Lecture #2, Periodic Table, Atomic Structure

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Lecture 2 September 11, 2009

The Periodic Table Public domain image from Wikimedia.

John Dalton 1803

Public domain image from Wikimedia. Dalton’s Model of the Atom (1803) 1. Matter is composed of atoms that are indivisible and indestructible. 2. All atoms of an element are identical. 3. Atoms of different elements have different weights and different chemical properties. 4. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds. 5. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. When a compound is decomposed, the atoms are recovered unchanged. 1869

H He

Li Be B C N O

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Se Br

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I

Cs Ba Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi

La Ce Tb Er

Th U

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 1869

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. principles of modern chemistry:

* recognize patterns * develop a quantitative model that - explains our observations - makes predictions that can be tested by experiment Comparison of eka-silicon with germanium

eka-silicon germanium 72 g/mol 72.59 g/mol 5.5 g/cm3 5.36 g/cm3 “high” m.p. m.p. = 958ºC

Es forms EsO2 Ge forms GeO2 which has high m.p. m.p. = 1100ºC and ρ = 4.7 g/cm3 and ρ = 4.70 g/cm3

EsCl4 volatile liquid GeCl4 volatile liquid with b.p. < 100ºC b.p. = 83ºC and ρ = 1.9 g/cm3 and ρ = 1.88 g/cm3

Boiling point vs proton number Electrical conductivity vs proton number 18 1 VIII IA 0 IA 1.00794 4,002602 26 atm -259.34 1 -272.2 2 -252.87 1 -268.93 0.0899 0.1785 13 14 15 16 17 - 2.20 2 13.598 H IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB 24.587 He IIA 1s2 1s1 IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA Hydrogen IIA Helium 6.941 9.012182 10.811 12.011 14.00674 15.9994 18.9984032 20.1797 TP 180.5 3 1287 4 2075 5 4492 6 -210.00 7 -218.79 8 -219.62 9 -248.59 10 SP 1342 1 2471 2 4000 3 3825 2, - 4 -195.79 2, - 3,4,5 -182.95 -2 -188.12 -1 -246.08 0.534 1.8477 2.31 2.25 1.25046 1.429 1.69 0.9002 0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.96 - 5.392 Li 9.322 Be 8.298 B 11.260 C 14.534 N 13.618 O 17.422 F 21.564 Ne 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 [He]2s1 [He]2s2 [He]2s p [He]2s p [He]2s p [He]2s p [He]2s p [He]2s p Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon 22.989768 24.3050 26.981539 28.0855 30.973762 32.066 35.4527 39.948 97.72 11 650 12 660.32 13 1414 14 44.15 15 115.21 16 -101.5 17 -189.35 18 883 1 1090 2 2519 3 3265 4 277 - 3,4,5 444.60 - 2,4,6 -34.04 - 1,3,5,7 -185.85 0.97 1.74 2.702 2.33 1.82 2.07 3.214 1.784 0.93 1.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 - 5.986 8.151 10.486 10.360 12.967 15.759 5.139 Na 7.646 Mg IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA VIIIA VIIIA IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar [Ne]3s1 [Ne]3s2 [Ne]3s2p1 [Ne]3s2p2 [Ne]3s2p3 [Ne]3s2p4 [Ne]3s2p5 [Ne]3s2p6 Sodium Magnesium IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII VIII VIII IB IIB Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon 39.0983 40.078 44.955910 47.88 50.9415 51.9961 54.93805 55.847 58.93320 58.6934 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.92159 78.96 79.904 83.80 63.38 19 842 20 1541 21 16 8 22 1910 23 1907 24 1246 25 1538 26 1495 27 1455 28 1084.62 29 419.53 30 29.76 31 938.25 32 817TP 33 221 34 -7.2 35 -157.36 36 759 1 1484 2 2830 3 3287 3,4 3407 2,3,4,5 2671 2,3,6 2061 2,3,4,6,7 2861 2,3 2927 2,3 2913 2,3 2562 1,2 907 2 2204 3 2833 4 614SP 3,5 685 -2,4,6 58.6 1,5 -153.22 o - - 0.86 1.54 2.989 4.5 5.96 7.20 7.47 7.86 8.92 8.90 8.94 7.1425% 6.095 5.35 5.72725 C 4.81 3.119 3.74 0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01 2.18 2.55 2.96 - 4.341 K 6.113 Ca 6.54 Sc 6.82 Ti 6.74 V 6.766 Cr 7.435 Mn 7.870 Fe 7.86 Co 7.635 Ni 7.726 Cu 9.394 Zn 5.999 Ga 7.899 Ge 9.81 As 9.752 Se 11.814 Br 13.999 Kr [Ar]4s1 [Ar]4s2 [Ar]3d14s2 [Ar]3d24s2 [Ar]3d34s2 [Ar]3d54s1 [Ar]3d54s2 [Ar]3d64s2 [Ar]3d74s2 [Ar]3d84s2 [Ar]3d104s1 [Ar]3d104s2 [Ar]3d104s2p1 [Ar]3d104s2p2 [Ar]3d104s2p3 [Ar]3d104s2p4 [Ar]3d104s2p3 [Ar]3d104s2p5 Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton 85.4678 87.62 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.94 (97.9072) 101.07 102.90550 106.42 107.8582 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.757 127.60 126.90447 131.29 39.31 37 777 38 1526 39 1855 40 2477 41 2623 42 2157 43 2334 44 1964 45 1554.9 46 961.78 47 321.07 48 156.60 49 231.93 50 630.63 51 449.51 52 113.7 53 -111.75 54 688 1 1382 2 3336 3 4409 4 4744 3,5 4639 2,3,4,5,6 4265 7 4150 2,3,4,6,8 3695 2,3,4 2963 2,4 2162 1 767 2 2072 3 2602 2,4 1587 3,5 988 -2,4,6 184.4 1,5,7 -108.04 o - - 1.532 2.6 4.469 6.49 8.57 10.2 11.5 12.3 12.4 12.02 10.5 8.642 7.30 7.28 6.68425 C 6.25 4.93 5.89 0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.6 2.16 1.9 2.2 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.1 2.66 - 4.177 Rb 5.695 Sr 6.38 Y 6.84 Zr 6.9 Nb 7.099 Mo 7.28 Tc 7.37 Ru 7.46 Rh 8.34 Pd 7.576 Ag 8.993 Cd 5.786 In 7.344 Sn 8.641 Sb 9.009 Te 10.451 I 12.130 Xe [Kr]5s1 [Kr]5s2 [Kr]4d15s2 [Kr]4d25s2 [Kr]4d45s1 [Kr]4d55s1 [Kr]4d55s2 [Kr]4d75s1 [Kr]4d85s1 [Kr]4d10 [Kr]4d105s1 [Kr]4d105s2 [Kr]4d105s2p1 [Kr]4d105s2p2 [Kr]4d105s2p3 [Kr]4d105s2p4 [Kr]4d105s2p5 [Kr]4d105s2p6 Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon 132.90543 137.327 138.9055 178.49 180.9479 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.96654 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.98037 (208.9824) (209.9871) (222.0176) 28.44 55 727 56 920 57 2233 72 3017 73 3422 74 3186 75 3033 76 2446 77 1768.4 78 1064.18 79 -38.83 80 304 81 327.46 82 271.40 83 254 84 302 85 -71 86 671 1 1897 2 3455 3 4603 4 5458 5 5555 2,3,4,5,6 5596 -1,2,4,6,7 5012 2,3,4,6,8 4428 2,3,4,6 3825 2,4 2856 1,3 356.73 1,2 1473 1,3 1749 2,4 1564 3,5 962 2,4 337 - 1,3,5,7 -61.7 1.879 3.594 6.146 * 13.31 16.6 19.35 20.5 22.61 22.65 21.45 19.31 13.546 11.85 11.34 9.78 9.196 - 9.73 0.79 0.89 1.10 1.3 1.5 2.36 1.9 2.2 2.20 2.28 2.54 2.00 2.04 2.33 2.02 2.0 2.2 - 3.894 Cs 5.212 Ba 5.577 La 7.0 Hf 7.89 Ta 7.98 W 7.88 Re 8.7 Os 9.1 Ir 9.0 Pt 9.225 Au 10.437 Hg 6.108 Tl 7.416 Pb 7.289 Bi 8.42 Po - At 10.748 Rn [Xe]6s1 [Xe]6s2 [Xe]5d16s2 [Xe]4f145d26s2 [Xe]4f145d36s2 [Xe]4f145d46s2 [Xe]4f145d56s2 [Xe]4f145d66s2 [Xe]4f145d76s2 [Xe]4f145d96s1 [Xe]4f145d106s1 [Xe]4f145d106s2 [Xe]4f145d106s2p1 [Xe]4f145d106s2p2 [Xe]4f145d106s2p3 [Xe]4f145d106s2p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2p5 [Xe]4f145d106s2p6 Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon (223.0197) (226.0254) (227.0278) (261) (262) (263) (262) (265) (266) (269) (272) (277) (285) (289) (293) 27 87 700 88 1051 89 - 104 - 105 - 106 - 107 - 108 - 109 - 110 - 111 - 112 - 113 - 114 - 115 - 116 - 117 - 118 677 1 <1140 2 3198 3 - 4 ------5.8 10.07 ** ------0.7 0.9 1.1 ------Fr 5.279 Ra 6.9 Ac - Rf - Db - Sg - Bh - Hs - Mt - Uun - Uuu - Uub - Uut - Uuq - Uup - Uuh - Uus - Uuo [Rn]7s1 [Rn]7s2 [Rn]6d17s2 [Rn]5f146d27s2 [Rn]5f146d37s2 [Rn]5f146d47s2 [Rn]5f146d57s2 [Rn]5f146d57s2 [Rn]5f146d77s2 [Rn]5f146d97s1 [Rn]5f146d107s1 [Rn]5f146d107s2 [Rn]5f146d107s27p2 [Rn]5f146d107s27p4 [Rn]5f146d107s27p6 Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium** Dubnium** Seaborgium** Bohrium** Hassium** Meitnerium** Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium

140.115 140.90765 144.24 (144.9127) 150.36 151.965 157.25 158.92534 162.50 164.93032 167.26 168.93421 173.04 174.967 * 799 58 931 59 1016 60 1042 61 1072 62 822 63 1314 64 1359 65 1411 66 1472 67 1529 68 1545 69 824 70 1663 71 3424 3,4 3510 3,4 3066 3 3000 3 1790 2,3 1596 2,3 3264 3 3221 3,4 2561 3 2694 3 2862 3 1946 2,3 1194 2,3 3393 3 6.770 6.773 7.00 7.254 7.536 5.244 7.901 8.230 8.551 8.80 9.066 9.321 6.966 9.84 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.13 1.17 1.2 1.20 1.2 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.1 1.27 5.466 Ce 5.422 Pr 5.489 Nd 5.554 Pm 5.631 Sm 5.666 Eu 6.141 Gd 5.842 Tb 5.927 Dy 6.018 Ho 6.101 Er 6.18436Tm 6.25394 Yb 5.42589 Lu [Xe]4f15d16s2 [Xe]4f36s2 [Xe]4f46s2 [Xe]4f56s2 [Xe]4f56s2 [Xe]4f76s2 [Xe]4f75d16s2 [Xe]4f96s2 [Xe]4f106s2 [Xe]4f116s2 [Xe]4f126s2 [Xe]4f136s2 [Xe]4f146s2 [Xe]4f145d16s2 Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium 232.0381 231.03588 238.0289 (237.0482) (244.0642) (243.0614) (247.0703) (247.0703) (251.0796) (252.083) (257.0951) (258.10) (259.1009) (252.11) ** 1750 90 1572 91 1135 92 644 93 640 94 1176 95 1345 96 1050 97 900 98 860 99 1527 100 827 101 827 102 1627 103 4788 4 - 4,5 4131 3,4,5,6 - 3,4,5,6 3228 3,4,5,6 2507 3,4,5,6 - 3 - 3,4 - 3 - 3 - 3 - 2,3 - 2,3 - 3 11.72 15.37 19.05+0.02 20.45 19.816 13.67 13.51 14.78 ------1.3 1.5 1.38 1.36 1.28 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 - 6.08 Th 5.89 Pa 6.05 U 6.19 Np 5.8 Pu 5.993 Am 6.02 Cm 6.23 Bk 6.30 Cf 6.42 Es 6.50 Fm 6.58 Md 6.65 No - Lr [Rn]6d27s2 [Rn]5f26d17s2 [Rn]5f36d17s2 [Rn]5f46d17s2 [Rn]5f67s2 [Rn]5f77s2 [Rn]5f76d17s2 [Rn]5f97s2 [Rn]5f107s2 [Rn]5f117s2 [Rn]5f127s2 [Rn]5f137s2 [Rn]5f147s2 [Rn]5f146d17s2 Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. the superheavies

(269) (272) (277) (285) (289) (293) - 110 - 111 - 112 - 113 - 114 - 115 - 116 - 117 - 118 ------Uun - Uuu - Uub - Uut - Uuq - Uup - Uuh - Uus - Uuo ------[Rn]5f146d97s1 [Rn]5f146d107s1 [Rn]5f146d107s2 [Rn]5f146d107s27p2 [Rn]5f146d107s27p4 [Rn]5f146d107s27p6 Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Naming the Superheavy Elements 1 un 2 bi 3 tri 4 quad 5 pent + ium 6 hex 7 sept 8 oct 9 enn 0 nil 111 unununium Uuu 112 ununbium Uub 113 ununtrium Uut 114 ununquadium Uuq 115 ununpentium Uup 116 ununhexium Uuh 117 ununseptium Uus 118 ununoctium Uuo 119 ununenium Uue 120 unbinilium Ubn (266) (269) (272) (277) - 109 - 110 - 111 - 112 - 113 ------Mt - Uun - Uuu - Uub - Uut [Rn]5f146d77s2 [Rn]5f146d97s1 [Rn]5f146d107s1 [Rn]5f146d107s2 Meitnerium** Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununtrium 110 111 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Ds Rg

Darmstadtium Roentgenium Figure removed due to copyright restrictions. Strathern, Paul. Mendeleyev's Dream: The Quest for the Elements. New York, NY: Thomas Dunne Books, 2001. ISBN: 9780312262044. Table 1.1 The Structure of the Atom particle symbol charge (C) mass (kg) electron e– –1.6×10–19 9.11×10–31 proton p+ +1.6×10–19 1.673×10–27 neutron no 0 1.675×10–27 12.011 4492TP 6 3825SP 2,+4 2.25 2.55 11.260 C [He]2s2p2 Carbon

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Atomizer

Telescope X _

Electrically charged condenser plates

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Robert A. Millikan, University of Chicago (1909) Nobel Prize in Physics 1923 Atomizer

Telescope radiation !!! source

Electrically charged condenser plates

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Robert A. Millikan, University of Chicago (1909) Nobel Prize in Physics 1923 Kroll Reaction

TiCl4 Mg

TiCl4(g)

Mg(l)

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Kroll Reaction

TiCl4(g) T = 900 oC Reaction site

Mg(l)

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Kroll Reaction

TiCl4(g) T = 900 oC Mg(l)

MgCl2(l)

Ti(S)

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. © source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. Titanium sponge produced by giant ingot the Kroll Process: of titanium

TiCl4 + 2 Mg = 2 MgCl2 + Ti Aleksandr P. BORODIN - composer and member of “The Five”: Balakirev, Borodin, Cui, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov - professor of chemistry, Medico-Surgical Academy, St. Petersburg

- friend of Mendeleyev today’s selection: Polovtsian Dance No. 17 from Prince Igor D.I. Mendeleyev

(1834 - 1907)

image made during the 60s showing him as he was at the time he enunciated the Table of the Elements

3.091SC Introduction to Solid State Chemistry Fall 2009

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