpazos del Puma, realizada durante la dictadura militar, fue asumida como medio de prueba en el inicio de la investigación judicial de la que da cuenta este libro y que permitió al juez Guzmán contar con una ordenada base de datos. Edición al cuidado de Jorgelina Martín © 2000, Patricia Verdugo © 2000, Editorial Sudamericana Chilena Patricia Verdugo La Caravana De La Muerte Todo indica que la misión militar encomendada al general Arellano Stark, Oficial Delegado del general Pinochet, conocida como "caravana de la muerte", tenía dos objetivos: instaurar el miedo en el corazón de la población civil e imponer en el Ejército una "línea dura" e implacable. Para alcanzar estas metas no se trepidó en masacrar a prisioneros indefensos y hacer desaparecer sus cadáveres. La maraña de contradicciones, los silencios de la cadena de mando, los subterfugios, la obediencia debida, las lealtades y deslealtades quedan al descubierto en este libro. Patricia Verdugo nos entrega una extraordinaria síntesis del proceso que lleva adelante el juez Juan Guzmán Tapia. Trece tomos públicos y uno reservado reunían la pesquisa de este juez cuando —el 8 de agosto de 2000—la Corte Suprema ratificó el desafuero de Pinochet. Aquí están las pruebas, los documentos, los fallos, todos los elementos de análisis. Es un derecho de todo ciudadano tener acceso a estas páginas y formarse una opinión con las Pruebas a la Vista. "Fue y es un dolor tan enorme, un dolor indescriptible. Ver frustrado lo que se ha venerado por toda una vida: el concepto de mando, el cumplimiento del deber, el respeto a los subalternos y el respeto a los ciudadanos que nos entregan las armas para defenderlos y no para matarlos". General Joaquín Lagos Osorio Comandante en Jefe de la Primera División Ejército de Chile 1973 A Sola Sierra, líder de la Agrupación de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos hasta su muerte en 1999 Por su bondad, valentía y tenacidad. A Fedora Peña y Germán Berger, representando a todos los hijos que se quedaron en la orfandad. Por el milagro de sus miradas limpias pese a tanto dolor y a tanta ausencia. Página 2 de 157 Patricia Verdugo La Caravana De La Muerte ÍNDICE Capítulo Uno Capítulo Dos Capítulo Tres Capítulo Cuatro Capítulo Cinco Capítulo Seis Capítulo Siete Capítulo Ocho Documentos Anexos I. Fallo de la Corte de Apelaciones de Santiago II Alegato de la Presidenta del Consejo de Defensa del Estado, Clara Szczaranski, ante la Corte Suprema III. Fallo de la Corte Suprema que aprobó el desafuero por 16 votos a favor y cuatro en contra Página 3 de 157 Patricia Verdugo La Caravana De La Muerte UNO Esta es la trágica historia que, en 1973, costó la vida de setenta y cinco prisioneros políticos en cinco ciudades de Chile: Cauquenes, La Serena, Copiapó, Antofagasta y Calama. Prisioneros que, en su mayoría, se habían presentado voluntariamente a los llamados de los bandos militares en los días que siguieron al golpe militar. Prisioneros que confiaron en las autoridades militares. Algunos de ellos ya habían sido sentenciados por consejos de guerra con penas de 61 días hasta varios años de cárcel. La mayoría esperaba, en prisión, ser juzgados. Esta es también la historia de cómo los uniformados chilenos —educados en el seno de una sociedad humanista y crecientemente democrática—se vieron fatídicamente forzados a la violencia fratricida. No se sabe cuándo ni de dónde surgió el nombre de "caravana de la muerte". Sólo sabemos que ese nombre fue de boca en boca durante los doce años en que esta historia se mantuvo oculta por el manto de silencio que impuso la censura. Es posible que el nombre se lo hayan dado los mismos militares que fueron atropellados por el accionar criminal de la comitiva. O quizás se lo dieron las familias de las víctimas. El caso se hizo público sólo a mediados de 1985, cuando el abogado Sergio Arellano Iturriaga —hijo del general Sergio Arellano Stark—buscó limpiar el nombre de su padre de este "rumor" que lo ensangrentaba. Publicó un libro llamado Más allá del abismo donde dedicaba sólo un párrafo a este asunto (página 62). Decía, en síntesis, que en octubre de 1973 su padre "recibió la orden de revisar numerosos procesos llevados en provincias, en especial en la zona norte, por consejos de guerra" y que "se abocó a esta tarea con la asesoría de tres auditores designados por el Comandante en Jefe, dando prioridad a los juicios cuyas sentencias habían establecido pena capital, por lo que debió trasladarse a diversas ciudades. En la ingrata misión, modificó la mayoría de las condenas, ratificándolas sólo en casos que revestían especial gravedad, según los antecedentes procesales". Agregó el hijo del general que, en Calama, "donde se vivía una gran agitación, ante la revelación de un frustrado proyecto de hacer volar la planta de explosivos Dupont, un grupo de presos políticos fue ejecutado sin mediar sentencia alguna, en las afueras de la ciudad. Sólo a su regreso, en Antofagasta, mi padre se enteró de lo sucedido, pero poco después Radio Moscú lo involucraría en los hechos". Reaccionó primero el coronel (R) Eugenio Rivera Desgroux, comandante del Regimiento de Calama en 1973, por medio de una carta que publicó la revista disidente Análisis. Su desmentido fue categórico: la comitiva del general Arellano había asesinado a veintiséis prisioneros políticos y no había tal clima de agitación en Calama que pudiera justificar los hechos. ¿De qué se trataba este episodio en que, por primera vez en la dictadura militar, se enfrentaban públicamente un general y un coronel? En octubre de 1985, cuando se cumplían doce años de la masacre, la abogada Carmen Hertz interpuso la primera querella criminal contra el general Sergio Arellano Stark y los oficiales Marcelo Moren Brito y Armando Fernández Larios (únicos integrantes de la comitiva identificados hasta ese momento). La querella fue por el "homicidio calificado" del periodista y abogado Carlos Berger, esposo de la abogada Hertz. De ahí en adelante el caso fue colándose hasta en las noticias de la prensa oficialista. Judicialmente, la querella de la abogada Hertz se resolvió en sólo diez días: la jueza del Segundo Juzgado del Crimen de Calama se declaró incompetente para investigar, por Página 4 de 157 Patricia Verdugo La Caravana De La Muerte haber militares involucrados, y la justicia militar aceptó la competencia para aplicar de inmediato el decreto—ley de amnistía y cerrar el caso. Lo mismo ocurrió con todas las querellas que interpusieron las familias de las otras víctimas. Entretanto, al coronel Eugenio Rivera se sumó el general (R) Joaquín Lagos Osorio, comandante en jefe de la Primera División de Ejército en 1973. Desmintió, en la revista disidente Apsi, la versión del general Arellano Stark, quien sostenía —a esta altura del debate—que se trataba de "afirmaciones difamatorias", que él no tenía "responsabilidad penal" en los hechos y que estaba dispuesto a prestar toda su colaboración a la justicia para aclararlos. Entre declaraciones que iban y venían, el caso se tornó tan confuso que decidí realizar una investigación periodística para buscar la verdad. Así fue como tomé la hebra de la misión militar que partió al sur de Chile el 30 de septiembre de 1973, de su accionar en Talca y de la masacre de cuatro jóvenes en Cauquenes. Luego, el 16 de octubre de 1973, la misión inició un viaje al norte, dejando un reguero de víctimas: quince en La Serena, dieciséis en Copiapó, catorce en Antofagasta y veintiséis en Calama. Logré entrevistar al general Joaquín Lagos; a los coroneles Eugenio Rivera (Calama), Ariosto Lapostol (La Serena), Óscar Haag (Copiapó) y Efraín Jaña (Talca); al teniente coronel Olagier Benavente y al mayor Fernando Revece. Y fueron las voces de estos militares las que relataron la dolorosa historia de los setenta y cinco prisioneros políticos, la mayor parte de los cuales pasaron a ser detenidos—desaparecidos. Para entonces ya teníamos identificados a otros miembros de la comitiva: los coroneles Pedro Espinoza Bravo y Sergio Arredondo González, el teniente Juan Chiminelli Fullerton y a dos de los pilotos del helicóptero Puma (los capitanes Emilio de la Mahotiere y Antonio Palomo). La investigación periodística se tradujo en el libro Los Zarpazos del Puma (Editorial Cesoc, 1989). Libro que develó el escenario sobre el que se movió el helicóptero Puma que transportó a la comitiva militar dirigida por el general Sergio Arellano Stark, investido del cargo de Oficial Delegado del Presidente de la Junta de Gobierno y Comandante en Jefe del Ejército. Ese título —Oficial Delegado—lo transformaba en un alter ego del poderoso general Augusto Pinochet Ugarte. Cuando se inició la transición a la democracia, en marzo de 1990, el Presidente Patricio Aylwin encargó a la Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación, presidida por el jurista Raúl Rettig, la investigación sobre las violaciones a los derechos humanos cometidas durante la dictadura.
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