The Eighth International Particle Accelerator Conference

Discovery of the Island of Stability for Super Heavy Elements

Yuri OGANESSIAN Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

IPAC’17 May19, 2017. Copenhagen, Denmark

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark For more than 22 centuries

From Democritus (460 - 371 BC...) to Dalton (1766 - 1844) it was assumed that the objects around us are made up of tiny indivisible particles - atoms interacting with each other.

In 1808 36 elements were known only 63 elements were already know by that time

Dmitri Mendeleev 1869

Genuine D.I.Mendeleev’s Table

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark 86 elements were already known by that time

electrons

Z

nucleus Ernest Rutherford March7, 1911 Planetary model of atom

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark In attempts to describe the properties of nuclear matter, George Gamow made a daring assumption that atomic nucleus may be similar to a drop of positively charged liquid.

George Gamow 1928 In fact, the density of nuclear liquid is 1015 times more than that of water

Charged Liquid Drop Model of the atomic nucleus. G. Gamow, 1928.

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark We will be discussing today the problem of synthesis and properties of extremely heavy nuclei to get answers to questions about:

• How big the nuclei can be?

• What of proton and neutron number they may have?

• Where is the mass limit of the nuclei?

• How many chemical elements can be and what are their properties?

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Nuclear fission

10 N. Bohr J.A. Wheeler 1939 Z=92U 5 G.N. Flerov

Bf=6 MeV

0 16 tential(MeV) energy 10 years (exp.) o

P 1940

Nuclear deformation

K.A. Petrzhak

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Nuclear fission

10 N. Bohr J.A. Wheeler 1939 Z=92U 5 G.N. Flerov

Bf=6 MeV

0 16 tential(MeV) energy 10 years (exp.) o

P B =0 1940 10-19 s f

Nuclear deformation

Z≥100 K.A. Petrzhak

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark ChartChart ofof nuclidesnuclides Macroscopic theory (Liquid Drop Model)

about 50 years ago… 120

T = 2·10-7 y ber SF m 110 The nuclei are unstable 102No / Tα ≈ 2 s with respect to spontaneous fission 100 proton nu proton Th

90 Bi 9 92U / Tα = 4.5·10 y T = 1016 y 80 SF 82Pb / stable

70 110120130140150160170 180 190 neutron number

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Th U neutron capture Pu HI-fusion 20 Cm Cf Fm 10

/s 102 SF T g

o 104

L 0

LD -10 -14 10 s -20

0.80 0.85 0.90 22 Fissility x = (Z /A) / (Z /A)cr Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Discovery SF isomers Th JINR, Dubna, 1962 U neutron capture Pu HI-fusion 20 Cm 1030 Cf Fm 10

/s 102 SF T g

o 104

L 0 Am LD -10 U mf Cm 33 SF-isomers mf Pu -20

0.80 0.85 0.90 22 Fissility x = (Z /A) / (Z /A)cr Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark ShellShells and magic numbers and magic numbers NEW SHELLS E. Wigner/ M. Goeppert-Mayer /H. Jensen ? Nobel Prize 1963

About 3000 nuclei are known today Z=82 82 126 100Sn 208Pb protons 50 50 Among them 56 Ni 82 9 nuclei are doubly magic 132 28 28 Sn 50 20 20 4He 8 28 70Ni 2 20 40Ca neutrons 8 48Ca 2 16O Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark YuriCopenhagen,forMay Denmark 2017, of Stability SHE. 19, of the Island Oganessian.Discovery Number of protons 208 Pb Map ofthecorrections shell (in MeV) to the liquid drop potential energy potential liquiddrop to the Number of protons 298 114 Uranium 8 8 E 6 LD 6 4 4 2 6 MeV Super heavy nucleus 2 ?19 0 1022 y 0 1010-19 s s 0 -2 -2 -4 E -4 LD al energy /al MeV energy -6 -6 -8 EShell -8 Isomeric state 0 0 -2 -2 -4 Nuclear poten -4 0.3 -6 EShell 16 -6 10 y -8 -8 Ground state ELD + E shell 0 Nuclear deforma on -2 -4 ELD + E shell -6 -8 Nuclear deforma on Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark R. Smolańczuk, Phys. Rev. C 56 (1997) 812 Partial Spontaneous Fission Half-Lives SHE 20 Z=112 114 116 с 10 SF / seconds LogT / SF 0 Log T -10

МЖКLDM -20 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 ПараметрParameter делимости of fissility xx

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Half-lives Microscopic theory -5NewNew landslands 0 5 10 15 LogT1/2 s 1μs 1s 1h d 1Myear Island of 120 StabilityIsland of Stability Shoal 110 shoal

Proton number Proton Peninsula 100 peninsula

90 Continentcontinent Sea of Instability

80

70 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 Neutron number Experimenters rushed to find this island 15-year long assault on the “Islands of Stability”

Los Alamos (USA) 1970-1985 Berkeley (USA) Dubna (JINR) Oak Ridge (USA) Mainz (Germany) Darmstadt (Germany) Orsay (France) Würenlingen (Switzerland) Tokyo (Japan) some later The task was:

To find the method of producing/detecting of superheavy elements Search in nature: earth/lunar objects, cosmic rays, artificial synthesis of superheavy elements

Use and develop a setup for synthesizing SHE High-flux reactor, even nuclear explosion, powerful accelerator of heavy ions,

To develop setups and detectors for separating and registering the rarest events of formation and decay of superheavy nuclei separator/detector, spectrometer, chemical methods, etc.

To have much patience To work for many years, being ready to rearrange on the way and improve the experimental technique

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark The task was:

To find the method of producing/detecting of superheavy elements Search in nature: earth/lunar objects, cosmic rays, artificial synthesis of superheavy elements

Use and develop a setup for synthesizing SHE High-flux reactor, even nuclear explosion, powerful accelerator of heavy ions,

To develop setups and detectors for separating and registering the rarest events of formation and decay of superheavy nuclei separator/detector, spectrometer, chemical methods, etc.

To have much patience To work for many years, being ready to rearrange on the way and improve the experimental technique

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Reactions of synthesis

114 r island of

e

b stability of superheavy m nuclei

u

n

n

o

t

o shoal of r deformed p nuclei 108

N Th U 90 Pu WN NE W peninsula Pb SW continent 126 146 184 142 162 neutron number

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Reactions of synthesis

Cold fusion

114 r island of

e

b Nh stability of superheavy m nuclei u Light ions

n

n

o

t

o shoal of r deformed p nuclei 108

N Th U 90 Pu WN NE W peninsula Pb SW continent Neutron target capture 126 146 184 from the142 162 neutron number “continent”

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Our new approach greatly complicates the experiment

Act.+48Ca

114 r island of

e

b stability of superheavy m nuclei

u

n

n

o

t

o shoal of r deformed p nuclei 108 target from N Th U“peninsula” 90 Pu WN NE W peninsula Pb SW continent 126 146 184 142 162 neutron number

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark artificial element from flux nuclear reactor target

from 48 244 to separator accelerator Ca Pu

projectiles

rare and very expensive isotope of Ca

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark artificial element from flux nuclear reactor target

from 48244 to separator accelerator CaPu

projectiles

rare and very expensive isotope of Ca

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark artificial element from flux nuclear reactor target

292 from 48244 to separator accelerator CaPuFl

projectiles

rare and very expensive isotope of Ca

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark artificial element from flux nuclear reactor n target

292 from 48244 to separator accelerator CaPuFl

projectiles n rare and very expensive isotope of Ca

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark artificial element from flux nuclear reactor n target

292288 from 48244 to separator accelerator CaPuFlFl

projectiles n rare and very expensive isotope of Ca

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark artificial element from flux nuclear reactor n target

292 288 from 48244 to separator accelerator CaPuFl Fl

projectiles n rare and very expensive isotope of Ca

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Experiments on the synthesis of SHE with 48Ca-beam at FLNR (JINR)

1977- 1979 FLNR JINR Experiments on the synthesis of Z=116 nuclei in the reaction 248Cm+48Ca

GSI, Darmstadt, Germany* LBL, UC Berkeley, CA Univ. of Mainz, Germany LANL, Los Alamos, NM EIR, Würenlingen, Switzerland 1985

1977- 1979 FLNR, JINR

The Great Depression Period

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Experiments on the synthesis of SHE in 48Ca induced reaction

GSI, Darmstadt, Germany* LBL, UC Berkeley, USA Univ. of Mainz, Germany LANL, Los Alamos, USA PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

1985

1977- 1979 FLNR JINR

FLNR / LLNL 1999

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark After the Great Depression 1999 - 2000

48 248Cm + Ca → Z=116 0.06 s

48 244Pu + Ca → 114 2.5 s 114

0.7 ms 112 0.5 min

170 μs 110 11s 184 Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Summary decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, 116 and 118 observed in 238U, 240,242, 244Pu, 245, 248Cm and 249Cf + 48Ca reactions 2015 Yu Ts Oganessian and V K Utyonkov, 294 Rep. Prog. Phys. 78 (2015) 036301 118 11.66(6) MeV 290 0.69 +0.64 ms 291 292 293 Lv -0.22 Lv Lv Lv 10.85(7) MeV 10.74(7) MeV 10.63(2) MeV 10.56(2) MeV 284 285 286 +3.5 287 10.50(2) MeV 288 +7 289 +43 8.3 -1.9 ms -4 -17 Fl Fl Fl Fl 19 -6 ms Fl Fl -0.8 10.41(5) MeV 10.21(4) MeV 10.03(2) MeV 9.93(2) MeV 9.84(2) MeV 281 0.15 +0.14 s 282 +0.04 283 284 +0.14 285 9.48(8) MeV -0.05 0.12 -0.02 s 0.48 +0.14 s 0.66 -0.10 s +0.7 Cn Cn Cn -0.09 Cn Cn 1.9 -0.4 s 10.30(4) MeV 0.91 +0.33 ms 9.53(2) MeV 98 +20 ms 9.19(2) MeV 277 +0.12 -0.19 279 9.33(6), 8.94(7) MeV -14 281 +9 0.13 -0.04 s +1.1 28 -6 s Ds Ds 4.2 -0.7 s Ds 10.55(4) MeV 9.71(2) MeV 8.73(3) MeV 273 +3.7 275 +0.04 277 +4.0 Hs 4.1 -1.3 ms Hs 0.21 -0.04 s Hs 12.7 -2.5 s +15 9.53(4) MeV 9.31(2) MeV 3 ms 269 +0.71 271 +0.18 -1 Sg 0.76 -0.24 s Sg 0.20 -0.06 s 8.50(6) MeV 8.54(8) MeV 265 +3.7 267 +1.5 Rf 3.1 -1.1 min Rf 1.6 -0.5 min +1.2 +2.3 1.0 -0.3 min 1.3 -0.5 h

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Alpha - decay

TheoryTheory: I. Muntian, Z. Patyk, and A. Sobiczewski 12.0 Z-evenZ-even Phys. At. Nucl. 66, (2003) 118

11.0

116

10.0 114

108 9.0 112

106 110 Alphadecay energy (MeV)

8.0

7.0 260 270 280 29300 0 Atomic mass number Alpha - decay

TheoryTheory: I. Muntian, Z. Patyk, and A. Sobiczewski 12.0 Z-evenZ-even Phys. At. Nucl. 66, (2003) 118

11.0

116

10.0 114

108 9.0 112

106 110 Alphadecay energy (MeV) Exp:Exp. 8.0 Z-evenZ-even

7.0 260 270 280 29300 0 Atomic mass number Spontaneous fission even-even isotopes 16 14 N=152 Th. N84=1 R. Smolańczuk, PR. C 56 (1997) 812 12 10 Z=98 SHN N6=1 2 8 SF 6 100 Z=112

Log T (s) 4 2 102 108 Cf-No 0 114 Rf 104 Sg -2 112 Hs -4 106 Cn 114 SF critical Fl -6 zone -8 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 Neutron number

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark 120 Cross sections P. Moller et al., PR., C79, 064304 (2009) SHE 118 hot fusion 117 115 Lv 48Ca +238U,……249Cf 113 113 Fl 110 112 112 Ex = 40 - 45 MeV 110 х = 4 –5 108 108 106 Fission Barrier Proton Z number 104 HeightsB Bf f(MeV)(MeV) 1 234 5 6 78 cold fusion 100

208Pb, 209Bi + 50Ti,……70Zn 160 170 180 10-32 Neutron number N

E = 12 - 15 MeV ) Rf x 2 х = -33 Sg 1 10 48Ca-induced reactions 10-34 Hs Hs Fl -35 Lv 10 Cn Ds -36 10 Fl Cn SHE 4n – (cm sections cross 10-37 SHN 113 10-38 155160 165 170 175 180 185 190 Neutron number Odd-Z Superheavy Nuclei

Synthesis of the Isotopes with Z =113, 115 and 117 RAPID COMMUNICATIONS Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al., PRC 69, 021601(R) (2004) Experiments on the synthesis of element 115 in the reaction 243Am(48Ca, xn)291−x 115

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark RAPID COMMUNICATIONS Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al., PRC 69, 021601(R) (2004) Experiments on the synthesis of element 115 in the reaction 243 48 291−x Am( Ca, xn) 115 T1/2=320d

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark In solution

Berkelium -249 at hot cell

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark 5050 CiCi Oganessian 2010 Yu.

The purified product contained 22.2 мг Bk-249

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Target 350 mg/cm2 deposited on the 1.5 μm-Ti foil ω = 1700 rev/min 6 cm2 Yu. Oganessian Oganessian 2010 Yu.

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator DGFRS

A -x 294 E EVR TOF CN 117 R 11.00 MeV 290 45 ms 115 10.23 MeV 286 ER 113 9.56 MeV 282 0 0 16 s θR = 0 ±2.5 50/s Rg 9.43 MeV 278 Mt 8.1 s 9.14 MeV 274 Bh 13 s 48Ca-beam 8.43 MeV 12 5·10 /s Db 7.4 min >10 h 249Bk-target 350 μg/cm2 Adam Sobiczewski, Acta Phys. Pol. B 41, 157 (2010). Heavy Ion Accelerator, FLNR

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Summary decay properties of the isotopes of elements 113, 115, and 117 observed in 237Np, 243Am and 249Bk + 48Ca reactions 293 294 2003-2014 117 117 10.60-11.20 MeV 10.81-11.07 MeV 287 288 289 +8 290 +38 FLNR JINR 115 115 115 22 -4 ms115 51 -16 ms 10.61(5) MeV 10.21-10.67 MeV 10.15-10.54 MeV 9.78-10.31 MeV 282 283 +44 284 +22 285 +120 286 +490 37 ms 174 -18 ms -80 113 113 -13 113 113 113 -200 10.63(8) MeV 10.23(1) MeV 9.10-10.11 MeV 9.47-10.18 MeV 9.61-9.75 MeV +134 278 73 ms 279 +136 280 281 4.2 +1.4 s 282 9.5 +6.3 s Rg -29 Rg 75-30 ms Rg 0.97 -0.10 s Rg -0.8 Rg -2.7 10.69(8) MeV 10.38(16) MeV 9.09-10.07 MeV 9.28(5) MeV 8.86-9.05 MeV 274 275 276 +6 278 4.2 +7.5 ms +0.17 +0.6 277 17 s 100 +70 s Mt -1.7 Mt 0.09-0.04 s Mt 4.2 -0.4 s Mt -3 Mt -30 +9 10.0(1.1) MeV 10.33(1) MeV 8.52-10.01 MeV 5 ms 9.38-9.55 MeV 270 271 272 -2 274 9.76(10) MeV 0.52 0.10 s / 4 +5 s 4.5 +3.5 s Bh +0.81 Bh 20 -7 ms Bh -1 Bh -1.3 0.44 -0.17 s 9.28(7) MeV 8.55-9.20 MeV 8.73-8.84 MeV 266 8.93(8) MeV 267 +2.8 268 +1.6 +292 1.5-0.6 s 10.6 -1.1 s 44 -13 s Db 61 -28 s Db Db Db +105 +1.6 +3.3 +10 22 -10 min 1.3 -0.5 h 28.3 -2.6 h 15 -4 h

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Discovery of the Heaviest Nuclei with Z=112-117 [Confirmations 2007–2014]

A/Z Setup Laboratory Publications

283112 SHIP GSI Darmstadt Eur. Phys. J. A32, 251 (2007)

283112 COLD PSI-FLNR (JINR) NATURE 447, 72 (2007)

286, 287114 BGS LBNL (Berkeley) P.R. Lett. 103, 132502 (2009)

288, 289114 TASCA GSI – Mainz P.R. Lett. 104, 252701 (2010)

292, 293116 SHIP GSI Darmstadt Eur. Phys. J. A48, 62 (2012)

287, 288115 TASCA GSI – Mainz P.R. Lett. 111, 112502 (2013)

293, 294117 TASCA GSI – Mainz P.R. Lett. 112, 172501 (2014)

292, 293116 GARIS RIKEN Tokyo Accelerator Progress Rep. (2013)

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark 2004 249Cf + 48Ca → T1/2 =0.7 ms 120 SHE

protons -7-7 2010 110 249Bk + 48Ca -6-6 -5-5 T1/2 = 50 ms -4-4 100 -5-5 No -3-3 -4-4 -3-3 -2-2 U 90 -4-4 Th -2

Bi PbPb Bi-14-14 neutrons → 80 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark With Z >40% larger than that of Bi, we see an impressive extension in nuclear survivability.

Although SHN are at the limits of Coulomb stability, • shell stabilization lowers ground-state energy, • creates a fission barrier, • and thereby enables SHN to exist. . The fundamentals of the modern theory concerning the mass limits of nuclear matter have obtained experimental verification Super Heavy Atoms

Chemistry of the SHE Table of Elements от Z=1 до Z=172

1 1s 2 2s2p SHE 3 3s3p 4 4s3d4p 5 SHE 5s4d5p 6 6s5d6p 7 7s6d7p 8 8s7d8p 9 9s9p

6 L A N T A N I D E S 4f 7 A C T I N I D E S 5f 8 6f

8 5g

Calculated by P. Dirac and V. Fock Relativistic Contraction in non-relativistic approximation

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Periodic Table Z=1-138 1 1s Calculated in non-relativistic 2 approximation of Dirac - Fok 2s2p 3 3s3p

4 4s3d4p

5 5s4d5p

6 6s5d6p

113 114 115 116 117 118 7s6d7p Completion of the 7-th row Nh Fl Ms Lv Ts Og Fl 119 8s7d8p

9 9s9p Is Element 118 – noble gas?

6 L A N T A N I D E S 4f 7 5f A C T I N I D E S 8 6f

8 What's next? In order to expand the field of research it is necessary first of all to increase the sensitivity of experiments

SHE

x100 SHE-Factory joining of efforts

Isotope production: Cm-248 Bk-249 Cf-251 New accelerator SC- recoil separator High beam equipped with Gas Catcher To be increased dose of : Ca-48 10 times On-line separator Ti-50 Factor 10-20 & sophisticated Ni-64 Detectors Depend of target durability Factor 3-5

is closely linked to the intellect

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark August 2014, Dubna

new accelerator

Exp. 3

Exp. 2

Exp. 1

Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Yuri Oganessian. Discovery of the Island of Stability for SHE. May 19, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark Collaboration FLNR, JINR (Dubna) Thank you, very much! ORNL (Oak-Ridge, USA) LLNL (Livermore, USA) ANL (Argonne, USA) GSI (Darmstadt, Germany) TAMU Cyclotron Institute (Texas, USA) GANIL (Caen, France) RIAR (Dimitrovgrad, Russia) Vanderbilt University (Nashville, USA) Knoxville University (Knoxville, USA)

Yu. Oganessian. “Nuclear at the Mass Limit, Discovery of SHN” Seminar on NP of INPh April 4, 2017, MSU, Moscow