Volume II, Issue I Spring 2005

FORENSICS...... 1 EARTH SCIENCE ...... 11 PROFILE...... 2 ZOOLOGY ...... 12 CHEMISTRY ...... 3 GENERAL SCIENCE ...... 14 Headline Discoveries is ELEMENTRY SCIENCE ...... 4 REVIEWS...... 15 BIOLOGY ...... 5-8 CROSSWORD ...... 16 FREE to educators. TECHNOLOGY ...... 10, 13 To subscribe or receive Tools for Teaching additional copies, Look for the Tools for Teaching logo for send an e-mail to practical ways to help you bring science innovations into your classroom. [email protected]. INSIDE THIS ISSUE:

FISHER SCIENCE EDUCATION EADLINE DISCOVERIE H TM S MAKING SCIENCE MATTER FORENSIC FARMING

ehind the employee parking lot of the are tasked with finding An example of this was seen in a case where Dr. University of Tennessee medical center the bodies, collecting Bass was asked to help determine the time of is an area surrounded by a six-foot, evidence and evaluat- death of a family of three found dead in a remote B chain-link fence topped with razor wire ing the scenes. Mississippi cabin in December 1993. There were and hidden from sightseers by a wooden privacy clear signs of a dual rate of decomposition, and fence. Passersby might wonder what precious The Process this along with the insect activity documented at commodity is protected by all this foreboding the crime scene enabled him to determine the security, and most would be very surprised to Begins family died in mid-November, a full month before find out! the bodies were "discovered" by a relative. Decomposition begins Unfortunately for the relative, that was also the For, behind the fencing and padlocks lies a little as soon as a person time period when he claimed to have visited the plot of land frequently referred to as the "Body dies. The body starts to cabin and found nothing amiss. Although he had Farm" or "The Facility." It is the University of cool as the body's sys- an alibi for the time around when the bodies Tennessee's Forensic Anthropology Facility, the tems shut down and were discovered, he didn't have one for the time only one of its kind in the world, and the research chemical changes start that they were actually killed. With this informa- done here yields something very precious— the process. When a tion and other evidence, authorities were able to ground-breaking forensic knowledge that's price- body decays, enzymes convict the relative of the murders. less to law enforcement personnel across the in the digestive system country and around the world. begin to digest the tis- sues surrounding it The Chemistry of causing them to liquefy, Decomposition The Impetus called putrefaction. At The creation of a facility to chronicle the process the same time, insects A body releases about 450 known chemicals dur- of decomposition was spurred by a misidentifi- are attracted to the ing decomposition and researchers at the facility cation made by its founder Dr. Bill Bass in 1977. body and begin their are using an electronic nose with multiple sen- An experienced anthropologist, Dr. Bass was digital images at timed intervals, and making roles in reducing it to skeletal remains. As the sors to sample the air above and around a called upon to identify a body believed to be that meticulous notes. This careful study has revealed time span between death and discovery widens, decomposing body to gather more clues to of a Civil War colonel killed in battle and buried in much of what happens at every stage of decom- forensic techniques become less accurate as establish a time of death. a sealed lead coffin. While examining the body, position and is an invaluable tool for law enforce- environmental variables begin to affect the Decomposing bodies also leak fatty acids onto Dr. Bass observed a bit of pinkish flesh still ment officials to use when evaluating crime decomposition rate of the body and each envi- the surface where it rests. The profiles of these attached to the bones. Based on his experience scenes. ronment has a different effect. For example, in acids changes as the days pass and analyzing and the forensic knowledge available at the time, the summer heat, a body can be reduced to The facility typically houses over 20 corpses in them can reveal the time of death. It can also he concluded that the body had only been bones in just two weeks. Bodies inside cars various stages of decomposition and in various give clues as to how long the body has been in a interred for about a year. In reality, additional non- decompose at a faster rate because it is much environmental conditions. Bodies are buried in particular spot and if it may have been moved forensic clues proved that the body was that of hotter inside a car and the heat accelerates the deep and shallow graves, submerged in water, after death. the colonel and that Bass's estimate of the time rate of decay. Bodies submerged in water, left out in the open in both shade and full sun, of death was about 112 years off! This made Dr. wrapped in plastic, or located where the tempera- covered with tarps, wrapped in plastic bags, To achieve this, perforated pipes are situated Bass realize just how little was known about the ture is under 50° decompose slower for various rolled inside carpets, or placed in one of the old above and below the bodies and emissions are process of decomposition and motivated him to reasons. These variables and their effects are the cars on the lot so that scientists and students can collected with sorbent traps. The chemicals are gear his research toward expanding current sci- mysteries that Dr. Bass and his colleagues are observe how decomposition rates are affected by extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography entific knowledge about the decomposition of trying to unravel. conditions based in part on FBI files of past and mass spectrometry to be identified and quan- bodies. crimes and the body disposal methods used in tified. Then they are mapped along with the envi- those crimes. Insects Are The Key ronmental factors present during their collection The Facility to allow scientists to construct a timeline to deter- Most of the bodies have been donated to the In the first two weeks after death, insects are one mine time of death. It was 1977 and the original site the university facility for its research and some are unidentified of the best indicators scientists have to determine allowed the department to use was an old pig bodies turned over by the medical examiner's when death occurred. Different insects will be Future Hopes farm about twenty miles away from the campus. office. As the awareness of the facility has spread interested in a body at different stages of decom- After security became a problem at that location, and more people will their bodies to the facility, position. By studying the different insect life As work at the facility continues and bright young the university granted the department ownership the University lawyers have had to draft a special cycles present on a cadaver, scientists can deter- graduate students continue to filter through the of an empty lot behind the medical center that form for people to fill out for this purpose. mine how long the insect has been there. Cross- program, new technologies are an inevitable had previously been used to burn the hospital's referencing that information with known life result. Scientists theorize that the research being trash. Dr. Bass jumped at the chance to have the A true pioneer in his field, Dr. Bass has created a cycles and feeding habits of the particular insect done at the Facility may be used in the future to facility located closer to the university campus unique "school" for scientists and law enforce- can estimate a fairly accurate time of death. develop sprays to train cadaver dogs or hand- and in 1980 he and his students built a storage ment authorities alike. Of the 61 specialists certi- The cadaver-insect symbiosis can also be a clue held monitors that can detect the smells of shed, had the area fenced off, and the Body fied nationwide by the American Board of when two different rates of decomposition are decomposition at crime scenes. As the mysteries Farm was born. Forensic Anthropology, Dr. Bass trained one-third. observed, such as when a body is decomposing of death are unraveled and a detailed analysis of decomposition continues to be formulated, these In this unique outdoor laboratory, researchers and Agents from local and state law enforcement in a house or car and it has taken the flies and new technologies will make it easier for law graduate students study the process of decompo- departments and the FBI send field teams of other insects a while to find a way in. Careful enforcement to identify victims, find the perpetra- sition and how various environmental conditions agents to the facility to participate in courses that examination will show that the body's natural tors and ensure that these most heinous of affect the rate and stages observed. Scientists allow them to experience first-hand how crime decomposition advanced before the insects crimes will not go unpunished. learn from watching bodies decompose, taking scenes might appear. Facility workers prepare began their work. bodies to simulate crime scenes and the agents 2 Fisher Science Education Headline Discoveries Volume II, Issue I, Spring 2005

NEW! 7-12 CATALOG: PROFILE: Have you seen our new Fisher Science Education 2005/06 Catalog? DMITRI IVANOVICH MENDELEYEV If not, you're missing out on 1,500 1834–1907 new products. We've even lowered the price on over 3,000 of the most endeleyev, a true scientist, had bound- chemical proprieties of the elements depend on less curiosity. He conducted research in their relative atomic masses; the elements are relat- popular products that you use every fields of geology, economy, hydrody- ed in some sort of regular pattern; and he used the day! Request your copy by contacting M namics, and believed so strongly in the isomorphism of crystals as his guide for this organ- your sales representative, calling future of human flight that in 1887 he took a balloon ization. This was an innovative way of thinking, as 1-800-955-1177, or by visiting our ride to observe a solar eclipse. But in spite of his this did not follow the popular British Empiricism many interests, Mendeleyev is remembered as being belief that elements represented the basic building Web site at www.fisheredu.com. the "Father of the Periodic Table." blocks of matter and could not be separated further. Mendeleyev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia on In 1869 at the age of 35, Mendeleyev presented his February 8, 1834—the youngest of 14 children. His Periodic Law, speculating the future discovery of father died when Dmitri was 14; the struggling fami- many yet unknown elements foretold from their ly moved to St. Petersburg where Dmitri eventually atomic weights. He was also bold enough to pres- began his studies at the Main Pedagogical Institute. ent the idea that the atomic weight of any one ele- NEW! After graduation, he moved to the Crimean ment may be amended by knowing about related Peninsula in 1855 to recover from tuberculosis. elements. His theories proved to be correct when There, he became chief science master of the local three elements were discovered within 10 years of ELEMENTARY gymnasium (academic high school). After a full his first Periodic Table. recovery, he revisited St. Petersburg in 1856 to Russia made him a national hero for his efforts, focus on chemistry studies. Mendeleyev continued and throughout his life he persisted in making great CATALOG: his research at the University of Heidelberg in strides in the chemistry field. From 1868 to 1870, Germany, where Italian chemist Stanislao he wrote the classic two-volume, The Principles of Hot off the Press! We've added 300 Cannizzaro and his views on atomic weight would Chemistry. He continued to improve upon his new products to our new Fisher prove to be a great influence later in life. Periodic Table for more than 20 years, leaving Elementary Science 2005/06 Catalog in St. Petersburg called to him again, so in the early spaces for elements that were to be discovered. But 1860s, he returned to become a professor of chem- Mendeleyev's partiality for the controversial caused your favorite subjects like Life Science, istry at the Technical Institute, to later accept the him trouble in his later years—in 1890, he support- Math, and Physical Science. Find a position of professor of general chemistry at the ed a student rebellion and his political activities wide selection of reading materials for University of St. Petersburg in 1866. Perhaps pro- worried the Russian government so much that he voked by his work as a professor, Mendeleyev grew was "encouraged" to retired from the University of students and reference books for your increasingly disillusioned at the state of chemistry— St. Petersburg. He was appointed director of the own use. Plus, get free shipping and a "was this field really a science?" He decided that the Bureau of Weights and Measures in 1893 and held $20 gift card with every $100 order! world did not need just a classification of chemistry that position until his death from influenza on Request your copy today! elements, but a principle and a method of discov- January 20, 1907. ery. To build this principle, he theorized that

FROM $155

New! FE-Series Scales— they're portable and affordable! These new scales incorporate highest quality weighing technology at an HANDS-ON FORENSICS affordable price. Take them anywhere—just insert a 9V battery and you're all set INVESTIGATIONS FROM NEO/SCI to take them on scientific field trips or from classroom to classroom. Plus, they're easy to operate and offer many features you'll need to teach your students, like Your students will become junior detectives, learning how parts counting, percent weighing, net total and even specific gravity! Five models even include their own calibration weights (under 1,000g capacity). the scientific method and modern lab technology can be used in criminal investigations. They’ll develop inquiry-based skills using cutting-edge techniques such as: • DNA Analysis • Chromatography • Fingerprinting PROTECT YOUR INVESTMENT • Blood Typing • Toxicology WITH THIS FREE GIFT! Receive a FREE lock and cable with the purchase of every FE scale. Simply return Forensic Science CD-ROM Detective’s Casebook DNA Murder Mystery Lab your warranty card to redeem your free gift! HS66580 79.95 Lab Investigation HS63065 109.95 HS65121 54.95 Making Science MatterTM www.fisheredu.com Tel. 1-800-955-1177 Fax. 1-800-955-0740 3 discovering new elements, there are certain 117 Ununseptium Uus TAKING A PLACE AT THE "magic numbers" of protons and neutrons that 118 Ununoctium Uuo emerge as being especially stable. 119 Ununennium Uue 120 Unbinilium Ubn PERIODIC TABLE Current periodic tables list elements up to num- 140 Unquadnilium Uqn ber 118. Some periodic tables show numbers metal and ends with a noble 160 Unhexnilium Uhn 116, 117, and 118 "penciled in." This is because gas. When arranged in this 180 Unoctnilium Uon discovery of these elements has not yet been way, elements with similar 200 Binilnilium Bnn demonstrated experimentally beyond reasonable properties fall into the same 400 Quadnilnilium Qnn doubt. So-called "superheavy" elements are fleet- column or group. Across a 900 Ennilnilium Enn ing. Often they form, then disintegrate very given period, elements quickly. This is why verifying their existence can How are these names pronounced? According to exhibit steady trends in p be so difficult. But the bar for existence of an ele- the IUPAC document, "The root 'un' is pro- roperties. ment has not been set very high—relatively nounced with a long 'u,' to rhyme with 'moon.' In Elements such as antimony, speaking. According to the IUPAC/IUPAP docu- the element names each root is to be pro- copper, gold, lead, mercury, ment, Criteria That Must Be Satisfied for the nounced separately." silver, sulfur, and tin have Discovery of a New Chemical Element to Be Question: What would the systematic name been known since ancient Recognized, "Discovery of a chemical element is and symbol be for element 121? times. Other elements were the experimental demonstration, beyond reason- "discovered" throughout the able doubt, of the existence of a nuclide with an Answer: Unbiunium, Ubu 18th, 19th, and 20th cen- atomic number Z not identified before, existing for eriodic tables today look a little differ- turies. And new elements are still being discov- at least 10–14 s." ent from the periodic tables of the ered today. Only 94 elements are known to exist When looking at a modern periodic table, you 1980s, 1950s, or 1930s. For one thing, in nature. The 20 or so additional elements listed may notice that the element names and symbols ISOTOPES P many of them are in electronic, interac- in the periodic table have been produced artifi- near the end of the table look "different" from the tive form—on the Web—rather than on paper, cially. In the 1940s and 1950s, elements 93 In the main article, we talked about atomic other names and symbols. Because the process bound into a book, or laminated for handy refer- through 101 were produced by intense neutron number, but what about atomic mass? of verifying and naming a new element can be ence. But another big difference is that today's irradiation or by particle bombardment in a Atomic mass is calculated by adding up the lengthy (and fraught with conflict!), IUPAC has pro- periodic tables contain more elements. Why is cyclotron. In the 1950s through 1970s, elements masses of the atom's constituents: vided Recommendations for the Naming of that? How did it happen? And who is responsible 102 through 106 were produced in heavy-ion Elements of Atomic Numbers Greater than 100. Atomic mass = Mass of protons + Mass of for those changes? accelerators by fusing heavy targets with light According to these recommendations, the name neutrons + Mass of electrons ions ("hot fusion"). Later in the 1970s, and is put together based on the atomic number of Mass of a proton = 1 An element is defined as a substance that can- throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the introduction the element using the numerical roots nil (0), un Mass of a neutron = 1 not be decomposed into simpler substances by of "cold fusion" methods led to the discovery of (1), bi (2), tri (3), quad (4), pent (5), hex (6), sept (7), Mass of an electron = 0 ordinary chemical processes. All atoms of a elements 107 through 112. Current work employs oct (8), and enn (9). The ending "ium" is added to given element have the same number of protons a fusion reaction induced by a calcium-48 beam. Atoms of a given element may differ in mass in their nuclei. In a non-ionized atom (an atom complete the name. The symbol of the element due to the presence of one or more extra where no electrons have been gained or lost), But even if an element has not actually been dis- is formed from the initial letters of the numerical neutrons in the nucleus. Elements like this the following is true: covered, its existence can be predicted based on roots that make up the name. are said to have different "isotopes." For theoretical calculations. Long before they were example, there are three isotopes of hydro- Atomic number Name Symbol Atomic number = Number of protons (positively discovered, Nobel Prize winner Dr. Glenn T. gen: the one we refer to as just plain "hydro- 111 Unununium Uuu charged mass units) = Number of electrons (neg- Seaborg predicted the existence of elements gen," with atomic number 1 and mass 1 (1 112 Ununbium Uub atively charged units) numbered 107 and beyond. Theoretical work in proton, no neutrons); deuterium, with atomic 113 Ununtrium Uut this area continues today and is supported by number 1 and mass 2 (1 proton, 1 neutron); The periodic table is an arrangement of the 114 Ununquadium Uuq advanced computational methods, as well as and tritium, with atomic number 1 and mass chemical elements in order of increasing atomic 115 Ununpentium Uup experiments. When it comes to predicting and 3 (1 proton, 2 neutrons). number. Each row or period begins with an alkali 116 Ununhexium Uuh

With more than 150 years of manufacturing excellence, Kimble/Kontes is the best choice for you and your students' labware needs.

Provide that extra margin of safety… k Beakers, flasks, and bottles with plastic coating that help contain broken glass k Cork-coated beakers and flasks protect hands from hot contents k Color-coded beakers and flasks reduce cross-contamination and make identification easier.

For basic to advanced experimentation, Kimble/Kontes also makes a complete line of macroscale and microscale chemistry kits. Designed to complement popular textbooks, kits are available in standard and custom configurations.

EARN $100 OF FREE GLASSWARE!

Purchase $250 or more of any Kimble/Kontes reusable labware and receive $100 worth of labware—FREE! Fax your Fisher proof-of-purchase along with your list of free products to Fisher Science Education Promo at 856-692-8134. Product requests must be received by January 31, 2006. Limit one order per customer; offer expires December 31, 2005. 4 Fisher Science Education Headline Discoveries Volume II, Issue I, Spring 2005 It's Not Just What "EEWW! THAT'S YUCKY!" They See Avoiding the 'Fear Factor' It's also how they see it. Microscopes come in all sizes, shapes, and configurations; and some are Encouraging your students' curiosity and better than others for elementary students. For problem-solving abilities is as easy as choosing example, a binocular eyepiece is more comfort- less "scary" specimens for microscopic examina- able, but young children may have trouble focus- tion. For example, fingerprints, photographs, ing and would benefit from using the monocular household powders, sand and fabric are innocu- style. Here are some other things to consider ous objects that you can use to teach your when choosing the right microscope for your students about differentiation, composition, class: formation, chemistry, erosion, and observation. Compound Microscopes. Comprised of two lens Pique the curiosity of potential crime lab scien- systems: one (monocular) or two (binocular) eye- tists with a foray into the microscopic world of fin- piece(s) and the objective. Fewer objectives work gerprints. Have your students examine and iden- better for early grades and simple observations. tify the differences between their fingerprints and Ideal for viewing blood samples, cells and cell those of their classmates. structures, bacteria and liquids. If viewing a solid Make Science Fun, specimen, the specimen must be thin enough so Draw the attention of nascent artists and photog- that transmitted light can shine through. raphers by zeroing in on the dots that make up a Not "Yucky" picture or a color. Use black and white newspa- Stereomicroscopes. Lower magnification power For help with microscope activities that won't per photos, a postage stamp, perhaps a business and higher resolution for viewing the surface of turn students off, check out these sources: card and a coin or dollar bill. Surprise your stu- solid specimens. Provide a finely detailed, 3-D dents with the details of what they see, like how image of the specimen. Ideal for viewing coins • Microscopic Explorations. A GEMS Festival f any of your students have turned away a few dots of different colors combine to make and stamps, inspecting gems, fossils, and rocks, Teacher's Guide. S. Brady and C. Willard. when peering into a microscope, they may other colors. and observing machine and electrical compo- Lawrence Hall of Science, University of be turning away from science. Rather than nents. Because most include transmitted lighting, Calilfornia at Berkeley, 1998. Hold the interest of young engineers with a few they can also be used for viewing translucent I being intrigued, some elementary students • http://www.msa.microscopy.org/ProjectMicro fabric swatches. Focus on the intricacies of con- are adversely affected by what they see in a specimens like plants and pond water struction of woven, knitted and pressed fabric specimens. microscope. Unidentifiable squiggly things in a samples. • http://www.msa.microscopy.org/Project drop of tap water, the magnified eyes of a fly, the Micro/BeanieBabyMystery.html Microscopes are only as durable as the material prickly legs of a garden spider…any or all of Appeal to budding chemists using samples of from which they are manufactured, so choose these could dampen a young child's curiosity • http://www.msa.microscopy.org/Project table, rock, alum, boric acid, and Epsom salts. one with a sturdy frame (to minimize vibration about the world around him. Micro/SandCollection.htm Ask them to examine, compare and describe and fluctuations with temperature changes) and each. Use the Epsom salts to show them how high-quality components. You'll find specification The effects can be long term and far reaching. chemical solids form crystals. Science contributes significantly to preparing stu- information regarding illumination, diaphragms, dents to become effective problem solvers and Grab a globe and a few samples of different sand focus options, and lenses for all of our micro- plays a role in creating the context for many per- to intrigue promising geologists. Encourage them scopes in our online catalog at sonal and community issues.1 "For students in to discern the colors, shapes and textures of www.fisheredu.com. the early grades, the emphasis should over- each sample. Help them identify where the sands 1 NEA Benchmarks On Line, Habits of Mind, www.project2061.org/tools/benchol/bolintro.htm, whelmingly be on gaining experience with natural came from based on their composition. accessed 2/22/05. and social phenomena and on enjoying 2 NEA Benchmarks On Line, The Nature of Science, www.project2061.org/tools/benchol/ch1/ch1.htm, 2 science." accessed 2/22/05.

PROCEDURES: 1. Review with students what they know about the periodic table of the elements. A good way to begin the discussion is by viewing The Elements video. Fill in any discussion holes by asking these questions: How did Mendeleyev know there were gaps in the table? How was he able to predict the properties of the yet-to-be-discovered Save on Professor* elements? Microscope ClassPacks 2. Assign each student one element in the periodic table and have them research the INTRODUCE YOUR STUDENTS element and find answers to these four questions: TO MICROSCOPY WITH THIS CORDLESS, – What was the date of the element's ELEMENTARY MICROSCOPE discovery? – Which scientist or scientists discovered Save When You Buy For Your Whole Class! the element? – Where was the element discovered? Finally, a realistic elementary ELEMENTS – Under what circumstances was it microscope! The Professor helps your discovered? Tempted to snore over the periodic table of the students appreciate the wonders of the 3. Have students create a brief presentation elements? Not after poet Roger McGough, in microscopic world—no blurry images to about their element that includes the inspired dramatic fashion, traces the evolution answers to the four questions. Encourage confuse new microscope users! of chemistry from the Greeks to present day in them to include information about the effect • View a variety of objects using the The Elements. Grades 6-8. the element's discovery has had on society. 10X wide-field, locked-on eyepiece For example, the isolation of iron led to the and 40X, 100X, and 400X manufacturing of weapons and tools during magnification MATERIALS: the Iron Age. • Adjust light intensity with – The Elements DVD (HS68364DVD) 4. As students present their findings, work as rotating diaphragm and DVD player a class to create an annotated time line that shows the discovery dates of the • Keep slides in place with – Periodic table of the elements researched elements. Have students create locked-on stage clips (HS45521) a brief presentation about their element • Get up to 300 hours of use – Research materials on the elements that includes the answers to the four ques- with just three “AA”batteries (included) tions. Encourage them to include informa- and important scientists tion about the effect the element's discov- • Includes box of safety slides – Computer with Internet access ery has had on society. For example, the JUST COMPARE! CAT. NO. PRICE SALE: 10/PK isolation of iron led to Single Microscope HS67555 69.00 ---- the manufacturing of Value Pack of 10 Microscopes HS67555PK 690.00 590.00 weapons and tools during the Iron Age.

Tools for Teaching content adapted from The Elements: Teacher's Guide by Discovery School and used with permission. Making Science MatterTM www.fisheredu.com Tel. 1-800-955-1177 Fax. 1-800-955-0740 5 emulsification technology resulted in compounds UNLOCKING THE that have higher oxygen-carrying capacity and are stable enough to be stored for months without MYSTERIES OF BLOOD degradation of activity. Early research on hemoglobin revealed that it is But what happens when there is no donated split in half by enzymes when the protective coat- blood available? Our nation typically experiences ing of the red blood cell is removed, and that brief blood shortages during the summer months these leftover parts can cause lung and kidney and holidays, when donations tend to drop off. damage in transfusion recipients. But, hemoglo- But recently, blood shortages have become more bin is an excellent oxygen carrier and scientists common and are now occurring year round in were determined to figure out how it could be some parts of the country. Experts cite several manipulated to work as artificial blood. With this reasons for this trend: lack of educational pro- in mind, researchers set out to modify hemoglo- grams, cultural and regional differences in donat- BODIES ON THE MEND bin to resist breakdown but retain its oxygen- ing, increasing restrictions on who may donate, carrying capacity. Now, hemoglobin harvested This two-segment video looks at the ways our and an increase in the number of therapies from humans, slaughtered animals, or bacterial bodies work, the ways they can be damaged, requiring large amounts of blood, such as colonies can be altered to produce compounds and how to fix the breaks. Grade Level 3-4. chemotherapy, organ transplants and heart sur- that carry and deliver oxygen. geries. As demand begins to exceed supply, the MATERIALS: race to create life-saving alternatives intensifies. – Bodies on the Mend video (HS87754) and Far-reaching Benefits VCR, or DVD (HS87754) and DVD player Parallel Paths Because they lack the outer red blood cell coat- – Paper, pencils, markers or dot stickers ing, both classes of oxygen carriers are universal – Large construction paper or bulletin board paper or more than 36 years, researchers at Although the novel substances being introduced and can be administered to recipients of any several U.S. biotechnology companies can perform some of blood's myriad functions, blood type without risk of incompatibility or the PROCEDURES: have been pursuing a substitute for one they are still not good enough to be labeled delay that typing and cross-matching donor blood 1. Ask your students if any of them have ever F of the body's most vital fluids—blood. "blood substitutes." Some researchers feel that a broken a bone. Then ask them if they think it entails. These fluids can be more rigorously steril- The one who solves the puzzle first will have better name for these new compounds is "oxy- takes a large bone longer to heal than a small ized to eliminate disease-causing agents, and accomplished a scientific achievement that will gen carriers," because they are designed to carry bone? Tell them that they are going to formu- their quality can be more closely controlled. save countless numbers of human lives. oxygen—typically the job of the red blood cells. late an answer to that question. Finally, they can be stored at room temperature 2. Have students work as a class to generate a Oxygen-carrier research is developing along two for long periods of time without losing their effi- list of questions for a survey on broken bones Sharing the Vital Force different paths: the first involving perfluorochemi- cacy, making them a readily available alternative and healing time. to donor blood, especially in times and locations Transfusions can be made with either whole cal emulsions, the second employing modified 3. Take your students to other classes to conduct blood or blood components. Whole blood is used hemoglobin harvested from humans, animals, of natural disasters. the survey. Visit as many classes as possible, when a patient has lost a large volume of blood, and in one case, E. coli bacteria. the more data you have, the more information or when individual blood components are not you can organize. Perfluorocarbons are a class of compounds Education and Awareness available. It helps restore blood volume and 4. When the survey is complete, have your stu- derived from hydrocarbons by replacement of blood pressure, but may also raise the recipient's Are Key dents plot their data on a large graph. Using hydrogen atoms by fluorine atoms. A by-product blood pressure above normal levels. Blood com- markers or dot stickers, have your students of Teflon® manufacture, perfluorocarbons are Until a substitute is created, tested and approved, ponents include red blood cells, plasma, plot points for the healing times for each bro- inexpensive to produce and free of biological the Red Cross and other blood bank administra- ken bone (some of the points may overlap). platelets, clotting factors, immunoglobulins, and materials, so there is no risk of infectious agent tions must continue to ensure the safety of the white blood cells. In many cases, administering a contamination, and they have an oxygen-carrying blood supply, while simultaneously raising public Tools for Teaching content adapted blood component is clinically effective, and capacity more than twice that of normal plasma. awareness and cultivating a new batch of reliable from Bodies on the Mend: Teacher's allows whole blood supplies to be reserved for Guide by Discovery School and The earliest clinical trials with perfluorocarbons donors through educational programs in the cases where blood components are not enough. used with permission. were disappointing, but later developments in schools and incentive programs for corporate and community blood drives.

FREE! VIDEO & ASSESSMENT CD WITH EACH PURCHASE!

Introducing... OHAUS SCHOOL BALANCE Neo/SCI’s Elementary Science Curriculum Modules Introduce Precision Mass Measurement Standards-Based, Modular Learning System for Grades 2-5 to Elementary Grade Students Finally, an inquiry-based elementary science program specifically designed to meet the National Science Education Standards (NSES)! Neo/SCI’s Elementary Science Curriculum Modules can be easily implemented by both novice and expert teachers alike—even This rugged, lightweight balance is the perfect tool for introducing without any prior knowledge of science. Each Elementary Module features: the science of metrology. Weigh everyday objects, from paper • Curriculum-based Activities • Student Worksheet Copymasters clips to books, or demonstrate mass measurement concepts with • Complete Materials for 32 Students • Professional Development Video • Teacher’s Guide • Elementary Assessment CD-ROM the included eight-piece solid brass mass set. With large washable Developed and tested in the classroom by experienced teachers, including Lynn Gatto, weighing pans and easy-to-use zero adjustment for accuracy and New York State’s 2003 Teacher of the Year! repeatability, this is an ideal balance for grades 3-6. SEE FISHER SCIENCE EDUCATION’S 2005 K-6 CATALOG OR VISIT WWW.FISHEREDU.COM FOR COMPLETE INFORMATION ON NEO/SCI’S ELEMENTARY SCIENCE CURRICULUM MODULES. DESCRIPTION CAT. NO. PRICE DESCRIPTION CAT. NO. PRICE Each HS63485 31.00 Physical Science 3-Module Set HS79141-ND 569.95 Buy 2, Get 1 FREE HS93485 62.00 Earth Science 3-Module Set HS79140-ND 569.95 Life Science 3-Module Set HS79138-ND 569.95 Complete 9-Module Set HS79142-ND 1699.95 6 Fisher Science Education Headline Discoveries Volume II, Issue I, Spring 2005 "Can I avoid formaldehyde if I want to?" other storage available (reusable pails, plastic Fisher's non-formaldehyde fixed specimens are bags with ties, etc.). PRESERVED SPECIMENS IN called Fisher-Free*, and, for these specimens, no formaldehyde ever touches the specimen. One of the most commonly asked questions THE BIOLOGY CLASSROOM Fisher-Free specimens offer high quality speci- regarding preserved materials is "How should I mens that allow students and instructors with care for my specimens before and during use?" Preserved specimens do not require refrigeration For those new to the biology labo- concerns about formaldehyde the opportunity to perform worry-free dissections. After fixation of of any kind and should be kept away from freez- ratory, a good starting point is the ing or very hot temperatures. Prior to use, they question "What are preserved bio- tissues, specimens are stored and packaged in a formaldehyde-free preservative. are best left in the shipping containers. The two logical specimens?" Simply put, most important concerns to watch for are drying preserved biological specimens are "What kind of specimens are available?" and fungus or mold growth. Ordering specimens plant or animal units that are Specimens come in various sizes and latex injec- in pails solves both of these concerns. treated with chemicals to prevent tions and have various packaging options. The Specimens in vac-pacs should be kept in the their decomposition so they can be size of specimen used is usually the result of bags until use. After opening, students should examined and dissected in the teacher preference and budgetary constraints. keep them in specimen bags tightly sealed with a classroom over a period of time. The latex injection chosen usually depends upon rubber band. Holding fluid sprays and wraps "How are specimens treated to the concepts the teacher wishes to demonstrate. should be used during dissection to prevent dry- prevent decomposition?" The Most specimens are offered with color latex injec- ing and before the specimen is wrapped in its preparation of preserved materials tions in the circulatory system to assist students storage bag. [Holding fluid spray, holding fluid is usually a two-step process: 1) fix- in finding and identifying arteries and veins. Plain concentrate, and storage bags are all available specimens have no color injections, single in- from Fisher Science Education.] After first open- ne of the more commonly used teach- ation of the proteins and 2) preser- vation of the fixed specimen. In the fixation jected specimens have the arterial system with ing a specimen, it is strongly advised that stu- ing materials in biology laboratories are red latex, double injected specimens have its dents rinse the body cavity with cold running preserved biological materials. From process, proteins in the specimen are altered with a chemical fixative so bacteria and fungi can- venous system injected with blue latex in addi- water to flush out the residual embalming fluids. O amoebas to Xenopus, a wide variety of tion to the red arterial system and triple injected materials are available for teaching various con- not cause decomposition. The chemical fixatives "What kinds of specimens are available?" The attach to tissue proteins causing them to specimens, in addition to arteries (red) and veins cepts in the biological sciences. However, teach- (blue), have the hepatic portal system filled with three most popular preserved specimens are ers and students often have numerous questions 'crosslink' to other proteins making the tissues frogs, cats and pigs. They account for over 65% resistant to decomposition. The protein fixation yellow latex. Double injected sharks are excep- about preserved materials. Here are some of the tions and traditionally follow a different color of all specimen sales. Frogs are primarily used in more commonly asked questions and some of can cause color change and hardens the tissue. the High School and Junior High School markets. The most common fixative for specimens is order where the arterial and hepatic systems are the basic concepts demonstrated with preserved colored. Injected invertebrate specimens like Pigs are used in High School, Junior College and specimens. formaldehyde but several other fixatives are College markets. Cats are primarily used in AP used. [During Darwin's time, for example, alcohol crayfish, starfish, and squid generally have only one color for the entire circulatory system. High School Biology, Junior College and College Preserved specimens are used by biology was used to preserve specimens] After fixation, classes. instructors at all student levels to teach anatomy most specimens are washed and stored in a non- "How does my specimen arrive?" Specimens (the study of shape and structure of organisms formaldehyde holding or preservative solution. are sold in either plastic pails or vacuum-sealed When it comes to learning about anatomy and and their parts). Students also use guides, Fisher's Bio-Fresh* is one such product that plastic bags. Fisher's formaldehyde-fixed speci- physiology of animals, dissection adds unique books, models, computer programs, gloves, dis- keeps specimens moist and resistant to mold mens are never, ever shipped in formaldehyde. perspectives that other teaching aids alone can- section equipment and videos while performing and fungus. They are pail-packed in non-formaldehyde hold- not provide. Fisher carries a wide selection of specimen dissection. Dissection of preserved ing/preservative fluid or the specimens are stored preserved specimens-from chordates to verte- specimens provides students with a 'hands-on' "Why is the use of formaldehyde being mini- brates-for all grades. Look for a full selection and mized?" Concern over formaldehyde's toxicity in the non-formaldehyde holding fluid prior to learning experience about an organism's anatomy being vacuum-sealed in plastic bags. Pails are description of our Fisher-Free and Bio-Fresh spec- using the actual organism—an experience that and odor has resulted in the development of imens in the new Fisher Science Education alternative fixatives. easier to store and allow you to re-use speci- cannot be duplicated by dissection study aids mens, but have higher shipping costs. Vacuum Catalog or at our website, www.fisheredu.com. alone. bags are good for specimens that are going to be For any additional questions about the use of pre- used in one class period or if the teacher has served specimens, please contact your Fisher Science Education representative.

INSIDE EVERY SCIENCE TEACHER IS A SERIOUSLY COOL MICROSCOPE SCREAMING TO GET OUT!

Amphibia, Anura, Frogs Grassfrogs are the most popular Introducing the specimen used for dissection because revolutionary Swift M2 of their place in the phylogenetic structure, convenient size, and low cost. What's your idea of the perfect Choose from specimens: classroom microscope? k Fixed in formaldehyde, rinsed, and held in We asked. You told us. And the result Fisher Bio-Fresh* is the new and exciting M2.

k 100% formaldehyde-free Remarkably flexible and distinctively designed, Fisher-Free* specimens, the revolutionary Swift M2 is three microscopes in fixed and held in nontoxic one—with a modular design that goes from the solutions; excellent for classroom to the field as easily as it goes from classroom use compound to stereo—freeing you to create new and interactive lesson plans like never before.

GRASS FROGS It also comes with unique student-proof features that ensure it can withstand the rigors of class- LIST PRICE SALE room use. And of course, it's backed with the TYPE CAT. NO. PACK OF 10 25% OFF Swift limited lifetime warranty. Fisher Bio-Fresh 4.5-5.5" Plain HS1631S 41.65 31.24 CAT. NO. PRICE Single HS1617S 55.00 41.32 HS85273B 695.00 Triple HS1615S 63.00 47.25 Fisher-Free 4.5-5.5" Plain HS0930S 61.10 45.82 Double HS0934S 65.00 48.75 Triple HS0936S 69.30 51.98

No other discounts can be used in conjunction with this offer. Promotional prices available through October 14, 2005.

Envisioned by Teachers. Designed for Students. Built to Last. Making Science MatterTM www.fisheredu.com Tel. 1-800-955-1177 Fax. 1-800-955-0740 7

Ohaus* New Adventurer™

AVAILABLE MAY 2005 SL Balances

FROM FISHER SCIENCE EDUCATION The Best Balance for Basic Weighing Designed for uncomplicated performance, educators will find the new Adventurer SL has only those features necessary for routine weighing along with a few design extras that help eliminate common nuisances that can arise in the classroom. • New easy access Frameless Draftshield included on the analytical and high precision models. The open construction helps eliminate spillage and reduces waste. • Easily removable doors and panels together with a stainless-steel bottom make the Adventurer SL easy to clean. • Superior stability on any surface is provided by our QuadraStanceTM design, created to prevent rocking and tipping. • Up-front level indicator makes initial leveling easier and a quick glance ensures that the balance is level prior to each use.

Housed in a compact design, the Adventurer SL is available in several precision models ranging from 150 x 0.001 grams to 8100 x 1 gram. Two analytical models are also available aith a capacity of 65 or 210 grams.

– Table-Based Lab Designs – Multi-Discipline Labs – Innovative Ideas for Your Lab

Let Fisher Hamilton, the world’s leader in furnishing labs, help you with your next lab project. From furniture selection to planning and budgeting assistance, you can rely on Fisher Hamilton to supply the support required to make your lab project a success.

HELP YOUR TEAM SUCCEED WITH YOUR LAB PLANNING PROJECT. REQUEST A FREE FISHER SCIENCE EDUCATION 2005 LAB PLANNING GUIDE.

Who should be involved in your lab planning process? What safety considerations do you need to be aware of? What are your furniture and lab layout options? Find the answers to these questions and more in the FSE 2005 Lab Planning Guide. To receive your copy, contact your Fisher Science Education support team at 800-955-1177 or e-mail [email protected]. 8 Fisher Science Education Headline Discoveries Volume II, Issue I, Spring 2005 FOOD SAFETY: IT'S NOT JUST Banishing These Rule #4: Keep Hot Foods Hot and Cold Offensive Guests Foods Cold The golden rule of preventing temperature abuse! FOR HOLIDAYS ANYMORE Most food poisonings are a result of improper If foods are to be left out for a certain amount of handling, preparation, and serving. These errors time, perhaps on a buffet, hot foods should be usually fall into one of two categories: cross- kept at or above 140°F (60°C) and cold foods at contamination, wherein raw foods, especially or below 40°F (4°C). meats, contaminate surfaces, utensils, and other foods; and temperature abuse, which refers to Rule #5: Keep Raw Meats Separate from inadequate cooking, cooling, reheating, and Other Foods improper holding temperatures. These mistakes are easily avoided by following a few simple Remember, raw meat may carry pathogenic bac- safe-food handling rules. teria that can contaminate other foods. Special care must be taken with those that will not be Rule #1: Do Not Thaw Meat at cooked before being eaten, such as fresh fruits Room Temperature and vegetables. Fresh produce may carry patho- genic bacteria as well. To reduce the risk of food or reasons food bacteriologists are hard- led to cases of contamination in hamburger. All raw meat potentially harbors bacteria, some of poisoning, remove the outer leaves of lettuce and pressed to understand, the general pub- Other foods responsible for outbreaks have which may be pathogenic. Hamburger may carry cabbage before washing. lic seems to think about food safety included unpasteurized apple cider, raw milk, let- E. coli O157:H7, and turkey and chicken typically Everything that comes into contact with raw F more at Thanksgiving than at other tuce, cheese curds, game meat, alfalfa sprouts, carry Salmonella. Proper refrigeration keeps num- meat—plates, surfaces, hands, utensils, cutting times, perhaps due to the daunting task of suc- and even dry-cured salami. bers of bacteria in check; but when foods are left cessfully cooking a meal that is not the usual at room temperature, bacteria can multiply, there- boards—should be washed thoroughly with hot, fare. However, we eat 365 days a year, and food Salmonella has been a known foodborne by increasing the likelihood of food poisoning. soapy water before being used again. Using a safety should concern us all the time. pathogen for more than 100 years, but is separate cutting board just for raw meats is also reemerging as new food vehicles and antibiotic- Rule #2: Promptly Refrigerate Leftovers a good idea. Cross-contamination can also occur The Centers for Disease Control indicate that resistant strains are discovered. Unpasteurized through dishtowels, faucet handles and drawer food poisoning is responsible for 76 million ill- apple cider, alfalfa sprouts, cantaloupe, tomatoes, Food should be left at room temperature for a pulls, so watch where you put your hands! nesses every year in the U.S. According to the and toasted oat cereal have been implicated in maximum of two hours, preferably less. Large Food and Drug Administration, there were only outbreaks of salmonellosis. Salmonella may also quantities of food should be separated and Food Safety First—All Year 'Round five recognized foodborne pathogens 50 years stored in smaller containers for refrigeration to contaminate beef, turkey, chicken, pork, milk and In our harried lives, we may not always be care- ago, whereas today there are more than 25. facilitate rapid cooling. milk products, peanut butter, chocolate, and raw ful where we place the kitchen shears after we Modernization and globalization of our food sup- eggs. finish trimming off chicken fat. U.S. government ply, travel, an increased number of restaurants Rule #3: Reheat Leftovers Completely Listeria monocytogenes has been known to agencies and companies continue to provide one and fast food establishments, evolving antibiotic Microwaves are handy for reheating leftovers, but cause illness in sheep, cattle, and goats since of the safest food supplies in the world. However, resistance, and environmental contamination all keep in mind that microwave heating may leave 1911, and around 1980, it was discovered that it is our responsibility to take the final precaution- have contributed to emergence of new food cold spots, and bacteria residing in those cold this organism can be transmitted to humans in ary steps to prevent food poisoning and provide pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7, Listeria spots may not be destroyed. Food should be food. Listeria bacteria are found in many types of nutritious, delicious and safe meals for our fami- monocytogenes, and reemergence of others like turned or stirred halfway through reheating to foods, but those considered to be high risk are lies and friends. Salmonella. avoid cold spots, and should be steaming hot processed, ready-to-eat products such as sliced before being served. Eat leftovers within 72 This article is based on an article originally pub- deli meats and soft cheeses made with unpas- hours of preparation or freeze them—bacteria lished in the Fisher Scientific LabReporter, 2004, Where They're Found teurized milk. While bacterial growth is typically cannot grow in the freezer. No.4. The role of E. coli O157:H7 in severe foodborne inhibited by cold storage, Listeria continues to disease has increased steadily since 1982. The multiply in the refrigerator, so the longer foods occurrence of this bacterium in beef cattle has are stored, the greater the potential for problems.

UNDERSTANDING: PowerPower upup youryour BACTERIA Some bacteria have become immune to the best of our antibiotics, rendering once- classroom…classroom… treatable infections deadly. But not all bacteria are harmful; in fact, some are quite helpful. Learn how bacteria aid in meal digestion, the control of air and water pollution, and even the treatment of muscle disorders. Grades 9-12.

bacterial reproduction with mitotic reproduction in a single human cell. 3. Review students' models and MATERIALS: paragraphs as a class, asking – Understanding: Bacteria DVD the following questions: (HS68367DVD) and DVD player – How do bacteria differ from other single-celled organisms? – Library or Internet resources on bac- – What are some beneficial uses teria and bacterial reproduction of bacterial toxins in medicine? ®® – Computer with Internet access – How do bacteria change and …with…with Ken-A-VisionKen-A-Vision!! – Clay for constructing models adapt to new environments? – Paper and pens or pencils – Why is genetic Ken-A-Vision’s fully digital, USB-powered Video Flex® 7200U multi- research an purpose camera offers exceptional classroom functionality. Capture important part of images to your computer or upload them to the Web. Record chemical PROCEDURES: understanding reactions safely. Create time-lapse image slideshows, movies, video 1. Have each student construct a clay microorganisms? stream—do it all with the Video Flex 7200U! Key features include: model that illustrates one process • Comes complete with Ken-A-Vision’s innovative Discovery Scope of bacterial reproduction. The mod- Kit, Applied Vision Software, and a durable carrying case els should be labeled clearly. • USB powered—easy connectivity, easy power-up 2. Then, ask students to write a para- Tools for Teaching content adapted from • Ken-A-Vision’s exclusive 5-year warranty graph that identifies and clearly Understanding Bacteria: Teacher's Guide by describes the process they've illus- Discovery School and used with permission. • Durable polycarbonate base—Ken-A-Vision quality built trated with their model. You may wish to extend the project by hav- DESCRIPTION CAT. NO. PRICE 7200U HS67919 875.00 ing students write additional para- graphs that compare and contrast Making Science MatterTM www.fisheredu.com Tel. 1-800-955-1177 Fax. 1-800-955-0740 9

Cause: Vibrio cholerae bacterium Sources: Undercooked shellfish Unsanitized water supplies Symptoms: Abdominal cramps Mild to acute diarrhea Nausea/vomiting Dehydration Shock Method of Infection: Ingested viable bacteria attach to the walls of Fisher proudly offers a complete new line the small intestine and secrete cholera toxin. of economical laboratory and classroom This toxin is the direct cause of symptomatic diarrhea. At least one million viable organisms seating. This model is a comfortable chair must be ingested to cause infection. made with soil-resistant molded Consumption of antacid greatly reduces this polyurethane foam seat and back for easy threshold. Diagnosis: cleaning. The "rubber like" material Diagnosis of cholera can only be confirmed prevents damage to other furniture. So by isolation of V. cholerae from stool samples even if your chairs get "no respect," this of infected individuals. product just keeps on performing. To find BACTERIAL DISEASE Course of Treatment: PROFILE: CHOLERA While cholera typically is self-limiting, infected the best chairs for your specific applica- persons must rehydrate lost fluids. Because tion, please review the complete new line V. cholerae is a bacterium, antibiotics such as tetracycline have been shown to shorten the of Fisher chairs at www.fisheredu.com. duration of illness. Death from cholera is very rare and only occurs if lost electrolytes are not replenished. Infection Rates: Approximately 200 cases in the U.S. since 1973. Because V. cholerae thrives in unsani- tized water, cholera is much more likely in developing countries and local populations of CAT. NO. PRICE displaced persons. HS68904 179.95 Based on Introduction to Bacteria lesson plan by Discovery School and used with permission.

Source: U.S. Food & Drug Administration's Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Bad Bug Book (online at http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/)

Cat. No. HS68556 $99.95

VENTING NOT REQUIRED

The Protector Demonstration Hood Mobile System is a light-duty fume hood that provides close observation of class- room procedures. It is 3' wide and includes a cart with work surface, lower transition adapter and FilterMate™ Portable Exhauster (for use with two carbon or one carbon and one HEPA fil- ters). That means portability and ducting to the outside is not required. Tempered SHED SOME LIGHT safety glass front sash, sides, rear baffle ON THE SUBJECT! and top offer 360º visibility. The patented Get a FREE fluorescent light kit Clean-Sweep™ air foil allows air to with Protector Demo Hood sweep the work surface for maximum Mobile System purchase. containment while the exclusive upper containment sash foil bleeds air into the FREE Fluorescent Light Kit that includes front-mounted enclosure to direct contaminants away switches for ON/OFF control of the light and the rear- mounted auxiliary electrical receptacle. The electrical from the operator's breathing zone. receptacle may be used to provide power to equipment Features include side-entry air foils, piv- inside the hood. oting clear rear baffle, ergonomic angled sash, and a 23" deep interior.

DESCRIPTION CAT. NO. PRICE 22.8"H HS79524A 5710.00 33"H HS79524B 6010.00 10 Fisher Science Education Headline Discoveries Volume II, Issue I, Spring 2005 LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION: GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS arate monitoring stations situated across the globe. The user segment is the receiver-proces- sors that provide position data to users. Four signals mark the spot Because GPS relies on "line of sight," satellites must be visible to the GPS receiver, and the units are typically used outdoors. At any moment, a GPS unit can "see" four to eight satellites from anywhere on Earth. The receiver reads four satel- lite radio signals and automatically computes its location using the geometric principle of trilateration. The GPS unit measures the distances to each of the four satellites (determined by the time each signal takes to reach the receiver) and combines this data with information from an electronic "Where are we?" almanac of satellite orbits to calculate location and altitude. The display shows position against or ages, lost travelers have asked that a map stored in memory so the user can see his unsettling question. Maybe you won- position relative to cities, streets, terrain and dered it aloud yourself last summer after From the science principles you teach, Experiment! landmarks. F that shortcut at Albuquerque led you to uses words, pictures and movies to guide your the Badlands instead of the beach. Enhanced GPS units offer more comprehensive students through their own investigations, results and maps, programmable itineraries, path tracing and conclusions. The pack includes everything you need Had you been carrying a global positioning sys- directional advice. to get started including datalogger, light sensor and tem (GPS), you needn't have lost your bearings. cable as well as the multimedia resource and logging Using satellite technology, GPS tells you precisely software. A wide range of additional sensors are also where you are! From the Pentagon available for doing even more experiments. It's the Mariners of yore plotted their courses against the to the Family Car easiest way to get into data acquisition—all you need stars using a compass and sextant. GPS uses sig- is a standard Windows PC with USB. The DOD began the GPS project in the 1970s for nals from manmade celestial bodies—satellites— military use. Thirteen years after its battlefield to do much more. CAT. NO. PRICE debut in Operation Desert Storm (1992), GPS is HS68658ND 99.95 Operated by the U.S. Department of Defense widespread across civilian and commercial appli- (DOD), the GPS network has three major seg- cations including automobiles, aviation, survey- ments: space, control and user. The space seg- ing, boating and outdoor recreation. ment consists of 24 orbital satellites deployed in One of the best-known commercial GPS products a global grid 11,000 miles above the Earth's sur- is General Motors' in-vehicle safety and security face. The ground-based control segment includes system, called OnStar. a master control station in Colorado and five sep- Contd. on p. 13.

RAGING PLANET: LIGHTNING Three out of four people survive being hit by lightning—remarkable, considering that a single thunderstorm can generate as much energy as a nuclear power station.

Demonstration 2: a) Darken the room as much as possible. b) Rub a plastic comb with a piece of wool or fur. c) Hold the comb near a metal doorknob and observe. (Students will see tiny sparks.)

Demonstration 3: a) Blow up two balloons and rub them on MATERIALS: your sleeve. – Raging Planet: Lightning b) Darken the room as much as possible. (HS87756DVD) and DVD player c) Rub the two balloons together and observe. (Students will see tiny sparks.) – Ground pepper, plastic utensil, wool/fur or nylon cloth, plastic comb, 3. Explain that in each case, friction created metal doorknob, two rubber balloons a buildup of electrons, causing an elec- trical charge or static electricity. In a storm cloud, friction from dust, ice, and PROCEDURES: water droplets 1. Discuss cloud formation, thunder, and produces a similar lightning storms. charge which, in REAL GPS, COMPACT AND AFFORDABLE! turn, causes 2. Divide your class into small groups and have Magellan eXplorist™ handheld GPS units are virtually student-proof—compact, each group perform one demonstration lightning. easy to use, waterproof, and they float! Plus, there are no service fees EVER! for the rest of the class. Cat. No. HS87756 Demonstration 1: $49.95 DESCRIPTION CAT. NO. PRICE a) Spread grains of ground pepper on a small area of a desktop. eXplorist 100 HS68650A 121.80 Tools for Teaching content b) Vigorously rub a plastic utensil with wool or eXplorist 200 HS68650B 215.65 adapted from Raging Planet: Lightning: Teacher's nylon. Guide by Discovery School* and used with eXplorist 300 HS68650C 233.45 c) Hold the utensil about 1 inch over the mix- permission. ture and observe. (The utensil will pick up the pepper.) Making Science MatterTM www.fisheredu.com Tel. 1-800-955-1177 Fax. 1-800-955-0740 11 THE POWER OF POSITIVE LIGHTNING storm cloud, attracted by the negatively charged base of the cloud. An elec- Ginsberg Scientific has been supplying educators with reliable, trical field develops visual, and hands-on teaching tools for over 30 years. Our between the cloud and the ground. As a result, light- philosophy is simple: combining science, skill and service to bring ning can occur not only a valued product to your classroom. Look for Ginsberg's products within clouds, but also throughout the Fisher catalog, including such sections as Physics, from cloud to ground. Chemistry, Earth Science, and Equipment and Supplies. The most common type of cloud-to-ground lightning is CAT. NO. PRICE negative lightning, in which HS68550 395.00 negative charge is trans- ferred from the cloud to = Radek Dolecki the ground. This type of lightning occurs because ightning is the most dangerous of the electric field generated between the nega- and frequently encountered tive charge of the cloud base and the positive weather hazard most people expe- charge on the ground. A channel of negative L rience each year. It ranks second charge, called a stepped leader, descends from only to floods for storm-related casualties the bottom of the storm toward the ground. As in the United States, with nearly 100 deaths the negative leader approaches the ground, posi- and 500 injuries each year. Lightning can tive charge collects on the ground and then rises be classified in two major categories, toward the negative charge in a channel called a cloud-to-cloud or cloud-to-ground. Cloud-to- streamer. When the leader and streamer meet, ground lightning strikes can be divided into closure of the cloud-ground circuit takes place negative lightning and positive lightning. and the leader is neutralized by an electrical dis- Positive lightning makes up less than 5% of charge. A much more powerful return stroke all lightning strikes, but despite its low rate flows through the ionized channel from the of occurrence, it is by far the most power- ground to the cloud and an electrical discharge ful and dangerous type of lightning. occurs, producing lightning. This return stroke into the cloud is the most luminous part of the strike. Negative lightning strikes last for hundreths How Lightning of a millisecond, yet involve several strokes trav- Is Formed eling up and down the same leader strike. Scientists generally agree that the basic Positive lightning occurs when the stepped leader conditions required for the production of forms at the positively charged cloud tops and a any type of lightning are separation of elec- negatively charged streamer forms from the tric charge within a cloud and generation of ground, with positive charge transferred from the an electric field. As storm clouds form, a cloud to the ground. It occurs most frequently in very turbulent environment develops within winter storms and during the final stages of a them. Strong updrafts and downdrafts thunderstorm. Positive lightning is particularly occur within close proximity to each other, dangerous for several reasons. Since positive and collisions between particles occur with lightning originates in the upper regions of a great frequency. According to laboratory storm cloud, the amount of air it must burn experiments and atmospheric observa- through to reach the ground is usually much tions, when ice crystals and super-cooled greater than that for negative lightning. Therefore, water droplets collide without coalescing, its electric field is necessarily much stronger. The the pieces that are scattered after the colli- flash lasts up to ten times longer, and peak sion are charged. Temperature determines charge and potential can be ten times greater which pieces get which charge, but at tem- than that of a negative strike—as much as peratures typical of the electrically active 300,000 amperes and one billion volts! region of thunderstorms, the smaller pieces Every Classroom needs Positive lightning is much more lethal and causes usually receive positive charges and the greater damage than negative lightning. Although a Teaching Tornado! larger pieces usually receive negative some positive strikes hit the ground directly charges. Updrafts carry the small particles under the cloud of a thunderstorm, positive light- Students love the demonstration to the upper regions of the storm, while the ning presents safety concerns because many larger particles fall toward the base of the model that teaches the principles of positive strikes occur near the edge of the cloud storm. This process results in storm clouds or strike more than ten miles away, where no risk how tornadoes form. Students will developing a negatively charged base and is perceived. Other safety concerns exist because a positively charged top. learn about how a strong updraft is aircraft are not currently designed to withstand important, about convergence and As the charges within the cloud separate, the power of these strikes. Positive lightning an electric field is generated between its flashes are believed to be responsible for many rotation, funnel speed and how it is top and base. The strength of the field forest fires. related to funnel width and many more grows as the magnitude of charge separa- Considerable interest surrounds the power and exciting tornado facts. tion within the cloud grows. The atmos- duration of positive lightning strikes. Scientists are phere, however, is a very good insulator especially interested in developing ways to that inhibits electric flow. Lightning occurs detect the areas of a thunderstorm that develop only when a sufficient amount of charge positive bolts. CAT. NO. PRICE has built up to overcome the tremendous HS67636 234.50 insulating capacity of the atmosphere. The most common type of lightning, accounting for approximately 75–80%, is cloud-to-cloud Did You Know? lightning. This lightning results from the electric field that develops within the storm –Benjamin Franklin proved that light- clouds and occurs within or among storm ning was an electrical discharge clouds. and measured the sign of the Cloud-to-Ground cloud charge that produced it. Lightning –Between ¼ and 1/3 of those struck by lightning die. The electric field within the storm cloud is not, however, the only one that develops. –A bolt of lightning can reach The electrical charges within the storm also temperatures approaching affect the charge distribution on the 50,000°F in a split second. ground. Positive charge gathers under the 12 Fisher Science Education Headline Discoveries Volume II, Issue I, Spring 2005 that these animals are not to be exported to SAVING THE UGLIEST other countries. THE FUTURE OF Like many other vulnerable species, the highest THE PLATYPUS DUCK-LIKE-THING threat to the platypus is damage to their habitat. Platypuses have been on the Earth for many creatures, preferring a Illegal netting of fish, degradation of water bodies millennia—evedence of ancient platypus quiet, undisturbed, and by damming, drainage, irrigation, pollution, and from 60 million years ago have been found orderly life. They live up out-of-control algae growths, along with the in South America and Australia. They have and down the eastern destruction of natural plants around water evolved so much and are so perfectly suited part of Australia on the courses, all reduce the suitable amount of neigh- for their environment that an argument arises shores of rivers, lakes, borhoods in which platypus can live. If you are when their future is discussed. and streams. Semi- lucky enough to live in an area that is known for its wild platypus population, do not disturb aquatic, platypuses stay Consider natural selection, which is defined them—they do not like human interference. Nor in their burrows for most by dictionary.com as "a process in nature by should you remove plants from the shores of of the day, and waddle which, according to Darwin's theory of evolu- their lakes, rivers, and streams—they help pre- out between dusk and tion, only organisms best adapted to their serve their habitat. Platypuses are not considered dawn to hunt underwater environment tend to survive and transmit endangered yet, but could be in the future if their for their food—crayfish, their genetic characteristics to succeeding habitat continues to be threatened. shrimp, tadpoles, and generations while those less adapted tend to insect larvae. Platypuses be eliminated." On the other end of the spec- have an innovative way Platypus in Captivity trum is human intervention that helps to pre- to find food—they close serve endangered species. Because platypuses are so particular and sensi- ith a face and form only a mother their eyes and ears using a flap of skin, and rely tive to noise and, moreover, to change, they tradi- Will the platypus become an ideal example could love, the platypus is so on an electroreception system found in their bills tionally do not adjust to captivity well. for Darwin's theory of natural selection and unusual, so fascinating—and so to pick up electrical currents in the water! continue to adapt to its surroundings, or has W threatened. Scientists have yet to Conservationists have gone to great lengths to Platypuses live alone in their burrows, but share it become so specialized that considerable learn everything there is to know about this mem- ensure the platypuses' comfort and propagation a body of water among neighbors. In their natural changes in their environment will eventually ber of the monotreme family because they are so of the species, but because of their particular habitat, platypuses breed for a few months out of lead to their extinction if humans do not inter- secretive. But will their secrecy lead to their nature, there have been just a handful of suc- the year; the female does not breed until she is vene? Some feel that captive breeding and demise? cessful platypus births in captivity. Mr. David about two years old, and in many instances she conservation programs save many animals Fleay conducted the first successful captive has a "puggle" or two only every other year. The from extinction. For example, the giant panda breeding in 1944 at the Healesville Sanctuary in young platypus leaves mother's burrow at about and the Cape fur seal have been saved using What is That! Victoria, Australia. The feat was so celebrated, six months of age to go off and search for her these methods. Other people take a different When first brought to Europe from their native the female puggle, Corrie, became an inter- own place—sometimes traveling quite far in order view on captive breeding—that this method Australia in 1799, most thought the platypus national celebrity and appeared on the cover of to find just the home that suits her, surrounded adversely affects gene pools. In the case of specimen was a fake or hoax like P.T. Barnum's The New York Times. Mr. Fleay was able to per- by the perfect flora and fauna materials for nests. the platypus, there is a concern that captive FeeJee Mermaid. Who would have thought that a form the miracle twice more at that same facility breeding could turn into a program for com- furry creature with a soft, leathery bill, flat tail, in 1998 and 2000. The latest successful captive mercial gain-bidding wars among zoos that webbed feet with claws, and no teeth would Dangers to the Platypus birth was performed in 2004 at Taronga Zoo in would pay top dollar for a prize platypus. exist! Eventually scientists would accept the Snakes, water rats, goannas, and foxes are the Sydney, Australia and resulted in female twins. To platypus as a real living creature, but the fact that natural enemies of the platypus. Killed in the pur- further the captive breeding program, the Given all that you know, do you think that this mammal lays eggs would not be discovered suit of scientific study in the 1800s and hunted in Healesville Sanctuary and the Taronga Zoo share captive breeding and conservation programs until 1884. the early 1900s for their thick, water-resistant fur, breeding information and tips. They plan to are for the good of the platypus, or will these Platypuses are now protected from humans. The become matchmakers and will eventually acts of human intervention cause irreparable I Want to be Left Alone! Australian government has even issued a creed exchange one male platypus for a female platy- damage to this species known for its shy, pus when the time is right for both. unassuming ways? Platypuses are very shy, obsessive-compulsive

TAKE YOUR LABS OUTDOORS WITH THE SOIL TESTING BACKPACK LAB! Hanna Instruments’ student backpack labs are perfect for field testing because each backpack is a complete lab! Kits come complete with everything you need to create the perfect environmental testing experience. – Chemical and instrument testing materials – Teacher’s Guide – Procedure summaries on waterproof, laminated paper – Overhead transparencies and reproducible activity worksheets – Safety tips

CAT. NO. PRICE HS68212 295.00 Making Science MatterTM www.fisheredu.com Tel. 1-800-955-1177 Fax. 1-800-955-0740 13 LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION: GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 10) SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY Available on more than 50 GM models as a then go find them. Caches are established by fel- factory-installed option, OnStar integrates GPS low players. Often one cache reveals clues to Like dim stars in the night sky, satellites technology and wireless telephony with the vehi- another cache or string of caches. It becomes, in orbiting Earth have specific purposes and life cle's electrical system to create a comprehensive essence, a satellite tracking game. spans. More than 8,000 satellites provide vital on-board navigation system. With the touch of a information about mapping, weather, and button, the driver can contact an OnStar advisor Imagine never being lost again or having to stop communication. at any time, day or night, for directions, emer- and ask directions. It's a reality with GPS. What gency services, or even to unlock the car remote- would Columbus think? ly. OnStar provides peace of mind for more than 2. Divide the class into small groups and two million subscribers who never again have to GPS timeline assign various regions of study to each of worry about a flat tire, keys locked in the car, or Late 1960s Concept development them. Older classes should make obser- driving in unfamiliar places. Early 1970s GPS program established by vations about typical climates in their U. S. Department of Defense assigned region. An even more sophisticated version of OnStar is Mid 1970s Ground testing 3. Using www.weather.com/maps/, have February 1978 First GPS satellite launched GM's Advanced Automatic Crash Notification students draw the weather conditions 1989 Magellan Corporation introduces they see for their region. Include clouds System (AACN), available on a limited number of first handheld GPS receiver GM models. AACN uses vehicle-mounted front 1992 GPS used in Operation Desert and arrows indicating the direction of and side sensors as well as a central sensing Storm OBJECTIVES: movement. 1995 Defense Department declares module to gauge the impact of a crash. In the – Understand that analyzing satellite 4. Repeat for five days. Be sure to check event of a moderate-to-severe crash involving the GPS "fully operational" the site at approximately the same time 2000 GPS receivers increase accuracy images reveals features and events every day. vehicle, data is instantly transmitted from the sen- to within 16 to 27 yards (15 to 25m) sors to the module, then to the OnStar Call Center that may be impossible to detect 5. After five days, look at your maps. Write a (via cellular connection) alerting it of the incident. otherwise. paragraph describing how cloud-cover The OnStar System activates a voice link GPS quick facts patterns change. between an advisor and the vehicle occupants. Satellites in network 24 6. The class can also put the regional Orbital revolution One revolution every 12 hours MATERIALS: images together to see weather move- The advisor can dispatch EMS services to the Orbital altitude 11,000 miles – Maps and atlases ment across the nation. Using this infor- precise location of the vehicle using OnStar's GPS Cost $12 million per satellite capabilities. Weight ¾ ton each – Computer with Internet access (can mation, have students predict tomorrow's weather for your area. Master Control Shriever AFB (CO) be done outside of class time) Monitoring stations 5 (Hawaii, Kwajalein, Ascension Geocaching-Hunting Island, Diego Garcia, Colorado – Pencils & Rulers Springs) by Satellite Typical data Distance traveled (odometer), elapsed travel time, current PROCEDURE: GPS has even given birth to a growing pastime speed, average speed, "bread Cat. No. HS87757 called "geocaching"—a sophisticated scavenger crumb" (route traveled), estimated 1. Begin the lesson by defining and identifying six main types of "artificial satellites" hunt in which participants use their GPS units to arrival time, current location $49.95 – Can be defined as "an object built by people find hidden treasure stashes (usually a logbook Related Web sites and items of nominal value). Anyone with a GPS that orbits a planet such as Earth and per- Navigation Information Center (U.S Coast Guard) forms a specific task by receiving and trans- can "geocache," and it makes for an excellent navcen.uscg.gov/gps mitting signals." U. S. National Geodetic Survey family outing that gives everyone a chance to – Scientific research, weather, communica- Tools for Teaching content ngs.noaa.gov/GPS/GPS.html practice their navigational skills. tions, navigation and GPS, Earth observa- adapted from Satellite Technology: Department of Defense GPS Support Center tion, and military Teacher's Guide by The rules are simple. Players typically search peterson.af.mil/usspace/gps_support Discovery School* and used geocache Web sites for cache site coordinates, U. S. Naval Observatory with permission. tycho.usno.navy.mil/gps.html Ohaus Scoute Pro Balances A balance so durable you can stand on it! The superior performance and simple operation of the Scout Balances have made them the most popular portable balance in the classroom. With the Scout Pro, you get exceptional accuracy and reliability along with extraordinary durability. The milligram model, complete with draftshield, is perfect for experiments such as titrations and quantitative analy- sis. Standard Features include: · Easy to use two-key operation and high-contrast LCD display · USB or RS232 Connectivity quickly installed options · Removable stainless-steel weighing platform, sealed front panel and molded spill ring for easy cleanup · Multiple Weighing Units–grams, kilograms, Newton, pounds and ounces · Multiple Built-in Application Modes–parts counting, percent weighing, totalization, display hold and specific gravity · Battery or AC Power–4—"AA" batteries with auto shut-off feature for 40 hours of operation · Above Balance Density/Specific Gravity kit and Integral Weigh-below Hook · 5-Year Warranty Quality workmanship, essential standard features and a five-year warranty make this a great value for the classroom.

Contact Fisher Science Education for Buy-2-Get-1 FREE promotion* * Time-limited offer. Select models only. 14 Fisher Science Education Headline Discoveries Volume II, Issue I, Spring 2005 Vidaza, from Pharmion, targets myelodysplastic TOP TEN SCIENCE STORIES IN 2004 syndromes, a bone marrow disorder marked by rapidly dividing immature blood cells that no In January, Discover Magazine picked its Saturn's rings, infrared pic- longer respond to growth-control mechanisms. top 100 science stories of 2004. Following tures of a mysterious dark Experts caution that these new drugs are not are synopses of the top ten. spot at the planet's south magic bullets, and so far extend lives by only a pole, infrared shots indicating few months. #1: Turning Point (Global Warming) temperature differences, and photos of Saturn's moons. #8: Low Carbs Put Squeeze on Farmers tinkbugs in London. Blue mussels in Norway. Shifting ranges of #5: Killer Flu Incubates The recent low-carb craze has American dieters plants and animals, earlier springs, in Asia swearing off bread, pasta, and potatoes. But it S mortal heat waves, and melting may be farmers who will be tightening their belts. ice sheets portend the advance of The Day Epidemiologists are on high Demand for wheat and potatoes has dropped, After Tomorrow, when global warming dis- alert. Last year, they docu- and food producers aren't optimistic about a turn- rupts ocean currents in the North Atlantic. mented the first human-to- around. [But farmers and dieters can take heart: a human transmission of avian potato with 30% less carbohydrate has been When greenhouse gases in the atmosphere flu. To date, 31 of the 43 peo- developed and is growing in Florida!] go up, the ice sheets go down. Because our ple who became sick by eat- oceans store almost half the CO2 humans ing or touching infected poul- #9: Teleportation Gets Real release into the atmosphere, they may slow try have died—a 70% death It's not science fiction anymore. Experimental down global warming. But the oceans now rate. Scientists fear the killer physicists used laser pulses to transfer informa- have far higher concentrations of CO2 and flu may be on the verge of tion from one atom to another. The second atom the lowest pH in millions of years, and #3: Evidence of Ancient Seas on Mars mutating into a form that can easily pass from became indistinguishable from the first, as if infor- there's concern about the effects on ocean human to human. mation had disappeared from one atom and In January 2004, NASA's rovers Spirit and life. appeared in the other without traveling through Opportunity landed on Mars to prove the planet #6: Stem Cell Researchers Move Closer the space between! The distance was less than was once covered with water. Mission accom- #2: SpaceShipOne Opens Private to Cloning Us 200 micrometers, but it was a giant step toward plished. A high concentration of sulfate minerals Rocket Era building a quantum computer that uses atomic with chloride and bromide salts was detected, A team of South Korean scientists announced in particles instead of transistors to retain and SpaceShipOne, created by aerospace engi- suggesting an earlier presence of water. The February that they had successfully derived stem process information. neer and aircraft designer Burt Rutan, was rovers also found jarosite, which on Earth forms cells from a cloned human embryo. Using the the first private manned craft to venture into only in water, and hematite, also an aqueous same process biologists have used to clone live animals, this marked the first time a cloned #10: Australian Crater Implicated in space twice within two weeks. Launched mineral. Images from the European Space Global Rubout from a traditional airstrip, a Rutan-designed Agency's Mars Express showed tributaries of an human embryo developed beyond a few cell divi- experimental plane carried SpaceShipOne to ancient river system and fields of water ice sions and the first time human stem cells had About 250 million years ago, 90% of Earth's sea 46,000 feet before separating from it. After stretching from Mars' south pole. If the one-time been derived in the process. creatures and up to 80% of its terrestrial species climbing to 367,400 feet, SpaceShipOne presence of water on Mars supported life, NASA's were extinguished, perhaps by the impact of a glided to a soft landing, and space tourism Phoenix mission, starting in 2008, should tell us. #7: New Drugs Target Cancer gigantic asteroid or comet. Researchers have was born. Plans are now underway for a Promising new drugs have been developed to found what may be the site of impact at fleet of craft modeled on SpaceShipOne that #4: Hello, Saturn attack only cancerous growths. Avastin, from Australia's Bedout High, a 125-mile-wide crater would carry tourists into space by 2007 … if Spectacular planet, stunning images. In June, the Genentech, and Erbitux, from ImClone Systems, that could have been created by an object 6 to 9 regulatory and safety requirements are first Cassini-Huygens spacecraft approached Saturn to reduce tumor growth from colon cancer that has miles across. The clue is a cache of glassy min- defined and then met. begin its four-year, 76-orbit mission to study this spread to other parts of the body. Alimta, from Eli erals with a disorganized crystalline structure planet. The spacecraft returned ultraviolet images Lilly, targets malignant pleural mesothelioma, a characteristic of violently smashed and internally with clues about the compositional variations in cancer often associated with asbestos exposure. rearranged rocks.

INTRODUCTION Bill Nye explores how the universe operates and why things move and work the way they do. He also explains the second law of thermo- dynamics, electromagnetism, and how super- conductors can help accelerate particles to near the speed of light. Grade levels 6-8. MAGNISCOPETM MA-30 Three different optical devices in PROCEDURES: one…8x20mm Monocular, 3x Loupe, 1. Use Greatest Discoveries With Bill Nye: 30x Microscope Physics to explore the basics of electro- magnetism. Once you have watched the • The heart of the MagniScope is a program, ask students to talk about the palm-sized 8x20mm monocular ways they use electricity and electromag- netism in their everyday lives. What would • Its companion is a 3x stand magnifier life be like without electricity? How does electromagnetism work? with adjustable focus and a transparent acrylic base MATERIALS: 2. Have students use a nail like a magnet to Pictured as Monocular try and pick up or move the paper clips • Thread them together and they Greatest Discoveries With Bill Nye: Physics DVD and other metal objects. What happens? TRACKERTM TZ-821 (HS87705DVD) and DVD player Why can't the nail move the paper clips? become a 30x portable microscope – Long nail (about three inches in length); one 3. Have students construct an electromag- 8x21mm Mini-Compact Binocular per group net using a direct current electrical knife – 1.5-volt D batteries; two per group switch to control the current. • Superior quality and styling at a value- packed price (HS43923) 4. Ask students to predict what they think – Direct current electrical knife switch (found will happen to the nail when the switch is in most hardware stores); one per group flipped. Will it look different? Will it be • Ultra-compact design is convenient and – Electrical tape (09-356) able to pick up the paper clips? Give stu- comfortable to carry – Scissors (HS17310) dents a few minutes to write down their predictions. • Ruby-tinted coatings provide unsurpassed – Thin electrical wire (cut in two-foot lengths infrared and ultraviolet protection, reducing without insulation); one per group 5. Have students flip their knife switches to (HS4821D) close the circuits. What happened? Did eyestrain and improving image contrast anything change? – Wire cutters (HS43871) • Accessories include soft pouch, carrying 6. Explain that when the electric current – Paperclips and/or metal push pins and other strap and lens cloth small metal objects; several per group from the batteries runs through the wire – Paper and pencils (or science journals coiled around the nail, and pencils) it creates a magnetic field. Because the wire – Computer with Internet access (optional) DESCRIPTION CAT. NO. PRICE carrying the electricity MagniScope HS68544 74.00 is coiled, the magnetic field twists and the Tracker Binoculars HS68545 32.00 magnetic lines concen- Tools for Teaching content adapted trate inside the coil, from Greatest Discoveries with Bill similar to the effect that Nye: Physics Teacher's Guide by occurred in the Bill Nye Discovery School* and used program. with permission. Making Science MatterTM www.fisheredu.com Tel. 1-800-955-1177 Fax. 1-800-955-0740 15

Discovery School: Greatest Discoveries with Bill Nye–Medicine This DVD explores the ten most significant med- ical discoveries, spanning history from the 16th century to the present day. The ten modules can be viewed whole or as a series of short vignettes. The DVD is fast-paced and fascinating. The first module is placed in 1538 with the first view of the human internal Partners in Crime: Integrating Language anatomy made possible by the practice of dissection. The grim realities of BOOK REVIEW VIDEO REVIEW "grave-robbing" show that medicine at this early stage was not easy and carried Arts and Forensic Science, Grades 5-8 personal risks. By: E.K. Hein Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint, 2004, 199 pp. But, gruesome as that early practice might have been, it is shown to be crucial for the later discovery of blood circulation, covered in the second module. Keep students engaged and interested as they learn key concepts and The thread continues from circulation to transfusion and the mystery of why some transfu- skills related to language arts. Fifteen chapters link language arts and foren- sions were safe with seemingly miraculous results and others were deadly. Thus unfolds sic science inquiry in units, lesson plans, activities, and exercises…from the story of blood typing. collecting and analyzing evidence through presenting the case in court. Anesthesia follows with a presentation of the unbearable pain of surgery of the day (taste- Partners in Crime supports the middle school concept of thematic, interdisci- fully done) and how, with an anesthetized patient, not only was pain assuaged, but the sur- plinary team building. Students learn real-world science, interact with local geon was able to perform far more delicate operations. authorities and experts, and participate in games and role-playing. Exercises encourage them to conduct original research and challenges them to draw Succeeding modules introduce 18th and 19th Century discoveries of the X-ray, the germ conclusions based on their ability to weigh evidence. "Springboards to theory of disease, and vaccination of smallpox. Writing" in each unit build vocabulary, grammar, and communications skills through note-taking, report writing, and essay development. The dawn of the modern age of medicine is featured in the DVD with 20th Century discoveries of vitamins, insulin, penicillin and sulfa drugs. For the teacher, each chapter includes an overview, introduction to the subject matter, vocabulary, lesson The discoveries of genetics, cancer and the causes of AIDS objectives, assessment guide, lesson accommoda- round out the CD. tions and modifications, materials for further study, The trip through the centuries has brought the student from the and references. The book also includes a glossary illicit acquisition of corpses for dissection to "miracles" of and references to other books of interest. modern medicine. It's a trip well worth taking. Cat. No. HS80161 Cat. No. HS87708DVD $29.95 $69.95

Partners in Crime offers teachers an innovative and highly engaging resource for integrating language arts and science strategies. As flexible as it is creative, Partners in Crime can be used for a Classroom DNA variety of classroom settings whether as a single activity, Electrophoresis LabStation™ weekly lesson, full unit, or school and community project. GROUND-BREAKING PRICE! The Classroom DNA Electrophoresis LabStation enables students to access cutting-edge technology at a previously CAT. NO. PRICE unimaginable pricepoint. The LabStation consists of all the HS80161 29.95 equipment and consumables for up to 24 students working in groups of four. Each component of the LabStation has been carefully selected for the maximum in safety, quality, ease-of- use and value. See why science educators have come to depend on EDVOTEK® biotechnology education products for nearly two decades! "This book is an interdisciplinary masterpiece!" Ken Rivenbark, Ph.D., CAT. NO. PRICE University of North Carolina at Wilmington HS68645 495.00 16 Fisher Science Education Headline Discoveries Volume II, Issue I, Spring 2005

Across 3. Minimum number of satellites to calculate global position (p. 10) 4. When food safety is a big concern (p. 8) 5. Coined theory of natural selection (p. 12) 7. Preserved specimen often used in AP Biology (p. 6) 8. Studied at the Body Farm (p. 1) 12. Creator of SpaceShipOne (p. 14) 13. Compound microscope lens (p. 4) 14. Recent Japanese laboratory for chemical studies (p. 3) 15. Global Positioning System (p. 10) 16. Chemical elements 93-101 were produced in this (p. 3) 17. Salt that forms crystals (p. 4) 20. Organism that causes illness in animals and in humans (p. 8) 22. Food that may carry bacteria (p. 8) 23. P.T. Barnum's FeeJee Mermaid (p. 12) 24. More dangerous form of lightning (p. 11) 26. Platypus is one of the few mammals to lay these (p. 12)

Down 1. Australian mammal (p. 12) 2. A human corpse (p. 1) 3. Mendeleyev is the ____ of the Periodic Table (p. 2) 5. US Department that operates GPS system (p. 10) 6. Commercial GPS products in GM vehicles (p. 10) 9. Killer flu in Asia (p. 14) 10. Oxygen carrier (p. 5) 11. Artificial blood (p. 5) 15. GPS scavenger hunt (p. 10) 16. One lighting category: clound-to-_____ (p. 11) 18. Injection used to color a preserved specimen's circulatory system (p. 6) CROSSWORD PUZZLE CROSSWORD 19. Planet where rovers traveled (p. 14) 21. Elements discovered within the first 10 years of the Periodic Table (p. 2) 25. Home state of the Body Farm, abbr. (p. 1)

Answers can be found at www.fisheredu.com in the Literature section.

NOW ENTERING ITS SECOND YEAR, HEADLINE DISCOVERIES IS A BI-ANNUAL PUBLICATION FOR TEACHERS FROM FISHER SCIENCE EDUCATION. "Thank you for such a wonderful tool for classroom teaching." What you'll find in See what you've missed! Joyce F., MO West Middle School every edition: Our most popular Tools for Teaching activities can be downloaded from our Web site in PDF • Informative articles that focus on current form. See the Teacher's Resources area on events in science www.fisheredu.com.

• Classroom activities that teachers can use Here are just a few of the comments we've to introduce or reinforce the scientific prin- received from educators about last year's ciples associated with the featured current Headline Discoveries: events • Materials lists that identify the Fisher prod- ucts used within the activities • Fun features such as book and movie reviews and a crossword puzzle Headline Discoveries presents information teach- ers can use to reinforce the concepts they teach in their classrooms with real-world events to cre- ate opportunities to engage their students in active, timely learning experiences. Subscribe now! Headline Discoveries is FREE to educators, so don't miss the next issue to be published in the Fall of 2005. To subscribe, send an e-mail to [email protected].

©2005 Fisher Scientific Litho in U.S.A. 05-6565 AP/JC 10M-GCS-03/05