Respiratory System
Duarte Ferreira, PhD
Karolinka institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
[email protected] Respiratory System
Functions:
• Provides for gas exchange
• Helps regulate blood pH
• Contains receptors for sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces vocal sounds, and excretes small amounts of water and heat
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Respiratory System
Sherwood L, Human Physiology The nose
As the air passes through the nose, it is warmed, filtered and moistened.
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Pharynx
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Larynx
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Vocal cords
Abduction
Adduction
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Bronchial tree
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Lungs
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Microscopy anatomy of the lungs
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Structural components of an alveolus
Type I cells Main sites of gas exchange
Type II cells Secrete alveolar surfactant
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Surfactant
Type I cells Main sites of gas exchange
Type II cells Secrete alveolar fluid
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Surfactant
Boron & Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Elsevier, 2016. Surfactant
Type I cells Main sites of gas exchange
Type II cells Secrete alveolar fluid
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Effect of pulmonary surfactant
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Surfactant Elastic recoil
Boron & Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Elsevier, 2016. Muscles of inhalation and exhalation
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Muscles of inhalation and exhalation
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Muscles of inhalation and exhalation
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Muscles of inhalation and exhalation
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Inhalation and expiration Boyle’s law
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Pressures important in ventilation
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Pressure changes in pulmonary respiration
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Changes in lung volumes
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Changes in lung volumes
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Adjustment between ventilation and perfusion
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Adjustment between ventilation and perfusion
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Lung volumes and capacities
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Lung volumes and capacities Changes in O2 and CO2 pressure Concept of partial pressure
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Changes in O2 and CO2 pressure
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Changes in O2 and CO2 pressure
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Factors affecting gas transfer
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Transport of O2 and CO2
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
As the pH decreases, the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 declines so less O2 combines with hemoglobin and more is available to tissues.
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
As the PCO2 increases, the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 declines so less O2 combines with hemoglobin and more is available to tissues.
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
As temperature increases, the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 decreases.
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
As the concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) increases, the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 decreases.
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Carbon dioxide transport
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology CO2 transport to alveolus
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology CO2 transport from tissue
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Summary of O2 and CO2 transport
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Control of breathing Factors affecting airway resistance
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Respiratory centre
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Normal breathing
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Forced breathing
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Central chemoreceptor Hypoventilation and hyperventilation
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Peripheral chemoreceptors
Sensitive to changes in:
- PO2 - H+
- PCO2
Aortic bodies à Vagus (X) nerves
Carotid bodies à Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Influence of Chemical Factors on Respiration
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Regulation of breathing
Sherwood L, Human Physiology Regulation of breathing
Tortora GJ, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Influence of Chemical Factors on Respiration