Upper Limit in Mendeleev's Periodic Table Element No.155
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Rainbow 18C PT 0318 Ad Ge訂正
1 18 1 H 2 He 1.008 4.003 hydrogen Rainbow Periodic Table helium 2.20 +1 guide☆ 1 with Quad electron data atomic number 82 Pb symbol 1 atomic weight 207.2 categories(Wikipedia): 2 -1 2 name 13 14 15 16 17 lead known oxidation state Alkali metals Post-transition metals 3 Li 4 Be electronegativity 2.33 +4 highest Alkaline earth metals Metalloids 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 14 [ ]:common Transition metals Reactive nonmetals 6.941 9.012 Quad electron data 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 lithium beryllium 2 10 [ ]:uncommon Lanthanides Noble gases boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon 14 10 2 2 2 2 0.98 +1 1.57 +2 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s 6p [Xe] -4 lowest Actinides Unknown chemical properties 2.04 +3 2.55 +4 3.04 +5 3.44 +2 3.98 -1 shells 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 l=3 2 2 2 2 2 2 [He] +1 [He] +1 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5 n=6 n=7 n=8 [He] -5 [He] -4 [He] -3 [He] -2 [He] -1 [He] f 11 Na 12 Mg orbitals l=1 p d l=2 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 22.99 24.31 s 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 sodium magnesium K L M N O P Q R aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 0.93 +1 1.31 +2 l=0 nickname*: 'Ketchup' 'MustardYellow' 'Ocean Blue' 'Quin Violet' 1.61 +3 1.90 +4 2.19 +5 2.58 +6 3.16 +7 3 'Ladyfinger' 'NatureGreen' 'Pansy Blue' 'Ricecake' * suggested by Valery Tsimmerman 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 [Ne] -1 [Ne] +1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 [Ne] -2 [Ne] -4 [Ne] -3 [Ne] -2 [Ne] -1 [Ne] 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 -
A Suggestion Complementing the Magic Numbers Interpretation of the Nuclear Fission Phenomena
World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2018, 8, 11-22 http://www.scirp.org/journal/wjnst ISSN Online: 2161-6809 ISSN Print: 2161-6795 A Suggestion Complementing the Magic Numbers Interpretation of the Nuclear Fission Phenomena Faustino Menegus F. Menegus V. Europa, Bussero, Italy How to cite this paper: Menegus, F. Abstract (2018) A Suggestion Complementing the Magic Numbers Interpretation of the Nu- Ideas, solely related on the nuclear shell model, fail to give an interpretation of clear Fission Phenomena. World Journal of the experimental central role of 54Xe in the asymmetric fission of actinides. Nuclear Science and Technology, 8, 11-22. The same is true for the β-delayed fission of 180Tl to 80Kr and 100Ru. The repre- https://doi.org/10.4236/wjnst.2018.81002 sentation of the natural isotopes, in the Z-Neutron Excess plane, suggests the Received: November 21, 2017 importance of the of the Neutron Excess evolution mode in the fragments of Accepted: January 23, 2018 the asymmetric actinide fission and in the fragments of the β-delayed fission Published: January 26, 2018 of 180Tl. The evolution mode of the Neutron Excess, hinged at Kr and Xe, is Copyright © 2018 by author and directed by the 50 and 82 neutron magic numbers. The present isotope repre- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. sentation offers a frame for the interpretation of the post fission evaporation This work is licensed under the Creative of neutrons, higher for the AL compared to the AH fragments, a tenet in nuc- Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). lear fission. -
The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1. -
Nuclear Models: Shell Model
LectureLecture 33 NuclearNuclear models:models: ShellShell modelmodel WS2012/13 : ‚Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics ‘, Part I 1 NuclearNuclear modelsmodels Nuclear models Models with strong interaction between Models of non-interacting the nucleons nucleons Liquid drop model Fermi gas model ααα-particle model Optical model Shell model … … Nucleons interact with the nearest Nucleons move freely inside the nucleus: neighbors and practically don‘t move: mean free path λ ~ R A nuclear radius mean free path λ << R A nuclear radius 2 III.III. ShellShell modelmodel 3 ShellShell modelmodel Magic numbers: Nuclides with certain proton and/or neutron numbers are found to be exceptionally stable. These so-called magic numbers are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 — The doubly magic nuclei: — Nuclei with magic proton or neutron number have an unusually large number of stable or long lived nuclides . — A nucleus with a magic neutron (proton) number requires a lot of energy to separate a neutron (proton) from it. — A nucleus with one more neutron (proton) than a magic number is very easy to separate. — The first exitation level is very high : a lot of energy is needed to excite such nuclei — The doubly magic nuclei have a spherical form Nucleons are arranged into complete shells within the atomic nucleus 4 ExcitationExcitation energyenergy forfor magicm nuclei 5 NuclearNuclear potentialpotential The energy spectrum is defined by the nuclear potential solution of Schrödinger equation for a realistic potential The nuclear force is very short-ranged => the form of the potential follows the density distribution of the nucleons within the nucleus: for very light nuclei (A < 7), the nucleon distribution has Gaussian form (corresponding to a harmonic oscillator potential ) for heavier nuclei it can be parameterised by a Fermi distribution. -
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
74 CHEMISTRY UNIT 3 CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES The Periodic Table is arguably the most important concept in chemistry, both in principle and in practice. It is the everyday support for students, it suggests new avenues of research to After studying this Unit, you will be professionals, and it provides a succinct organization of the able to whole of chemistry. It is a remarkable demonstration of the fact that the chemical elements are not a random cluster of • appreciate how the concept of entities but instead display trends and lie together in families. grouping elements in accordance to An awareness of the Periodic Table is essential to anyone who their properties led to the wishes to disentangle the world and see how it is built up development of Periodic Table. from the fundamental building blocks of the chemistry, the understand the Periodic Law; • chemical elements. • understand the significance of atomic number and electronic Glenn T. Seaborg configuration as the basis for periodic classification; • name the elements with In this Unit, we will study the historical development of the Z >100 according to IUPAC Periodic Table as it stands today and the Modern Periodic nomenclature; Law. We will also learn how the periodic classification • classify elements into s, p, d, f follows as a logical consequence of the electronic blocks and learn their main configuration of atoms. Finally, we shall examine some of characteristics; the periodic trends in the physical and chemical properties • recognise the periodic trends in of the elements. physical and chemical properties of elements; 3.1 WHY DO WE NEED TO CLASSIFY ELEMENTS ? compare the reactivity of elements • We know by now that the elements are the basic units of all and correlate it with their occurrence in nature; types of matter. -
Keynote Address: One Hundred Years of Nuclear Physics – Progress and Prospects
PRAMANA c Indian Academy of Sciences Vol. 82, No. 4 — journal of April 2014 physics pp. 619–624 Keynote address: One hundred years of nuclear physics – Progress and prospects S KAILAS1,2 1Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India 2UM–DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai 400 098, India E-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1007/s12043-014-0710-0; ePublication: 5 April 2014 Abstract. Nuclear physics research is growing on several fronts, along energy and intensity fron- tiers, with exotic projectiles and targets. The nuclear physics facilities under construction and those being planned for the future make the prospects for research in this field very bright. Keywords. Nuclear structure and reactions; nuclear properties; superheavy nuclei. PACS Nos 21.10.–k; 25.70.Jj; 25.70.–z 1. Introduction Nuclear physics research is nearly one hundred years old. Currently, this field of research is progressing [1] broadly in three directions (figure 1): Investigation of nuclei and nuclear matter at high energies and densities; observation of behaviour of nuclei under extreme conditions of temperature, angular momentum and deformation; and production and study of nuclei away from the line of stability. Nuclear physics research began with the investiga- tion of about 300 nuclei. Today, this number has grown many folds, nearly by a factor of ten. In the area of high-energy nuclear physics, some recent phenomena observed have provided interesting connections to other disciplines in physics, e.g. in the heavy-ion collisions at relativistic energies, it has been observed [2] that the hot dense matter formed in the collision behaved like an ideal fluid with the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy being close to 1/4π. -
The Past and Future of the Periodic Table
The Past and Future of the Periodic Table This stalwart symbol of the field of chemistry always faces scrutiny and debate Eric R. Scerri t graces the walls of lecture halls making up one period. The lengths elements, Döbereiner found that the Iand laboratories of all types, from of periods vary: The first has two ele- weight of the middle element—such as universities to industry. It is one of ments, the next two eight each, then 18 selenium in the triad formed by sulfur, the most powerful icons of science. It and 32, respectively, for the next pairs selenium and tellurium—had an atom- captures the essence of chemistry in of periods. Vertical columns make up ic weight that was the approximate one elegant pattern. The periodic table groups, of which there are 18, based average of the weights of the other two provides a concise way of understand- on similar chemical properties, related elements. Sulfur’s atomic weight, in ing how all known chemical elements to the number of electrons in the outer Döbereiner’s time, was 32.239, where- react with one another and enter into shell of the atoms, also called the va- as tellurium’s was 129.243, the average chemical bonding, and it helps to ex- lence shell. For instance, group 17, the of which is 80.741, or close to the then- plain the properties of each element halogens, all lack one electron to fill measured value for selenium, 79.264. that make it react in such a fashion. their valence shells, all tend to acquire The importance of this discovery lay But the periodic system is so funda- electrons during reactions, and all form in the marrying of qualitative chemical mental, pervasive and familiar in the acids with hydrogen. -
Dirac-Exact Relativistic Methods: the Normalized Elimination of the Small Component Method† Dieter Cremer,∗ Wenli Zou and Michael Filatov
Advanced Review Dirac-exact relativistic methods: the normalized elimination of the small component method† Dieter Cremer,∗ Wenli Zou and Michael Filatov Dirac-exact relativistic methods, i.e., 2- or 1-component methods which exactly reproduce the one-electron energies of the original 4-component Dirac method, have established a standard for reliable relativistic quantum chemical calculations targeting medium- and large-sized molecules. Their development was initiated and facilitated in the late 1990s by Dyall’s development of the normalized elimination of the small component (NESC). Dyall’s work has fostered the conversion of NESC and related (later developed) methods into routinely used, multipurpose Dirac- exact methods by which energies, first-order, and second-order properties can be calculated at computational costs, which are only slightly higher than those of nonrelativistic methods. This review summarizes the development of a generally applicable 1-component NESC algorithm leading to the calculation of reliable energies, geometries, electron density distributions, electric moments, electric field gradients, hyperfine structure constants, contact densities and Mossbauer¨ isomer shifts, nuclear quadrupole coupling constants, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, and static electric dipole polarizabilities. In addition, the derivation and computational possibilities of 2-component NESC methods are discussed and their use for the calculation of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effects in connection with spin-orbit splittings and SOC-corrected -
Scientific Literacy Theme : Periodic Classification of Elements Unit 1
SCIENTIFIC LITERACY THEME : PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS UNIT 1 : IUPAC NOMENCLATURE OF ELEMENTS While studying the arrangement of elements Aditya found that there are some elements with atomic number greater than 100 have not named till now as per the periodic table. He tried to find the system to know their names and he found that IUPAC recommended a system of naming new elements till they have given a proper name. the table for naming the elements is given below. With every name a suffix ‘ium’ is added. Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Root nil un bi tri quad pent hep sept oct Enn abbreviation n u b t q p h s o e Question 1 The IUPAC name for the element with atomic number 120 is (a) Ununquadrdium (b) Unununium (c) Unbinilium (d) unmilennium Question 2 The symbol for IUPAC element unnilquadium is (a) unt (b) unq (c) uno (d) uub Question 3 what is the name and symbol of element with atomic number 118? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Question 4 Write the name and atomic number of element with symbol uuu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UNIT 2 : ELEMENT POSITION IN PERIODIC TABLE Three elements X, -
Periodic Table of the Elements
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS GROUP 1 18 IA VIIIA 1 1,00794 2 4,002602 Legend Categories Common Constants H He 1 Hydrogen 2,1 Atomic Number 1 1,00794 †Atomic Weight Non Metals Poor Metals Absolute Zero -273.15 °C Fine-structure constant α 0.0072973525 Helium - -27 -11 3 -1 -2 Atomic Mass Unit mu 1.660539x10 kg Gravitation Constant G 6,67408x10 m kg s 23 -1 -1 -1 Symbol Avogadro Constant N 6,022137x10 mol Molar Gas Constant R 8,31451J mol K 2 1s1 2 probable Poor A 13 14 15 16 17 1s H Alkali Metals 3 1,-1 Metals Base of Natural Logarithms e 2.718281828 Molar Volume (Ideal Gas) 0.02241410 m /mol 0 IIA Name Hydrogen 2,2 *Electronegativity Boltzmann constant k 1,380658x10-23 J/K π π 3.14159265358979 IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA (Pauling) probable Alkali Electron Mass m 9,1093897x10-31 kg Planck Constant h 6,626076x10-34 Js 3 6,941 4 9,012182 e 5 10,811 6 12,011 7 14,00674 8 15,9994 9 18,9984032 10 20,1797 1 Metalloids 2 1s †Electron Configuration Metals 0.510998 MeV/c Proton-Electron Mass Ratio me/mp 1836,15267389 [NOTE] Electron Radius (Classical) r0- 2.8179403x10-15 m Rydberg Constant R 10 973 732 m-1 +1,-1 Possible Oxid. States Alkaline Hearth ∞ Li Be probable Metalloids Electron Volt eV 1.602176x10-19 J Speed of Light in a Vacuum c 299 792 458 m/s B C N O F Ne Metals -19 Lithium 0,98 Beryllium 1,57 Elementry Charge e 1,6021773x10 C Speed of sound in air at STP 343.8 m/s Boron 2,04 Carbon 2,55 Nitrogen 3,04 Oxygen 3,44 Fluorine 3,98 Neon - 2 probable Alkaline Faraday Constant F 9,648531x104 C/mol-1 Standard Pressure 101 325 Pa Phase at STP Halogens -
Three Related Topics on the Periodic Tables of Elements
Three related topics on the periodic tables of elements Yoshiteru Maeno*, Kouichi Hagino, and Takehiko Ishiguro Department of physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan * [email protected] (The Foundations of Chemistry: received 30 May 2020; accepted 31 July 2020) Abstaract: A large variety of periodic tables of the chemical elements have been proposed. It was Mendeleev who proposed a periodic table based on the extensive periodic law and predicted a number of unknown elements at that time. The periodic table currently used worldwide is of a long form pioneered by Werner in 1905. As the first topic, we describe the work of Pfeiffer (1920), who refined Werner’s work and rearranged the rare-earth elements in a separate table below the main table for convenience. Today’s widely used periodic table essentially inherits Pfeiffer’s arrangements. Although long-form tables more precisely represent electron orbitals around a nucleus, they lose some of the features of Mendeleev’s short-form table to express similarities of chemical properties of elements when forming compounds. As the second topic, we compare various three-dimensional helical periodic tables that resolve some of the shortcomings of the long-form periodic tables in this respect. In particular, we explain how the 3D periodic table “Elementouch” (Maeno 2001), which combines the s- and p-blocks into one tube, can recover features of Mendeleev’s periodic law. Finally we introduce a topic on the recently proposed nuclear periodic table based on the proton magic numbers (Hagino and Maeno 2020). Here, the nuclear shell structure leads to a new arrangement of the elements with the proton magic-number nuclei treated like noble-gas atoms. -
Spin-Orbit Coupling Calculations with the Two-Component Normalized Elimination of the Small Component Method Michael Filatov, Wenli Zou, and Dieter Cremer
Spin-orbit coupling calculations with the two-component normalized elimination of the small component method Michael Filatov, Wenli Zou, and Dieter Cremer Citation: J. Chem. Phys. 139, 014106 (2013); doi: 10.1063/1.4811776 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4811776 View Table of Contents: http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/JCPSA6/v139/i1 Published by the AIP Publishing LLC. Additional information on J. Chem. Phys. Journal Homepage: http://jcp.aip.org/ Journal Information: http://jcp.aip.org/about/about_the_journal Top downloads: http://jcp.aip.org/features/most_downloaded Information for Authors: http://jcp.aip.org/authors THE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 139, 014106 (2013) Spin-orbit coupling calculations with the two-component normalized elimination of the small component method Michael Filatov, Wenli Zou, and Dieter Cremer Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave., Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, USA (Received 10 March 2013; accepted 9 June 2013; published online 2 July 2013) A new algorithm for the two-component Normalized Elimination of the Small Component (2cNESC) method is presented and tested in the calculation of spin-orbit (SO) splittings for a series of heavy atoms and their molecules. The 2cNESC is a Dirac-exact method that employs the exact two- component one-electron Hamiltonian and thus leads to exact Dirac SO splittings for one-electron atoms. For many-electron atoms and molecules, the effect of the two-electron SO interaction is mod- eled by a screened nucleus potential using effective nuclear charges as proposed by Boettger [Phys. Rev. B 62, 7809 (2000)]. The use of the screened nucleus potential for the two-electron SO inter- action leads to accurate spinor energy splittings, for which the deviations from the accurate Dirac Fock-Coulomb values are on the average far below the deviations observed for other effective one- electron SO operators.