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Human Rights and the HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE "POLITICS OF AGREEMENTS" Chile during President Aylwin's First Year July 1991 An Americas Watch Report 485 Fifth Avenue 1522 K Street, NW Third Floor Suite 910 New York, NY 10017-6104 Washington, DC 20005-1202 (212) 972-8400 (202) 371-6592 Fax (212) 972-0905 Fax (202) 371-0124 Email (PeaceNet): Email (PeaceNet): "hrwatchnyc" "hrwatchdc" Copyright 8 July 1991 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 1-56432-033-2. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 91-73250. Cover design by: Deborah Thomas. Americas Watch was established in 1981 to monitor and promote observance of internationally recognized human rights. Americas Watch is one of the five regional Committees of Human Rights Watch. The Chair of Americas Watch is Peter D. Bell; Vice Chairs, Stephen L. Kass and Marina Pinto Kaufman; Executive Director, Juan E. Méndez; Associate Directors, Cynthia Arnson and Anne Manuel; Director of San Salvador Office, David Holiday; Representative in Santiago, Cynthia Brown; Representative in Buenos Aires, Patricia Pittman; Research Associate, Mary Jane Camejo; Associates, Clifford C. Rohde and Patricia Sinay. Human Rights Watch is composed of the five Watch Committees -- Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Watch, Helsinki Watch and Middle East Watch -- and the Fund for Free Expression. Executive Committee: Chair, Robert L. Bernstein; Vice Chair, Adrian W. DeWind; Members: Roland Algrant; Lisa Anderson; Peter D. Bell; Alice L. Brown; William Carmichael; Dorothy Cullman; Irene Diamond; Jonathan Fanton; Jack Greenberg; Alice H. Henkin; Stephen L. Kass; Marina Pinto Kaufman; Jeri Laber; Aryeh Neier; Bruce Rabb; Kenneth Roth; Orville Schell; Gary G. Sick; Sophie C. Silberberg; Robert Wedgeworth. Staff: Executive Director, Aryeh Neier; Deputy Director, Kenneth Roth; Washington Director, Holly J. Burkhalter; California Director, Ellen Lutz; Press Director, Susan Osnos; Counsel, Jemera Rone; Women's Rights Project Director, Dorothy Q. Thomas; Prison Project Director, Joanna Weschler; Managing Director, Hamilton Fish; Operations Director, Stephanie Steele; Special Events Director, Rachel Weintraub; Research Associate, Allyson Collins; Orville Schell Fellows, Robert Kushen and Dinah PoKempner. Executive Directors Africa Watch Americas Watch Asia Watch Rakiya Omaar Juan E. Méndez Sidney Jones Helsinki Watch Middle East Watch Fund for Free Expression Jeri Laber Andrew Whitley Gara LaMarche ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was written by Cynthia Brown, Americas Watch Representative in Santiago, who has covered that country since 1983. The report is based on information gathered in Chile during the period January 1990 through April 1991. It was edited by Aryeh Neier, Human Rights Watch Executive Director, and Juan E. Méndez, Americas Watch Executive Director. Clifford Rohde of the Washington office provided additional assistance. The author is grateful for documentation and other assistance provided by staff of the Vicaría de la Solidaridad, the non-governmental Comisión Chilena de Derechos Humanos, the Fundación de Ayuda Social de las Iglesias Cristianas (FASIC), the Comité de Defensa de los Derechos del Pueblo (CODEPU), and the Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación (Rettig Commission); by members of the Asociación de Familiares de los Detenidos- Desaparecidos (AFDD); and by officials in the Ministries of Justice and Foreign Affairs. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I. INTRODUCTION & SUMMARY.................................................................1 II. TRUTH ABOUT PAST ABUSES ................................................................9 A. Redefinition...............................................................................................9 B. The Graves ..............................................................................................13 C. The National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation (Rettig Commission) ..............................................17 1. Mandate and method..........................................................................18 2. Format ................................................................................................20 3. Findings..............................................................................................21 4. Testimonies of damage ......................................................................25 5. Proposals for reparation.....................................................................27 6. Impact of the report............................................................................29 III. JUSTICE IN HUMAN RIGHTS CASES ..................................................36 A. Obstacles to Justice.................................................................................36 1. Military jurisdiction............................................................................38 a. Scope and lack of independence..................................................38 b. Treatment of past abuses..............................................................40 2. The 1978 amnesty law .......................................................................43 3. Non-recognition of international law.................................................44 a. The case of the 70.........................................................................45 b. The case of the 13 - or, "the Cerda case".....................................46 4. Military resistance..............................................................................48 B. Attempts at Justice and Reform..............................................................50 1. Government position on the amnesty law .........................................50 2. The "Cumplido laws".........................................................................52 a. Elimination of the death penalty ..................................................53 b. Political laws & "political" prisoners...........................................54 c. The legislative process .................................................................57 d. Short-term effects.........................................................................59 3. The Letelier case ................................................................................61 4. Freedom of expression law................................................................63 5. Colonia Dignidad...............................................................................63 6. Women's rights...................................................................................65 7. General pardon law............................................................................67 8. Judicial reform proposals...................................................................67 IV. TERRORISM AND THE GOVERNMENT'S RESPONSE ....................69 A. Background.............................................................................................70 B. The Government's Response...................................................................79 V. ABUSES BY STATE AGENTS.................................................................84 A. Torture and Mistreatment in Detention ..................................................84 1. Cases denounced................................................................................84 2. Context ...............................................................................................88 B. Abuse of Power.......................................................................................89 1. Violent arrests ....................................................................................90 2. Public accusations..............................................................................92 3. Unnecessary force against demonstrators..........................................92 C. Attempts to Restrict Free Expression .....................................................94 1. Attempts by the armed forces and police ..........................................94 2. Attempts by the government..............................................................95 VI. ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES...........................................................98 I. INTRODUCTION & SUMMARY When Patricio Aylwin became President of Chile, on March 11, 1990, he had promised to resolve the human rights legacy of over 16 years of military dictatorship, through a process of exposing the truth about past abuses and seeking justice. Aylwin and the multi-party coalition he leads, the Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia were committed to a program of reform based on respect for human rights.1 The four years of this first civilian government after military rule were expected to be years of democratic consolidation, recovery from the political trauma of dictatorship, modest social progress. In the best case, they would lead to what President Aylwin called national reconciliation. The abuses of the regime of Gen. Augusto Pinochet had included summary executions, disappearances, systematic torture, arbitrary individual and mass arrests, forced exile and internal banishment, the violation of labor rights, illegal operations in foreign territory including the 1976 assassination of former Defense Minister Orlando Letelier in Washington, D.C., and countless acts of direct and indirect censorship, intimidation and violation of the home. The most indiscriminate repression took place in the mid-70s, when the country was ruled under state of siege and a secret police, subordinate only to Pinochet,
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