Baseline Assessment: Analysis of Pressures to Natural Forests in DENR/B+WISER Sites
Philippines Biodiversity & Watersheds Improved for Stronger Economy & Ecosystem Resilience (B+WISER)
28 January 2015 Version 2
This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Chemonics International Inc. The Biodiversity and Watersheds Improved for Stronger Economy and Ecosystem Resilience Program is funded by the USAID, Contract No. AID-492-C-13-00002 and implemented by Chemonics International in association with:
Fauna and Flora International (FFI) Haribon Foundation World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF)
The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.
Analysis of Pressures to Natural Forests in DENR/B+WISER Sites
Philippines Biodiversity and Watersheds Improved for Stronger Economy and Ecosystem Resilience (B+WISER) Program
Version 2
Implemented with:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources Other National Government Agencies Local Government Units and Agencies
Supported by:
United States Agency for International Development Contract No.: AID-492-C-13-00002
Managed by:
Chemonics International Inc. in partnership with Fauna and Flora International (FFI) Haribon Foundation World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF)
28 January 2015
CONTENTS
List of Tables ...... ii
List of Figures...... iii
List of Annexes ...... iii
Acronyms ...... iv
Executive Summary ...... v
1. Introduction ...... 1
2. Framework and Key Definitions ...... 2
3. Methods ...... 4
5. Limitations ...... 7
5. Results and Discussion ...... 8 Pressures to the Natural Forests in NSMNP ...... 8 Pressures to Natural Forests in Upper Marikina and Kaliwa Watersheds ...... 9 Pressures to Natural Forests in Naujan Sub-Watersheds ...... 10 Pressures to Natural Forests in the Quinali “A” Watershed ...... 12 Pressures to Natural Forests in Bago Watershed ...... 13 Pressures to Natural Forests in Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park ...... 14 Pressures to Natural Forests in Mount Apo Natural Park ...... 16
6. Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 18 Conclusion ...... 18 Recommendations ...... 20
References ...... 22
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | i
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Dates and venues of RWG ToC workshops ...... 4
Table 2. Definition of severity of a pressure to a biodiversity target ...... 5
Table 3. Definition of irreversibility of a pressure to a biodiversity target ...... 5
Table 4. Rules for combining severity and scope ratings to get magnitude rating ...... 5
Table 5. Rules for combining magnitude and irreversibility rating to get overall pressure rating ...... 6
Table 6. Definition of scope of a pressure to a biodiversity target ...... 6
Table 7. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in NSMNP ...... 8
Table 8. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in Upper Marikina and Kaliwa Watersheds ...... 9
Table 9. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in the Naujan Sub-watersheds .... 11
Table 10. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in the Quinali “A”Watershed ...... 12
Table 11. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in Bago Watershed ...... 13
Table 12. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park ...... 15
Table 13. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in Mount Apo Natural Park ...... 16
Table 14. Pressures to the natural forests as perceived by members of the RWGs...... 18
Table 15. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in program sites ...... 19
Table 16. Pressure ratings (2014) and forest cover change analysis (2003-2010) in the program sites ...... 20
ii | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. General model used in the analysis of pressures (threats) (modified from Salafsky 2007) ...... 2
Figure 2. Map of pressures to the natural forests in NSMNP ...... 9
Figure 3. Map of pressures to the natural forests in Kaliwa and Upper Marikina Watersheds ...... 10
Figure 4. Map of pressures to the natural forests in the Naujan sub-Watersheds ...... 11
Figure 5. Map of pressures to the natural forests in Quinali “A”Watershed ...... 13
Figure 6. Map of pressures to the natural forests in Bago Watershed ...... 14
Figure 7. Map of pressures to the natural forests in Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park ...... 15
Figure 8. Map of pressures to the natural forests in Mount Apo Natural Park ...... 17
Figure 9. Plot graph of pressure ratings (2014) and deforestation rate (2003-2010) ..... 19
LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex 1. Ratings of Pressures to Natural Forests in NSMNP ...... 23
Annex 2. Ratings of Pressures to Natural Forests in Upper Marikina and Kaliwa Watersheds ...... 25
Annex 3. Ratings of Pressures to Natural Forests in Naujan Sub-Watersheds ...... 26
Annex 4. Ratings of Pressures to Natural Forests in Quinali Watershed ...... 27
Annex 5. Ratings of pressures to natural forests in bago watershed ...... 28
Annex 6. Ratings of Pressures to the Natural Forests in Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park ...... 29
Annex 7. Ratings of Pressures to the Natural Forests in Mount Apo Natural Park ...... 30
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | iii
ACRONYMS
B+WISER Biodiversity and Watersheds Improved for Stronger Economy and Ecosystem Resilience BMB Biodiversity Management Bureau (formerly Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau BRWFR Bago River Watershed Forest Reserve CENRO Community Environment and Natural Resources Office DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources LGU Local Government Unit MANP Mount Apo Natural Park METT Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool MKRNP Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park NSMNP Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park PA Protected Area QAW Quinali “A” Watershed QGIS Quantum Geographic Information System RWG Regional Working Group ToC Theory of Change UMRBPL Upper Marikina River Basin Protected Landscape USAID United States Agency for International Development
iv | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The assessment of pressures to the natural forests in B+WISER sites was conducted from April to August 2014 during the Regional Working Group (RWG) workshops on the Theory of Change (ToC) approach to adaptive management in conservation projects.
The method used in assessing pressures to the natural forest was informed by the ToC model and based on a slightly modified process of pressures ranking contained in the Miradi software. The modification involved the use of barangays as the unit of analysis rather than the entire conservation area as described in Miradi. The pressure ratings per barangay are shown in the annexes. The identified pressures are also encoded in maps.
The results of the assessment show that the main pressures to the natural forests in B+WISER program sites are slash and burn farming, charcoal production and fuel wood collection, illegal cutting of trees and residential and commercial development. Potential threats such as planned road construction or the building of airports were not included because the members of the RWG either did not know about these yet, or had minimal information on these.
The program sites with the highest ratings in terms of pressures to natural forests are Upper Marikina River Basin Protected Landscape (UMRBPL) and Kaliwa Watershed Forest Reserve (KWFR), Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park (NSMNP), Bago River Watershed Forest Reserve (BRWFR) and Mount Apo Natural Park (MANP). This result generally corresponds with the historical forest cover change analysis done by the Program for 2003 to 2010, i.e., the sites with high pressures ratings also had high deforestation rates.
This report makes the following recommendations: 1] Use results to inform formulation of site level strategies, 2] Continuously update results during RWG and field team meetings, 3] Use results of ecological assessments to rate pressures on non-forest targets, 4] Continue work on standardizing lexicon of pressures, and 5] Involve the BMB and integrate the pressures assessment system in the routine practices of protected areas.
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | v
vi | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
1. INTRODUCTION1
The B+WISER is a five-year Program designed by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Technical Working Group (TWG) in collaboration with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) envisioned to contribute to the development objectives of the Philippine Development Plan 2011 to 2016 (PDP).
The B+WISER Program is designed to contribute to the achievement of two intermediate results (sector outcomes in the language of the PDP). These are:
1. Natural resources and environmental management improved 2. Disaster risks reduced
The Program works in seven priority sites. These are Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park (NSMNP), Upper Marikina River Basin Protected Landscape-Kaliwa Watershed Forest Reserve (UMRBPL-KWFR), Quinali “A” Watershed (QAW), Naujan Lake National Park (NLNP) Sub- watersheds in Luzon; Bago River Watershed Forest Reserve (BRWFR) in the Visayas; Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park (MKRNP) and Mount Apo Natural Park (MANP) in Mindanao.
B+WISER’s Intermediate Results include conservation of biodiversity in forest areas; reduction of forest degradation in priority watersheds; enhanced capacity to conserve biodiversity, manage forests, and monitor low emissions development; and increased capacity for disaster management in highly vulnerable areas. In order to achieve improved management of natural resources, the Program will assist in state-of-the-art assessments of forest cover, biodiversity and watershed functions, translating the results of these into more updated management tools to enable the DENR, local government units, and Protected Area Management Boards (PAMB) to incorporate contemporary concerns of climate change, vulnerability, disaster preparedness, and integrating landscape or ecosystems approach to natural resource management.
The B+WISER Program first conducted threats assessments during the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) which were started in 2013. The METT is essentially a capacity assessment tool with a threats assessment process tucked into it. The threats assessment in METT, however, is not linked with specific conservation targets. The second wave of threats assessments was done during the Regional Working Group (RWG) workshops on the Theory of Change (ToC) as an adaptive management tool. This time the threats were linked to specific conservation targets.
1 Prepared by B+WISER Team composed of: Mr. Rodolfo B. Santos, Jr., M&E Specialist and Team Leader, Dr. Roberto B. Rapera, Deputy Chief of Party, Dr. Roberto R. Araño, Sites Activity Manager, John Kevin D.G. Benico and Kent C. Tangcalagan, Program Associates.
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 1
2. FRAMEWORK AND KEY DEFINITIONS
The threats (or pressures) assessments during the RWG TOC workshops were done using the model below, which was inspired by the Open Standards for the practice of conservation (Salafsky 2007).
Contributing Program Direct Biodiversity change factors: drive affect Stresses Indirect threats Threats interventions drive Targets Opportunities
Figure 1. General model used in the analysis of pressures (threats) (modified from Salafsky 2007)
Threats (or pressures) are defined as proximate human activities that have caused, are causing, or may cause the destruction, degradation and/or impairment of biodiversity targets (example unsustainable cutting of trees or unsustainable agriculture). Threats can be historical (past), ongoing or likely to occur in the future. Natural phenomena are also regarded as threats in some situations (Salafsky 2007).
The threats assessments during the RWG ToC workshops did not go down to the detail of identifying specific stresses caused by the threats. Stresses are attributes of a conservation target’s ecology that are impaired directly or indirectly by human activities (threats). Examples are fragmentation of a forest habitat or reduced population of a critically endangered species. A stress is a degraded condition or symptom of a conservation target that results from a direct threat.
Biodiversity targets refer to the biological entities (species, communities or ecosystems) that a program is trying to conserve (example, population of a specific critically endangered species or a forest ecosystem). The biodiversity target that was clearly identified during the RWG ToC workshops were the natural forests in the program sites. Critically endangered species were also identified in some cases but most of the discussion on the threats focused on natural forests.
DENR Memorandum Circular 2005-05 defines natural forests as forest composed on indigenous species, not planted by man. This definition is based on the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) definition. The DENR definition enumerates seven types of natural forests:
1) broadleaved forests, 2) coniferous forests, 3) mixed forests, 4) bamboo/palm formation, 5) mangrove forests, 6) mossy forests, and 7) beach forests.
Broadleaved forests are defined as forest with a predominance (more than 75% of the tree crown cover) of broadleaved species. There are two types of broadleaved species:
2 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
a) Closed forests that refer to formations where trees in the various storeys and the undergrowth cover a high proportion (> 40%) of the ground and do not have a continuous dense grass layer. They are either managed or unmanaged forests, in advanced state of succession, and may have been logged-over one or more times, having kept their characteristics of forest stands, possibly with modified structure and composition. b) Open forests that refer to formations with discontinuous tree layer with a coverage of at least 10% and less than 40%. They are either managed or unmanaged forests, in initial state of succession.
Coniferous forests refer to forests with a predominance (more than 75% of tree crown cover) of trees of coniferous species.
Mixed forests refer to forests in which none of the species groups such as conifer, broadleaved, bamboo and palm accounts for more than 75% of the tree crown cover.
Bamboo/palm formations refer to forests in which more than 75% of crown cover consists of bamboo/palm species.
Mangrove forests refer to forested wetlands growing along tidal mudflats and along shallow water coastal areas extending inland across rivers, streams and tributaries where the water is generally brackish and composed mainly of Rhizopora, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Avicenia, Aegiceras and Nipa species.
Mossy forests refer to forest stands found principally on high elevations and very rough mountainous regions characterized by steep ridges. The trees are mostly dwarfed with stems and branches usually covered by epiphytes and dominated by Podocarpaceae, Myrtaceae, and Fagaceae.
Beach forest refer to a narrow strip of wooded land along the sandy and gravelly beaches of the seacoast dominated by Terminalia catappa, Casuarina equisetofolia, Barringtonia asiatica, Sonneratio caseolaris, Acacia farnesenia, and Erythrina orientalis.
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 3
3. METHODS
The pressures to the natural forests in the B+WISER program sites were assessed during the RWG ToC workshops from June to August 2014 (Table 1). The RWG ToC workshop is a one- day hands-on training workshop on using the ToC model in designing and reviewing program implementation that is preceded by an internal preparatory meeting with the field teams.
Table 1. Dates and venues of RWG ToC workshops
Number Program Site Date of workshop Venue 1 Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park 11 June 2014 Ilagan, Isabela 2 Mount Apo Natural Park 8 July 2014 Davao City 3 Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park 11 July 2014 Malaybalay, Bukidnon 4 Bago Watershed 15 July 2014 Bacolod City Upper Marikina River Basin Protected DENR Region 4B Office, 5 Landscape and Kaliwa Watershed Forestry 30 July 2014 Calamba, Laguna Reserve DENR Region 4a Office, 6 Naujan Lake National Park 12 August 2014 Pasay City 7 Quinali “A" Watershed 27 August 2014 Legazpi City
The workshop started with an orientation on the ToC model. The RWG members who are key officials of the Regional DENR and LGUs in the program sites became familiar with the ToC model as shown in Figure 1. This was followed by a session on agreeing the biodiversity targets. In this session, the facilitator, a program Technical Specialist, showed the forest cover change analysis map for 2003 to 2010. The discussion during this session was prompted by the question: “What should be our biodiversity target for the program site?” There were two potential biodiversity targets discussed: maintaining or improving natural forest cover and maintaining or enhancing the population of critically endangered species. The discussions focused on the former as information on the latter is not yet available because the ecological assessments have not been completed yet during the RWG ToC workshops.
The session on agreeing the biodiversity targets was followed by a session on identifying the specific threats to the identified biodiversity targets. The discussion during this session was prompted by the question: “What are the specific threats to the identified biodiversity targets in the program sites?” Before the threats were identified, the definition of threats that was discussed during the first session was reviewed. A process of ranking threats was also discussed. The process discussed was a modified version of the simple threats ranking exercise contained in the Miradi2 software. In this process, the barangays where the threats were observed were first identified. Some of these barangays are within the protected area (PA); a few are outside but near the PA. The severity and irreversibility level of the threats at the barangay level were then rated based on scores (1 to 3, with 1 representing low and 3 representing high and very high). The definition of severity and irreversibility and how these were scored at the barangay level are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
2 Miradi is project management software designed by conservation practitioners, for conservation practitioners. It was built as a tool to implement planning and measurement best practices adopted by the Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP). See: https://miradi.org/about
4 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
Table 2. Definition of severity of a pressure to a biodiversity target
Severity: Within the scope, the level of damage to the target from the threat that can reasonably be expected given the continuation of current circumstances and trends. For ecosystems and ecological communities, typically measures as a degree of destruction of degradation of the target within the scope. For species, usually measures as a degree of reduction of the target population within the scope.
Low: Within the scope, the threat is likely to only slightly degrade/reduce the target or reduce its population by 1-10% within ten years or three generations.
Medium: Within the scope, the threat is likely to only moderately degrade/reduce the target or reduce its population by 11-30% within ten years or three generations.
High: Within the scope, the threat is likely to seriously degrade/reduce the target or reduce its population by 31-70% within ten years or three generations.
Very High: Within the scope, the threat is likely to destroy or eliminate the target or reduce its population by 71-100% within ten years or three generations.
Table 3. Definition of irreversibility of a pressure to a biodiversity target
Irreversibility: The degree to which the effects of a threat can be reversed and the target affected by the threat restored.
Low: The effects of the threat are easily reversible and the target can be easily restored at a relatively low cost and/or within 0-5 years (e.g., off-road vehicles trespassing in wetland).
Medium: The effects of the threat can be reversed and the target restored within a reasonable commitment of resources and/or within 6-20 years (e.g., ditching and draining of wetland).
High: The effects of the threat can technically be reversed and the target restored but it is not practically affordable and/or would take 21-100 years to achieve this (e.g., wetland converted to agriculture).
Very High: The effects of the threat cannot be reversed and it is very unlikely that the target can be restored, and/or would take more than 100 years to achieve this (e.g., wetland converted to a shopping center).
The overall rating of a particular pressure to a specific biodiversity target was determined by first determining their ratings per variable (scope, severity and irreversibility) and computing their overall rating using the rules-based procedure for combining ratings for scope and severity variables to get a pressure magnitude rating and applying the resulting magnitude rating in another rules-based procedure for combining ratings for magnitude and severity based on the Miradi procedures (see Tables 3 and 4).
Table 4. Rules for combining severity and scope ratings to get magnitude rating
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 5
Table 5. Rules for combining magnitude and irreversibility rating to get overall pressure rating
The overall rating for scope was derived by computing the percentage of the number of barangays where the pressure was observed and using the rating system in Table 5 below in determining the overall rating.
Table 6. Definition of scope of a pressure to a biodiversity target
Scope: Most commonly defined spatially as the proportion of the target that can reasonably be expected to be affected by the threat within ten years given the continuation of current circumstances and trends. For ecosystems and ecological communities, measures as the proportion of the target’s occurrence. For species, measured as the proportion of the target’s population.
Low: The threat is likely to be very narrow in its scope, affecting the target across a small proportion (1- 10%) of its occurrence/population
Medium: The threat is likely to be restricted in its scope, affecting the target across some (11-30%) of its occurrence/population
High: The threat is likely to be widespread in its scope, affecting the target across much (31-70%) of its occurrence/population
Very High: The threat is likely to be pervasive in its scope, affecting the target across all or most (71- 100%) of its occurrence/population
The overall rating for severity was determined by computing the percentage of low, medium and high and very high ratings the pressure got within the scope. The same system was applied in determining the overall rating for the irreversibility variable.
The session on pressures ranking was then followed by a discussion of opportunities, program interventions and intermediate results that would address the threats and enhance the viability of the biodiversity targets, which will not be discussed in this document.
The identified pressures were encoded in QGIS to produce maps as shown in Figures 3 to 10.
6 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
5. LIMITATIONS
The members of the RWG have very extensive experience with environmental law enforcement in the program sites. They are therefore very knowledgeable about the presence of environmental violations in their respective areas.
Violators, of course, do not admit that they are committing violations. The analysis of threats, therefore, was essentially based on perception of the members of the RWGs, not on actual surveys of the barangays in the program sites.
The different sites also had different interpretations of a pressure, despite having read the document “A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions” which was distributed during the RWG workshops. The pressures “in-migration” and “land conversion” for instance were reclassified as “residential development” but it could be that these are already covered by “slash and burn farming” or “charcoal production” which is the key livelihood activity of those who migrated in the area near the natural forests within protected areas.
The ratings were also done using the barangay as the unit of analysis. The actual spatial scope of a pressure was not possible to determine, RWG members could only mention names of barangays where these were observed. The severity ratings give an indication of the magnitude of the pressure but it was not possible to assess the actual area covered by the pressure.
Pressures to other biodiversity targets (specific critically endangered species in the program sites, for instance) were retained in some tables but excluded in the analysis. The more thorough discussion of these pressures to critically endangered species will be incorporated later once the ecological assessments have been completed.
Potential pressures that became apparent after the RWG discussions were also not included.
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 7
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The threats identified per site and the results of the threats rating exercise are shown in the following maps and tables that enumerate the barangays where the threats are located and their levels of severity and irreversibility.
PRESSURES TO THE NATURAL FORESTS IN NSMNP
There are forty-nine (49) barangays inside the NSMNP. The locations of the pressures, however, extend beyond the barangays within the PA. Some of those who practice illegal cutting of trees, for instance, reside outside the PA but illegally cut trees within the PA. The overall pressures rating for NSMNP is “medium.” The identified pressures to the natural forests in NSMNP and their ratings are shown in Table 6.
Table 7. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in NSMNP
Threats Scope Severity Irreversibility Overall Rating Slash and burn farming High Medium Medium Medium (affecting 76% of (rated medium in (rated medium in the relevant 68% of the relevant 68% of the relevant barangays) barangays within barangays within the scope the scope Charcoal production High Medium Medium Medium (affecting 49% of (rated medium in rated medium in the relevant 75% of the relevant 75% of the relevant barangays) barangays within barangays within the scope) the scope) Illegal cutting of trees High Low Low Low affecting 69% of the rated low in 100% of rated low in 100% of relevant barangays) the relevant the relevant barangays with the barangays with the scope scope Residential High Medium Medium Medium development (in- affecting 57% of the (rated medium in (rated medium in migration) relevant barangays) 75% of the relevant 75% of the relevant barangays within barangays within the scope) the scope) Fuel wood collection Medium Medium Medium Medium affecting 24% of the (rated medium in (rated medium in relevant barangays) 50% of the relevant 50% of the relevant barangays within barangays within the scope) the scope)
The ratings of the pressures to natural forests per barangay in NSMNP are shown in Annex 1.
8 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
Figure 2. Map of pressures to the natural forests in NSMNP
Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park Threats
PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN UPPER MARIKINA AND KALIWA WATERSHEDS
There are twenty-eight (28) barangays in the Upper Marikina and Kaliwa Watersheds. The overall pressures rating in Upper Marikina and Kaliwa Watersheds is “High.” The identified pressures to the natural forests in Upper Marikina and Kaliwa Watersheds and their ratings are shown in Table 7.
Table 8. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in Upper Marikina and Kaliwa Watersheds
Threats Scope Severity Irreversibility Overall Rating Slash and burn farming High High Medium High (affecting 43% of (rated medium in (rated medium in the relevant 67% and high in 100% of the barangays) another 67% of the relevant barangays relevant barangays within the scope within the scope Charcoal production High High Medium High and fuel wood collection (affecting 57% of (rated low in 13%, rated medium in the relevant medium in 42% and 100% of the barangays) high in 42% of the relevant barangays relevant barangays within the scope) within the scope)
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 9
Threats Scope Severity Irreversibility Overall Rating Forest fires High Low Medium Low affecting 40% of the rated low in 70% rated medium in relevant barangays) and medium in 30% 100% of the of the relevant relevant barangays barangays with the with the scope scope Residential and Low Low Medium Low commercial affecting 10% of the (rated low in 100% (rated medium in development relevant barangays) of the relevant 70% and high in barangays within 30% of the relevant the scope) barangays within the scope)
The ratings of the pressures to natural forests per barangay in Upper Marikina and Kaliwa Watersheds are shown in Annex 2.
Figure 3. Map of pressures to the natural forests in Kaliwa and Upper Marikina Watersheds
PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN NAUJAN SUB-WATERSHEDS
There are 143 barangays included in the pressures rating in the Naujan Sub-watersheds. These are the barangays in the four municipalities of Pola, Socorro, Victoria and Naujan within the boundaries of the sub-watersheds. Pressures rating in the barangays in the other municipalities within the Naujan sub-watershed has not been done yet. The overall pressures rating in the Naujan Sub-watersheds is “low.” The identified pressures to the natural forests in the Naujan Sub-watersheds and their ratings are shown in Table 8.
10 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
Table 9. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in the Naujan Sub-watersheds
Threats Scope Severity Irreversibility Overall Rating Slash and burn farming Low Medium Medium Low (affecting 11% of (rated medium in (rated medium in the relevant 100% of the 100% of the barangays) relevant barangays relevant barangays within the scope within the scope Charcoal production Low Medium Medium Low (affecting 11% of (rated low in 69% rated low in 69% the relevant and medium in and medium in barangays) 31% of the relevant 31% of the relevant barangays within barangays within the scope) the scope) Illegal cutting of trees Low Medium Medium Low (affecting 10% of (rated medium in (rated medium in the relevant 100% of the 100% of the barangays) relevant barangays relevant barangays within the scope within the scope Residential Low Medium Medium Low development (squatting (affecting 10% of (rated medium in (rated medium in in public land) the relevant 100% of the 100% of the barangays) relevant barangays relevant barangays within the scope within the scope
The ratings of the pressures to natural forests per barangay in the Naujan sub-Watersheds are shown in Annex 3.
Figure 4. Map of pressures to the natural forests in the Naujan sub-Watersheds
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 11
PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN THE QUINALI “A” WATERSHED
There are 198 barangays included in the pressures rating in the Quinali “A” Watershed (QAW). These are the barangays in the five municipalities of Guinobatan, Oas, Polangui, Ligao City, and Camalig within the boundaries of the QAW. The barangays in the other municipalities within the watershed where no threats were observed were not included in the pressure ratings. The overall pressures rating in the Naujan Sub-watersheds is “low”. The identified pressures to the natural forests in the Naujan Sub-watersheds and their ratings are shown in Table 9.
Table 10. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in the Quinali “A”Watershed
Threats Scope Severity Irreversibility Overall Rating
Slash and burn farming Low Medium Medium Low (affecting 11% of (rated medium in (rated medium in the relevant 100% of the 100% of the barangays) relevant barangays relevant barangays within the scope within the scope
Charcoal production Low Medium Medium Low (affecting 11% of (rated low in 69% rated low in 69% the relevant and medium in and medium in barangays) 31% of the 31% of the relevant barangays relevant barangays within the scope) within the scope)
Illegal cutting of trees Low Medium Medium Low (affecting 10% of (rated medium in (rated medium in the relevant 100% of the 100% of the barangays) relevant barangays relevant barangays within the scope within the scope
Farming of annual and Low Medium Medium Low perennial crops (affecting 10% of (rated medium in (rated medium in the relevant 100% of the 100% of the barangays) relevant barangays relevant barangays within the scope within the scope
The ratings of the pressures to natural forests per barangay in the QAW are shown in Annex 4.
12 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
Figure 5. Map of pressures to the natural forests in Quinali “A”Watershed
PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN BAGO WATERSHED
There are twenty (20) barangays included in the pressures rating in Bago Watershed. These are the barangays in the municipalities of Calatrava, Murcia and Salvador Benedicto and the cities of Bago, La Carlota, San Carlos and Talisay. The overall pressures rating in Bago Watershed is “medium”. The identified pressures to the natural forests in Bago Watersheds and their ratings are shown in Table 10.
Table 11. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in Bago Watershed
Threats Scope Severity Irreversibility Overall Rating Slash and burn farming Very High Medium Medium Medium (affecting 85% of (rated low in 47%, (rated low in 47%, the relevant medium in 24% medium in 24% barangays) and high in 29% of and high in 29% of the relevant the relevant barangays within barangays within the scope) the scope) Charcoal production Very High Medium Medium Medium (affecting 80% of (rated low in 69%, rated low in 69%, the relevant medium in 25% medium in 25% barangays) and high in 6%of and high in 7% of the relevant the relevant barangays within barangays within the scope) the scope)
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 13
Threats Scope Severity Irreversibility Overall Rating Illegal cutting of trees Very High Medium Medium Medium (affecting 80% of (rated medium in (rated medium in the relevant 100% of the 100% of the barangays) relevant barangays relevant barangays within the scope) within the scope) Residential Medium Medium Medium Medium development (squatting (affecting 35% of (rated low in 43% (rated low in 43% in public land) the relevant and medium in and medium in barangays) 57% of the relevant 57% of the relevant barangays within barangays within the scope) the scope)
The ratings of the pressures to natural forests per barangay in the Bago Watershed are shown in Annex 5.
Figure 6. Map of pressures to the natural forests in Bago Watershed
PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN MOUNT KITANGLAD RANGE NATURAL PARK
There are thirty (30) within the boundaries of the Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park. These are the barangays in the municipalities of Lantapan, Libona, Baungon, Talakag, Manolo Fortich, Impasug-ong and Sumilao and the city of Malaybalay. The overall pressures rating in Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park is “low.” The identified pressures to the natural forests in Mount Kitanglad Natural Park and their ratings are shown in Table 11.
14 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
Table 12. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park
Threats Scope Severity Irreversibility Overall Rating Slash and burn farming Medium Low Low Low (affecting 40% of (rated low in 75% (rated low in 75% the relevant and high in 25% of and medium in barangays) the relevant 25% of the relevant barangays within barangays within the scope) the scope) Charcoal production Medium Low Low Low (affecting 40% of (rated low in 75% rated low in 75% the relevant and medium in and medium in barangays) 25% of the relevant 25% of the relevant barangays within barangays within the scope) the scope) Illegal cutting of trees Low Low Low Low (affecting 17% of (rated low in 100% (rated low in 100% the relevant of the relevant of the relevant barangays) barangays within barangays within the scope) the scope) Forest fires Low Medium Medium Low (affecting 27% of (rated low in 63% (rated low in 63% the relevant and medium in and medium in barangays) 37% of the relevant 37% of the relevant barangays within barangays within the scope) the scope)
The ratings of the pressures to natural forests per barangay in Mount Kitanglad Natural Park are shown in Annex 6.
Figure 7. Map of pressures to the natural forests in Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park
Mt. Kitanglad Range Natural Park Threats
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 15
PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN MOUNT APO NATURAL PARK
There are fifty-three (53) within the boundaries of the Mount Apo Natural Park. These are the barangays in the municipalities of Magpet, Makilala, Santa Cruz and Bansalan and the citeis of Digos, Davao and Kidapawan. The overall pressures rating in Mount Apo Natural Park is “Medium.” The identified pressures to the natural forests in Mount Apo Natural Park and their ratings are shown in Table 12.
Table 13. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in Mount Apo Natural Park
Threats Scope Severity Irreversibility Overall Rating Garbage and solid Medium Low Low Low wastes (affecting 55% of (rated low in 100%, (rated low in 100%, the relevant of the relevant of the relevant barangays) barangays within barangays within the scope) the scope) Charcoal production Low Low Low Low (affecting 23% of (rated low in 100%, (rated low in 100%, the relevant of the relevant of the relevant barangays) barangays within barangays within the scope) the scope) Illegal cutting of trees Medium Low Low Low (affecting 41 % of (rated low in 100% (rated medium in the relevant of the relevant 100% of the barangays) barangays within relevant barangays the scope) within the scope) Residential Medium Medium High High development (affecting 47% of (rated Medium in (rated High in the relevant 47% of the relevant 100% of the barangays) barangays within relevant barangays the scope) within the scope) Tourism Low Low Low Low (affecting 20% of (rated Low in 90% (rated Low in 90% the relevant and medium in and medium in barangays) 10%of the relevant 10%of the relevant barangays within barangays within the scope) the scope)
The ratings of the pressures to natural forests per barangay in the Mount Apo Natural Park are shown in Annex 7.
16 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
Figure 8. Map of pressures to the natural forests in Mount Apo Natural Park
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 17
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSION
The perceived main pressures to the natural forests in the program sites are slash and burn farming, charcoal production and fuel wood collection, illegal cutting of trees and residential and commercial development (Table 13).
Table 14. Pressures to the natural forests as perceived by members of the RWGs.
Severity # Pressures Scope (within the Irreversibility Overall rating scope) Medium 1 Slash and burn farming Medium Medium Medium (18%)a Medium 2 Charcoal and fuel wood collection Medium Medium Medium (22%) Medium 3 Illegal cutting of trees Low Low Low (19%) Residential and commercial Medium 4 Medium Medium Medium development (15%) Low 5 Garbage and solid wastes Low Low Low (5%) Low 6 Forest fires Low Low Low (4%) Low 7 Tourism Low Low Low (2%) Low 8 Collection of terrestrial plants Low Low Low (1%) Low 9 Hunting and killing of wildlife Low Low Low (3%)
10 Farming of annual crops Low (<1%) Low Low Low
Note: a = Percentage of the total number of barangays included in the pressures assessment where the pressures were observed by the members of the RWG
The program sites with the highest ratings in terms of pressures to natural forests are UMRBPL and KWFR, NSMNP, BRWFR and MANP (Table 14).
18 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
Table 15. Ratings of pressures to the natural forests in program sites
# Pressures NSMNP UMK Naujan QAW Bago MKRNP MANP Number of barangays included in 49 28 143 198 20 30 53 pressures assessment 1 Slash and burn farming Medium High Low Low Medium Low 2 Charcoal and fuelwood collection Medium High Low Low Medium Low Low 3 Illegal cutting of trees Low Low Low Medium Low Low Residential and commercial 4 Medium Low Low Medium High development 5 Garbage and solid wastes Low 6 Forest fires Low Low 7 Tourism Low 8 Collection of terrestrial plants Low 9 Hunting and killing of wildlife Medium Low Low 10 Farming of annual crops Low Overall rating Medium High Low Low Medium Low Medium Notes: UML = Upper Marikina and Kaliwa Watersheds; QAW = Quinali A Watershed; NSMNP = Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park; MKRNP = Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park; MANP = Mount Apo Natural Park
The pressure ratings generally corresponded with the 2003 to 2010 forest cover change analysis that was done by the Program for the program sites (Figure 9).
Figure 9. Plot graph of pressure ratings (2014) and deforestation rate (2003-2010)
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 19
Except of NSMNP, the sites with pressure ratings of medium to high are the ones with the higher rates of forest cover net losses per year also (Table 16); although sites with pressure ratings of medium to high do not neatly correlate. This is seen as a function of the identified limitation in using the barangay as a unit of analysis instead of a specific area in hectares, where sites with more barangays would tend to get lower ratings.
Table 16. Pressure ratings (2014) and forest cover change analysis (2003-2010) in the program sites
% net Net forest forest Total 2003 2010 cover cover Pressures Program Site Land Area forest forest change gain/loss rating (ha) cover (ha) cover (ha) (ha) change (%) Naujan Lake National Park 56,491 4,025 4,744 719 2.55% Low subwatersheds Mt Kitanglad Range Natural Park 47,213 40,222 43,996 3,774 1.34% Low Northern Sierra Madre Natural 299,371 280,767 276,227 (4,540) -0.23% Medium Park Quinali A Watershed 73,807 7,352 7,157 (195) -0.38% Low Kaliwa Watershed Forest 27,613 13,684 12,470 (1,214) -1.27% High Reserve Upper Marikina River Basin 26,128 6,573 6,111 (462) -1.00% High Protected Landscape Bago River Watershed 78,268 11,166 10,098 (1,068) -1.37% Medium
Mt Apo Natural Park 63,186 29,314 19,408 (9,906) -4.83% Medium
Total 672,077 393,103 380,211 (12,892)
The results of the pressures assessments informed the refinement of the overall development hypothesis of the Program and the site level development hypotheses. The primary and enabling program interventions identified are aimed at abating the identified threats.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Use results to inform formulation of site level strategies
The pressures assessments done during the RWG workshops are linked with a specific focal interest (natural forest). These are therefore more focused than the threats assessment done during the Management Effectiveness and Tracking Tool (METT) assessment workshops that looked at threats to the entire protected area. The development, design and siting of direct program interventions, therefore, should be informed by the results of the pressures assessment. The pressures assessment results that have been digitized into maps should be overlaid with the results of the other assessments to further refine the site level strategies of the program.
Continuously update results during RWG and field team meetings
The results of the pressures assessments also need to be constantly updated during the regular RWG meetings as RWG members get more updated information from various stakeholders. The
20 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
process of regularly updating the pressures ratings information serves as a monitoring system for the specific development hypothesis for program interventions that are being tracked in Miradi.
Use results of ecological assessments to rate pressures on non-forest targets
Once the results of the ecological assessments have been completed, and biodiversity targets have been identified, these should inform future pressures assessments workshops and site level strategy discussions that would be carried out by the RWGs and the field teams.
Continue work on standardizing lexicon of pressures
While initial effort has been done in standardizing the lexicon of pressures, this process needs to be continued.
Involve BMB
The process and the results of pressure assessments and monitoring should be shared with the Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB). The BMB does not have a pressures assessment and monitoring system in place yet. So the piloted system in program sites could serve as the template for this process.
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 21
REFERENCES
Activity Reports and Trip Reports of RWG ToC workshops in all the program sites.
Alban, JD; Parinas, M; Monzon, A; Lorca, RN (2014). Historical Forest Cover Change Analysis (2003-2010) in DENR/B+WISER Program Sites. Biodiversity and Watersheds Improved for Stronger Economy and Ecosystems Resilience (B+WISER). Manila [draft]
DENR (2005). Department of Environment and Natural Resources Memorandum Circular 2005- 05. Adopting Forestry Definitions Concerning Forest Cover/Land Use. Quezon City, Philippines.
Salafky, Nick; Salzer, D.; Stattersfield, A.; Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Neugarten, R.; Butchart, H. M.; Collen, B.; Cox, N.; Master, L.; O’Connor, S.; and Wilkie, D. (2007) A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions. Conservation Biology. Volume * Number**
22 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
ANNEX 1. RATINGS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN NSMNP
Charcoal Illegal cutting CENRO Province Municipal Barangay FW Gathering production In-migration Slash and burn of trees Responsible SC Se Ir SC Se Ir SC Se Ir SC Se Ir SC Se Ir Isabela Cabagan Masipi East CENRO Cabagan x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela Divilacan Ditarum CENRO Palanan x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 Isabela Divilacan Dimapnat CENRO Palanan x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 Isabela Divilacan Bicobian CENRO Palanan x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 Isabela Divilacan Dibulos CENRO Palanan x 1 1 x 1 1 Isabela Divilacan Dimasalansan CENRO Palanan x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela Divilacan Dicatian CENRO Palanan x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 x 1 1 Isabela Divilacan Dicaroyan CENRO Palanan x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 Isabela Divilacan Sapinit CENRO Palanan x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 Isabela Ilagan Villa Imelda CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela Ilagan Sindon Bayabo CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela Ilagan Batong-Labang CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela Ilagan Santa Victoria CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela Ilagan Nanaguan CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela Ilagan Rang-ayan CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela Ilagan Morado CENRO Naguilian x 1 1 Isabela Ilagan Capellan CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela Ilagan Pasa CENRO Naguilian x 1 1 Isabela Ilagan Sindon Maride CENRO Naguilian x 1 1 Isabela Maconacon Minanga CENRO Palanan x 1 1 x 1 1 Isabela Maconacon Fely CENRO Palanan x 2 2 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 Isabela Maconacon Diana CENRO Palanan x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 Isabela Maconacon Santa Marina CENRO Palanan x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela Maconacon Reina Mercedes CENRO Palanan x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 Isabela Maconacon Aplaya CENRO Palanan x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 Isabela Palanan Bisag CENRO Palanan x 2 2 Isabela Palanan Maligaya CENRO Palanan x 2 2 Isabela Palanan Diddadungan CENRO Palanan x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela Palanan San Isidro CENRO Palanan x 2 2 x 2 2 Isabela Palanan Alomanay CENRO Palanan x 2 2 Isabela Palanan Villa Robles CENRO Palanan x 2 2
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 23
Charcoal Illegal cutting CENRO Province Municipal Barangay FW Gathering production In-migration Slash and burn of trees Responsible SC Se Ir SC Se Ir SC Se Ir SC Se Ir SC Se Ir Isabela Palanan Didiyan CENRO Palanan x 2 2 Isabela San Mariano Disulap CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 x 2 2 Isabela San Mariano San Jose CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 x 2 2 Isabela San Mariano Casala CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 Isabela San Mariano Dibuluan CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 x 2 2 Isabela San Mariano Dicamay CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela San Mariano Cadsalan CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela San Mariano Tappa CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela San Mariano Minanga CENRO Naguilian x 1 1 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela San Mariano Del Pilar CENRO Naguilian x 2 2 x 2 2 Isabela San Pablo Caddangan/Limbauan CENRO Cabagan x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela San Pablo Simanu Norte CENRO Cabagan x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela San Pablo Annanuman CENRO Cabagan x 1 1 Isabela Tumauini Antagan I CENRO Cabagan x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 Isabela Tumauini Caligayan CENRO Cabagan x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1
24 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
ANNEX 2. RATINGS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN UPPER MARIKINA AND KALIWA WATERSHEDS
Charcoal Residential and production and commercial Forest fire Slash and burn CENRO fuelwood Province Municipal Barangay expansion Responsible collection Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Rizal Antipolo City San Juan CENRO Antipolo x 1 3 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 2 2
Rizal Antipolo City San Jose CENRO Antipolo x 3 2
Rizal Antipolo City Calawis CENRO Antipolo x 1 2 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 3 2
Rizal Baras Pinugay CENRO Antipolo x 1 2 x 3 2
Quezon General Nakar Lumutan CENRO Real x 1 2 x 2 2 x 3 2
Rizal Tanay Mamuyao CENRO Antipolo x 1 2 x 1 2 x 3 2
Rizal Tanay Tinucan CENRO Antipolo x 2 2 x 1 2 x 2 2
Rizal Tanay Santo Nino CENRO Antipolo x 2 2 x 1 2 x 2 2
Rizal Tanay Santa Inez CENRO Antipolo x 2 2 x 2 2 x 3 2
Rizal Tanay San Andres CENRO Antipolo x 1 2 x 2 2 x 1 2
Rizal Tanay Laiban CENRO Antipolo x 1 2 x 2 2 x 3 2
Rizal Tanay Cayabu CENRO Antipolo x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2
Rizal Tanay Cuyambay CENRO Antipolo x 1 2
Rizal San Mateo Pintong Bocawe CENRO Antipolo x 2 2
Rizal Rodriguez Puray CENRO Antipolo x 1 2 x 2 2 x 3 2
Rizal Rodriguez Mascap CENRO Antipolo x 1 2 x 2 2 x 3 2
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 25
ANNEX 3. RATINGS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN NAUJAN SUB-WATERSHEDS
Illegal cutting of Charcoal Slash and burn Residential CENRO Province Municipal Barangay trees production farming expansion Responsible Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Oriental Mindoro Naujan Banuton CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Naujan Balite CENRO Socorro x 1 1 x 3 3
Oriental Mindoro Naujan Arangin CENRO Socorro x 2 2 x 1 1 x 3 3
Oriental Mindoro Naujan Antipolo CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Naujan Paitan CENRO Socorro x 1 1 x 3 3
Oriental Mindoro Naujan Malvar CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Naujan Kalinisan CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Victoria Bagong Buhay CENRO Socorro x 2 2 x 1 1 x 3 3
Oriental Mindoro Victoria Alcate CENRO Socorro x 1 1 x 3 3
Oriental Mindoro Naujan San Andres CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Naujan Pinagsabangan I CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Victoria Loyal CENRO Socorro x 2 2 x 1 1 x 3 3
Oriental Mindoro Victoria Duongan CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Victoria Concepcion CENRO Socorro x 2 2 x 1 1 x 3 3
Oriental Mindoro Victoria Canaan CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Victoria Bambanin CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Victoria Bagong Silang CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Socorro Batong Dalig CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Victoria Villa Cerveza CENRO Socorro x 2 2 x 1 1 x 3 3
Oriental Mindoro Victoria Urdaneta CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Victoria San Narciso CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Socorro Ma. Concepcion CENRO Socorro x 2 2 x 1 1 x 3 3
Oriental Mindoro Socorro Fortuna CENRO Socorro x 2 2 x 1 1 x 3 3
Oriental Mindoro Socorro Bugtong Na Tuog CENRO Socorro x 2 2 x 1 1 x 3 3
Oriental Mindoro Pola Batuhan CENRO Socorro x 2 2 x 3 3 x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Socorro Santo Domingo CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Socorro Pasi II CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Pola Matulatula CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Pola Bayanan CENRO Socorro x 2 2 x 3 3 x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Pola Tagbakin CENRO Socorro x 2 2 x 3 3 x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Pola Puting Cacao CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Pola Pahilahan CENRO Socorro x 2 2 x 3 3
Oriental Mindoro Pola Misong CENRO Socorro x 2 2 x 3 3
Oriental Mindoro Pola Zone II CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Pola Zone I CENRO Socorro x 2 2
Oriental Mindoro Pola Tagumpay CENRO Socorro x 2 2
26 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
ANNEX 4. RATINGS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN QUINALI WATERSHED
Illegal cutting of Collection of Farming of annual Fuelwood collection Municipal Barangay CENRO Responsible trees terrestrial plants and perrenial crops Sc Se Irr Sc Se Irr Sc Se Irr Sc Se Irr Guinobatan Masarawag CENRO Guinobatan x 2 1 x 1 1
Camalig Sua CENRO Guinobatan x 2 1 x 1 1 x 1 1
Camalig Quirangay CENRO Guinobatan x 2 1 x 1 1 x 1 1
Camalig Tumpa CENRO Guinobatan x 2 1 x 1 1
Guinobatan Muladbucad Grande CENRO Guinobatan x 2 1 x 1 1
Guinobatan Muladbucad Pequeno CENRO Guinobatan x 2 1 x 2 1
Ligao City Amtic CENRO Guinobatan x 2 1 x 2 1 x 1 1
Ligao City Baligang CENRO Guinobatan x 2 1 x 2 1 x 1 1
Oas Balogo CENRO Guinobatan x 2 1 x 2 1 x 1 1
Polangui Balinad CENRO Guinobatan x 2 1 x 2 1
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 27
ANNEX 5. RATINGS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN BAGO WATERSHED
Illegal Charcoal Slash and Residential/commercial Hunting of cutting of production burn farming development wildlife Province Municipal Barangay CENRO Responsible trees Sc Se Irr Sc Se Irr Sc Se Irr Sc Se Irr Sc Se Irr
Negros Occidental Bago City Ilijan CENRO Bacolod x 1 1 x 1 1
Negros Occidental Bago City Mailum CENRO Bacolod x 1 1 x 1 1
Negros Occidental Murcia Santa Cruz CENRO Bacolod x 3 3 x 2 2 x 2 2
Negros Occidental Murcia Minoyan CENRO Bacolod x 2 2 x 2 3 x 1 1 x 2 2
Negros Occidental Salvador Benedicto Bago CENRO Bacolod x 3 3 x 2 2 x 3 3 x 1 1
Negros Occidental Salvador Benedicto Bagong Silang CENRO Bacolod x 3 3 x 2 2 x 3 3 x 1 1
Negros Occidental Murcia Pandanon CENRO Bacolod x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1
Negros Occidental Murcia Amayco CENRO Bacolod x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1
Negros Occidental Murcia Canlandog CENRO Bacolod x 1 1 x 2 2 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1
Negros Occidental Salvador Benedicto Kumaliskis CENRO Bacolod x 1 1 x 3 3 x 2 2 x 2 2
Negros Occidental Salvador Benedicto Igmaya-An CENRO Bacolod x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1
Negros Occidental Salvador Benedicto Pandanon CENRO Bacolod x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 2 2
Negros Occidental Salvador Benedicto Bunga CENRO Bacolod x 2 2 x 3 3 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2
Negros Occidental Calatrava Lalong CENRO Cadiz x 1 1 x 1 1 x 3 3
Negros Occidental Talisay City Cabatangan CENRO Bacolod x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1
Negros Occidental Salvador Benedicto Pinowayan CENRO Bacolod x 2 2 x 3 3 x 2 2 x 3 3 x 2 2
Negros Occidental San Carlos City Prosperidad CENRO Cadiz x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1 x 1 1
Negros Occidental La Carlota City Ara-Al CENRO Bacolod x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1
28 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
ANNEX 6. RATINGS OF PRESSURES TO THE NATURAL FORESTS IN MOUNT KITANGLAD RANGE NATURAL PARK
Hunting Charcoal/fuelwood Slash and Illegal cutting Forest fires of production burn farming of trees Province Municipal Barangay CENRO Responsible wildlife Sc Se Irr Sc Se Irr Sc Se Irr Sc Se Irr Sc Se Irr Bukidnon Talakag Sagaran CENRO Talakag x 1 1 x 2 2 x 1 1 x 1 1
Bukidnon Talakag Cosina CENRO Talakag x 2 2 x 1 1 x 1 1
Bukidnon Talakag Dagundalahon CENRO Talakag x 2 2 x 1 1
Bukidnon Libona Capihan CENRO Manolo Fortich x 1 1 x 1 1
Bukidnon Libona Sil-Ipon CENRO Manolo Fortich x 1 1
Bukidnon Impasug-Ong Kibenton CENRO Manolo Fortich x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1
Bukidnon Baungon Mabuhay CENRO Talakag x 1 1
Bukidnon Baungon Lacolac CENRO Talakag x 1 1
Bukidnon Baungon Kalilangan CENRO Talakag x 1 1 x 1 1
Bukidnon Talakag Lirongan CENRO Talakag x 2 2 x 2 2 x 1 1
Bukidnon Talakag Baylanan CENRO Talakag x 1 1 x 1 1
Bukidnon Sumilao Lupiagan CENRO Manolo Fortich x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1
Bukidnon Sumilao Licoan CENRO Manolo Fortich x 1 1
Bukidnon Manolo Fortich Kalugmanan CENRO Manolo Fortich x 1 1
Bukidnon Manolo Fortich Dahilayan CENRO Manolo Fortich x 1 1
Bukidnon Malaybalay City Capitan Angel CENRO Malaybalay x 1 1
Bukidnon Malaybalay City Imbayao CENRO Malaybalay x 1 1 x 1 1
Bukidnon Malaybalay City Mapayag CENRO Malaybalay x 1 1
Bukidnon Lantapan Kibangay CENRO Malaybalay x 3 3
Bukidnon Lantapan Victory CENRO Malaybalay x 3 3
Bukidnon Lantapan Songco CENRO Malaybalay x 2 2 x 3 3 x 1 1
Bukidnon Lantapan Ka-atoan CENRO Malaybalay x 1 1
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 29
ANNEX 7. RATINGS OF PRESSURES TO THE NATURAL FORESTS IN MOUNT APO NATURAL PARK
Garbage Illegal Killing and and solid Residential/commercial cutting of Charcoal Hunting of wastes development Tourism trees production wildlife Province Municipal Barangay CENRO Responsible Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Davao del Sur Bansalan Alegre CENRO Bancal West x 2 3
Davao del Sur Bansalan Alegre CENRO Bancal West x 1 1
Davao del Sur Bansalan Alta Vista CENRO Bancal West x 1 1 x 2 3 x 1 1
Davao del Sur Bansalan Alta Vista CENRO Bancal West x 1 1
Davao del Sur Bansalan Anonang CENRO Bancal West x 1 1
Davao del Sur Bansalan Darapuay CENRO Bancal West x 1 1 x 2 3
Davao del Sur Bansalan Darapuay CENRO Bancal West x 1 1
Davao del Sur Bansalan Eman CENRO Bancal West x 1 1 x 1 1
Davao del Sur Bansalan Linawan CENRO Bancal West x 1 1
Davao del Sur Bansalan Managa CENRO Bancal West x 1 1 x 2 3 x 1 1
Davao del Sur Bansalan Managa CENRO Bancal West x 1 1
Davao del Sur Bansalan Sibayan CENRO Bancal West x 1 1
Davao del Sur Bansalan Tinongtongan CENRO Bancal West x 1 1 x 2 3 x 1 1
Davao del Sur Davao City Baracatan CENRO Bancal West x 1 1 x 1 1
Davao del Sur Davao City Daliaon Plantation CENRO Bancal West x 1 1
Davao del Sur Davao City Eden CENRO Bancal West x 1 1
Davao del Sur Davao City Manuel Guianga CENRO Bancal West x 1 1 x 2 3 x 1 1
Davao del Sur Davao City Sibulan CENRO Bancal West x 1 1 x 2 3 x 1 1
Davao del Sur Davao City Sibulan CENRO Bancal West x 1 1 x 1 1
Davao del Sur Davao City Tagurano CENRO Bancal West x 1 1
Davao del Sur Davao City Tamayong CENRO Bancal West x 1 1 x 2 3 x 1 1
Davao del Sur Davao City Tamayong CENRO Bancal West x 1 1
Davao del Sur Digos City Balabag CENRO Digos x 1 1 x 2 3
Davao del Sur Digos City Binaton CENRO Digos x 1 1 x 2 3 x 1 1 x 1 1
Davao del Sur Digos City Binaton CENRO Digos x 1 1
Davao del Sur Digos City Goma CENRO Digos x 1 1 x 2 3
Davao del Sur Digos City Kapatagan CENRO Digos x 1 1 x 2 3 x 1 1
Davao del Sur Digos City Kapatagan CENRO Digos x 1 1
North Cotabato Kidapawan City Balabag CENRO Matalam x 2 3 x 1 1 x 1 1
North Cotabato Kidapawan City Ilomavis CENRO Matalam x 1 1 x 2 3 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1
30 | ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN B+WISER PROGRAM SITES
Garbage Illegal Killing and and solid Residential/commercial cutting of Charcoal Hunting of wastes development Tourism trees production wildlife Province Municipal Barangay CENRO Responsible Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir Sc Se Ir North Cotabato Kidapawan City Perez CENRO Matalam x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1
North Cotabato Magpet Bongolanon CENRO Matalam x 1 1 x 2 3 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1
North Cotabato Magpet Kinarum CENRO Matalam x 2 3 x 1 1 x 1 1
North Cotabato Magpet Manobo CENRO Matalam x 1 1
North Cotabato Magpet Manobo CENRO Matalam x 1 1 x 1 1
North Cotabato Makilala Batasan CENRO Matalam x 1 1 x 2 3 x 1 1 x 1 1
North Cotabato Makilala Biangan CENRO Matalam x 2 3 x 1 1
North Cotabato Makilala Buena Vida CENRO Matalam x 2 3
North Cotabato Makilala Buhay CENRO Matalam x 2 3 x 1 1
North Cotabato Makilala New Israel CENRO Matalam x 1 1 x 2 3 x 1 1
North Cotabato Makilala Old Bulatukan CENRO Matalam x 2 3
Davao del Sur Santa Cruz Coronon CENRO Digos x 2 3 x 1 1
Davao del Sur Santa Cruz Sibulan CENRO Digos x 1 1 x 2 3 x 2 3 x 1 1
Davao del Sur Santa Cruz Sinoron CENRO Digos x 2 3 x 1 1
Davao del Sur Santa Cruz Tibolo CENRO Digos x 1 1
ANALYSIS OF PRESSURES TO NATURAL FORESTS IN DENR/B+WISER SITES | 31