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282 CAPACIDAD DEPREDADORA DE Ranatra Fusca

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282 CAPACIDAD DEPREDADORA DE Ranatra Fusca CAPACIDAD DEPREDADORA DE Ranatra fusca (HEMIPTERA: NEPIDAE) SOBRE LARVAS DE Aedes aegypti (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) EN CONDICIONES DE LABORATORIO Raúl Alexis Sánchez-Cornejo, Gerardo Jair Flores-Hernández, Andrea Alejandra Adame-Fernández, Gabriela Cordoba-Merino, Melany Sarahi Flores-Gutiérrez y Moises Flores. Laboratorio de Entomología y Artrópodos, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. [email protected]. RESUMEN. La especie Aedes aegypti desempeña una importante función en la transmisión de enfermedades y es una de las especies de mosquitos resistentes a la acción de insecticidas, por lo que es necesario la implementación de nuevas técnicas para regular la especie, como es el control biológico. La importancia del depredador Ranatra fusca radica en que no causa efectos nocivos para el ambiente. La capacidad depredadora de Ranatra fusca fue evaluada en larvas del mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) como presa. Con el método de respuesta funcional, siete densidades de larvas fueron expuestas a depredadores individuales en peceras bajo condiciones del laboratorio. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante la regresión lineal, se evaluó la capacidad de búsqueda y el tiempo de manipuleo con la ecuación de la respuesta funcional de tipo Holling (1959). De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos la especie Ranatra fusca puede ser utilizada como agente biorregulador de larvas de mosquito. Palabras Clave: Ranatra fusca, Aedes aegypti, control biológico, depredación. ABSTRACT. The species Aedes aegypti plays an important role in the transmission of viral diseases and is one of the species of mosquitoes resistant to the action of insecticides, therefore the implementation of new techniques to regulate the species, like biological control, its necessary. Its importance is in not causing harmful effects to the environment. Predatory capacity of Ranatra fusca was evaluated in larvae of mosquito Aedes aegypti as prey. With functional response methodology, seven larval densities were exposed to predator individuals in a glass jar under laboratory conditions. The results were analyzed trough lineal regression, searching capacity and handling time were also analyzed trough Holling (1959) functional response. According to the results the species Ranatra fusca can be used as a bioregulator agent of larvae of Aedes aegypti. Key Words: Ranatra fusca, Aedes aegypti, biological control, predation. Introducción Varias especies de mosquitos han demostrado ser resistentes a la acción de insecticidas, entre ellas se encuentra Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, muy importante en México por la transmisión de enfermedades víricas como el dengue y la fiebre amarilla lo que causa grandes impactos en la salud pública (Lehane, 1991). La reducción de larvas en el hábitat acuático requiere el uso de agentes de control biológico en vez de insecticidas químicos para evitar efectos negativos sobre las comunidades acuáticas, y superar los problemas asociados con el desarrollo de resistencia a los insecticidas y magnificación biológica (Ghosh y Goutam, 2011). Diversos experimentos se han realizado utilizando depredadores de larvas de mosquitos tales como crustáceos, ácaros acuáticos y peces. Los mayores estudios se han realizado con el grupo de insectos acuáticos: náyades de odonatos, hemípteros y escarabajos, destacando las familias Dytiscidae y Notonectidae determinando su eficacia como agentes de control de mosquitos en el laboratorio, así como en condiciones de campo (Hati, 1988; Blaustein, 1998; Su T y Mulla, 2002; Chandra et al., 2008; y Mandal et al., 2008). La familia Nepidae son hemípteros depredadores y usan sus fuertes patas delanteras para capturar a sus presas. Son generalmente delgados y respiran a través de un par de sifones que se encuentran al final del abdomen. Ranatra es el más común en Norteamérica y cuenta con 10 especies (Menke, 1979). Los escorpiones de agua como son conocidos capturan a sus presas mientras se aferran a la vegetación sumergida cerca de la superficie del agua (Radinovsky, 1964; 282 Menke, 1979). El género Ranatra generalmente depreda una variedad de organismos acuáticos tales como insectos, cladóceros, ostrácodos, renacuajos y pequeños peces (Radinovsky, 1964; Menke, 1979; Rao, 1976; Blinn et al., 1982; y Bailey, 1986). La respuesta funcional de un depredador es un factor clave en la regulación de la dinámica poblacional de los sistemas depredador-presa en cualquier ecosistema. En él se describe la velocidad a la que un depredador mata a su presa en densidades de presas diferentes y por lo tanto, se puede determinar la eficacia de un depredador en las poblaciones de presas de control en programas de control biológico en condiciones de laboratorio o en el estudio de campo (Murdoch y Oaten, 1975). El presente estudio fue diseñado para evaluar la eficiencia de depredadores y la respuesta funcional de Ranatra fusca sobre los estados inmaduros de Aedes aegypti. Materiales y Método Para el desarrollo del estudio se emplearon adultos de Ranatra fusca (Hemiptera:Nepidae) los cuales fueron recolectados en estanques de cría de peces de ornato en la localidad del Ojasen en el municipio de Salinas Victoria, Nuevo León. Siete escorpiones del agua fueron trasladados al laboratorio de entomología y colocados en acuarios de 50 litros de capacidad. Durante su mantenimiento en condiciones de laboratorio (25 °C) fueron alimentados con larvas de mosquitos y quironómidos. Las pruebas de depredación fueron realizadas en recipientes de vidrio de un litro de capacidad con 750 ml de agua declorada, a estos sistemas de prueba les fueron agregadas las densidades de 1, 5, 7, 10, 20, 30 y 40 larvas del IV estadio de Aedes aegypti, las cuales fueron obtenidas de una colonia establecida en el laboratorio, con un individuo de Ranatra fusca por sistema. En la selección del depredador no se sexo a los individuos. El número de larvas muertas fue obtenido al cabo de 24 horas de exposición, realizándose tres repeticiones. Los datos del número de larvas del mosquito Ae. aegypti depredadas o muertas por el escorpión del agua R. fusca fueron analizados estadísticamente a través del modelo de regresión lineal, coeficiente de correlación y coeficiente de determinación; así como por el modelo de respuesta funcional de Holling para obtener la capacidad de búsqueda y tiempo de manipuleo. Resultados y Discusión Los resultados relativos a la depredación ejercida por el escorpión del agua R. fusca sobre las larvas del mosquito Ae. aegypti se incrementaron en función del aumento de la densidad de presas. Tales resultados se presentan en el cuadro 1. En términos generales se puede mencionar del buen efecto regulatorio del depredador sobre la especie de importancia en salud pública ya que prácticamente depredó todas las larvas a las que fue expuesto. El análisis de los datos obtenidos se llevó a cabo mediante regresión lineal y los modelos de respuesta funcional de Holling (1959), obteniéndose con este último la capacidad de búsqueda (a´) y el tiempo de manipuleo (Th). Analizando los datos mediante la regresión lineal se obtuvo la ecuación y= -0.011 + (0.9914) (x) (Fig. 1) donde “y” corresponde al número de presas consumidas y “x” a la densidad de presas (larvas de Ae. aegypti). De los componentes de la ecuación el valor del coeficiente de regresión es el más importante ya que indica la respuesta o intensidad del depredador en función del cambio de densidades de la presa, dicho coeficiente es de β = 0.991 muy cercano al 1.0. 283 Cuadro 1. Promedio de larvas de Aedes aegypti consumidas por Ranatra fusca en laboratorio. Promedio de Densidad larvas consumidas 1 1.0 5 5.0 7 7.0 10 10.0 20 19.33 30 30.0 40 39.66 Figura 1. Representación Gráfica de la Depredación de Ranatra fusca, sobre larvas de Aedes aegypti analizado mediante Regresión lineal. Con el modelo de respuesta funcional de Holling, se determinó la capacidad de búsqueda, considerado en sus tiempos como el primer atributo de un entomófago y del cual el valor fue de a´ = 0.041, que corresponde a la capacidad del depredador de moverse para localizar a su presa; además del tiempo de manipuleo que es considerado el tiempo que gasta un depredador para localizar, atrapar, consumir a su presa e incluye la pausa digestiva, en este estudio se obtuvo un valor de Th = 0.0075. Entre los estudios con el escorpión del agua Quiroz et al. (2000), reportan que la capacidad de búsqueda de adultos de R. fusca sobre larvas de Culex pipiens donde el resultado obtenido fue a = 0.0 8. Este resultado no coincide con el obtenido en este estudio, ya que se obtuvo una capacidad de búsqueda igual a 0.041 utilizando como presa larvas de Ae. aegypti. Se considera que la diferencia entre las dos especies de mosquitos se debe a que la primera tiene respuestas antidepredacion más efectivas y el mosquito transmisor del dengue es más vulnerable como presa. Quiroz (1996)¸ evaluó la depredación del notonectido Buenoa antigone sobre larvas de Ae. aegypti. Se tomaron diferentes densidades larvarias, las que coinciden con este trabajo son 10, 20, 30 y 40 resultando 10.0, 19.0, 21.8, 23.0 larvas depredadas respectivamente. Tales resultados no coinciden con los obtenidos en este estudio ya que resultaron 10.0, 19.33, 30.0, 39.66 larvas de Ae. aegypti depredadas respectivas a las densidades antes mencionadas. Esto 284 muestra que el escorpión del agua R. fusca fue mejor depredador de larvas de Ae. aegypti que el notonectido Buenoa antigone. Muchos son los factores que afectan los resultados relativos a la capacidad depredadora, como el estado fisiológico del depredador y la presa, la historia alimenticia del depredador, densidad larval, entre otras. Estos factores pueden provocar las diferencias que ocasionan que difícilmente coincidan los resultados con otros trabajos, (Krebs, 1973; Chesson, 1987; Shi, 1972; Quiroz y Rodríguez 2007). Conclusión La especie Ranatra fusca puede ser utilizada como agente biorregulador de larvas de mosquito Aedes aegypti debido a su alta capacidad depredadora. Agradecimientos El Dr.
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