Brought Dinosaurs to Pittsburgh

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Brought Dinosaurs to Pittsburgh THE MAN WHO BROUGHT DINOSAURS TO PITTSBURGH. 20 WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY | WINTER 2001-02 ne afternoon inAugust 1899, a farm wagon rattled Then on August 9, back at the main camp, Holland suffered a along a rocky track north of Medicine Bow, Wyo. sudden attack of appendicitis. He had to get back toMedicine Bow It was a warm day: sparse grass and sagebrush and medical help as fast as he could. The only problem was the stretched in all directions, and mountains rimmed driver, who was unaccustomed to being bossed around by an the northern and eastern horizons. Here and there, eastern patrician witha large mustache and well-made clothes. the tan landscape was relieved by a meandering After returning to Pittsburgh, Holland was well enough to write arroyo full of green grass. It had been a wetter year than most. his chief paleontologist, still incamp: AMr.S. Sage drove from the wagon seat, while inback, eyes closed I believe [Sage] to be a man utterly unworthy, and I and his face twisted, lay William Jacob Holland, director of the may say the same thing of Hoggshedd, who turned up four-year-old Carnegie Museum of Natural History. at the railroad station on Friday morning to bid me He was a man who was used to command, and the helplessness good-by, almost too drunk to stand straight. He was of this situation tortured him as they jolted along. According to full as a tick. This man, Iunderstand, has applied to an account he wrote to the supervisor of the museum's field you for work, and would liketo be permanently in our operations in Montana, Holland politely asked Sage to drive a employment. Do not employ him. Iam satisfied that littlefaster. Inreply, he is a bad egg. At all events he is not the kind of man ... Ireceived from him a volley of oaths, he informing we wish to have any dealings with, and Iam very sorry me that he was doing the driving and guessed he to have introduced either of these men to your atten- knew how to do it better than Idid. Iallude to this cir- tion and by employing them myself to have given color cumstance because in view of the facts his conduct to the belief that I approve of them, which Ido not. was simply brutal, and Ido not wish the man to be Verbum sat. [Enough said.] 2 employed in any capacity whatever by yourself or any of our people. 1 Holland turned 51 inthe summer of 1899. He had risen steadily inhis career through ambition, hard work, a habit of command, Holland wasn't used to having his commands disputed. He and good social connections. After he died in 1932, more than one spent his entire working life in charge of institutions, and was memorialist praised Holland as a "Renaissance man," which,inhis never an easy man to work for. He had been in Wyoming this overbearing way, he was. He was educated for the ministry, spent time for three weeks, much of it visiting the museum's new most of his career as a professional administrator, and thought of dinosaur quarry on the high plains north of the little railroad himself as a naturalist. town of Medicine Bow. The bone digging was producing spec- He and his wife, Carrie Moorhead Holland, raised two sons: early Holland, a Pittsburgh banker, tacular —results. Moorhead who became successful and Everyone a laborer, a cook, three museum paleontologists, Raymond Holland, who became an artist, moved to Connecticut, a couple young men come along appears to parents worry and of who'd— withHolland from and have caused his considerable Pittsburgh for a summer outing was exhilarated by clear air and far into their old age. camp life. There had been lively visits from a group of American Of the connections outside his family, Holland seems to have Museum of Natural History paleontologists, also digging for valued his friendship with Andrew Carnegie the most. A tone of dinosaurs just 10 miles away. And the final week of the stay, command underlies nearly allHolland's correspondence, withone Holland,a cook, and the two young men had gone to the mountains important exception; when he wrote Carnegie, he was extremely ; tocamp, fish,and collect animal skins and butterflies for the museum. eager toplease. I, WILLIAM HOLLAND 21 Building crates at William Holland was born in 1848 in Jamaica, where his Carnegie saw in Holland a lieutenant ,„ sheep Cre(jk 18g9 parents were missionaries inthe Moravian Church. He grew up in whose loyalty would be permanent, and to transport dinosaur North Carolina and Bethlehem, Pa., then graduated from Amherst Holland found in Carnegie a patron bones -back to Pitts- College inMassachusetts. Early on, he had a love for the natural who would open doors to influence burBh From left: WillieReed, Jacob world, especially insects. In 1874, he graduated from Princeton and power. Wortman, Paul Miller, Hebrew, 1886, , Theological Seminary, where he added a knowledge of In Holland became a trustee of and wi||ie s father Chaldean, and Arabic to the Greek and Latin he had already the Western University of Pennsylvania, William H. Reed. The learned as an adolescent. 3 Eventually he learned French, Spanish, then located in the city of Allegheny, bones were wrapped in and German as well. now Pittsburgh's North Side. In1891, he P^ter-soaked . burlap, then packed in Holland was hired as the pastor at the Bellefield Presbyterian left the clergyo/ to become university' hay in the crates. in Pittsburgh, at chancellor, top executive. His Church the bell tower of which still stands— the social the corner of Fifth and Bellefield avenues, in Oakland a connections made him an effective fashionable church ina newlyfashionable part of the city.Church fund-raiser at a time when demand for the university's services connections enabled him to meet and marry the daughter ofJohn was growing fast. Enrollment grew from about 100 students when Moorhead, an ironmanufacturer. The Hollands' house stillstands Holland took over to more than 800 by 1899. 5 on the other corner of Fifth and Bellefield, and now houses the Meanwhile, Andrew Carnegie had offered tobuild a library for Universityof Pittsburgh's music department. Pittsburgh ifthe city would maintain it.City officials resisted for years until Carnegie upped his contribution to $1 million. The the 1880s, the Hollands began spending time in the increased funds also allowed a much larger building withroom for summers at the Mountain House, an inn at Cresson, Pa., on art galleries, a lecture hall, a music hall, and a natural history Inthe Pennsylvania Railroad at the crest of the Allegheny museum. Carnegie purchased 19 acres in Oakland from Mary Mountains. Sometimes they found themselves dining at a table Schenley for what would become the Carnegie Institute. The next to one occupied by Andrew Carnegie and his mother, who, building's foundation was finished in 1892, the year ofthe bloody though they had moved from Pittsburgh to New York many Homestead Strike. Construction continued, despite angry and years before, kept a summer house nearby. widespread opposition from workers appalled that the city would The twomen became friends, despite their differences; one an accept a giftfrom the man who owned the Homestead mill.6 ambitious young clergyman, the other, 13 years his senior, a Carnegie Institute opened late in 1895, withHolland serving on multimillionaire industrialist. They took walks in the woods, and some of its boards. He became its director inMarch 1898, while Holland taught the older man the names of plants and birds.4 retaining his university chancellorship. As his career advanced, 22 WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY | WINTER 2001-02 r\ The crew from New York's American Museum of Natural History visits the Carnegie Museum of Natural History crew at Camp Carnegie, 1899. Standing left to right: William DillerMatthew (AMNH), Richard Swann Lull(AMNH), Henry Fairfield Osborn (AMNH), WilliamJacob Holland (CMNH), Jacob Wortman (CMNH), and William H. Reed (CMNH). Seated: Walter Granger (AMNH), George Mellor (CMNH), Ira Schallenberger (CMNH), and Arthur Coggeshall (CMNH). t s s s I o Holland stillmade time for his intellectual pursuits. Through the By 1895, America's natural history museums had not done 1880s, he published articles on zoology, paleontology, and ento- much in the way of displaying dinosaurs. Marsh had a huge mology; in 1887, he accompanied a voyage to Japan to observe a collection on shelves, but the bones were not meant for the public solar eclipse; in 1889, he traveled to west Africa to collect moths to admire. Naturalist Joseph Leidy and sculptor Benjamin and butterflies. 7 Waterhouse Hawkins had erected a somewhat conjectural skeleton It was butterflies that he loved the most. By the mid-1890s, of a Hadrosaurus at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences Holland had assembled one of the world's largest collections of in 1868. Early in the 1890s, Henry Fairfield Osborn at the Lepidoptera, which he donated to the Carnegie Museum once American Museum of Natural History in New York began he began working there. In 1899, Doubleday, McClure & Co. displaying fossil skeletons in more-or-less lifelike poses, with published Holland's Butterfly Book. It and the Moth Book, painted backgrounds, but as yet, had put up no dinosaurs. published in 1903, became standard reference works inthe field. Nothing came of Carnegie's hope for help from Marsh. But Holland had also become a dedicated amateur oil painter, when, inDecember 1898, Carnegie read ofthe discovery ofa huge trustee of a number of colleges and universities, and a business- dinosaur inWyoming, he immediately sent Holland the story from banking Post, adding margin, "My — buy man withinterests in and real estate.
Recommended publications
  • By HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN and CHARL
    VoL. 6, 1920 PALAEONTOLOGY: OSBORN AND MOOK IS RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SKELETON OF THE SAUROPOD DINOSAUR CAMARASA URUS COPE (MOROSA URUS MARSH) By HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN AND CHARLES CRAIG MOOK AMERICAN MusEUM or NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY Read before the Academy, November 11, 1919 The principles of modern research in vertebrate palaeontology are illustrated in the fifteen years' work resulting in the restoration of the massive sauropod dinosaur known as Camarasaurus, the "chambered saurian.." The animal was found near Canyon City, Colorado, in March, 1877. The first bones were described by Cope, August 23, 1877. The first at- tempted restoration was by Ryder, December 21, 1877. The bones analyzed by this research were found probably to belong to six individuals of Camarasaurus mingled with the remains of some carnivorous dinosaurs, all from the summit of the Morrison formation, now regarded as of Jurassic- Cretaceous age. In these two quarries Cope named nine new genera and fourteen new species of dinosaurs, none of which have found their way into. palaeontologic literature, excepting Camarasaurus. Out of these twenty-three names we unravel three genera, namely: One species of Camarasaurus, identical with Morosaurus Marsh. One species of Amphicaclias, close to Diplodocus Marsh. One species of Epanterias, close to Allosaurus Marsh. The working out of the Camarasaurus skeleton results in both the artica ulated restoration and the restoration of the musculature. The following are the principal characters: The neck is very flexible; anterior vertebrae of the back also freely movable; the division between the latter and the relatively rigid posterior dorsals is sharp.
    [Show full text]
  • Library Collections and Services
    Library Collections and Services The University of Pittsburgh libraries and collections The University of Pittsburgh is a member of the provide an abundant amount of information and services to the Association of Research Libraries. Through membership in University’s students, faculty, staff, and researchers. In fiscal several Pennsylvania consortia of libraries, which include year 2001, the University's 29 libraries and collections have PALCI, PALINET, and the Oakland Library Consortium, surpassed 4.4 million volumes. Additionally, the collections cooperative borrowing arrangements have been developed with include more than 4.3 million pieces of microforms, 32,500 print other Pennsylvania institutions. Locations of University libraries subscriptions, and 5,400 electronic journals. and collections are as follows: The University Library System (ULS) includes the following libraries and collections: Hillman (main), African American, Buhl University Library System (social work), East Asian, Special Collections, Government Documents, Allegheny Observatory, Archives Service Center, Hillman Library ......... Schenley Drive at Forbes Avenue Center for American Music, Chemistry, Computer Science, Hillman Library (main) .................... All floors Darlington Memorial (American history), Engineering (Bevier African American Library ................. First Floor Library), Frick Fine Arts, Information Sciences, Katz Graduate Buhl Library (social work) ................. First Floor School of Business, Langley (biological sciences, East Asian Library
    [Show full text]
  • John Bell Hatcher.1 Bokn October 11, 1861
    568 Obituary—J. B. Hatcher. " Description of a New Genus [Stelidioseris] of Madreporaria from the Sutton Stone of South "Wales": Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xlix (1893), pp. 574-578, and pi. xx. " Observations on some British Cretaceous Madreporaria, with the Description of two New Species " : GEOL. MAG., 1899, pp. 298-307. " Description of a Species of Heteraslraa lrom the Lower Rhsetic of Gloucester- shire" : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, lix (1903), pp. 403-407, and figs, in text. JOHN BELL HATCHER.1 BOKN OCTOBER 11, 1861. DIED JULY 3, 1904. THE Editor of the Annals of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S., records with deep regret the death, on July 3rd, 1904, of his trusted associate, Mr. John Bell Hatcher. Mr. Hatcher was born at Cooperstown, Brown County, Illinois, on October 11th, 1861. He was the son of John and Margaret C. Hatcher. The family is Virginian in extraction. In his boyhood his parents removed to Greene County, Iowa, where his father, who with his mother survive him, engaged in agricultural pursuits near the town of Cooper. He received his early education from his father, who in the winter months combined the work of teaching in the schools with labour upon his farm. He also attended the public schools of the neighbourhood. In 1880 he entered Grinnell College, Iowa, where he remained for a short time, and then went to Yale College, where he took the degree of Bachelor in Philosophy, in July, 1884. While a student at Yale his natural fondness for scientific pursuits asserted itself strongly, and he attracted the attention of the late Professor Othniel C.
    [Show full text]
  • Brains and Intelligence
    BRAINS AND INTELLIGENCE The EQ or Encephalization Quotient is a simple way of measuring an animal's intelligence. EQ is the ratio of the brain weight of the animal to the brain weight of a "typical" animal of the same body weight. Assuming that smarter animals have larger brains to body ratios than less intelligent ones, this helps determine the relative intelligence of extinct animals. In general, warm-blooded animals (like mammals) have a higher EQ than cold-blooded ones (like reptiles and fish). Birds and mammals have brains that are about 10 times bigger than those of bony fish, amphibians, and reptiles of the same body size. The Least Intelligent Dinosaurs: The primitive dinosaurs belonging to the group sauropodomorpha (which included Massospondylus, Riojasaurus, and others) were among the least intelligent of the dinosaurs, with an EQ of about 0.05 (Hopson, 1980). Smartest Dinosaurs: The Troodontids (like Troödon) were probably the smartest dinosaurs, followed by the dromaeosaurid dinosaurs (the "raptors," which included Dromeosaurus, Velociraptor, Deinonychus, and others) had the highest EQ among the dinosaurs, about 5.8 (Hopson, 1980). The Encephalization Quotient was developed by the psychologist Harry J. Jerison in the 1970's. J. A. Hopson (a paleontologist from the University of Chicago) did further development of the EQ concept using brain casts of many dinosaurs. Hopson found that theropods (especially Troodontids) had higher EQ's than plant-eating dinosaurs. The lowest EQ's belonged to sauropods, ankylosaurs, and stegosaurids. A SECOND BRAIN? It used to be thought that the large sauropods (like Brachiosaurus and Apatosaurus) and the ornithischian Stegosaurus had a second brain.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida State University Libraries
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2017 Fossil Excavation, Museums, and Wyoming: American Paleontology, 1870-1915 Marlena Briane Cameron Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FOSSIL EXCAVATION, MUSEUMS, AND WYOMING: AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, 1870-1915 By MARLENA BRIANE CAMERON A Thesis submitted to the Program in the History and Philosophy of Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2017 Marlena Cameron defended this thesis on July 17, 2017. The members of the supervisory committee were: Ronald E. Doel Professor Directing Thesis Michael Ruse Committee Member Kristina Buhrman Committee Member Sandra Varry Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................................v 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................1 2. THE BONE WARS ....................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • American Museum 1869-1927
    BUILDING THE AMERICAN MUSEUM 1869-1927 "4jr tbt purpose of e%tablifing anb manataining in %aib citp a Eu%eum anb iLbrarp of gIatural biotorr; of encouraging anb bebeloping tde otubp of A"aturalOcience; of abbancting the general kno)alebge of kinbreb %ub;ectt, anb to tiat enb of furniobing popular inotruction." FIFTY1NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR 1927 - THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY IHE CITY OF NEW YORK Issued May 1, 1928 BUILDING THE AMERICAN MUSEUM 1869-1927 PRESIDENT HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN And David said to Solomon his son, "Be strong and of good courage, and do it; fear not, nor be dismayed: for the Lord God, even my God, uill be with thee; he will not fail thee, nor forsake thee, until thou hast finished all the work for the service of the house of the Lord."-Chronicles I, XXVIII. In 1869, Albert S. Bickmore, a young naturalist of the State of Maine, projected this great Museum. First advised by Sir Richard Owen, Director of the British Museum, the plans for the building grew by the year 1875 into the titanic dimensions plotted by Frederick Law Olmsted, designer of Central Park. The approaching sixtieth anniversary of our foundation, on April 6, 1929, will witness the construction of fourteen out of the twenty-one building sections planned by Professor Albert S. Bickmore and Mr. Frederick L-aw Olmsted. With strength and courage, the seventieth anniversary, April 6, 1939, will witness the completion of the Museum building according to the plan set forth in this Report.
    [Show full text]
  • Residence Quick Reference
    UPMC Hillman Cancer Center Academy Residential Quick Reference This is a quick reference sheet about the relevant information and policies that any students staying in the dorm should know. Some minor specifics may change year to year, such as the dorm or exact curfew hours, but overall policies are consistent. Location: Forbes Hall - https://pc.pitt.edu/housing/halls/forbes.php 3525 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Students, Doris Duke, Interns, and Resident advisors will be staying in Forbes Hall. The dorm is located on the west side of the university campus. University Policies: Students in the dorms will be expected to follow all University of Pittsburgh Housing policies, in addition to the policies of the Hillman Academy. A detailed look at the policies can be found here - https://www.pc.pitt.edu/housing/policies.php You can also contact Panther Central for any questions related to Pitt or the dorms. (info below) The most important ones to note are the Guest, Technology, and Substance policies. Transportation: Transportation to and from your lab, keynote addresses, and events will be provided. We hire a private shuttle to take students to and from these required events. Anyone staying in the dorm will have access to the Pitt shuttle but not to the Port Authority (the public transit system in Pittsburgh). Getting transportation aside from these times is up to the resident. Students whose labs are located in the Oakland area are allowed to walk to their lab as they are within a few blocks. Resident Advisors: The dorm will have (usually) 3-5 Resident Advisors who will stay in the dorm with the students.
    [Show full text]
  • A Revision of the Ceratopsia Or Horned Dinosaurs
    MEMOIRS OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME III, 1 A.R1 A REVISION orf tneth< CERATOPSIA OR HORNED DINOSAURS BY RICHARD SWANN LULL STERLING PROFESSOR OF PALEONTOLOGY AND DIRECTOR OF PEABODY MUSEUM, YALE UNIVERSITY LVXET NEW HAVEN, CONN. *933 MEMOIRS OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY YALE UNIVERSITY Volume I. Odontornithes: A Monograph on the Extinct Toothed Birds of North America. By Othniel Charles Marsh. Pp. i-ix, 1-201, pis. 1-34, text figs. 1-40. 1880. To be obtained from the Peabody Museum. Price $3. Volume II. Part 1. Brachiospongidae : A Memoir on a Group of Silurian Sponges. By Charles Emerson Beecher. Pp. 1-28, pis. 1-6, text figs. 1-4. 1889. To be obtained from the Peabody Museum. Price $1. Volume III. Part 1. American Mesozoic Mammalia. By George Gaylord Simp- son. Pp. i-xvi, 1-171, pis. 1-32, text figs. 1-62. 1929. To be obtained from the Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. Price $5. Part 2. A Remarkable Ground Sloth. By Richard Swann Lull. Pp. i-x, 1-20, pis. 1-9, text figs. 1-3. 1929. To be obtained from the Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. Price $1. Part 3. A Revision of the Ceratopsia or Horned Dinosaurs. By Richard Swann Lull. Pp. i-xii, 1-175, pis. I-XVII, text figs. 1-42. 1933. To be obtained from the Peabody Museum. Price $5 (bound in cloth), $4 (bound in paper). Part 4. The Merycoidodontidae, an Extinct Group of Ruminant Mammals. By Malcolm Rutherford Thorpe. In preparation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fighting Pair
    THE FIGHTING PAIR ALLOSAURUS VS STEGOSAURUS — Allosaurus “jimmadsoni” and Hesperosaurus (Stegosaurus) mjosi Upper Jurassic Period, Kimmeridgian Stage, 155 million years old Morrison Formation Dana Quarry, Ten Sleep, Washakie County, Wyoming, USA. THE ALLOSAURUS The Official State Fossil of Utah, the Allosaurus was a large theropod carnosaur of the “bird-hipped” Saurischia order that flourished primarily in North America during the Upper Jurassic Period, 155-145 million years In the spring of 2007, at the newly-investigated Dana Quarry in the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, the team from ago. Long recognized in popular culture, it bears the distinction of being Dinosauria International LLC made an exciting discovery: the beautifully preserved femur of the giant carnivorous one of the first dinosaurs to be depicted on the silver screen, the apex Allosaur. As they kept digging, their excitement grew greater; next came toe bones, leg bones, ribs, vertebrae and predator of the 1912 novel and 1925 cinema adaptation of Conan Doyle’s finally a skull: complete, undistorted and, remarkably, with full dentition. It was an incredible find; one of the most The Lost World. classic dinosaurs, virtually complete, articulated and in beautiful condition. But that was not all. When the team got The Allosaurus possessed a large head on a short neck, a broad rib-cage the field jackets back to the preparation lab, they discovered another leg bone beneath the Allosaurus skull… There creating a barrel chest, small three-fingered forelimbs, large powerful hind limbs with hoof-like feet, and a long heavy tail to act as a counter-balance. was another dinosaur in the 150 million year-old rock.
    [Show full text]
  • HPCC Committees
    February 2016 Community Council Newsletter IN THIS ISSUE: A Letter from Highland Park 1 the President January Meeting 2 Minutes No Limits for Women - 3 Pittsburgh for CEDAW Pennsylvania to Eliminate Vehicle 4 Registration Stickers in 2017 Restoring “Dippy” the 5 Dinosaur The Maltese Falcon 75th 6 Anniversary Event The Cub Scouts Make 6 a Difference Joseph Tambellini Rated One of 6 the 100 Best Restaurants in America Around 7 St. Andrew’s In case there is any confusion, the OLEA is not open yet. DPW has made great progress this winter and while the fencing may look complete, they are still waiting on several panels to arrive so they can complete construction. There is some temporary chain link fence in place to keep the area closed, but it might be 6-8 weeks before the additional fencing arrives. There are also gaps under some of the fence that still need to be Walking the Neighborhood addressed as smaller dogs may be able to escape through them. With the house tour planned for May 7th, the Saturday of Mother’s Day weekend, the HPCC To keep people from using the OLEA before it is House Tour Committee has been meeting every made safe for both you and your pets, DPW has Sunday morning to plan the event and spend temporarily padlocked the gate. time walking around the neighborhood looking at houses for the tour. During our walks, we have In the short time that people were using it met many wonderful neighbors and continue to before the gates were locked, it became evident be amazed at the friendliness and generosity of that the high traffic areas need some sort of our community.
    [Show full text]
  • In South Kensington, C. 1850-1900
    JEWELS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM: GENDERED AESTHETICS IN SOUTH KENSINGTON, C. 1850-1900 PANDORA KATHLEEN CRUISE SYPEREK PH.D. HISTORY OF ART UCL 2 I, PANDORA KATHLEEN CRUISE SYPEREK confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. ______________________________________________ 3 ABSTRACT Several collections of brilliant objects were put on display following the opening of the British Museum (Natural History) in South Kensington in 1881. These objects resemble jewels both in their exquisite lustre and in their hybrid status between nature and culture, science and art. This thesis asks how these jewel-like hybrids – including shiny preserved beetles, iridescent taxidermised hummingbirds, translucent glass jellyfish as well as crystals and minerals themselves – functioned outside of normative gender expectations of Victorian museums and scientific culture. Such displays’ dazzling spectacles refract the linear expectations of earlier natural history taxonomies and confound the narrative of evolutionary habitat dioramas. As such, they challenge the hierarchies underlying both orders and their implications for gender, race and class. Objects on display are compared with relevant cultural phenomena including museum architecture, natural history illustration, literature, commercial display, decorative art and dress, and evaluated in light of issues such as transgressive animal sexualities, the performativity of objects, technologies of visualisation and contemporary aesthetic and evolutionary theory. Feminist theory in the history of science and new materialist philosophy by Donna Haraway, Elizabeth Grosz, Karen Barad and Rosi Braidotti inform analysis into how objects on display complicate nature/culture binaries in the museum of natural history.
    [Show full text]
  • Letters to Andrew Carnegie ∂
    Letters to Andrew Carnegie ∂ A CENTURY OF PURPOSE, PROGRESS, AND HOPE Letters to Andrew Carnegie ∂ A CENTURY OF PURPOSE, PROGRESS, AND HOPE Copyright © 2019 Carnegie Corporation of New York 437 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10022 Letters to Andrew Carnegie ∂ A CENTURY OF PURPOSE, PROGRESS, AND HOPE CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK 2019 CONTENTS vii Preface 1 Introduction 7 Carnegie Hall 1891 13 Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 1895 19 Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh 1895 27 Carnegie Mellon University 1900 35 Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland 1901 41 Carnegie Institution for Science 1902 49 Carnegie Foundation 1903 | Peace Palace 1913 57 Carnegie Hero Fund Commission 1904 61 Carnegie Dunfermline Trust 1903 | Carnegie Hero Fund Trust 1908 67 Carnegie Rescuers Foundation (Switzerland) 1911 73 Carnegiestiftelsen 1911 77 Fondazione Carnegie per gli Atti di Eroismo 1911 81 Stichting Carnegie Heldenfonds 1911 85 Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching 1905 93 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1910 99 Carnegie Corporation of New York 1911 109 Carnegie UK Trust 1913 117 Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs 1914 125 TIAA 1918 131 Carnegie Family 135 Acknowledgments PREFACE In 1935, Carnegie Corporation of New York published the Andrew Carnegie Centenary, a compilation of speeches given by the leaders of Carnegie institutions, family, and close associates on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Andrew Carnegie’s birth. Among the many notable contributors in that first volume were Mrs. Louise Carnegie; Nicholas Murray Butler, president of both the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Columbia University; and Walter Damrosch, the conductor of the New York Symphony Orchestra whose vision inspired the building of Carnegie Hall.
    [Show full text]