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Studies of Energy Efficiency and Market Access of Domestic Charcoal Stoves in Maputo City

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Studies of Energy Efficiency and Market Access of Domestic Charcoal Stoves in Maputo City Studies of energy efficiency and market access of domestic charcoal stoves in Maputo City Valdemiro Jamal Sultane & Graça do Rosário Massimbe Master of Science Thesis KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy Technology EGI-2018 SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM 0 Master of Science Thesis EGI: TRITA-ITM-EX 2018:484 Studies of energy efficiency and market access of domestic charcoal stoves in Maputo City Valdemiro Jamal Sultane & Graça do Rosário Massimbe Approved Examiner Supervisor 2018-09-10 Peter Hagström– KTH/ITM/EGI Peter Hagström Commissioner Contact person at UEM Carlos Lucas, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo Geraldo Nhumaio, 1 Abstract In Mozambique, almost 80% of the population uses firewood for their energy needs, however this use is not exclusive only to rural areas, observing the same in urban areas who not only use the wood and also charcoal stoves. Because of this situation, there is a huge devastation of the forest, which has caused the depletion of flora, thus missing native species without its due spare. In Maputo, most households, the use of fire wood was replaced by charcoal because of high energetic intensity and also transportation and storing promptness. In 2011, three millions of sacs of charcoal have been in consumption, managing a market of $70 million in 2010 and 2012, the price rise a lot from 250 to 650 Meticais (200% more). In this context came the need, to evaluate the energy efficiency of charcoal stoves and their respective access by the population in Maputo in order to contribute to the reduction of excessive consumption of biomass. For it was made evaluation of energetic efficiency in ten stoves most used in the city of Maputo, We tested the quality of charcoal and found to demand access to its coal. The results showed that the charcoal tested is not the good quality because the values are outside the acceptable levels According to the literature. Energy efficiency evaluation noted that the most efficient stoves have been improved in spite of the water boiling test of the traditional stoves have been boil faster. There was also, that consumers prefer to buy products from day to day in establishments near to their residence and do not spend more money than 100.00 MTn (2 USD) every time moving to sales points. Keywords: Energy Efficiency, domestic charcoal stoves, Thermal power, Biomass. 2 Sammanfattning I Mocambique använder nästan 80% av befolkningen ved för sina energibehov, men denna användning är inte exklusiv bara för landsbygdsområden, där man observerar samma i stadsområden som inte bara använder veden utan även koksugnar. På grund av den här situationen orsakas en enorm förödelse av skogen, vilket har orsakat utarmning av flora och inhemska arters fortplantning påverkas negativt. I de flesta hushåll i Maputo ersattes användningen av ved med träkol på grund av hög energiintensitet och snabbare transport och lagring. Under 2011 har tre miljoner säckar träkol konsumerats, vilket motsvarar en marknad på 70 miljoner dollar 2010 och 2012. Priset steg från 250 till 650 Meticais (mer än 200%) under denna period. I det här sammanhanget uppstod behovet att utvärdera energieffektiviteten hos ugnar för träkol och tillgången av sådana ugnar i Maputo för att bidra till minskningen av överdriven konsumtion av biomassa. För det gjordes utvärdering av energeffektiviteten i tio ugnar som mest används i staden Maputo. Kvaliteten på träkol testades och tillgången på träkol utvärderades. Resultaten visade att träkolet inte är av god kvalitet eftersom värdena ligger utanför acceptabla nivåer enligt litteraturen. Energieffektivitetsutvärderingen noterade att de mest effektiva ugnarna har förbättrats. Testen av de traditionella ugnarna visade att kokningstiden för vatten har kortats ner.. Det visade sig också att konsumenter föredrar att köpa produkter från dag till dag i företag nära deras hemvist, och de spenderar inte mer än 100,00 MTn (2 USD) varje gång de flyttar till försäljningsställen. Nyckelord: Energieffektivitet, hushållskolugnar, Värmekraft, Biomassa. 3 Acknowledgments Our sincere thanks go to: The supervisor Dr.Peter Hagström, by the humility, love and dedication for having received our thesis in a professional manner. To Dr Nhumaio for facilitating the course and to Dr Carlos Lucas and Prof. Andrew Martin for the coordination and organization of the course; The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Sweden, and all the teachers who participated in our formation; To our families who tirelessly and in many ways supported us during the formation. 4 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Justification ...................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................ 14 1.2.1 General Objective .......................................................................................... 14 1.2.2 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................ 15 2.0 Methods and Materials ............................................................................................ 15 2.1 Fuels tested ......................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 Provenance of the charcoal ........................................................................... 15 2.1.2 Used Material ................................................................................................. 15 2.1.3 Sample preparation ....................................................................................... 16 2.1.4 Material preparation ....................................................................................... 16 2.1.5 Procedure during the experiments ................................................................. 16 2.2 Charcoal Thermal Characteristics ........................................................................ 17 2.2.1 Proximate Analysis ........................................................................................ 17 2.2.2 Absolute humidity .......................................................................................... 17 2.2.3 Volatile matter ................................................................................................ 17 2.2.4 Ash content .................................................................................................... 18 2.2.5 Fixed carbon .................................................................................................. 19 2.2.6 Ultimate analysis of charcoal ......................................................................... 19 2.2.7 Determination of biomass higher heating values ........................................... 19 2.3 Performance analysis of domestic charcoal stoves ............................................. 20 2.3.1 Materials ........................................................................................................ 20 2.3.2 Stoves testing ................................................................................................ 20 2.3.3 The water boiling tests protocol ..................................................................... 20 2.4 Tested stove description ...................................................................................... 21 2.4.1 Wroket works ................................................................................................. 21 2.4.2 Envirofit .......................................................................................................... 22 2.4.3 Mbaula ........................................................................................................... 22 2.4.4 Zavala/Metal .................................................................................................. 23 2.4.5 Zavala/Barro .................................................................................................. 23 2.5.6 Sucata ........................................................................................................... 24 5 2.5.7 Chapa de Zinco ............................................................................................ 24 2.5.8 Botija de Gás ................................................................................................ 25 2.5.9 Beira Stove: ................................................................................................... 25 3.0 Geographical situation of Maputo City .................................................................... 26 3.1 General characteristics of Maputo City inhabitants .............................................. 26 3.3. Etnographic Contributions ................................................................................... 30 3.5 Energy Situation in Mozambique ......................................................................... 31 3.6 Priority planned project in Mozambique ............................................................... 33 3.7 Mozambique’s forest Potencial ............................................................................ 34 3.7.1 Deforestation to attend the energetic need at household local level 35 3.8 Biomass as an alternative source of energy ............................................... 36 3.8.1 Biomass Energy in Mozambique ............................................................ 36 3.9 Wood-coal ...........................................................................................................
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