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Establishing Protected Areas in the Philippines: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Prospects

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Establishing Protected Areas in the Philippines: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Prospects Protected Areas in East Asia Rafael G. Senga Establishing Protected Areas in the Philippines: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Prospects The Philippine Protected Areas System: An Overview he Philippines has always been considered one of the major biodi- versity hotspots in the world. For while it boasts of one of the high- est levels of diversity and endemicity of life forms and some of the Tmost unique habitats in the world, it is also home to some of the planet’s critically endangered species of wildlife, such as the Philippine eagle, one of the most magnificent raptors in the world and our country’s symbol of biodiversity conservation. The country’s habitats and ecosystems, which play a major role in maintaining ecological balance and in the day-to-day lives of Filipinos, are in constant threat, mainly from unwise resource use and devel- opment paradigms that tend to increase pressure on the world’s already scarce resources. The recent book Megadiversity by Russell Mittermeier of Conservation International, which documents the world’s seventeen most important countries in terms of biodiversity, concludes that the Philippines belong to the top five biodiversity hotspots in the world. In view of these reasons, the There are more than 200 pro- Philippine government, in coopera- tected areas in the Philippines, tion with the public and international ranging from large natural parks, to donors, embarked on a mission to landscapes and seascapes, to wildlife establish a system of protected areas sanctuaries and small watersheds that in the country. The last remaining form the initial components of the representatives of Philippine habitats NIPAS Act. Of these, however, less and ecosystems were set aside for than a quarter receive some form of conservation through innovative ap- protection, either through foreign proaches spelled out in the National funding or local initiatives. This is Integrated Protected Areas System because after the passage of the NI- (NIPAS) Act of 1992, a landmark PAS Act, very little money was allo- piece of legislation which provides cated by the government to effec- the framework for a decentralized, tively manage these reserves. community-based reserve manage- Currently, two major projects are ment strategy. piloting the implementation of the 56 The George Wright FORUM Protected Areas in East Asia Figure 1. General location of some of the protected areas mentioned in the text. NIPAS Act: the Conservation of Pri- National Integrated Protected Areas ority Protected Areas Project, a Project, a five-year undertaking seven-year initiative funded by the funded by the European Union. Global Environment Facility (GEF) While the two projects share the through the World Bank, and the same broad objectives of biodiversity Volume 18 • Number 2 2001 57 Protected Areas in East Asia conservation and sustainable devel- endemicity and is a major flyway opment, they differ in their modes of for migratory birds from northern implementation. While the National Asia. Integrated Protected Areas Project is · Northern Sierra Madre Natural being implemented by a European Park—the largest and most im- consulting firm in partnership with portant protected area in the government, the Conservation of country in terms of biodiversity. It Priority Protected Areas Project is is home to 12 habitat types and 40 being implemented through an ex- species of wildlife (most of them perimental partnership between the endemic) included in the IUCN Philippine government and the pub- list of globally threatened species. lic. The former is represented by the · Subic-Bataan Natural Park —the Department of Environment and major protected area nearest to Natural Resources (DENR), while Manila and a test case to demon- civil society participation is done strate how the nation’s economic through the NGOs for Integrated development can take place suc- Protected Areas (NIPA), a consor- cessfully alongside the conserva- tium of Philippine nongovernmental tion of the country’s last re- organizations (NGOs) bonded to- maining forests. gether by a common vision of estab- · Apo Reef Natural Park—the big- lishing protected areas that are sus- gest atoll-type reef in the Philip- tainably managed by local communi- pines and a natural haven for ma- ties in collaboration with govern- rine life, bird life, and a variety of ment. Although the partnership got endangered plants. off to a rocky start, it has since · Mount Kanlaon Natural Park —an evolved into a viable model of coop- active volcano and the tallest peak eration between two important seg- in the Visayas group of islands, ments of society working towards the which is also a microcosm of the common goal of biodiversity conser- fragmented state of Philippine vation. ecosystems. The Conservation of Priority · Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctu- Protected Areas Project covers the ary—the most biologically diverse first ten priority reserves in the sys- marshland in the country, where tem: more than 200 species of birds · Batanes Protected Landscapes and from Japan, China, and Russia Seascapes—the northernmost spend the winter months. province of the Philippines, · Mount Kitanglad Range Natural composed of scenic islands and Park—the second highest peak in beautiful seascapes inhabited by the country and the headwater the indigenous Ivatans peoples. It catchment area for the major riv- has a high level of floral ers of northern Mindanao; home 58 The George Wright FORUM Protected Areas in East Asia to the Talaandig, Higaonon, and NGOs, and indigenous cultural Bukidnon tribes, as well as the communities. It is the highest policy- Philippine eagle. making body in Philippine protected · Siargao Islands Protected Land- areas and the venue for democratic scapes and Seascapes—a surfer’s participation of all sectors with a paradise with an extensive system stake in the effective management of of old-growth mangrove stands these reserves. The structure may be and rich marine reserves. cumbersome and unwieldy at times, · Mount Apo Natural Park—the but, through time, we strongly be- country’s tallest peak and host to a lieve that the PAMBs will evolve into diverse variety of endemic flora effective stewards of our country’s and fauna, including the Philip- last repositories of biodiversity—a pine eagle, and home to numerous monumental responsibility to the indigenous cultural communities. whole of humankind. · Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctu- In five years of implementing this ary—the only remaining large trailblazing project, NIPA and its marine turtle rookery in all of partners have established a founda- Southeast Asia. tion for models in different aspects of protected area management that The project employs a multi- could be replicated in the other pro- stakeholder approach among gov- tected areas of the Philippines and ernment, local communities, NGOs, possibly in other parts of the world. the scientific community, the private sector, and international partners. It Community-Based is anchored on a community-based Resource Management resource management strategy which Resource management plan- seeks to empower local communities ning. In the area of community- residing inside and within the buffer based resource management, a viable zones of parks to manage their own alternative model is taking shape resources and become active partners with the active participation of local in protected area management. Pro- communities in drawing up resource viding alternative livelihood oppor- management plans and creating local tunities and improving tenurial secu- resource management structures. rity of park residents are integral Community volunteers take part components of this strategy. right from the very start of the proc- Participatory management in each ess, such as in socioeconomic pro- park is ensured through the Pro- filing and natural resource invento- tected Area Management Board ries. In the case of Mount Kanlaon, (PAMB), a multi-sectoral body com- for example, local herbalist and posed of representatives from gov- wildlife experts from communities ernment, peoples’ organizations, inside the park were considered as Volume 18 • Number 2 2001 59 Protected Areas in East Asia important members of the resource long haul. inventory team owing to their famili- These DENR-deputized volun- arity with the native flora and fauna teer groups conduct regular patrol and their use to communities. The work within the vicinity of their scientific integrity of the exercise is communities, establish checkpoints ensured by the biologists and other in hotspot areas, apprehend violators technical experts of the project. and confiscate illegally gathered for- Community resource maps are est and aquatic products, and main- then drawn up which serve as one tain a community-based surveillance important basis in the formulation of system that alerts the DENR and management plans. This particular other law enforcement agencies to challenge of marrying community park law violations. approaches and scientific method- Biodiversity monitoring system. ologies is in itself an important part A biodiversity monitoring system of the whole experiment. The prepa- which encourages community par- ration of site-specific protected area ticipation has also been installed. management plans (which is on-go- Although the more technical compo- ing) essentially follows the same par- nents of the system need further re- ticipatory procedure to ensure that, finement to maximize community at the end of the day, park managers participation, determining resource- will
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